Do-it-yourself Katyusha military vehicle made of cardboard. Do-it-yourself models of military equipment: a step-by-step description. Corrugated Carton Tank

The fate of the developers:

Origin of the name Katyusha

There is no single version of why BM-13s began to be called "Katyushas". There are several assumptions:
1. By the name of Blanter's song, which became popular before the war, to the words of Isakovsky "Katyusha". The version is convincing, since for the first time the battery fired on July 14, 1941 (on the 23rd day of the war) at the concentration of Nazis on the Market Square of the city of Rudnya, Smolensk Region. She shot from a high steep mountain - the association with a high steep bank in the song immediately arose among the fighters. Finally, the former sergeant of the headquarters company of the 217th separate communications battalion of the 144th rifle division of the 20th army, Andrei Sapronov, is now alive, now a military historian who gave her this name. The Red Army soldier Kashirin, having arrived with him after the shelling of Rudny on the battery, exclaimed in surprise: “This is a song!” “Katyusha,” Andrey Sapronov answered (from the memoirs of A. Sapronov in the newspaper Rossiya No. 23 of June 21-27, 2001 and in Parliamentary Newspaper No. 80 of May 5, 2005). Through the communication center of the headquarters company, the news about the miracle weapon named "Katyusha" within a day became the property of the entire 20th Army, and through its command - of the whole country. On July 13, 2011, the veteran and “godfather” of Katyusha turned 90 years old.

2. There is also a version that the name is associated with the “K” index on the mortar body - the installations were produced by the Kalinin plant (according to another source, the Comintern plant). And the front-line soldiers liked to give nicknames to weapons. For example, the M-30 howitzer was nicknamed "Mother", the ML-20 howitzer gun - "Emelka". Yes, and BM-13 at first was sometimes called "Raisa Sergeevna", thus deciphering the abbreviation RS (missile).

3. The third version suggests that this is how the girls from the Moscow Kompressor plant, who worked at the assembly, dubbed these cars.
Another exotic version. The guides on which the shells were mounted were called ramps. The forty-two-kilogram projectile was lifted by two fighters harnessed to the straps, and the third usually helped them, pushing the projectile so that it exactly lay on the guides, he also informed the holders that the projectile had risen, rolled, rolled onto the guides. It was supposedly that they called him “Katyusha” (the role of those who held the projectile and rolled up was constantly changing, since the calculation of the BM-13, unlike barrel artillery, was not explicitly divided into loader, pointer, etc.)

4. It should also be noted that the installations were so classified that it was even forbidden to use the commands “plee”, “fire”, “volley”, instead of them they sounded “sing” or “play” (to start it was necessary to turn the handle of the electric coil very quickly) , which, perhaps, was also associated with the song "Katyusha". And for our infantry, the volley of Katyushas was the most pleasant music.

5. There is an assumption that initially the nickname "Katyusha" had a front-line bomber equipped with rockets - an analogue of the M-13. And the nickname jumped from an airplane to a rocket launcher through shells.

In the German troops, these machines were called "Stalin's organs" because of the external similarity of the rocket launcher with the pipe system of this musical instrument and the powerful staggering roar that was produced when the rockets were launched.

During the battles for Poznan and Berlin, the M-30 and M-31 single launchers received the nickname "Russian faustpatron" from the Germans, although these shells were not used as an anti-tank weapon. With "dagger" (from a distance of 100-200 meters) launches of these shells, the guardsmen broke through any walls.

If Hitler's oracles had looked more closely at the signs of fate, then July 14, 1941 would certainly have become a landmark day for them. It was then that in the area of ​​the Orsha railway junction and the crossing over the Orshitsa River Soviet troops For the first time, combat vehicles BM-13 were used, which received the affectionate name "Katyusha" in the army. The result of two volleys on the accumulation of enemy forces was stunning for the enemy. The losses of the Germans fell under the column "unacceptable".

