Each part of speech is characterized by certain features peculiar only to it. This allows you to group the words of the Russian language depending on their grammatical properties. They are studied by a special section of the Russian language - morphology, which takes into account, among other things, the non-permanent and permanent morphological features of the adjective, noun, verb, etc. Knowledge of the features of significant and service parts of speech helps to accurately morphologically analyze and correctly build phrases and sentences.

In Russian, there is a clear scheme of analysis. For each independent part of speech, it includes the definition of a generalized grammatical meaning (including a question), morphological features (permanent and non-permanent), syntactic function in a sentence.

What is an adjective

This is a significant part of speech, which is often used in descriptive texts. Adjectives denote permanent features of objects and answer the questions: what? whose? They enter into semantic connections with nouns and, when forming phrases, agree with them in number, gender, case (non-permanent signs). This part of speech can denote a property of an object without its relationship ( young age ) or through the relation ( winter day, cow's milk) to other objects and phenomena. Depending on the value, three digits are distinguished - this is a constant feature - an adjective. In a sentence, the words of this part of speech perform the function of a definition or a predicate.

Positive (no rating)

As the table shows, a simple form is formed by suffixes ( -e, -her, -she, -aysh-, -eysh), and the compound - special words added to the full form ( more, less, most) or a simple comparative degree ( all). Another way is suppletive, that is, from a different base: good - best (comrade).

Words used in a simple comparative degree do not change.

Signs of relative adjectives

It should be noted right away that this group of words does not possess any of the above qualities. The sign that they designate necessarily correlates with another object or event. This is manifested in the possibility of replacing the phrase [noun + adjective] with the synonymous [noun + noun]. For example, a wooden fence = a wooden fence. The relation of one object to another in relative adjectives can be as follows:

• by time: last year's meeting;
• local: church chant;
• by material: metal rod;
• by appointment: mantel clock.

The relative also includes complex adjectives, the first part of which is a numeral: two-story building, three-year-old kid.

The constant morphological features of the relative adjective are also manifested in the fact that they have only a full form.

Education

The derivative basis for relative adjectives are nouns, verbs, adverbs, and the method of formation is suffixal ( -n-, -an-, -yan-, -in-, -enn-, -onn-, -l-). For example, hazy look, clay bowl, lecture time, skimming.

Permanent signs of the name of the adjective possessive

This group expresses the belonging of an object to someone: a person, an animal. First of all, they can be identified by the question: whose? They, like relative ones, do not have degrees of comparison, full and short forms. These are the main constant features of the adjective of this category.

A feature of possessive adjectives is their morphemic composition. They are formed from nouns with suffixes. -ov-, -ev-, -in-, -iy-: father's office, mother's coat, fox ears. If qualitative and relative adjectives -th is the end ( blue-it-eat), then the possessive suffix is ​​visible when recording the transcription (sound composition) of the word. For example: fox[l, is, -th, -eva].

Transition of adjectives from one category to another

The meaning and grammatical features of an adjective are often conditional. They can acquire a figurative meaning and move from one category to another. Thus, the relative adjective often acts as a qualitative one, especially in works of art (additional remedy expressiveness). This can be seen in the example of phrases with an adjective Iron door- relative, will- quality.

Reverse processes are not so frequent. A qualitative adjective usually changes rank if it is part of a term: light industry.

Possessive adjectives have a similar property. And more often this applies to words associated with animals. For example, word combinations HARE with different nouns: Nora(possessive) a cap(relative - from what?), cowardice(quality).

Morphological analysis of adjectives usually does not cause any special questions and difficulties. Adjectives have only one constant morphological feature - a category, although it is not always easy to determine it, and several inconstant ones (number, gender, case).

Before proceeding with the analysis, let's recall the properties of the discharges of adjectives. Without taking into account the lexical meaning, it is possible to determine the category with an error, because many adjectives in the context acquire a figurative meaning.

For example: qualitative ones become relative (light fluff - athletics), relative - qualitative (silver spoon - silver voice), and possessive - qualitative and relative (dog kennel - dog fur coat, dog cold).

