15.10.2019

Russian vocabulary in terms of its origin and use. Russian vocabulary from the point of view of its origin. Vocabulary in terms of its use

Vocabulary in terms of its origin

Parameter name	Meaning
Article subject:	Vocabulary in terms of its origin
Rubric (thematic category)	Education

The lexical system of the modern Russian language did not arise immediately. The process of its formation was very long and complicated.

New words are constantly appearing in the Russian language, but there are many of them whose history goes back to the distant past. These ancient words are part of modern vocabulary as groups of native vocabulary of the Russian language.

The following genetic groups of words of the original vocabulary of the Russian language (original Russian vocabulary) are distinguished: 1) Indo-European (Indo-Europeanisms); 2) common Slavic (common Slavisms); 3) East Slavic / Old Russian (East Slavicisms / Old Russianisms) and 4) Russian proper (Russianisms).

Indo-European vocabulary (Indo-European words) - words that have been preserved in modern Russian from the era of the Indo-European community (2nd millennium BC) and which, as a rule, have correspondences in other Indo-European languages:

- kinship terms. For example: mother, father, son, daughter;

- animals. For example: sheep, mouse, wolf, pig.

Common Slavic vocabulary (common Slavs´zmy) - words whose existence dates back to the era of the common Slavic language (before the 6th century AD). These include:

- some names of parts of the human body (eye, heart, beard, etc.);

- some names of animals (rooster, nightingale, horse, doe, etc.);

- words denoting natural phenomena and periods of time (spring, evening, winter, etc.);

- names of plants (tree, branch, oak, linden, etc.);

- names of colors (white, black, light brown, etc.);

- words naming settlements, buildings, tools, etc. (house, canopy, floor, shelter, etc.);

- names of sensory sensations (warm, sour, stale, etc.).

East Slavic (Old Russian) vocabulary (East Slavic´zmy and Old Russian´zmy) - words that appeared in the Russian language during the period of the settlement of the Slavs in Eastern Europe(VI-IX centuries), as well as during the formation of the Old Russian language (IX-XIV centuries).

Actually Russian vocabulary (rusi´zmy) - words that appeared in the language of the Great Russian people (XIV-XVII centuries) and the national Russian language (from mid-seventeenth V. Until now).

Along with the original vocabulary in the Russian language, there are groups of words borrowed from other languages at different times. Borrowed vocabulary is also genetically heterogeneous. It consists of Old Slavonic and non-Slavic (foreign language) words.

Borrowing is the transition of elements of one language to another as a result of language contacts, the interaction of languages. Borrowed words are mastered by the borrowing language, adapting to its features. In the course of this adaptation, they are assimilated to such an extent that their foreign origin may not be felt at all and is discovered only by etymologists. For example: gang, hearth, shoe, Cossack (Turk.). Unlike completely assimilated (learned) words, foreign words retain traces of foreign origin in the form of peculiar sound, spelling and grammatical features. Often, foreign words denote little-used, special, as well as concepts peculiar to foreign countries and peoples. For example: cynology is the field of scientific knowledge about dogs, their breeds and their care, hippology is the field of scientific knowledge about horses, kimono is a Japanese male and female dress in the form of a robe, guayava is a fruit plant from tropical America.

Slavic borrowings are usually divided into Old Slavonicisms and Slavonicisms.

Old Slavic borrowings (Old Slavs´zmy) became widespread in Rus' after the adoption of Christianity, at the end of the 10th century. Οʜᴎ came from the closely related Old Slavonic language, which was used for a long time in a number of Slavic states as a literary written language used to translate Greek liturgical books. Its South Slavic basis organically included elements from the West and East Slavic languages, as well as many borrowings from Greek. From the very beginning, this language was used primarily as the language of the church (in this regard, it is sometimes called Church Slavonic or Old Church Bulgarian). From the Old Slavonic language came to Russian, for example, church terms (priest, cross, rod, sacrifice, etc.), many words denoting abstract concepts (power, grace, consent, disaster, virtue, etc.).

In the Russian language there are Slavs´zmy - words borrowed at different times from Slavic languages: Belarusian (Belarus´zmy), Ukrainian (Ukrainian´zmy), Polish (Polony´zmy), etc.
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For example: borsch (Ukrainian), dumplings (Ukrainian), dumplings (Ukrainian), jacket (Polish), shtetl (Polish), monogram (Polish), bekesha (venᴦ.), farm (venᴦ.) .

Since ancient times, through language contacts on everyday, economic, political, cultural grounds, borrowed elements from unrelated languages also entered the Russian language.

There are several classifications of foreign borrowings.

Taking into account the dependence on the degree of development foreign words, their structure and features of functioning are allocated borrowed words, exoticisms and barbarisms.

Borrowed words are words that are completely (graphically, phonetically (orthoepic), semantically, word-formation, morphologically, syntactically) assimilated in the successor language.

Given the dependence on the structure, three groups of borrowed words are distinguished:

1) words that structurally coincide with foreign language samples. For example: junior (fr.
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junior), anaconda (Spanish anaconda), darts (English darts);

2) words morphologically formed by affixes of the successor language. For example: wedge-to-a (fr.
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tankette), kibit-k-a (tat. kibit);

3) words in which part of a foreign word is replaced by a Russian element. For example: shorts (short-s; Russian ending plural-s replaces the English plural -s).

Exoticisms are words that are national names household items, rituals, customs of a particular people, country. These words are unique and have no synonyms in the successor language. For example: a cab is a one-horse carriage in England; ge'isha - in Japan: a woman trained in music, dancing, the ability to conduct secular conversation and invited to the role of a hospitable hostess at receptions, banquets, etc .; dekhka'nin - in Wed.
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Asia and Iran: Peasant.

Barbarians (foreign inclusions) are words, phrases and sentences that are in a foreign language environment, not mastered or poorly mastered by the successor language and transmitted in the successor language by means of the source language. For example: NB (nota bene) - ʼʼpay attentionʼʼ, happy end - ʼʼhappy endingʼʼ.

A special group is made up of internationalisms - words presented in various, and not the closest related languages (association, bureaucracy, etc.)

According to the source language, foreign borrowings are divided into different groups.

Borrowings from the Scandinavian languages make up a small part in the Russian language. These include mainly maritime terms and trade vocabulary. For example: scrub (Dutch draaien), wake (Dutch kielwater), receipt (Dutch kvitantie).

Borrowings from the Greek language (Grezisms) began to penetrate into the original vocabulary even in the period of common Slavic unity. Borrowings from the field of religion, science, and everyday life were significant in the period from the 9th to the 11th centuries. and later. Later borrowings are mainly related to the field of art and science. For example: apathy (Greek apatheia), apocrypha (Greek apokryphos), helium (Greek hēlios), dolphin (Greek delphis (delphinos)), cypress (Greek kyparissos).