Here are excerpts from the directive to the troops of the Nazi high military command: "The Russians have an automatic multi-barreled flamethrower gun ... The shot is fired by electricity ... During the shot, smoke is generated ..." The obvious helplessness of the wording testified to the complete ignorance of the German generals regarding the device and specifications a new Soviet weapon - a rocket-propelled mortar.

A vivid example of the effectiveness of the Guards mortar units, and their basis was the "Katyusha", can serve as a line from the memoirs of Marshal Zhukov: "Rockets by their actions produced complete devastation. I looked at the areas that were being shelled, and saw the complete destruction of defensive structures ... "

The Germans developed a special plan to capture new Soviet weapons and ammunition. In the late autumn of 1941, they managed to do this. The "captured" mortar was really "multi-barreled" and fired 16 rocket mines. His firepower several times more effective than the mortar, which was in service with the fascist army. Hitler's command decided to create an equivalent weapon.

The Germans did not immediately realize that the Soviet mortar they had captured was a truly unique phenomenon, opening new page in the development of artillery, the era of jet systems salvo fire(MLRS).

We must pay tribute to its creators - scientists, engineers, technicians and workers of the Moscow Reactive Research Institute (RNII) and related enterprises: V. Aborenkov, V. Artemiev, V. Bessonov, V. Galkovsky, I. Gvai, I. Kleimenov, A. Kostikov, G. Langemak, V. Luzhin, A. Tikhomirov, L. Schwartz, D. Shitov.

The main difference between the BM-13 and similar German weapons was an unusually bold and unexpected concept: mortars could reliably hit all targets of a given square with relatively inaccurate rocket-propelled mines. This was achieved precisely due to the salvo nature of the fire, since each point of the shelled area necessarily fell into the affected area of ​​one of the shells. German designers, realizing the brilliant "know-how" of Soviet engineers, decided to reproduce, if not in the form of a copy, then using the main technical ideas.

Copy "Katyusha" as a combat vehicle was, in principle, possible. Insurmountable difficulties began when trying to design, develop and establish mass production of similar rockets. It turned out that German gunpowder cannot burn in the chamber of a rocket engine as stably and steadily as Soviet ones. Analogues designed by the Germans Soviet ammunition behaved unpredictably: either they sluggishly descended from the guides to immediately fall to the ground, or they started flying at breakneck speed and exploded in the air from an excessive increase in pressure inside the chamber. Only a few units made it to the target.

The point turned out to be that for effective nitroglycerin powders, which were used in Katyusha shells, our chemists achieved a spread in the values ​​of the so-called heat of explosive transformation no higher than 40 conventional units, and the smaller the spread, the more stable the powder burns. Similar German gunpowder had a spread of this parameter even in one batch above 100 units. This led to unstable operation of rocket engines.

The Germans did not know that ammunition for the "Katyusha" was the fruit of more than a decade of activity of the RNII and several large Soviet research teams, which included the best Soviet powder factories, outstanding Soviet chemists A. Bakaev, D. Galperin, V. Karkina, G. Konovalova, B Pashkov, A. Sporius, B. Fomin, F. Khritinin and many others. They not only developed the most complex recipes for rocket powders, but also found simple and effective ways their mass, continuous and cheap production.

At a time when the production of Guards rocket launchers and projectiles for them was unfolding at an unprecedented pace at Soviet factories according to ready-made drawings and literally daily increased, the Germans only had to conduct research and design work according to MLRS. But history didn't give them time for that.

The Soviet multiple launch rocket system "Katyusha" is one of the most recognizable characters Great Patriotic War . In terms of popularity, the legendary Katyusha is not much inferior to the T-34 or PPSh assault rifle. Until now, it is not known for certain where this name came from (there are numerous versions), the Germans called these installations "Stalin's organs" and were terribly afraid of them.

"Katyusha" is the collective name of several rocket launchers from the times of the Great Patriotic War. Soviet propaganda presented them as exclusively domestic "know-how", which was not true. Work in this direction was carried out in many countries and the famous German six-barreled mortars are also MLRS, however, of a slightly different design. Rocket artillery was also used by the Americans and the British.