Each category of adjective has its own features. Consider the characteristics of quality adjectives. They denote a sign of an object that can manifest itself to a greater or lesser extent, form degrees of comparison, have a short form (close - closer, closer, closest, closest; close, close, close, close), synonyms and antonyms. They are recognized by combinations with adverbs of measure and degree (too close, very close), by the presence of the prefix NOT- (not close), by the formation of compound words by repetition (close-close).

Not all of these characteristics can appear immediately, some are missing, for example, adjectives denoting colors (yellow, brown) do not have comparison forms. Even if the adjective does not have all these properties, it is considered qualitative.

We must not forget that some qualitative adjectives do not have either a full or short form, and then this sign is constant (foreign, glad). There is another group indeclinable words: mocha coffee, retro music, tsunami wave, beige skirt. Recall that adjectives in short form answer the questions what? what? what is it? what are and perform the function of a composite nominal predicate.

Relative adjectives, like qualitative ones, answer the questions what? which? which? which?. They denote the material from which the object is made, spatial and temporal features (teddy bear, tracksuit, schoolyard, winter day).

Phrases with relative adjectives have synonyms: plush bear, sports suit, school site, winter's day. You can learn relative adjectives by the suffixes -AN-, -YAN-, -ONN-, -ENN-, -N-, -SK- (leather sofa, silver vase, aviation regiment, ceremonial meeting, drumming, Moscow courtyard). Do not find degrees of comparison and short form in relative adjectives.

It can be difficult to distinguish the ranks of adjectives with suffixes -SK-. You need to reason like this: “Pushkin places” are related to the life and work of A.S. Pushkin, this is a relative adjective, "Pushkin's novel" was written by A.S. Pushkin and belongs only to him, this is a possessive adjective.

Possessive adjectives denote belonging to a person or animal, answer the questions whose? whose? whose? whose ?, have recognizable suffixes -OV-, -EV-, -IN-, -II, -Y- (fathers' office, father-in-law, cat's house, chicken liver, fish tail, hare ears). This group of adjectives can have a short form: moose tracks - daddy's flour, walrus - crocodile tears. By the way, qualitative ones do not decline in short form, and possessive ones, on the contrary, have a case category: Lake Pleshcheyevo (Im.p.) - near Pleshcheyevo Lake (R.p.).

It is not difficult to determine the degree of comparison: the original form is called positive, the simple form of the comparative and superlative degrees has the suffixes -EE-, -EY-, -E-, -SHE- (weaker, bolder, sweeter, thinner) and -AYSH-, -EYSH- (nearest, fastest), as well as the prefix NAI- (best). For composite comparative and excellent, particles of adverbial origin are used more or less (higher, less strong), most, most-least (highest, highest, least strong).

Do not forget that the simple comparative form does not change by gender, number, case, and does not agree with the noun or pronoun being defined. It is always part of a compound nominal predicate, in special occasions inconsistent definition. The compound comparative and superlative degree can be used both in full and in short form (stronger - stronger, stronger - stronger).

Let's start with adjectives. First, we note that any adjective always denotes a sign of an object. We write out the adjective with the word on which it depends or with which it is connected in meaning and grammatically. Secondly, the initial form is the nominative singular masculine. Thirdly, adjectives can play the role of an agreed definition (full forms, compound comparative and superlative degrees) and the nominal part of the predicate.

PLAN OF MORPHOLOGICAL ANALYSIS OF THE ADJECTIVE

1. Part of speech and general grammatical meaning.

2. initial form(Them. p., singular, m.r.) and morphological features:
Permanent (P.p.):
- rank.
Non-permanent (N.p.):
used in
- full or short form (only for qualitative and some possessive ones),
- comparative or superlatives(only for quality ones)
- number (not in simple comparative form),
- gender (not in the plural and in the simple comparative form),
- case (not in short form for qualitative ones, in simple comparative form).

3. The syntactic role of the adjective (agreed definition, compound nominal predicate).

Let's choose adjectives for morphological analysis from Vera Inber's story "How I Was Little". First, let's look at qualitative adjectives, then relative ones, and finally, possessive ones.