Borrowings from the Turkic languages (Turkishzmy) penetrated into the Russian language both as a result of the development of trade and cultural ties, and as a result of military clashes. The main part of the Turkisms are words that came from the Tatar language (this is due to historical conditions - the Tatar-Mongol yoke). For example: ambal (Arabic hammal), gazelle (Kazakh žijrän), dzhigit (Turkic jigit), donkey (Turkic äšäk), caravan (Tat.), mound (Tat.), chest (Tat.).

Borrowings from the Latin language (Latinisms) mainly replenished the Russian language in the period from the 16th to the 18th centuries. For example: vote (Latin vōtum), hegemon (Greek hēgemōn), quint (Latin quinta).

Borrowings from the English language (anglicisms) date back to the 19th–20th centuries. A significant part of the words associated with development public life, technology, sports, etc., entered the Russian language in the 20th century. For example: volleyball (English volleyball), dandy (English dandy), boat (English cutter).

Borrowing from French(gallicisms) 18th–19th centuries - ϶ᴛᴏ everyday vocabulary. For example: accessory (fr.
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accessoir), gallop (fr.
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galop), decorator (fr.
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decorateur).

Borrowings from the Germanic languages (Germanisms) are represented by a number of words of trade, military, everyday vocabulary and words from the field of art and science. For example: equipment (German Apparatur), guardhouse (German Hauptwache), generals (German Generalität).

Borrowings from the Italian language are represented mainly by musical terms. For example: allegro (it. allegro), adagio (it. adagio), soprano (it. soprano), carriage (it. carreta).

Borrowings from other languages. For example: karma (Sanskrit karma), keta (Nanaisk. keta), kefir (Oset. k’æru), kimono (Jap. kimono), Maya (Lang. Amer.
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Indians), maina (Finnish mainas), fiesta (Spanish fiesta), castanets (Spanish castaňetas).

Borrowed words also include calques.

Tracing is the process of creating words from native material according to foreign language samples. Tracing words are formed by replacing each significant part of a foreign word with a morpheme that is available in the Russian language. For example: the components of the Latin word in-sect-um are replaced, respectively, with the Russian components in-sec-th.

Word-formative ka´lki - words that arose as a result of the translation of foreign words according to morphological parts while preserving the word-formation structure of the borrowed word. In this case, only the word-formation structure of the word is borrowed. For example: the French solid-ite´ in Russian is morphematically replaced by the word density; self-service (English) - self-service; sky-scraper (English) - sky-scraper, selbst-kosten (German) - self-cost, etc.

Semantic ka´lki are words that have an additional meaning under the influence of the corresponding foreign language sample. For example: under the influence of the figurative meaning of the French word clou (nail) - ʼʼthe main lure of a theatrical performance, programʼʼ - expressions appear in the Russian language the highlight of the season, the highlight of the concert; under the influence of the figurative meaning of the German word Plathform (platform) - ʼʼ program, a set of principles of a political partyʼʼ, the expression economic platform and the like appears in Russian.

Vocabulary from the point of view of its origin - concept and types. Classification and features of the category "Vocabulary in terms of its origin" 2017, 2018.

The Russian lexical system in its modern form did not appear immediately. The process of forming the vocabulary is long and complex, closely connected with the history of the development of the Russian people. Historical lexicology names two main ways of development of the lexical system: 1) the emergence of primordial words, i.e.

Existing for a long time, constantly, from time immemorial and 2) borrowing words from other languages.

On a chronological basis, the following groups of native Russian words are distinguished, united by their origin, or genesis (gr. genesis - origin): Indo-European, Common Slavic, East Slavic (or Old Russian) and Russian proper.

Indo-European words are called, which, after the collapse of the Indo-European ethnic community(end of the Neolithic) were inherited by the ancient languages of this language family, including the common Slavic language. Thus, some terms of kinship will be common to many Indo-European languages: mother, brother, daughter; names of animals, foodstuffs: sheep, bull, wolf, meat, bone, etc.

Common Slavic (or Proto-Slavic) are words inherited by the Old Russian language from the language of the Slavic tribes that occupied the vast territory of Eastern, Central Europe and the Balkans by the beginning of our era. It was used as a single means of communication until about the 7th century. n. e., i.e. until the time when, in connection with the settlement of the Slavs (it began earlier, but reached its greatest intensity by the 6th-7th centuries), the linguistic community also broke up. Common Slavic are the names associated with flora: oak, linden, spruce, pine, maple, ash, bird cherry, forest, boron, tree, leaf, branch, twig, bark, bough, root; names of cultivated plants: millet, barley, oats, wheat, peas, poppy; names of labor processes and tools: fabric, forge, whip, hoe, shuttle; names of the dwelling and its parts: house, canopy, floor, shelter; names of domestic and forest birds: chicken, goose, nightingale, starling; names of food products: kvass, jelly, cheese, lard, etc.

East Slavic (or Old Russian) are words that, starting from the 8th century. arose already only in the language Eastern Slavs(ancestors of modern Russians, Ukrainians, Belarusians), united by the 9th century. large feudal state - Kievan Rus. Historical lexicology still has little information about the specifics of the ancient East Slavic vocabulary. However, there is no doubt that there are words known only to three Eastern Slavic languages. Such words include, for example, the names of various properties, qualities, actions: dove-gray, good, rumble; terms of kinship, household names: stepdaughter, uncle, lace, churchyard; names of birds, animals: chaffinch, squirrel; counting units: forty, nine hundred; a series of words with a common temporal meaning: today, suddenly, etc.

Actually, all words (with the exception of borrowed ones) are called Russian, which appeared in the language already when it was formed first as the language of the Great Russian people (from the 14th century), and then as the national Russian language (from the 17th century). Properly Russian will be, for example, the names of actions: coo, thin out, smash, scold, grumble; names of household items, food products: wallpaper, irradiation, cover, cabbage rolls, kulebyaka; names of abstract concepts: result, deceit, bluff, experience, and many others. others

Since ancient times, the Russian people entered into cultural, trade, military, political relations with other states, which could not but lead to linguistic borrowings. In the process of use, most of them were influenced by the borrowing language. Gradually borrowed words, assimilated (from Latin assimilare - to assimilate, to liken) by the borrowing language, were among the words of general use and were no longer perceived as foreign. In different eras, words from other languages penetrated into the original language (Common Slavic, East Slavic, Russian proper).