Nevertheless, the Katyusha became the most efficient and most mass-produced vehicle of its kind in World War II. BM-13 is a real weapon of Victory. She took part in all significant battles on the Eastern Front, clearing the way for infantry formations. The first volley of Katyushas was fired in the summer of 1941, and four years later, BM-13 installations were already shelling besieged Berlin.

A bit of history of the BM-13 "Katyusha"

Several reasons contributed to the revival of interest in rocket weapons: firstly, more perfect species gunpowder, which made it possible to significantly increase the range of rockets; secondly, rockets were perfect as weapons for combat aircraft; and thirdly, rockets could be used to deliver poisonous substances.

The last reason was the most important: based on the experience of the First World War, the military had little doubt that the next conflict would definitely not do without war gases.

In the USSR, the creation missile weapons began with the experiments of two enthusiasts - Artemiev and Tikhomirov. In 1927, smokeless pyroxylin-TNT gunpowder was created, and in 1928, the first rocket was developed that managed to fly 1300 meters. At the same time, the targeted development of missile weapons for aviation began.

In 1933, experimental samples of aviation rockets of two calibers appeared: RS-82 and RS-132. The main drawback of the new weapon, which did not suit the military at all, was their low accuracy. The shells had a small tail, which did not go beyond its caliber, and a pipe was used as guides, which was very convenient. However, to improve the accuracy of the missiles, their plumage had to be increased and new guides had to be developed.

In addition, pyroxylin-TNT gunpowder was not very well suited for mass production of this type of weapon, so it was decided to use tubular nitroglycerin gunpowder.

In 1937, they tested new missiles with increased plumage and new open rail-type guides. Innovations significantly improved the accuracy of fire and increased the range of the rocket. In 1938, the RS-82 and RS-132 rockets were put into service and began to be mass-produced.

In the same year, designers were given new task: create a reactive system for ground forces, taking as a basis a 132 mm caliber rocket.

In 1939, the 132 mm high-explosive projectile M-13, it had a more powerful warhead and increased flight range. It was possible to achieve such results by lengthening the ammunition.

In the same year, the first MU-1 rocket launcher was also manufactured. Eight short guides were installed across the truck, sixteen rockets were attached to them in pairs. This design turned out to be very unsuccessful, during the volley the car swayed strongly, which led to a significant decrease in the accuracy of the battle.

In September 1939, tests began on a new rocket launcher, the MU-2. The three-axle truck ZiS-6 served as the basis for it, this machine provided combat complex high maneuverability, allowed to quickly change positions after each volley. Now guides for missiles were located along the car. In one volley (about 10 seconds), the MU-2 fired sixteen shells, the weight of the installation with ammunition was 8.33 tons, and the firing range exceeded eight kilometers.

With this design of the guides, the rocking of the car during the salvo became minimal, in addition, two jacks were installed in the rear of the car.

In 1940, state tests of the MU-2 were carried out, and it was accepted into service under the designation "BM-13 rocket launcher".

The day before the start of the war (June 21, 1941), the government of the USSR decided to mass-produce BM-13 combat systems, ammunition for them, and form special units for their use.

The very first experience of using the BM-13 at the front showed their high efficiency and contributed to the active production of this type of weapon. During the war, Katyusha was produced by several factories, and mass production of ammunition for them was launched.

Artillery units armed with BM-13 installations were considered elite, immediately after the formation they received the name of the guards. The reactive systems BM-8, BM-13 and others were officially called "guards mortars".

The use of BM-13 "Katyusha"

The first combat use of rocket launchers took place in mid-July 1941. Orsha, a large junction station in Belarus, was occupied by the Germans. It has accumulated a large number of military equipment and manpower of the enemy. It was for this purpose that the battery of rocket launchers (seven units) of Captain Flerov fired two volleys.

As a result of the actions of the artillerymen, the railway junction was practically wiped off the face of the earth, the Nazis suffered severe losses in people and equipment.