Examples of parsing adjectives

On the sides of the road, green ears of corn whisper: they will not turn yellow soon.

1. Green (ears) - adjective, because denotes an attribute of an object.
2. Initial form (Im.p., singular, m.r.): green
Permanent (P.p.):
- quality.
Non-permanent (N.p.):
used in
- full form,
- positive degree,
- plural,
- Im.p.
3. ears (what?) green (agreed definition).

The violinist's face was thin, restless, his eyes were dark.

1. (It was) thin (face) - adjective, because denotes an attribute of an object.
2. Initial form (Im. p., singular, m.r.): thin
Permanent (P.p.):
- quality.
Non-permanent (N.p.):
used in
- full form,
- positive degree,
- units,
- cf.,
- Im.p.
3. The face was (what?) thin (compound nominal predicate).

We were very smart.

1. (We were) dressed up - adjective, because denotes an attribute of an object.
2. Initial form (Im. p., sg., m.r.): elegant
Permanent (P.p.):
- quality.
Non-permanent (N.p.):
used in
- short form
- positive degree,
- pl.
3. Were (what?) smart (compound nominal predicate).

Snow!.. How lovely it is!

1. (He) is charming - adjective, because denotes an attribute of an object.
2. Initial form (Im. p., singular, m.r.): lovely
Permanent (P.p.):
- quality.
Non-permanent (N.p.):
used in
- short form
- positive degree,
- units,
- m.r.
3. He (what?) is charming (compound nominal predicate).

Now Aunt Natasha is single.

1. (Aunt Natasha) lonely - adjective, because denotes an attribute of an object.
2. Initial form (Im. p., singular, m.r.): lonely
Permanent (P.p.):
- quality.
Non-permanent (N.p.):
used in
- short form
- positive degree,
- units,
- f.r.
3. Aunt Natasha (what is it?) Is lonely (compound nominal predicate).

Uncle Oscar's face was similar to Aunt Nasha, only he was younger.

1. (He was) younger - adjective, because denotes an attribute of an object.
2. Initial form (Im. p., sg., m.r.): young
Permanent (P.p.):
- quality.
Non-permanent (N.p.):
used in
- short form

3. Was (what?) Younger (compound predicate).

You look at it and see that it has the finest pattern.

1. (Pattern) the thinnest - adjective, because denotes an attribute of an object.
2. Initial form (Im.p., singular, m.r.): thin
Permanent (P.p.):
- quality.
Non-permanent (N.p.):
used in
- full form,
- simple superlatives,
- units,
- m.r.,
- V.p.
3. The pattern (what?) is the thinnest (an agreed definition).

Reflected in it, the most beautiful things seemed ugly.

1. (Things) the most beautiful - adjective, because denotes an attribute of an object.
2. Initial form (Im. p., sg., m.r.): beautiful
Permanent (P.p.):
- quality.
Non-permanent (N.p.):
used in
- full form,

- plural,
- I.p.
3. Things (what?) are the most beautiful (agreed definition).

Fingers the most ordinary.

1. (Fingers) the most common - adjective, because denotes an attribute of an object.
2. Initial form (Im. p., singular, m.r.): ordinary
Permanent (P.p.):
- quality.
Non-permanent (N.p.):
used in
- full form,
- compound superlative degree,
- plural,
- I.p.
3. Fingers (what?) The most common (compound nominal predicate).

And here is a low grandmother's house with a clay mound, with mallows near the porch.

1. (With a mound) clay - an adjective, because denotes an attribute of an object.
2. Initial form (Im. p., sg., m.r.): clay
Permanent (P.p.):
- relative.
Non-permanent (N.p.):
used in the form
- unit h,
- female,
- etc.
3. With a mound (what?) Clay (agreed definition).

Sand poured from one glass vial to another, it took half an hour.

1. (From a vial) of glass - an adjective, because denotes an attribute of an object.
2. Initial form (Im.p., singular, m.r.): glass
Permanent (P.p.):
- relative.
Non-permanent (N.p.):
used in the form
- units,
- m.r.,
- R.p.
3. From a (what?) glass vial (agreed definition).

And here is a low grandmother's house with a clay mound, with mallows near the porch.