Depending on the language from which certain words came, two types of borrowings can be distinguished: 1) related borrowings (from the Slavic family of languages) and 2) foreign borrowings (from languages of a different language system). The first type includes borrowings from the related Old Slavonic language (sometimes in the linguistic literature it is called Old Bulgarian). To the second - borrowings from Greek, Latin, Turkic, Scandinavian, Western European (Romance, Germanic, etc.).

1) related borrowings:

Old Slavonicisms, in comparison with Russian variants, have sound (phonetic), morphological and semantic distinctive features.

The main sound ones include: 1) disagreement, cf.: gates - gates, captivity - full; 2) initial ra, la, cf.: equal, boat - even, boat; 3) a combination of zhd, consonant u, cf .: walking - I walk, lighting - a candle; 4) e at the beginning of a word and before a hard consonant, cf.: unit - one, finger - thimble, etc.

Morphological features are, for example, individual word-building elements: 1) prefixes voz- (repay, return), over- (excessive), etc ..; 2) suffixes -stvi (e) (prosperity), -h (s) (trapping), -zn (life), -usch-, -yushch-, -ash-, -yashch- (knowledgeable, melting, lying , burning); 3) the characteristic first parts of compound words: god-, good-, evil-, sin-, soul-, good-, etc. (God-fearing, virtuous, malevolence, fall into sin, soul-beneficial, blessing).

2) foreign borrowings:

Borrowings from Greek. Such borrowings include, for example, the words chamber, dish, cross, bread (baked), bed, cauldron, etc. Borrowings were significant in the period from the 9th to the 11th centuries. and later (the so-called East Slavic). These include words from the field of religion: anathema, angel, archbishop, demon, metropolitan, kliros, lampada, icon, archpriest, sexton; scientific terms: mathematics, philosophy, history, grammar; household terms: tub, bath, lantern, bed, notebook; names of plants and animals: cypress, cedar, beetroot, crocodile, etc. Later borrowings relate mainly to the field of art and science: trochaic, anapest, comedy, mantle, verse, idea, logic, physics, analogy, etc.

Borrowings from the Latin language: dictatorship, constitution, corporation, laboratory, meridian, maximum, minimum, proletariat, process, public, revolution, republic, erudition, etc.

From the Turkic languages: feather grass, jerboa, pearls, idol, hall, beads, etc.

There are relatively few Scandinavian borrowings (Swedish, Norwegian, for example) in Russian. Most of them belong to the ancient period. The appearance of these words is due to early trade relations. However, not only words of trade vocabulary penetrated, but also maritime terms, everyday words. So there were proper names Igor, Oleg, Rurik, separate words like herring, chest, pud, hook, anchor, sneak, plis, whip, mast, etc.

Borrowings from Western European languages:

German includes a number of words of trade, military, everyday vocabulary and words from the field of art, science, etc.: bill, stamp; corporal, camp, headquarters; tie, boots, workbench, chisel, jointer; spinach; easel, bandmaster, landscape, resort. Some nautical terms are Dutch: boat, shipyard, pennant, harbor, drift, pilot, sailor, raid, flag, fleet, etc.

From English: boycott, leader, rally; tunnel, trolley bus, basketball, football, sports, hockey, finish line; beefsteak, cake, pudding, etc., (computer, display, file, byte.

French borrowings include individual borrowings of the 18th-19th centuries, such as household words: bra-let, wardrobe, vest, coat, tights; broth, marmalade, cutlet, toilet, as well as words from military vocabulary, art, etc.: artillery, battalion, garrison, cannonade; actor, poster, play, director, etc.

From other Western European borrowings, musical terminology of Italian origin stands out: aria, allegro, libretto, tenor, bravo, buffoonade, sonata, carnival, cavatina; some everyday words also entered: vermicelli, pasta (came through French), gondola, etc. A small number of words came from Spanish: serenade, castanets, guitar, mantilla, then: caravel, caramel, cigar, tomato, etc.

Few borrowings are from Finnish: walrus, dumplings, snowstorm; from Hungarian: bekesha, farm.

In addition to individual words, the Russian language borrowed some word-building elements. For example, prefixes a-, anti-, archi- from the Greek language: apolitical, anti-artistic; suffixes -ist, -izm, -er, -irov (at) from Western European languages: essayist, Bolshevism, boyfriend, militarize, etc.

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The words that make up the vocabulary of the language are very different in their origin: there are "ours" and "strangers", those that came from another language.
house monument (lat.)
go primordially Russian ply (German) borrowed
white orange

The vocabulary of the modern Russian language can be represented as follows:

The layer of vocabulary, called Indo-European, is words that have been preserved in the Russian language from the era of the Indo-European community, the Indo-European language (up to about 3-2 thousand BC). Recall that the Indo-European family of languages, in addition to Slavic, includes Indian, Iranian, Baltic, Germanic, Romance, Celtic languages and a number of dead languages.

Two questions: 1) What is this vocabulary?
2) How is it established that a number of words belong to
Indo-European?

First of all, these are "terms of kinship": mother, father, son, brother, sister, widow, father-in-law, mother-in-law, son-in-law, daughter-in-law, brother-in-law, sister-in-law, brother-in-law; tree names: oak, pine, willow, birch; names associated with nature: mountain, water, moon, swamp; some numerals: two, three, four, etc.
The fact that these and other groups of words belong to the Indo-European vocabulary is established using the comparative historical method.
Russian English German French lat. Bulgarian
sister sister shwester soeur
water wasser
sea meer mare
mother mutter mater shirt

The discovered common roots speak of genetic identity, since phonetic and morphological differences can be explained. These Indo-European words became an integral part of the common Slavic, or Proto-Slavic language.

Now in the Russian language there are groups of words that have correspondences in other Slavic languages, they are erected to the common Slavic era (up to about the 7th century AD). These are the names of animals (ram, bull, ox, goose, toad, hare, beast, snake, goat, cow, horse, fox, elk, fly, mouse, already, black grouse); natural phenomena (evening, morning, day, summer, autumn, spring, winter, year, century, storm, wind, whirlwind, rain, frost, sky, star, stone, ice); plant names (carrot, burdock, walnut, pumpkin, hops, apples, ash, maple, grass); settlements, tools, household items (village, house, window, log, bucket, oar, pitchfork, fiber, threshing floor, livestock, grain, needle, flax, bast, soap, flour, knife, thread, raft, millet, belt, saddle); words with abstract meanings (guilt, faith, will, sin, spirit, evil, pity, revenge, thought, truth, strength, glory, word, death, fear, labor, honor); adjectives (white, barefoot, important, deep); verbs (twist, fight, cook, run, wither, look, drive).

Words that have correspondences in the languages of only the Eastern Slavs (i.e. Russians, Ukrainians and Belarusians) are called East Slavic, or Old Russian. Among them are the names of qualities: blond, lively, cheap, dark, good; names of actions: boil, while away, wander, excuse; household names: hook, twine, rope, club, basket, samovar; words with a temporary meaning: today, after, now.