"Katyusha" was used in other sectors of the front. New soviet weapons was a very unpleasant surprise for the German command. Especially strong psychological impact the pyrotechnic effect of the use of shells on the Wehrmacht military personnel: after the Katyusha salvo, literally everything that could burn was burned. This effect was achieved through the use of TNT checkers in the shells, which, during the explosion, formed thousands of burning fragments.

Rocket artillery was actively used in the battle near Moscow, Katyushas destroyed the enemy near Stalingrad, they were tried to be used as anti-tank weapons on the Kursk salient. To do this, special recesses were made under the front wheels of the car, so the Katyusha could fire direct fire. However, the use of the BM-13 against tanks was less effective, since the M-13 rocket was high-explosive fragmentation, and not armor-piercing. In addition, "Katyusha" has never been distinguished by high accuracy of fire. But if her projectile hit the tank, all the attachments of the vehicle were destroyed, the turret often jammed, and the crew received a severe shell shock.

Rocket launchers were used with great success until the Victory itself, they took part in the storming of Berlin and other operations of the final stage of the war.

In addition to the famous BM-13 MLRS, there was also the BM-8 rocket launcher, which used 82 mm caliber rockets, and over time, heavy rocket systems appeared that launched 310 mm caliber rockets.

During the Berlin operation soviet soldiers actively used the experience of street fighting, which they received during the capture of Poznan and Königsberg. It consisted in firing single heavy rockets M-31, M-13 and M-20 direct fire. Special assault groups were created, which included an electrical engineer. The rocket was launched from machine guns, wooden caps, or simply from any flat surface. The hit of such a projectile could well destroy the house or guaranteed to suppress the enemy's firing point.

During the war years, about 1400 BM-8 installations, 3400 BM-13 and 100 BM-31 installations were lost.

However, the history of the BM-13 did not end there: in the early 60s, the USSR supplied these installations to Afghanistan, where they were actively used by government troops.

Device BM-13 "Katyusha"

The main advantage of the BM-13 rocket launcher is its extreme simplicity both in production and in use. The artillery part of the installation consists of eight guides, a frame on which they are located, swivel and lifting mechanisms, sights and electrical equipment.

The guides were a five-meter I-beam with special overlays. In the breech of each of the guides, a locking device and an electric fuse were installed, with which a shot was fired.

The guides were mounted on a swivel frame, which, with the help of the simplest lifting and turning mechanisms, provided vertical and horizontal aiming.

Each Katyusha was equipped with an artillery sight.

The crew of the car (BM-13) consisted of 5-7 people.

The M-13 rocket projectile consisted of two parts: a combat and a jet powder engine. Warhead, in which there was an explosive and a contact fuse, is very reminiscent of the warhead of a conventional high-explosive fragmentation projectile.

The powder engine of the M-13 projectile consisted of a chamber with a powder charge, a nozzle, a special grid, stabilizers and a fuse.

The main problem faced by the developers missile systems(and not only in the USSR), the accuracy of the accuracy of the accuracy of rockets became low. To stabilize their flight, the designers went in two ways. German rockets of six-barreled mortars rotated in flight due to obliquely located nozzles, and flat stabilizers were installed on Soviet PCs. To give the projectile greater accuracy, it was necessary to increase it initial speed, for this, the guides on the BM-13 received a greater length.

The German method of stabilization made it possible to reduce the dimensions of both the projectile itself and the weapon from which it was fired. However, this significantly reduced the firing range. Although, it should be said that the German six-barreled mortars were more accurate than the Katyushas.

The Soviet system was simpler and allowed firing at considerable distances. Later, the installations began to use spiral guides, which further increased the accuracy.

Modifications of "Katyusha"

During the war years, numerous modifications of both rocket launchers and ammunition for them were created. Here are just a few of them:

BM-13-SN - this installation had spiral guides that gave the projectile a rotational motion, which significantly increased its accuracy.

BM-8-48 - this rocket launcher used 82 mm caliber shells and had 48 guides.

BM-31-12 - this rocket launcher used 310 mm caliber projectiles for firing.

310 mm caliber rockets were originally used for firing from the ground, only then did a self-propelled gun appear.