1. (House) grandmother - adjective, because denotes an attribute of an object.
2. Initial form (Im. p., sg., m.r.): babushkin
Permanent (P.p.):
- possessive.
Non-permanent (N.p.):
used in
- short form
- units,
- m.r.,
- I.p.
3. Grandmother's house (what?) (agreed definition).

We drive calmly and for so long that we manage to take a nap, leaning right and left on my mother’s shoulder.

1. (To the shoulder) to my mother - an adjective, because denotes an attribute of an object.
2. Initial form (Im. p., sg., m.r.): mother
Permanent (P.p.):
- possessive.
Non-permanent (N.p.):
used in
- full form,
- units,
- cf.,
- D.p.
3. To the shoulder (what?) of my mother (an agreed definition).

He grabbed a napkin from the table, folded the tip like a hare's ear, slipped it under the needle, and deftly turned the handle of the wheel.

1. (Ear) hare - adjective, because denotes an attribute of an object.
2. Initial form (Im. p., singular, m.r.): hare
Permanent (P.p.):
- possessive.
Non-permanent (N.p.):
used in
- full form,
- units,
- cf.,
- I.p.
3. Ear (what?) of a hare (included in a separate circumstance expressed by a comparative turnover).

In addition to rags, I also had a panicle of chicken feathers.

1. (From feathers) chicken - adjective, because denotes an attribute of an object.
2. Initial form (Im. p., singular, m.r.): chicken
Permanent (P.p.):
- possessive.
Non-permanent (N.p.):
used in
- full form,
- plural,
- R.p.
3. From feathers (what?) chicken (an agreed definition).

We have considered the most common forms of adjectives. And now it's time to move on to more complex examples. Complete morphological analysis specified adjectives. If you have any questions, use the self-test.

I am happy with everything I see.

How simpler word, especially since it is exactly 3 .

All the horses in the regiment were black 3 .

He put on a khaki shirt 3 .

You won't find better jams anywhere.

Duck brood 3 stay together after the young start to fly.

I liked her bronze 3 tan.

I always have a wolfish 3 appetite from excitement.

The pouring rain didn't scare me.

Most Attentive 3 was Petya.

He soon got to his native 3 airfield.

She chose the more difficult 3 case.

SELF-TEST

I am happy with everything I see.

1. (I) glad - adjective, because denotes an attribute of an object.
2. Initial form (Im. p., sg., m.r.): rad
Permanent (P.p.):
- quality,
- short form.
Non-permanent (N.p.):
used in the form
- unit number,
- m.
3. I (what?) I'm glad (compound nominal predicate).

The word "glad" has no degrees of comparison and does not change by case.

The simpler the word, the more accurate it is 3 .

1. (It) is more accurate - an adjective, because denotes an attribute of an object.
2. Initial form (Im.p., singular, m.r.): exact
Permanent (P.p.):
- quality.
Non-permanent (N.p.):
used in
- short form
- Composite comparative degree,
- unit,
- Wed kind.
3. It (what?) More precisely (compound nominal predicate).

The form "more precisely" does not change by case.

All the horses in the regiment were black 3 .

1. (The horses were) black - adjective, because denotes an attribute of an object.
2. Initial form (Im. p., sg., m.r.): black
Permanent (P.p.):
- quality,
- long form.
Non-permanent (N.p.):
used in the form
- plural numbers,
- T. case.
3. Horses were (what?) black (compound nominal predicate).

The word "crow" is always in full form and has no degrees of comparison.

He put on a khaki shirt 3 .

1. (Colors) khaki is an adjective, because denotes an attribute of an object.
2. Initial form (Im.p., singular, m.r.): khaki
Permanent (P.p.):
- quality.
Non-permanent (N.p.):
is an unchanging word.
3. Colors (what?) khaki (inconsistent definition).

You won't find better jams anywhere.

1. (Jam) tastier - adjective, because denotes an attribute of an object.
2. Initial form (Im. p., sg., m.r.): delicious
Permanent (P.p.):
- quality.
Non-permanent (N.p.):
used in
- short form
- a simple comparative degree.
3. Jam (which one?) Is tastier (inconsistent definition).