Actually, all words that appear in the language after it became first are called Russian. independent language Russian nationality (since the 14th century), and then the Russian nation.
These words are not even in closely related Russian Slavic languages. These include the names of actions: coo, influence, explore; household items: fork, cover, wallpaper, jam, cake; name of persons by occupation: driver, stoker, pilot, racer (with suf. -chik\-schik-); names of abstract concepts: result, deceit, caution.

All the words given above refer to the common vocabulary of the modern Russian language.
N.M. Shansky: "... There are only about 2 thousand words coming from the common Slavic language (many of which currently exist with other meanings). 1/4 of all words".

Languages are not isolated from each other. One language can borrow different language units from another, for example, sounds and their combinations. So, the sound [f] first entered the Russian language along with borrowings from Greek: Fedor, Thomas, Philip, lantern, etc. Morphemes are also borrowed. For example, the word-building suffix -izm, -ist came into the Russian language with borrowed words (specialist, communism), and then took root and began to participate in the creation of proper Russian words (weightlifter, bodybuilder). So, borrowing is the process of moving various language elements from one language to another.
Borrowing does not indicate the poverty of the language. If borrowed words and their elements are assimilated according to the norms, transformed according to the needs of the "receiving" language, then this indicates precisely that the language is creatively active.
If the whole word passes from one language to another, then we are dealing with lexical borrowings. Borrowed words make up about 20% of the words of the Russian language.
Some words came to us a long time ago, and now only linguists can determine their "foreignness". Such, for example, is the word bread, which was borrowed from ancient German by many languages, and in particular by Russian. But the non-Russian character of much later borrowings such as jam (English) is felt by all speakers of Russian.

Borrowings came from different languages. Usually, borrowed words from Old Church Slavonic and other Slavic languages and borrowings from non-Slavic languages are distinguished. Borrowings from Slavic languages (see help for a practical topic) *.
Borrowings from non-Slavic languages.

Words from the Turkic language penetrated into the Russian language, as a rule, orally. They stand for:

items of nomadic life: wagon, cart, drum, tarantass;

clothes and decorations: coat, hood, shoe, zipun, sash, cap, diamond, pearls, turquoise, sundress;

weapons and equipment: flail, dagger, lasso;

horses and their colors: horse, buckskin, brown, brown, karak, roan;

animals, plants: bull, badger, wild boar, herd, cockroach, kachan, watermelon, raisins, reeds;

food and drinks: noodles, kovriga, salmon, shish kebab;

concepts from the sphere of social organization and trade: horde, khan, vizier, guard, mosque, farm laborer, Cossack, chumak, bazaar;

contemptuous names: dunce, balda, blockhead, head, kayuk, jumble;

some other names: label, emery, pencil, plague, comrade.

Phonetic and morphological signs of Turkisms: synharmonism (ayda, sheepskin coat), former suffixes - poppy, - lyk, - cha (shoe, label, cherry plum), initial bash- (head).

The Russian language borrowed words from the classical languages - ancient Greek and Latin. Borrowings from the Greek language began in the ancient period (9th-11th centuries), both orally and through the Old Church Slavonic language. New borrowings from Greek penetrated to us through Latin and European languages.
Grecisms (there are about 1% of them in relation to Russian words) refer mainly to religion, the spheres of science and art: hell, angel, demon, idol; literacy, alphabet, apostrophe, lexicon, syntax, history; organ, choir, comedy, tragedy, museum, melody; some words of Greek origin are the names of household items, the proper names of people: coral, metal, sapphire, magnet, lime; buffalo, crocodile, whale; cherry, cucumber, beetroot; bath, bed; Alexander, Angelina and others.
The main phonetic and grammatical signs of Greekisms:

combinations of sounds ps, ks, mv, mp: psychology, syntax, skit, pulpit;

suffixes: -ad-a, -iad-a, -is, -sk, -os: lampada, Olympiad, basis, obelisk, pathos;

prefixes a-, an-, anti-, archi-, pan-, ev-, hyper-, hypo-: alogism, anemia, antipathy, archipelago, panorama, eucalyptus, hyperbole, hypotension;

roots: auto-(self), anthropo-(human), aristo-(best), arifo-(number), ast(e)r-(star), bio-(life), botan-(plant), gast( e) p- (stomach), geo- (earth), gek (a) t- (one hundred), gigi- (healthy), hygro- (wet), hydro- (water), gin (ek) - (woman) , hypn-(sleep), gram-(letter), graph-(write), heli-(sun), deca-(ten), dem-(people), di-(two), didact-(training), zoo -(animal), kilo-(thousand), cinema-(movement), cosmos-(universe), macro-(long), micro-(small), mono-(single), etc.

Latin words, or Latinisms, penetrated the Russian language in different ways and at different times: in the X-XV centuries. - through the Greek language, in the XV-XVI centuries. - through the Polish and Ukrainian languages, and from the 17th centuries. - both directly from Latin and through Western European languages (German, French), since Latin for many centuries was the literary language of almost all Western Europe. The bulk of Latinisms came to us in the 17th-18th centuries.
The Russian language borrowed from Latin mainly scientific and socio-political terms:

medical: amputation, operation, resection, lethal, tonsillitis, vein, patient;

school life: school, audience, course, holidays, exam, excursion, review, dictation, abstract, globe;

general scientific: formula, evolution, erudition, maximum, minimum, process, nature;

socio-political and legal: class, nation, intelligentsia, deputy, delegate, plenum, senate, corporation, alibi, lawyer, audit, colleague, justice, office, notary, censorship, administration.

Some Latinisms denote objects and concepts of everyday life, culture, proper names of people: room, factory, motor, mint, cement, form, ceremony, author, copy, Valery, Vitaly, Victor.
Many Latin words have become international: absolute, author, deduction, dictatorship, induction, communism, socialism, materialism, internationalism, cooperation, constitution, corporation, laboratory, meridian, maximum, minimum, nature.
The main signs of Latinisms are as follows:

suffixes: -um, -us, -ent, -tor, -at, -qi(ya), -ur(a): council, status, incident, equator, deanery, section, fittings;

prefixes: de-, in-, inter-, re-, ultra-, ex-, post-, pro-, retro-, sub-, trans-: depression, inflation, intervention, repression, ultramarine, digression, postscript, vice-rector , retrograde, subordination, umpire, transcription;

roots: avi-(bird), akv-(water), audi-(hearing), bi-(two), veget-(grow), vice-(instead of), wok-(voice), grand-(large), dant-(teeth), dik(t)-(to speak), etc.