The first systems were created on the basis of the ZiS-6 car, then they were most often installed on cars received under Lend-Lease. It must be said that with the beginning of Lend-Lease, only foreign vehicles were used to create rocket launchers.

In addition, rocket launchers (from M-8 shells) were installed on motorcycles, snowmobiles, and armored boats. Guides were installed on railway platforms, tanks T-40, T-60, KV-1.

To understand how mass weapons there were Katyushas, ​​it is enough to give two figures: from 1941 to the end of 1944, Soviet industry manufactured 30 thousand launchers of various types and 12 million shells for them.

During the war years, several types of 132 mm caliber rockets were developed. The main areas of modernization were to increase the accuracy of fire, increase the range of the projectile and its power.

Advantages and disadvantages of the BM-13 Katyusha rocket launcher

The main advantage of rocket launchers was the large number of shells they fired in one salvo. If several MLRS were working on the same area at once, then the destructive effect increased due to the interference of shock waves.

Easy to use. "Katyushas" were distinguished by their extremely simple design, they were also simple sights this installation.

Low cost and ease of manufacture. During the war, the production of rocket launchers was established at dozens of factories. The production of ammunition for these complexes did not present any particular difficulties. Particularly eloquent is the comparison of the cost of the BM-13 and the usual artillery piece similar caliber.

Installation mobility. The time of one BM-13 volley is approximately 10 seconds, after the volley the vehicle left the firing line, without being exposed to enemy return fire.

However, this weapon also had disadvantages, the main one was the low accuracy of fire due to the large dispersion of shells. This problem was partially solved by the BM-13SN, but it has not been finally solved for modern MLRS either.

Insufficient high-explosive action of M-13 shells. "Katyusha" was not very effective against long-term defensive fortifications and armored vehicles.

Short firing range compared to cannon artillery.

Large consumption of gunpowder in the manufacture of rockets.

Strong smoke during the salvo, which served as an unmasking factor.

The high center of gravity of the BM-13 installations led to frequent rollovers of the vehicle during the march.

Specifications "Katyusha"

Characteristics of the combat vehicle

Characteristics of the M-13 rocket

Video about MLRS "Katyusha"

If you have any questions - leave them in the comments below the article. We or our visitors will be happy to answer them.

But our toy army also needs equipment to transport foot soldiers and support the offensive with armored vehicles. We are now going to fill this gap. Today we have to learn how to make machines from matchboxes.

For work, we need several empty matchboxes, cardboard, an awl, a knife, PVA glue, scissors, a ruler, compasses and a simple pencil.

We also need to make our empty pen refills and insulated aluminum wire.

Well then, let's get to work. Take and remove the box from it. In the box itself, make side cuts according to the dimensions indicated in Figure 1a. and fold it up at a slight angle. The part that is shaded is to be cropped. Insert the box back into the box. We got the future cabin of the car.

Now take another box and cut its lid in half. Cut the removed one according to the dimensions indicated in the figure (Fig. 1b). Insert both parts of the cut box into the half of the box on both sides. Glue the resulting part to the cabin (Fig. 1c). Cut out two benches from the second half of the box (Fig. 1d) and fix them in the body with glue.

Next we will do undercarriage car. and with a compass draw on it twelve circles with a diameter of twenty millimeters (Fig. 1e). The circles should be cut out and glued together in four pieces (Fig. 1e). Paste the resulting wheels with prepared colored paper, as shown in the figure (Fig. 1g, Z.).

Now take the rods from fountain pens and make two axles of wheelsets out of them (Fig. 1k). Pierce all the wheels with an awl in the center and put them on the resulting axles. To prevent the wheels from flying off the axle, secure them with pieces of insulation from aluminum wire, pulling it gently with a knife.

Now we need to make bearings so that the wheelsets spin freely, and our homemade car can drive. We make bearings from cardboard (Fig. 1i). Bend the part along the dash-dotted lines in the form of a triangle (Fig. 1l), insert the wheels there and glue it to the bottom of the car. That's it, our matchbox car is ready to transport soldiers. You can make any number of such cars, as long as there are enough boxes.