The word "tastier" does not have a full or short form, as well as number, gender and case.

Duck brood 3 stay together after the young start to fly.

1. (brood) duck - adjective, because denotes an attribute of an object.
2. Initial form (Im.p., singular, m.r.): duck
Permanent (P.p.):
- possessive in the sense of relative.
Non-permanent (N.p.):
used in the form
- units numbers,
- m.
- I.p.
3. Brood (what?) duck (agreed definition).

I liked her bronze 3 tan.

1. (Sunburn) bronze - adjective, because denotes an attribute of an object.
2. Initial form (Im. p., sing., m.r.): bronze
Permanent (P.p.):
- relative in the sense of quality.
Non-permanent (N.p.):
used in the form
- units numbers,
- m.
- V.p.
3. Tan (what?) bronze (agreed definition).

I always have a wolfish 3 appetite from excitement.

1. (Appetite) wolf - adjective, because denotes an attribute of an object.
2. Initial form (Im. p., sg., m.r.): wolf
Permanent (P.p.):
- possessive in the sense of quality.
Non-permanent (N.p.):
used in the form
- units numbers,
- m.
- V.p.
3. Appetite (what?) wolf (agreed definition).

Torrential 3 rain did not frighten me.

1. (Rain) torrential - adjective, because denotes an attribute of an object.
2. Initial form (Im. p., sg., m.r.): pouring
Permanent (P.p.):
- quality,
- full form.
Non-permanent (N.p.):
used in the form
- units numbers,
- m.
- I.p.
3. Rain (what?) torrential (agreed definition).

most attentive 3 was Petya.

1. (Petya was) the most attentive - adjective, because denotes an attribute of an object.
2. Initial form (Im. p., singular, m.r.): attentive
Permanent (P.p.):
- quality.
Non-permanent (N.p.):
used in
- short form
- compound superlative degree,
- units number,
- m.
3. Petya was (what?) The most attentive (compound nominal predicate).

He soon got to his native 3 airfield.

1. (To the airfield) native - adjective, because denotes an attribute of an object.
2. Initial form (Im. p., sg., m.r.): native
Permanent (P.p.):
- quality,
- full form.
Non-permanent (N.p.):
used in the form
- units numbers,
- m.
- V.p.
3. To the airfield (what?) Native (agreed definition).

She chose the more difficult 3 case.

1. (Case) more difficult - adjective, because denotes an attribute of an object.
2. Initial form (Im. p., singular, m.r.): difficult
Permanent (P.p.):
- quality.
Non-permanent (N.p.):
used in
- full form,
- compound superlative degree,
- units number,
- Wed kind,
- V.p.
3. Case (what?) More difficult (agreed definition).

Suddenly he saw a red fox's tail flicker ahead in the bushes.

1. (Tail) fox - adjective, because denotes an attribute of an object.
2. Initial form (Im. p., sg., m.r.): fox
Permanent (P.p.):
- possessive.
Non-permanent (N.p.):
used in
- full form,
- units,
- m.r.,
- I.p.
3. Tail (what?) fox (agreed definition).

Literature

1. Voronichev O.E. On the logical basis of the morphological analysis of significant words / Russian language at school and at home. - 2008. - No. 1.

2. Ilyushina L.A. On the morphological analysis of adjectives, numerals, pronouns / Russian language at school. - 2002. - No. 4.

3. Shirokova L.N., Eroshkina N.A. Transition of adjectives from one category to another (grade VI) / Russian language at school. - 2009. - No. 10.

Adjective- This is an independent part of speech that answers the questions of what kind. which. which. which. whose. whose. whose. whose. and denotes an attribute of an object.

Permanent:
category by value: qualitative, relative, possessive adjectives;
degree of comparison: comparative and superlative (for quality adjectives);
full or short form (for quality adjectives).
Non-permanent:
genus;
number;
case.
initial form- the full form of the adjective in nominative case singular masculine.