With the help of Greek-Latin morphemes, new terms are being created at the present time: astrobotany, barograph, biochemistry, biomycin, astronautics, tape recorder, microphone, neutron, positron, radiotherapy, television, tetracycline, photosynthesis, cyclotron, egocentrism. Latin suffixes are sometimes added to Russian roots: svintus, old woman, top-turf.

In addition to ancient borrowings, many words came into the Russian language from new Western European languages: German, English, French, Dutch, Italian, Spanish.

German words began to penetrate into the Russian language from the 111th century. This process intensified in the 16th century. But especially many words from German language got into the Russian language in the XVII-XVIII centuries. both orally and in writing, as well as through other languages. Borrowed German words refer to various areas human activity. This:

military vocabulary: watch, parade ground, assault, camp, fort, carriage, uniform, order, bayonet, ramrod, grenade, soldier, company, corporal;

industrial vocabulary: workbench, chisel, planer, jointer, jack, washer, crane, tripod, sleeper, mine, panel, slate, matrix, font, plaster, format, locksmith, template, cost-effective;

trade vocabulary: bill of exchange, accountant, freight, stamp, cashier;

terms of art: easel, landscape, stroke, leitmotif, scale, highlight, tour, full house, flute, horn, dance, painter, choreographer;

medical terminology: bandage, paramedic, syringe, resort, plaster, cotton wool, sterile;

socio-political vocabulary: dictate, falsify, priority, aggressor, discrimination, disorientate, slogan;

chess terminology: time trouble, grandmaster, endgame;

household vocabulary - names of kitchen items, table, housing and toilet, entertainment, hunting, animals and plants: minced meat, corkscrew, kitchen, sandwich, celery, pretzel, pate, dumplings, eggnog, riesling, swede, apron, hat, darn , hairdresser, shankel.

The main phonetic and grammatical signs German words:

combinations ay, her, initial pieces, sh: barrier, stamp, spy;

word formation without connecting vowels: sideburns, mouthpiece, dial, choirmaster.

French words began to appear in the Russian language in pre-Petrine and Peter's times, but especially a lot of them came into the Russian language at the end of the 18th - beginning of the 19th centuries. These were:

everyday words related to housing, clothing, toilet, jewelry, kitchen and table items, to secular use: terrace, candelabrum, overcoat, overalls, cologne, perfumery, manicure, salad, ice cream, marmalade, sausages, vinaigrette, popsicle, lemonade , dessert, cream, chic, masquerade, waltz;

terms of art (especially theatrical): parterre, foyer, ramp, poster, stage, screen;

words from social and political life: parliament, prime minister, bureaucrat, regime, debates, politics, communiqué;

words related to military affairs: trench, dugout, arsenal, barricade, patrol;

words related to trade, industry, transport, etc.: advance, balance, credit, shop, kiosk, manufactory, fitter, crew, depot, luggage, compartment, subway.

The main phonetic and grammatical signs of French words:

combinations ue, wa, oa in the middle of a word: duel, veil, boa;

combinations am, an before consonants: role, board;

soft sizzling: jury, brochure;

final percussion e, i, o: pince-nez, pari, bureau;

stress on the last syllable, if the word has not acquired a Russian ending: partner, secretary;

noun suffixes -er, -azh, -ans: driver, circulation, nuance.

Borrowings from the English language began in the Petrine era, but most English words appeared in Russian in the 19th-20th centuries. This:

maritime vocabulary: boat, schooner, brig, yacht, trawler;

sports vocabulary: ring, boxing, football;

technical and transport vocabulary: blooming, conveyor, harvester, tractor, tank, radar, detector, bulldozer, container;

socio-political vocabulary: rally, boycott, club, knockout, bill, apartheid, escalation, boom, pioneer, pamphlet, dumping;

everyday vocabulary: hall, square, comfort, flowerbed, elevator, beefsteak.

The main phonetic and grammatical features English words:

j combinations: gin, jam, jeans;

combinations of wa, vee: whiskey, watt;

consonant h: check, speech;

suffix -ing: tuxedo, training, pressure.

From the Italian language, the Russian language borrowed mainly the terms of musical, stage and visual arts:
allegro, opera, caricature, etc. There are others related to different spheres of life.

What makes one people borrow words from another?
The first and main reason is the borrowing of a thing, an object: along with the object comes its name. This is how we got the words car, subway, taxi, tractor, combine, robot, scuba gear, laser, transistor, etc.
Another reason is the need to designate some special kind objects or concepts, clarify, delineate semantic differences. For example, with the advent of hotels, the French word PORTER enters the Russian language, because the original Russian word SERVANT would not clearly indicate the field of activity of this person.
Wed also convenience - comfort
hobby - hobby
jam - jam

Most often, the need for the names of objects and concepts arises in various branches of science and technology, so there are so many foreign ones among scientific and technical terms. From Russian words close to them in meaning, they just differ in strict certainty, specificity of meanings, lack of ambiguity. Compare, for example, the words TRANSFORMER and CONVERTER: a transformer is a special device for converting electric current, and both such a device and a person can be called a converter; LOCAL and LOCAL: mathematicians say - local variable, not local variable, etc. This is how the system of international terminology is formed: energy, atom, volt, ampere, pendant, lux, weber (magnetic flux), induction. The division, differentiation of the general concept into types occurs both in the field of science and in everyday life, so in the Russian language there were pairs of words that are close, but not identical in meaning: fear - panic, universal - total, story - reporting, inform - inform. A foreign word is easier to digest if it replaces a descriptive phrase. So, the word SNIPER has replaced a combination of well-aimed shooters; TOURNEY - a journey along a circular route; SPRINTER - sprinter; STAYER - long-distance runner; SPRINT - running for short distances.
True, in this process of replacing one's own phrase with someone else's word, there are some restrictions. If, for example, descriptive phrases form a group of names homogeneous objects, then it is difficult for a borrowed word to break into such a group: it violates the unity of names (they are all non-single-word). So, with the invention of sound cinema, the word tonfilm, borrowed from German, appeared in Russian. However, it did not take root in our dictionary: this was hindered by the fact that we had already managed to form a group of descriptive, two-word names: silent - sound film, cinema, cinema.

4. FOREIGN LANGUAGE VOCABULARY FROM THE POINT OF VIEW OF THE DEGREE OF MASTERING.

Foreign words differ in the degree of their mastery in the language. How is a word learned in another language? Let's follow the examples of the changes that occur with borrowed words.
Phonetic learning.
The word, passing into another language, changes its sound appearance, adapts to the phonetics of this language. For example, words borrowed from French obey the law of the end of a word in force in Russian:
Fr. floor eng. this [w]
. devise devi[s]
polonese full [c]

Pronunciation of vowels in an unstressed syllable - akanye:
Fr. portrait Russian partret
Lat. momentum m[a]ment

Sometimes mastery is incomplete. So, the consonants before the letter E in Russian are soft. And in borrowed words, they can be pronounced firmly: [te] mp, [te] mbr, ti [re].