To make an armored personnel carrier from matchboxes, you need to carefully consider Figure 2. Its device differs from a car only in that those boxes that are intended for making a hood (Fig. 2a, b) and making a tower (Fig. 2d, e) are cut obliquely And .

After you assemble the hood (Fig. 26), the body of the armored personnel carrier (Fig. 2c), as well as the turret (Fig. 2e), you need to cut out several round side and upper rectangular hatches for the turret (Fig. 2g). We will also make motor blinds (Fig. 2h).

The machine-gun barrel can be carefully rounded with a knife (Fig. 2f). Make a thickening by wrapping the base of the barrel with a thin copper wire, and glue it with a strip of colored paper. Now take the metal tip of the rod and pre-pierce a hole in the thickening of the machine gun with an awl, attach it to the tower by inserting it into the tower hole pierced with the same awl.

Figures 3 and 4 show how to make a Katyusha and a rocket launcher. The principle of their manufacture is the same as that of the machines described above. They are similar to trucks, but instead of a body they have special platforms (Fig. 3e and 4d), consisting of two parts. One part is made from the lid of the box (bottom part).

For "Katyusha" it is made rotary. It turns with the help of a round piece, which can be made from a piece or folded paper. One end of the tube is fixed at the bottom of the platform (Fig. 3f), its other end is inserted into the hole “o” of the second platform, which remains motionless (Fig. 3h).

To the inclined part of the platform (d), glue the next part (e), as shown in the figure (Fig. 3e).

We make Katyusha barrels in the amount of six pieces using a pencil, winding glued paper strips around it. Now you need to fix the trunks three pieces in a row on the part (d.) (Fig. 4)

The platform, or rather, its upper part (c) rocket launcher done a little differently. In the middle of the box, a longitudinal incision is made, which bends inward and is fixed with a clerical bracket. Then the upper honor is glued to the bottom of the site (Fig. 4d).

Glue the entire platform assembly in the back of the Katyusha. We do the same for the rocket launcher.

For a rocket launcher. Make its body as follows: wind a paper strip around a pencil (Fig. 4b) and glue its edge. Make the warhead and stabilizers as shown in the figure (Fig. 4e, f). It remains to glue them to the rocket body and fix them in the recess of the rocket platform.

All models made by us military equipment, can be painted with paints or pasted over with colored paper.

Our army was replenished with powerful armored vehicles, which we made with our own hands from ordinary matchboxes.

Do-it-yourself models of military equipment are loved by both children and many men. This exciting hobby can be applied in the process of collecting crafts of wartime technology, in working with school students for or for an exhibition, dedicated to the Day Great victory.

many children preschool age like to play with cars and tanks, planes and armored cars. Also, the guys will be happy to provide all possible assistance in creating a model of military equipment with their own hands. For very young children, dads or older brothers can build appliances of such a size that the baby can fit in there and play with friends in the room.

Corrugated Carton Tank

To create military equipment from waste material you need to find an old packing cardboard box. Product from corrugated cardboard will be tight and will be easier to play. For the main part, you will need a strip of cardboard 16-20 cm wide and 60 cm long. This strip is twisted into a tube, gluing the thin sides of the rectangle together. It turned out the body of the tank. Next, create the shape of a small box and attach it to the top. This is a tank turret.

Then we start working on the tracks. Carefully remove from cardboard upper layer paper so that the corrugated part remains on top. Then we cut out two strips 4 cm wide, the length corresponds to the perimeter of the case. The wavy part of the element is located outward, and the smooth side is smeared with PVA glue and glued to the edges of the case on both sides. The caterpillar is ready.

The wheels are created from twisted strips, 3 pieces on each side. They need to be glued tightly in the middle of the caterpillar. For the layout, it remains only to create a gun. First we do triangular base where the muzzle cylinder will be inserted. It can be rolled from simple cardboard or from a thin layer of the same box from which the entire layout was made.