Adjectives in meaning can be qualitative, relative, possessive.
wide part of speechQuality adjectives name signs that indicate the qualities of an object:
in size (small);
by age (young);
by color (bright);
by weight (light);
By appearance(Cute);
parse the word howls by composition by internal qualities (lazy), etc.
Qualitative adjectives can have:
degrees of comparison (evil - angrier - the most evil);
short form (evil - evil - evil);
synonyms, antonyms (angry, kind);
can form adverbs in -o. -e. evil (looked); compound adjectives by repetition: evil-prezly; abstract nouns: anger.
Relative adjectives name signs that express the relationship of one object to another:
part of speech deliberately local ( Ukrainian language- the language of Ukrainians);
by material (crystal glass - crystal glass);
by time (last year's meeting - last year's meeting);
by appointment (washing powder - washing powder), etc.
They do not have degrees of comparison, short form, synonyms, antonyms, etc.
joyful parse the word by compositionPossessive adjectives they call the sign of an object according to its belonging to any person or animal: fathers (instrument), grandfathers (order), bearish (lair), husband (portfolio); answer whose questions. whose. whose. whose.
They have suffixes -ov - (-ev -), -in - (-yn -), -y -:

Full adjectives
have endings:
;
change in cases, genders and numbers:
beautiful, beautiful, beautiful, beautiful, beautiful;
in the sentence they play the role of a definition:
part of speech two Tourists made a difficult and long climb to the top.
Short adjectives
have endings:
;
change by gender and number: beautiful - beautiful - beautiful - beautiful;
plays the role of a predicate in a sentence:
Climb to the top.

Allocate comparative And superlatives of comparison. The comparative degree of comparison is divided into simple and compound. Adjectives of a simple degree of comparison consist of one word, have suffixes -ee (-s), -e, -she (). other bases (good - better, bad - worse, small - less). Compound adjectives consist of two words: more, less and a full form adjective (more convenient, less interesting).
The superlative degree of comparison is also divided into simple and compound. Adjectives of a simple degree of comparison consist of one word, have suffixes -aysh-, -eysh - (,
), other bases (good - best, bad - worst, small - smaller). Compound adjectives consist of two words: most, most, least and adjective in full form (most noticeable, most correct, least noticeable).
instant morphemic parsing

In the case of a hard declension, the stem ends in a hard consonant:

In the case of soft declension, the stem ends in a soft consonant:

analysis of the word hockey In the case of mixed declension, the base ends in g, k, x:

1. Part of speech. General value (attribute of the subject).
Initial form (full form I. p. unit h. male. R.).
2. Permanent morphological features:
quality;
relative;
possessive.
Variable morphological features:
degree of comparison (for a qualitative adjective);
hundredth adjective or numeral number;
artificial morpheme parsing full or short form (for a qualitative adjective);
case (in full form);
genus (in singular).
3. Syntactic role.
The morning air is quiet, transparent and fresh.
Morning (air) - adj.
1. Air (what?) morning (designation sign of the object). N. f. - morning.
2. Post. - relates .; non-post. - I. p. unit. h. husband R.
3. .
Quiet (air) - adj.
1. Air (what?) is quiet (designation sign of an object). N. f. - quiet.
2. Post. - qualities; non-post. - in fold. f. units h. husband R.
3. . ?

Words differ from each other not only in lexical meaning. All of them are usually divided into groups - parts of speech. This gradation occurs on the basis of the grammatical meaning of words and their special features - morphological.

Morphology - section of the Russian language

A whole branch of science, called morphology, deals with parts of speech. Any word has its own characteristics: general meaning, grammatical, also morphological and syntactic signs. The first indicates the same meaning of a particular part of speech. For example, the designation of an object by nouns, its attribute by adjectives, verbs - action, and participles - a sign by action.

Syntactic signs are the role of one or another part of speech in a sentence. For example, verbs, as a rule, are predicates, less often - subjects. Nouns can be objects, circumstances, subjects, and sometimes predicates in a sentence.

What are the morphological features

The group of morphological features, permanent and non-permanent, is much more extensive. The first characterize the word as a specific part of speech. For example, a verb is always determined by conjugation, aspect, transitivity. Variable morphological features indicate that the part of speech has the ability to change. For example, a noun changes in cases and numbers - these will be its non-permanent features. But the adverb and participle are unchangeable parts of speech, respectively, they only need to indicate constant signs. The same is true for service parts of speech and interjections.

