27.09.2019

Complete and incomplete words. Incomplete sentence

The difference between an incomplete sentence and one-part sentences is described in detail. A definition of elliptic sentences is given. The conditions for placing a dash in not full sentence. Exercise on the topic followed by testing.

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OK Incomplete sentences are sentences in which a member of the sentence is missing that is necessary for the completeness of the structure and meaning of the given sentence, which is easy to restore from the previous context or from the situation

Missed sentence members can be restored by communication participants from knowledge of the situation discussed in the sentence. For example, if at a bus stop one of the passengers, looking at the road, says: “It’s coming!” ", the rest of the passengers will easily restore the missing subject: The bus is coming.

Missing sentence members can be restored from the previous context. Such contextually incomplete sentences are very common in dialogues. For example: – Is your company assigned to the forest tomorrow? – asked Prince Poltoratsky. - My. (L. Tolstoy). Poltoratsky's response is an incomplete sentence in which the subject, predicate, adverbial place and adverbial time are missing (cf.: My company is assigned to the forest tomorrow).

OK From the situation. At the bus stop: -Coming? (Is the bus coming?) From the previous context. -What is your name? -Sasha. (My name is Sasha.)

Incomplete constructions are common in complex sentences: Everything obeys me, but I obey nothing (Pushkin). The second part of the difficult non-union proposal(I - to nothing) is an incomplete sentence in which the predicate is missing (cf.: I am not obedient to anything).

Note! Incomplete sentences and one-part sentences- these are different phenomena. In one-part sentences, one of the main members of the sentence is missing; the meaning of the sentence is clear to us even without this member. Moreover, the structure of the sentence itself (the absence of a subject or predicate, the form of a single main member) has a certain meaning. For example, form plural The predicate verb in an indefinite-personal sentence conveys the following content: the subject of the action is unknown (There was a knock on the door), unimportant (He was wounded near Kursk) or is hiding (They told me a lot about you yesterday). In an incomplete sentence, any member of the sentence (one or more) can be omitted. If we consider such a sentence out of context or situation, then its meaning will remain incomprehensible to us (cf. out of context: Mine; I am nothing).

OK incomplete one-part 1. One of the main emergency situations is missing 1. Any emergency situation may be absent 2. The meaning of the sentence is clear even without the missing emergency situation 2. Outside the context and situation, the meaning of such a sentence is not clear.

In the Russian language there is one type of incomplete sentences in which the missing member is not restored and is not prompted by the situation, the previous context. Moreover, the “missing” members are not required to reveal the meaning of the sentence. Such sentences are understandable even without context or situation: There is a forest behind you. To the right and left are swamps (Peskov). These are the so-called "elliptical sentences". They usually contain a subject and a secondary member - a circumstance or an addition. The predicate is missing, and we often cannot say which predicate is missing. Wed: There is/is/is a forest behind. And yet, most scientists consider such sentences to be structurally incomplete, since the secondary member of the sentence (adverbial or complement) refers to the predicate, and the predicate is not represented in the sentence.

OK Elliptic sentences This is a type of incomplete sentence in which the missing member is not restored and is not prompted by the situation or previous context. Moreover, the “missing” members are not required to reveal the meaning of the sentence. Such sentences are understandable even without context or situation: There is a forest behind you. To the right and left are swamps

OK Pay attention! Elliptic incomplete sentences should be distinguished: a) from one-component nominal sentences (Forest) and b) from two-component ones - with a compound nominal predicate, expressed indirect case of a noun or adverb with a zero connective (All the trees are in silver). To distinguish between these constructions, it is necessary to take into account the following: 1) one-part denominative sentences cannot contain circumstances, since the circumstance is always associated with the predicate. Among the minor members in nominal sentences, the most typical are agreed upon and inconsistent definitions. Spring forest; Entrance to the hall; 2) Nominal part of the compound nominal predicate– a noun or adverb in a two-part complete sentence indicates a sign-state. Wed: All the trees are in silver. - All trees are silver.