Graphic development.
Foreign words, as a rule, get a Russian graphic look rather quickly.
Wed Pushkin: The fate of Onegin kept:
At first Madame followed him,
Then Monsieur replaced her.

Like a London dendy dressed...

Now we write madam, monsieur, dandy, as well as beach, business, beefsteak, although at the beginning of our century these words were not written in Russian.
(Insufficient graphic development, see below - about barbarisms).

Morphological development.
An important stage in the development of foreign words is their adaptation to the grammatical system of the language. For example, a noun must receive a gender, enter the declension system. Wed FLOOR - n., m.r., 2 fold., units. h.
But there are a number of nouns that are not declined, i.e. are not fully mastered in terms of grammar. For example: coat, coffee, pince-nez, muffler. There are fluctuations in the kind of borrowed words: piano - cf. and f., coffee - m. and cf.

Word formation.
The mastered borrowed word becomes active in the word-formation system of the language, is able to form derivative words. For example: coat - coat (fabric), little coat, coat; hero - heroic, heroism, heroism.

Lexical development.
A lexically mastered word is understandable and usable in speech. His LZ is included in the lexical system of the language: it can develop derivative meanings, enter into various lexical groupings.
For example: German. der Maler- "painter"
Russian painter - "room painting worker", trans. "bad artist"
Synonyms: painter, painter, muff
Borrowed words enrich the synonymic rows:
ingenuous - naive cosiness - comfort
sympathy - sympathy runner - sprinter - stayer
strength - energy

Such synonyms, as a rule, are assigned to different areas of the functioning of the language.
Shmelev: "Foreign words, due to their less burden of ambiguity, are easier to terminologize, enrich the synonymic rows, conveying semantic shades."
So, let's sum up. Borrowed, according to L.I. Rat, are considered words that differ in the following features:

Graphic mastery.

phonetic mastery.

Grammar proficiency.

Word-building activity of the word.

Entry into the lexical system of the language.

Regular use in speech.

Above we talked about lexical borrowing. But this is not the only way for foreign influences on the vocabulary. Such a way of borrowing is also possible, in which the word is not borrowed, but it serves as a model for a new Russian word. Each significant part foreign word is replaced by the corresponding Russian morpheme. Wed Russian oppose
German entgegenstellen
This method is called tracing.
Other tracing papers:

lat. adverbium fr. journal sky scraper
Russian Russian adverb. Russian diary. skyscraper

All these are word-formation tracing papers. There are also semantic, semantic tracing papers. They arise under the influence of some meaning of a word belonging to another language. For example: fr. le clou - the nail has a figurative meaning "the main spectacle, theatrical performance, parade". This meaning also influenced the semantic structure of the word nail: from the end of the 19th century. in Russian, the expressions "highlight of the season", "highlight of the program" appear, in which a borrowed figurative meaning is realized.
Another example: the word picture in Russian meant "a work of painting, a spectacle, part of a play." Relatively recently, he had another meaning - "movie". This new meaning is a semantic tracing paper English word picture, which in English means both a picture and a movie.
There are phraseological tracing papers, i.e. according to the translated phraseological units:
lat. pro et contra fr. la lune de miel
Russian for and against Russian kill time

An interesting question is whether to consider words like graduate student, - tura, -sky, formed from a borrowed graduate student as Russian or borrowed. Since they are formed with the help of Russian suffixes according to the laws of Russian word formation, it is advisable to consider them as Russian.

Borrowing of words is a natural and necessary process of language development. Lexical borrowing enriches the language and usually does not harm its originality at all, because at the same time, the main, “own” dictionary is preserved, and in addition, the grammatical structure inherent in the language remains unchanged, internal laws language development. The process of lexical borrowing depends on various factors. For example, from geographical. Thus, Iceland for centuries was not connected with the mainland peoples. Therefore, Icelandic has few borrowings from other languages. Sometimes political factors are important. So, in Czechoslovakia, a long struggle against German influence led, in particular, to the fact that in the Czech and Slovak languages there were very few words of German origin: they were deliberately not allowed into speech. However, these examples are the exception rather than the rule. Usually, countries and peoples actively cooperate and communicate with each other. One of the forms of such contacts is mutual linguistic influence, which is expressed, in particular, in lexical borrowing.

SubjectRussian vocabulary in terms of its origin

(originally Russian vocabulary, borrowed vocabulary,Old Slavonicisms)

Lesson Objectives:

Summarize theoretical basis questions of the section "Lexicology and Phraseology".

Apply linguistic knowledge when working with language material: determine lexical meaning words, phraseological unit; use words according to their meaning; to characterize the studied language units and features of their use in speech.

Develop key competencies of students: analysis, synthesis, classification, generalization, systematization of the material.

Technologies developmental learning, games

During the classes

I. Organizing time

II. Explanation of new material

Formation of the vocabulary of the Russian language

By the similarity of words, roots, affixes, a number of phonetic, grammatical and other features, as well as by the similarity of origin and development, the Russian language is included in the Slavic language family, which falls into three groups: 1) East Slavic;

2) West Slavic;

3) South Slavic.

Until about the 17th century. BC e. there was a so-called. common Slavic, or Proto-Slavic, a language characteristic of a relatively unified early Slavic ethnic community. It, in turn, goes back to an even earlier time of occurrence and functioning - a single Indo-European parent language, which gave rise to the modern Indo-European language family with its numerous groups and subgroups, which also includes the Slavic group of languages.

1 Original Russian vocabulary

The words of the original vocabulary are genetically heterogeneous, among them are

1) Indo-European;

2) common Slavic;

3) East Slavic (or Old Russian);

4) actually Russians.

Indo-European words are called that, after the collapse of the Indo-European ethnic community at the end of the Neolithic era, were inherited by the ancient languages \u200b\u200bof this language family, incl. and common Slavic. So, for many Indo-European languages, some

kinship terms: mother, brother, daughter ;

names of animals, plants, food: sheep, bull, wolf; willow, meat, bone ;

actions: take, carry, command, see ;

qualities: barefoot, old .

It should be noted that in the period of the so-called. In the Indo-European linguistic community, there were differences between the dialects of different tribes, which, in connection with their subsequent settlement, moving away from each other, were increasing. But the obvious presence of similar lexical layers of the very basis allows us to conditionally speak of a once single basis. – parent language.