Before analyzing the morphological features of parts of speech, it is worth noting that it is necessary to distinguish between a word and its form. Words differ from each other in lexical meaning, and when they change, their forms are formed. For example, the word "site" has lexical meaning“fenced part of the area”, and its forms will be a change in cases: plot, plot, plot, about the plot.

Noun

Indicating the constant morphological features of a noun, we talk about whether it is a common noun or proper, animate or inanimate, we also determine the type of its declension and gender.

Common nouns denote a set of any objects, without highlighting their individual features. For example, with the word "river" we denote all rivers: large and small, northern and southern, full-flowing and not very. But if we indicate a specific river, the only one of its kind, for example, the Neva, the noun will be its own.

Living things belong to animate noun, all the rest - to the inanimate. These are constant morphological features of the noun. Dog (who?) - animated; table (what?) - inanimate. Also, the nouns of these categories differ in the forms of accusative and genitive cases. Endings in the genitive and accusative cases plural coincide in animate, inanimate - accusative and nominative.

Let's take an example. Genitive: no (who?) cats; accusative: I see (who?) cats. Compare: I see (what?) chairs; there are (what?) chairs.

The following genders are distinguished: male, female and middle. To determine these morphological features of a noun, it is necessary to substitute the pronouns mine - mine - mine, respectively, for the word.

We present the declension of nouns in the table:

Non-permanent morphological features of a noun are its case and number. These categories form the forms of the word-noun.

Adjective

Just like a noun, the morphological features of the adjective are divided into permanent and non-permanent.

The first are its rank, degree of comparison and form, full or short.

Adjectives are divided into qualitative, relative and possessive. The subject may have the former in one way or another, they can act in full or short form, and also form degrees of comparison. For example: beautiful is an adjective of quality. Let's prove it. It is characterized by such morphological features of the adjective as the degree of comparison (more beautiful, more beautiful) and the short form (beautiful). Relative adjectives cannot have these categories (golden, hazy, shaving). Possessives denote belonging, they answer the question "whose?".

The degrees of comparison are divided into comparative and superlative. The first shows a large or lesser degree any quality: tea more sweet - less sweet - sweeter. The superlative degree denotes the highest or lowest degree of a feature: the shortest, the funniest, the smallest.

The full and short forms are inherent in quality adjectives. It should be remembered that short ones do not decline, but they can be changed by number and gender: cheerful (full form) - cheerful (m. gender, singular) - cheerful (female, singular) - cheerful (plural ).

The inconstant morphological features of the adjective are the case forms, number and gender in which it is used. The category of gender can only be determined for adjectives in the singular.

Numeral

Permanent morphological features of the word, which is a numeral, are its category and structure characteristics.

Allocate quantitative and ordinal numerals. The former require an answer to the question "how much?" (ten, fifteen, twenty-five), the second - "what is the number?" (tenth, fifteenth, twenty-fifth).

• Simple (five, second).
• Complex (thirteen, fifteenth).
• Compound (twenty-two, three hundred and forty-one).

The non-permanent signs of the name of the numeral are largely determined by its category. So, quantitative numbers are characterized by a change in cases only. Ordinal numbers are similar in grammatical parameters to adjectives, therefore they can form case forms, change in numbers and genders.

Pronoun

If we talk about a pronoun, then its morphological features largely depend on which part of speech it is close in grammatical meaning. They can gravitate toward a noun, adjective, or numeral. Let's analyze the pronouns and their morphological features in this context.

Pronouns-nouns are characterized by an invariable category of person (personal) and formative gender, number, case.

Pronouns-adjectives can also be changed by gender, number and case. The exception is the words her, him, them- they do not change in cases.

Only pronouns have a case form - numerals.

So, when determining what morphological features a pronoun has, it is first necessary to look at the category and, accordingly, indicate the rest of the characteristics.

Verb: constant signs

The constant morphological features of the verb are its form, transitivity, reflexivity and conjugation.