OK Punctuation marks in an incomplete sentence Omission of a member within a sentence in oral speech may be marked by a pause, in place of which a dash is placed on the letter: Behind is a forest. To the right and left are swamps (Peskov); Everything obeys me, but I obey nothing (Pushkin).

OK Most regularly, a dash is placed in the following cases: in an elliptical sentence containing a subject and an adverbial adverbial object, an object - only if there is a pause in oral speech: There is fog outside the night window (Block); in an elliptical sentence - with parallelism (sameness of sentence members, word order, forms of expression, etc.) of structures or their parts: Here are ravines, further are steppes, even further is a desert (Fedin);

in incomplete sentences constructed according to the scheme: nouns in the accusative and dative cases (with the omission of the subject and predicate) with a clear intonation division of the sentence into parts: For skiers - a good ski track; Youth – jobs; Young families - benefits; in an incomplete sentence forming part complex sentence, when the missing member (usually a predicate) is restored from the previous part of the phrase - only if there is a pause: The nights have become blacker, the days have become cloudier (in the second part a bunch of steel is restored).

Place the missing dashes in the sentences. Justify the placement of punctuation marks. Yermolai shot, as always, victoriously; I'm pretty bad. Our job is to obey, not to criticize. The land below seemed like a sea, and the mountains looked like huge petrified waves. The artist’s job is to resist suffering with all his might, with all his talent. I love the sky, grass, horses, and most of all the sea.

Let's check 1. Ermolai shot, as always, victoriously; I – pretty bad (incomplete sentence, predicate omitted; parallelism of constructions). 2. Our job is to obey, not to criticize (the subject is a noun in I. p., the predicate is an infinitive, the connective is zero). 3. The earth below seemed like a sea, and the mountains looked like huge petrified waves (incomplete sentence, missing connective SIS; parallelism of constructions). 4. The artist’s job is to resist suffering with all his might, with all his talent (the subject is the noun in the I. p., the predicate is the infinitive, the connective is zero). 5. I love the sky, grass, horses, and most of all, the sea (the second part of a complex non-union sentence is an incomplete sentence with the predicate omitted, I love).

6. When I was walking to the tram, on the way I tried to remember the girl’s face. 7. Through the huge black branches of larches there are silver stars. 8. He won’t get to his feet soon, and will he even get up at all? 9. The river turned blue and the sky turned blue. 10. And the color of these fields changes endlessly throughout the day: one in the morning, another in the evening, a third at noon.

Let’s check 6. When I was walking to the tram, on the way I tried to remember the girl’s face (the main part complex sentence– an incomplete sentence with the subject i omitted). 7. Through the black huge branches of larches - silver stars (an incomplete sentence with an omitted predicate is visible). 8. He won’t get to his feet soon, and will he even get up at all? (the second part of a complex sentence is an incomplete sentence with the subject he omitted; there is no pause, so there is no dash). 9. The river became blue, and the sky became blue (in the second sentence the connective became was omitted; parallelism in the constructions of complete and incomplete sentences). 10. And the color of these fields changes endlessly throughout the day: in the morning - one, in the evening - another, at noon - a third (in a complex sentence, the second, third and fourth parts are incomplete, elliptical (subject and adverbial tense); part of the subject is also omitted - color; parallelism of constructions of incomplete sentences).

11. Whoever is looking for something, but the mother is always affectionate. 12. A tree is precious in its fruits, but a man is precious in its deeds. 13. B big people I love modesty, and in small self-respect. 14. The bakery’s business was going very well, but mine personally was getting worse. 15. Terkin further. The author follows.