Another tank model

This version of the tank is also made of thick packaging cardboard. In the manufacture of military equipment from paper and craftsmen often enjoy significant cost savings. And it’s easy to assemble such layouts. This option the tank is made whole by folding and folding cardboard. The hull is assembled together with the tower. To do this, take a wide strip and bend to form the hull and tower. Then the sides are cut out along the contour, they are glued to the adhesive tape or from the inside to the strips of paper. A square hole is cut from the top with a sharp knife. This is a tank hatch in which a child can put soldiers.

Caterpillars are made according to the same principle and attached to the sides. It remains to roll a triangular barrel out of cardboard and, having made a hole of the same shape in front of the tower, insert the gun barrel there. That's it, the do-it-yourself model of military equipment is made! You can start the game.

big plane

Such a large combat vehicle is made for kids. They can sit there and fly the plane while playing in the room. Making this toy is easy. You need to take a large box and cut off the closing part - the lid. On the sides, you need to cut out semicircular entrance places so that it is convenient for the child to climb there.

On both sides there are two slots where the wings are inserted. As you can see in the photo, making them is easy. A screw is attached to the front. You can attach it with a bolt, then the baby will be able to twist it. Children love dynamic toys.

The final touch when doing the work will be the tail. For such a structure, you need to glue a rounded triangle on a strip of cardboard in the center.

DIY paper machines

Schemes of various machines, including military equipment, can be found for sale - in stationery and toy stores. There are a number of magazines that produce ready-made circuits that are bought by both children and military equipment collectors.

The purchase option is enough to cut it with scissors and glue it together, smearing the white corners with PVA glue. If you do not have such a scheme, you can use the drawing of the combat vehicle presented in the article, and, having redrawn it, assemble the finished layout.

In the paper modeling magazine Paper Modeling at number 20, patterns of the BM-13 Katyusha multiple launch rocket system are presented.

Katyusha is the unofficial collective name for the BM-8 (82 mm) and BM-13 (132 mm) mobile rocket launchers. Such installations were actively used by the USSR during the Second World War.

Back in 1916. combat rocket on smokeless powder (a prototype of a late rocket) was invented by Ivan Platonovich Grave. In 1924 he received patent No. 122 for such a rocket charge. Further work on the creation of rockets on smokeless powder continued until the Great Patriotic War. The development team included Sergei Korolev. In March 1941, successful field tests of the BM-13 installations with the M-13 projectile were carried out, and on June 21 a decree was signed on their mass production. On the night of June 30, 1941, the first two combat launchers BM-13. Initially, they were mounted on the ZIS-5 chassis, but the use of such a chassis was considered unsuccessful, and it was replaced by the ZIS-6. Subsequently, BM-13 (BM-13N) were installed only on Studebaker (Studebacker-US6). An experimental artillery battery of seven vehicles under the command of Captain I. Flerov was first used against the German army at the railway junction of the city of Orsha on July 14, 1941. The first eight regiments of 36 vehicles each were formed on August 8, 1941. An improved modification of the BM-13N was created in 1943, and by the end of World War II, about 1800 of these guns were manufactured. Range - about 5 km.

The weapon was inaccurate, but very effective in massive use. The emotional effect was also important: during the salvo, all missiles were fired almost simultaneously - in a few seconds, the territory in the target area was literally plowed up by heavy rockets. At the same time, the deafening howl that the rockets raised during the flight literally drove me crazy. Those who did not die during the shelling often could no longer resist, as they were shell-shocked, stunned, and completely psychologically depressed. The mobility of the installation made it possible to quickly change position and avoid an enemy retaliatory strike.

Each car had a box of explosives and fuses. In the event of a risk of equipment being captured by the enemy, the crew was obliged to blow it up and thereby destroy the rocket systems.

The name Katyusha comes from the marking CAT (Kostikov automatic thermite) on used rockets with incendiary filling. And since the appearance of weapons in combat units coincided with the popularity of the Katyusha song, this name stuck.

Here you can download the magazine Paper Modeling - 20 - Jet system volley fire BM-13 Katyusha for free, without registration and SMS.