Verbs come in two categories, perfect and imperfect. The first involves the question "what to do?", the second - "what to do?". For example, move (what to do?) - perfect view; shift (what to do?) - imperfect view.

The category of transitivity suggests that the verb governs a noun in the accusative case without a preposition. All other verbs will be intransitive. Let's give an example: to hate (whom, what?) the enemy, lies, fog - a transitive verb. Go to the house, fly through the sky, jump over a step, get a sore throat - these verbs are intransitive, nouns with prepositions, and the form of the accusative case cannot be made.

The reflexive verb has the suffix -sya (-s): swim, swim (reflexive); bathe - irrevocable.

We present the conjugation of the verb in the table:

Verb: fickle signs

Non-permanent morphological features of the verb are its number, mood, gender, tense and person. These categories are largely defined by others. For example, verbs change at times indicative mood. Imperfective verbs are the only ones that have three forms of tense.

Russian verbs have three mood forms: indicative (I bake, I will bake, I baked), imperative (peki) and conditional (would bake).

Verbs also change by gender: he swam, she swam, it swam. This category is typical for past tense verbs.

The person of the verb indicates by whom the action is performed: by the speaker (I remove), the interlocutor (you remove) or the subject / person of the conversation (she removes).

As with a pronoun, you first need to look at the category and, accordingly, indicate the rest of the characteristics.

Participle

Permanent morphological features of the participle are aspect, transitivity, recurrence, pledge and time.

Just like verbs, participles are perfect and imperfective: working (what to do? work) - imperfective; built (what to do? build) - a perfect look.

If the participle is formed from a transitive or reflexive verb, the same signs will remain with him. For example, the participle "locking" (locking) is formed from the transitive verb "lock" - it also has this category. From the reflexive verb "to lock" the participle "locking" is formed, respectively, also reflexive.

Participles can be real (the sign is made by the object itself: the thinker is the one who thinks) and passive (the object experiences the action of the sign: a written book is a book that is written by someone).

Two forms of tense can be distinguished from participles: present (playing) and past (playing).

Non-permanent morphological features of the participle are similar to the adjective: gender, number, case, form (short or full).

gerund

The participle is an invariable part of speech, therefore, it has exclusively constant features:

• View. Perfect (doing what? - reading) and imperfect (doing what? - reading).
• Transitivity. Transmitted from the verb: having decided (to decide is a transitive verb); going (to go is an intransitive verb).
• Recurrence. Distributed - reflexive participle; distributing - irrevocable.

Adverb

Just like a gerund, an adverb does not form a form. Thus, only constant morphological features are indicated in it: a rank by meaning and if the adverb is qualitative, i.e. formed from the name of an adjective, indicate the degree of comparison.

For example, the adverb "fun" is formed from the adjective cheerful, so the formation of degrees of comparison is possible: fun (positive); more fun (comparative); the most fun of all (excellent).

The adjective is an independent significant part of speech.

1. grammatical meaning- "sign of the subject."

Adjectives are words that answer the questions: what?, whose?

• 2. Morphological features:
  • constants - rank by value, for quality: full / short form and degrees of comparison,
  • · inflected - case, number, in the singular - gender.
• 3. The syntactic role in the sentence: for the full forms of quality adjectives, as well as for relative and possessive adjectives - definition, for short forms of quality adjectives - part of the compound nominal predicate.

Morphological features of adjectives

The adjective, like other parts of speech, has a set of morphological features. Some of them are permanent (or immutable). Others, on the contrary, are non-permanent (or changeable). So, for example, the adjective sweet is a quality adjective, full form, positive degree of comparison. In a sentence, this word can be in different cases and numbers, and in the singular - in different genders. In the illustration, dotted lines lead to variable features. The ability to be in full or short form, in a positive - comparative - superlative degree, linguists refer to constant features. Different permanent signs are expressed in different ways. For example:

sweeter - comparative adjective sweet expressed by the suffix -sche- and the absence of an ending, less sweet - the comparative degree of the adjective sweet is expressed by the combination less + sweet, sweet - a short form of the adjective in singular. m.r. It has null ending, while the long form sweet has an ending -y.