Let's check 11. Who is looking for what, and the mother is always affectionate (in the second part of the complex sentence the predicate is omitted). 12. A tree is dear for its fruits, and a person is dear for its deeds (the second part of a complex sentence is incomplete, the predicate of roads is omitted; parallelism in the constructions of complete and incomplete sentences). 13. I love modesty in big people, and my own dignity in small people (the second part of a complex sentence is incomplete; the predicate and complement in people are omitted; parallelism of constructions of complete and incomplete sentences). 14. The bakery’s business was going very well, but mine personally was getting worse (the second part of a complex sentence is incomplete; the subject of the case and the predicate were omitted; parallelism in the constructions of complete and incomplete sentences). 15. Terkin - further. Author - following (incomplete elliptical sentences consisting of subjects and adverbials; in oral speech there is a pause between the adverbial and the subject, in writing there is a dash).

The concept of an incomplete sentence.

Types of incomplete sentences. Contextual and situational incomplete sentences .

Elliptical sentences

Incomplete sentences in dialogic speech

1. The concept of an incomplete sentence

In the Russian language, taking into account the structure of sentences, there are incomplete sentences.

Incomplete is a sentence characterized by incomplete grammatical structure. These or those formally organizing its members (major or secondary) without being named are clear from the context or speech situation.

The functioning of incomplete sentences is associated with the laws of text construction. For example, in the sentence: The linden tree needs this juice, the lily of the valley needs this juice, the pine tree needs this juice, and the fern or wild raspberry needs this juice. (Kuprin). Only part 1 This is the juice the linden tree needs is characterized by the completeness of the grammatical structure, and all the rest are incomplete, the omission of the main members in them is juice needed - conditioned by the context, i.e. their presence in the 1st part of the sentence. The incompleteness of the grammatical structure of these sentences is manifested in the use of words as dependent members: form of definition That (m.r., singular, i.p.) is due to the form of the unnamed juice, form of additions lily of the valley, pine, fern, raspberry (D.p.)– unnamed control predicate needed. Thus, despite their absence, these members participate in the formation of incomplete sentences.

In their structure, incomplete sentences belong to the same types as complete ones. They can be common and uncommon, two-part and, as some linguists believe, one-part. But we take as a basis the point of view of linguists who believe that all one-part sentences are complete.

Uniformity and incompleteness of a sentence are completely different concepts. Incomplete sentences have missing members in their structure, single-component sentences do not have any one main member at all. In incomplete ones, missing members are, as a rule, restored. This cannot happen in single-component ones. In addition, in incomplete sentences, not only the main members, but also the secondary ones can be omitted. Several members can be skipped at once, for example:

1) Hereroads first timeseparated b: 2) one went up the river, 3) the other is somewhere to the right. (The 3rd sentence is incomplete, the predicate is missing.)

The incompleteness of the grammatical structure of such sentences does not prevent them from serving the purposes of communication, since the omission of certain members does not violate the semantic completeness and definiteness of these sentences. The correlation with complete sentences is revealed by the presence in such sentences of words that retain the grammatical functions and forms characteristic of them in the corresponding complete sentences. They are the ones that indicate the “empty” positions of the omitted members of the sentence.

In this regard, incomplete sentences differ from unspoken sentences, which are statements interrupted for one reason or another, for example: But wait, Kalinina, what if... No, it won’t work that way...(B. Pol.); - I am, mom. Am I... People say that she...(B. Pol.).

In the scientific literature, the issue of complete and incomplete sentences is covered in contradictory ways.

Incomplete is a sentence in which any member of the sentence or group of members of the sentence is missing, the omission of which is confirmed by the presence of dependent words of the sentence, as well as data from the context or situation of speech.

Types of incomplete sentences are distinguished taking into account the following factors:

Written or oral sphere of use

Monologue or dialogue

Interaction of a sentence with context

There are incomplete sentences:

contextual(incomplete - incomplete sentences in monologue speech; dialogue lines - incomplete sentences in dialogic speech)

situational

Incomplete lines of dialogue are very common in colloquial speech. They are usually short and contain something new that the speaker wants to tell the interlocutor.

According to the target orientation, incomplete dialogue lines can be divided into 3 groups:

Responses. Contains the answer to the question asked in the previous response.

Questions.

Continuing remarks convey something additional to what was said in the initial sentence.