Common Slavic (or Proto-Slavic) called the words inherited by the Old Russian language from the language of the Slavic tribes, who by the beginning of our era occupied a vast territory between the middle course of the Dnieper, the upper reaches of the Western Bug and the Vistula. As a single means of communication, as already noted, it was used approximately until the 6th-7th centuries, i.e. until the time when, in connection with the settlement of the Slavs (it began earlier, but reached its greatest intensity by the 6th-7th centuries), the relative linguistic community also broke up.

During this period, there were also territorially isolated dialect differences, which later served as the basis for the formation of separate groups of Slavic languages: South Slavic, West Slavic and East Slavic. But in the languages of these groups, words that appeared in the common Slavic period in the development of language systems stand out. This, for example,

names, related to the plant world: oak, linden, spruce, pine, maple, ash, mountain ash, forest, tree, leaf, branch ; cultivated plants: peas, poppy, oats, millet, wheat, barley ;

labor processes and tools: weave, forge, hoe, shuttle;

housing and its parts: house, canopy, floor, shelter;

with domestic and forest birds: rooster, nightingale, starling, sparrow, crow;

food: kvass, jelly, cheese, lard;

names of actions, temporary concepts, qualities: mutter, wander, share, know; spring, evening, winter; pale, close, violent, cheerful, angry, affectionate, mute.

Common Slavic words included in the original vocabulary of the Russian language make up a relatively small part of the modern dictionary, but, as N.M. Shansky, they “are the most common in our speech, frequent and common and in everyday communication are at least 1/4 of all words. It is these words that are the core of our modern vocabulary, the most important and essential part of it.

East Slavic, or Old Russian, words are called that, starting from the VI-VII centuries. already arose only in the language of the Eastern Slavs, who united by the 9th century. into a large feudal ancient Russian state - Kievan Rus . Among the words known only in the East Slavic languages, one can single out

names of various properties, qualities, actions: blond, selfless, lively, brown, cheap, dense, vigilant, brown, chill, excuse, fidget, boil, sway;

kinship terms: uncle, stepdaughter, nephew;

household names: hook, twine, rope, basket, samovar;

names of birds, animals: squirrel, viper, jackdaw, chaffinch, cat, kite, bullfinch, marten;

count units: forty, ninety;

words with temporary meaning: today, after, now.

Proper Russian all words are called (with the exception of borrowed ones) that appeared in the language after it became an independent language of the Russian people (since the 14th century), and then the language of the Russian nation (the Russian national language was formed during the 17th-18th centuries). Note that by the period of the XIV-XVI centuries. also includes the formation of two other East Slavic languages - Ukrainian and Belarusian. Properly Russian are many diverse

action names: coo, influence, explore, uproot, loom, crush, defuse, bake;

household items: fork, spinning top, cover, wallpaper;

food items: jam, cabbage rolls, kulebyaka, flatbread;

natural phenomena, plants, fruits, animals, birds, fish: blizzard, ice, bad weather, desman, rook, chub; the names of the sign of the object and the sign of the action, state: convex, idle, flabby, down to the ground, by the way, briefly, in reality;

names of persons by occupation: carter, racer, bricklayer, pilot;

names of abstract concepts: total, deceit, neatness, caution and many other words with suffixes -ost-, -stv(o)–, etc.

The original vocabulary, which forms the basis of the Russian language, is at the same time the richest source of word formation. N.M. Shansky believes that up to 90% of the entire vocabulary of the Russian language belongs to the original vocabulary.

The original vocabulary is the basis of all functionally stylistic varieties of the language, and in this sense it is one of the so-called. style-forming factors, i.e. performs a semantic function.

2 Borrowed vocabulary

In different historical periods, words from other languages penetrated into the original Russian language. This was due to the fact that the Russian people entered into economic, cultural, political relations with other peoples, repelling military attacks, concluding military alliances. (This, according to the researchers, is a small percentage. There are 2 types of loans:

1) from Slavic languages: from the Old Church Slavonic language, as well as from other Slavic languages \u200b\u200b(more rare).

2) from non-Slavic languages: from Greek, Latin, as well as Turkic, Iranian, Scandinavian, Western European (Romance and Germanic, Polish), etc. Many words have come a long way through several languages before getting into Russian. For example, many names of modern household items were borrowed from the Polish language, where they came from Western Europe.

2.1 Borrowings from Slavic languages

One of the earliest, who played a significant role in the subsequent formation and development of Russian literary language, there were borrowings from Old Church Slavonic, i.e. Old Slavonicisms. Old Slavonic is one of the Slavic languages, which, starting from the 11th century. was used as a literary written language for the translation of Greek liturgical books and the introduction Christian religion in Slavic countries (in Moravia, Bulgaria, Serbia, Ancient Rus').

The Old Church Slavonic language, which was used from the very beginning as the language of the church, is also called Church Slavonic (or Old Bulgarian). From the Old Slavonic language came to Russian, for example,

church terms: priest, cross, rod, sacrifice;

many words denoting abstract concepts: power, grace, consent, universe, impotence, wandering, disaster, virtue.

Old Slavonicisms borrowed by the Russian language are not all the same: some of them are Old Slavonic variants of words that still existed in the common Slavic language (smooth, enemy) ; others are proper Old Church Slavonic (cheeks, mouth, percy, lamb). The so-called. semantic Old Slavonicisms, i.e. words by the time of their appearance are common Slavic, but they received a special meaning in the Old Slavonic language and with this meaning became part of the Russian vocabulary (sin, Lord).

Old Slavonicisms have signs:

The main sounds are:

1) disagreement, those. the presence of combinations ra-, -la-, -re-, -le- in place of the Russians - oro-, -olo-, -ere-, -barely, -elo- after hissing within the same morpheme : gates, gold, string, captivity (cf. Russian gates, gold, string, full);

2) combinations of ra-, la- at the beginning of words in place of Russian ro-, lo-: equal, boat (cf .: exactly, boat);

3) combination -zhd in place of Russian: walking (walking), Christmas (Christmas);

4) consonant u in place of Russian h(from Common Slavonic t): lighting (candle);

5) sound e under stress before hard consonants in place of Russian e (o): finger (thimble);

6) sound e at the beginning of a word in place of Russian o: esen (autumn), ezero (lake), unity (one).

Morphological features are Old Slavonic word-building elements:

1) some prefixes on -z: voz- (repay, return),

from - (with the meaning "direction from somewhere inside": expel, pour out, spew),

down - (overthrow, fall down),

over- (excessive),

pre- (to despise)

pre- (deliberate);

2) suffixes -stvi(e)(disaster), -h(th)(stalker) -zn(execution, life), - tv(a)(battle), -usch, -yusch-, -ash-, -yashch–(knowledgeable, melting, lying, speaking); -tel

3) the first parts of compound words: good, god, good, evil (grace, God-fearing, malevolence, uniformity).