Situational cues are a type of incomplete sentences for colloquial speech. They are used as full-fledged units of communication only in a certain situation. When the very setting of the speech suggests to the interlocutors the concepts about which we're talking about, but which are not expressed verbally as part of this replica. Going.

Elliptical sentences.

Sentences like " I am going home" In linguistic literature, the term elliptical sentences is used in different meanings:

instead of the term "incomplete sentence"

denotes a type of incomplete sentence

serves as the name of the type of sentences adjacent to incomplete ones.

Ellipsis – is an abbreviation of a verb phrase in a sentence; elimination of the verbal component without replacing it in the context.

Types of elliptical sentences:

A sentence with the meaning of movement - movement. Actor + word denoting direction, goal, final point of movement. The function of an independent member of a sentence is a pronoun, a noun in a singular form, denoting a person, animal or object capable of movement. The second member is adverbs of place, nouns in v.p. with a pretext in, on, or in d.p. with a pretext To

A sentence with the meaning of speech or thought. They have an object in p.p. with a pretext O or about or in v.p. with the preposition about.

A sentence meaning to hit, hit. Subject of action + dependent words in v.p. and so on. Here I am - with a stick!

Offer equivalents

This is a special grammatical device used in communication to express agreement or disagreement, as well as emotionally expressive reactions to the speech of the interlocutor. Yes. No! No matter how it is! Still would.

They do not have an independent informative meaning, but only confirm, deny or evaluate the content of the specific sentence with which they are correlated.

As sentence equivalents, they have only intonation design, but lack grammatical form and are not articulated.

By value they are divided into 3 groups:

word-sentences expressed by particles with general meaning affirmation or denial

modal words-sentences with the additional meaning of probability/supposition.

Interjective words are sentences that are divided into: emotional-evaluative sentences that represent a reaction to a situation, a message, a question. Well?!; incentive offers; sentences that are an expression of speech etiquette.

Both one-part and two-part sentences are considered complete if all the necessary members of a given sentence structure are present, and incomplete if one or more necessary members of a given sentence structure are omitted due to the conditions of the context or situation.

Incomplete sentence? in which one or another member of the sentence is missing, clear from the context or situation. This kind of incompleteness? a speech phenomenon that does not affect the structure. We distinguish: 1. contextual 2. situational.

Contextual? clear from the context. There are: 1) Simple sentences with unnamed main or secondary members (separately or in groups). There may be no subject, predicate, subject and predicate, predicate and adverbial, predicate and addition, a minor member of the sentence (addition, adverbial) if there is a definition relating to the missing member. (Mother gave my father carrots, but forgot to give him gloves. I handed mine to my father.) 2) Complex sentences with an unnamed main or subordinate part. (- Well, where are your Near Mills? - Where are we going). 3) Incomplete sentences that form part of a complex sentence with an unnamed member present in another part of the complex sentence. a) In a complex sentence (In one hand he held a fishing rod, and in the other - a kukan with a fish (the main members present in the 1st part are not named)). b) In a complex sentence (Lopakhin jumped into a trench and, when he raised his head (the subject common to main part), I saw how the leading plane began to fall obliquely). c) In a non-union complex sentence (So we go: on level ground - on a cart, uphill - on foot, and downhill - like a jog (the predicate mentioned in the explained part is not named)).

Situational? minor member, clear from the situation (Knock on the door. May I?)

Lines of dialogue? incomplete sentences.

Elliptical sentences? These are also incomplete sentences, but their incompleteness is linguistic, not speech. Elliptic sentences represent a special structural type of simple sentences. These are sentences that lack verbal predicate, understandable to us based on the content of the proposal itself. (I'm going to the city. I'm away from him).

Types of elliptical sentences: 1) A sentence with an omitted verb of movement, movement. 2) With an omitted verb of speech, thought. 3) A sentence with an omitted intensive verb. 4) Sentence with omitted verb of location meaning.

Often a dash is placed in place of the missing predicate.

Incomplete sentences are common in complex sentences. (It was nice to see how the straw flies upward like a golden fleece and [how] pink dust swirls above it).

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