Compared with similar native words of the Russian language, many Old Slavic words, functionally intended for the needs of the church, have retained their abstract meaning, i.e. still remain in the sphere of book words, possessing a stylistic shade of solemnity, elation:

shore - shore, drag - drag, hands - palms, gates - gates.

Russian has borrowings from other closely related Slavic languages. So, separate borrowings from Polish date back to the 17th-18th centuries. Some of them, in turn, go back to German, French and other languages. But there are a lot of actually Polish words ( polonisms). Those that are names of housing, household items, clothing, vehicles: apartment, belongings, dratva (thread), bike (fabric), bekesha, suede, jacket, carriage, goats;

names of ranks, military branches: colonel; sergeant major (obsolete), recruit, hussar;

action symbols: paint, draw, shuffle, beg;

names of animals, plants, foods: rabbit, parsley, chestnut, periwinkle .

From Ukrainian language words came borsch, cheese, bagel, hopak, kids.

2.2 Borrowings from non-Slavic languages

1. From Greek began to penetrate into the original vocabulary in the period of common Slavic unity. Historical lexicology refers to early borrowings such household words, How dish, bed, bread;

words from the field of religion: anathema, angel, archbishop, demon, icon, monk, philosophy, lantern, notebook.

Later borrowings refer mainly to the area

arts and sciences: analogy, anapaest, idea, comedy, logic, mantle, verse .

scientific vocabulary: antonyms, alphabet, dialect, diachrony, idiom, lexicology, spelling .

2. From Latin also played a significant role in enriching the Russian language, especially in the field of scientific, technical, social and political terminology. Most of the Latin words came into the Russian language in the period of the 16th-18th centuries, especially through the Polish and Ukrainian languages: audience, dean, dictation, director, office, school, exam.

in international terminology For example, in linguistics: accent, binary, valence, hyphen, intonation, communication, punctuation, subject.

3. Words from Turkic languages (Tatar) By the VIII-XII centuries. include such Old Russian borrowings from the Turkic languages as chieftain, infidel, drum, shoe, beshmet, pack, treasury, mound, horde, comrade, stocking, hut.

4. Scandinavian borrowings (Swedish, Norwegian) a little, and they belong to the period of East Slavic unity ( herring; hook, whip, pud, anchor ; proper names: Igor, Oleg, Rurik .

5. In the group of Western European borrowing a lot of words from German(German, English, Dutch) and Romanesque(French, Italian, Spanish) languages.

German borrowings refer to the ancient period, for example, Gothic: armor (shell), beech, camel (originally velbud - welb - camel), brand, prince, cauldron . Most of the words appeared in the Russian language in the XVII-XVIII centuries. in connection with the reforms of Peter I (corporal, commander, camp, carriage, headquarters, package, office, price list, tie, gaiters, decanter, hat; potatoes, onions, leek, poodle, radish, quartz, nickel).

Dutch words appeared in Russian mainly during the time of Peter I in connection with the development of navigation (ballast, boat, water level, shipyard, pennant, harbor, tack, berth, pilot, sailor, fleet, flag, boat, darn).

From English languages were borrowed terms: barge, boat, brig, midshipman, yacht, schooner , and later (XIX-XX centuries) words from spheres public concepts, technical terms, sports and everyday words: (boycott, club, leader, rally, parliament, station, elevator, rail, football, basketball, sports, sweater, jacket; grog, gin, cake, pudding, punch).

French words penetrate only in the XVIII-XIX centuries: boudoir, bureau, stained-glass window, couch, blouse, shoe, bracelet, frock coat, waistcoat, corsage, medallion, cognac, jelly, cream, broth, marmalade, salad; actor, play, juggler; aggression, assembly, exploitation.

Italian and Spanish borrowings: allegro, aria, bravo, cello, cavatina, libretto, short story, script, serenade, caramel, marshmallow, cigar, tomato (Spanish).

Several words entered the Russian language from Finnish (flounder, walrus, sockeye salmon, mink, dumplings, fir, blizzard, herring, salmon) , from Japanese (bonza, geisha, mikado, rickshaw, soy, typhoon, tsunami) languages.

1.15. Russian words in other languages

Many Russian words were assimilated by northern peoples - Icelandic, Norwegian, Swedish, Finnish. Starting from the XVI century. Russian words are being actively mastered by Western European peoples.

The vocabulary includes words from the most different areas and the concepts of Russian life: governor, decree, tsar (prince, princess, queen); thought, zemstvo; arshin, penny, pood, ruble; verst, whip, polynya, samovar; balalaika, button accordion, vodka, yeast, kalach, kvass, groats, cabbage soup, beluga, greyhound, sterlet, gopher, siskin.

Many stable phrases have entered the English language: the wedding palace, the five-year plan, the rest home, the Soviet Union.

The French also included: boyar, cossack, kulak, partisan, hut, chaise, steppe, taiga, pancakes, appetizers, wheels; grandmother, girl, matryoshka.

The "space" terminology was reflected: astronaut, cosmodrome, orbital.

Words from the Russian language are widely reflected in the vocabulary of the Bulgarian, Hungarian, Polish, Slovak, Czech, Romanian languages.

In the ancient Bulgarian monuments there are such words as wake up, cackle, hold, horse, first-born, mouth, hands.

At the beginning of the twentieth century. a movement for mastering the Russian language began in the Czech Republic and partly in Slovakia. Borrowings include the following:

1) the name of the socio-political, historical and cultural life - the master, boyar, power, thought, state, capital, official, chronicle, syllable, dictionary;

2) the name of the food, the realities of everyday life - pancakes, caviar, kvass, kopeck, samovar;

3) the name of natural phenomena, abstract concepts, actions - air, height, channel, protection, threat, space.

Russian words have long penetrated into Hungarian(communism, socialism, party life, tractor driver, norm).

There are many Russian words in the Polish language (collectivization, collective farm, Komsomol).

The words entered the language of Americans: satellite, Soviet miracle, space giant, lunar, docking.

For a long time, Russian words have penetrated into the Japanese language: samovar, snack, sea lion, steppe, tundra; asset, Leninism, collective farm, state farm, comrade.

So, the penetration of Russian words into other languages and the development of foreign words by the Russian language is a completely natural process, contributing to the mutual enrichment of language systems.

III. Fixing the material

Performing exercise number 8

IV. Lesson summary, grades for the lesson

V. Homework

Choose from the proposed text native Russian words, Old Slavonicisms, borrowed words.

(text attached)

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Russian vocabulary in terms of its origin and use. Russian vocabulary from the point of view of its origin. Vocabulary in terms of its use

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