29.10.2019
High water season of the Okavango River. A water world surrounded by desert and the Okavango River crossing it. General geographical information
Africa is rich in natural resources. One of the largest bodies of water on the continent is the Okavango River. It does not dry out all year round. The waters of this river give life to many animals and plants, and people settle along its coast.
The reservoir is known for its diversity of flora and fauna. There are nature reserves in its basin. What the Okavango is and what features it has will be discussed further.
General information
In Africa, the Okavango River gives life to many species of animals and plants. She is known for her willfulness. Okavango begins 300 km from Atlantic Ocean. However, its waters are not directed towards him. They rush towards the Indian Ocean. But they don’t reach him either.
The Okavango flows in the southwest of the continent. The Kalahari Desert prevents the river from reaching the Indian Ocean. The hot sands dry it out. In the lands of this vast, cruel desert, all the water of the Okavango disappears without a trace.
Before getting lost in these burning sands, the river floods widely. There are gardens around it, which many compare to Eden. Here you can see the second largest delta in the world. It is second only to the Niger River. Her delta is the widest in the world. Among inland ones there are no equals. Among such bodies of water, the Okavango Delta ranks first in the world.
General geographical information
When exploring the waters of Africa, you should consider the Okavango. This is a unique body of water. The river flows inside the mainland, emptying into the desert. It originates on the Bie plateau (Angola). The river ends in a marshy delta, which is one of the most extensive in the world.
The river is fed by to a greater extent rainwater. It does not flow into an ocean, lake, sea or other body of water. The source of the river is located above sea level at an altitude of 1780 m. The mouth (swamp) of the Okavango is located at a level of 700-900 m. This river once flowed into Lake Makgadikgadi. Now it has dried up.
The largest tributary is Quito. It is located on the left side of the reservoir. The river flows in Angola (upper course). Descending to the south, at a distance of 400 km, it is the natural and political border between this state and Namibia. After this, the river flows in Botswana. In Angola this body of water is called Cubango.
Measurements
In Southern Africa, the Okavango ranks fourth in length. Its basin has an area of 721 thousand km². The length of the Okavango River is 1.6 thousand km. It is quite narrow near the source. If you move further downstream, you can notice the expansion of the stream. Closer to the delta it is about 20 km.
The average water flow along the river is 475 m³/s. During the rainy season, this figure can reach 1 thousand m³/s. When drought occurs, water consumption decreases. During this period it can be only 100 m³/s.
The delta area is about 15 thousand km². During the rainy season it overflows. During this period, the delta occupies about 22 thousand km². Over the course of a year, the water flow is 10 thousand km³. If we convert this figure into tons, we get the amount of solid waste. It is 2 million tons. To this figure is also added 2 million tons of salts that are dissolved in the river. They settle in the delta region when the water begins to evaporate significantly.
The water level is not the same throughout the river. It drops sharply after the waterfalls on the border with Botswana.
Climatic conditions
Having considered where the Okavango River is located, you should study the features of its basin. The Okavango Delta is a natural oasis. A special microclimate has been established here. It differs significantly from the arid type of the surrounding tropics.
The most comfortable period for a person in this area lasts from March to June. At this time, the temperature during the day is about +30 ºС. The nights bring coolness. At this time you can see quite a lot of tourists here. The hot and humid period lasts from December to March. The nights at this time are warm, and the temperature during the day reaches +40 ºС. Humidity levels range from 50 to 80%.
It gets colder in June-August. Humidity also decreases during this period. At this time, at night the temperature can drop to 0 ºС. It's quite warm during the day. In September-November the river basin is dry and hot. During the year, an average of 450 mm of precipitation falls in this area.
Current path
The fairly large length of the Okavango River makes the reservoir diverse and different in different sections. From the narrow source it rushes down the rapids. Here the reservoir surrounds the Bie plateau. The river moves along it in a southeast direction.
Before the border with Botswana the stream passes through a series of Popa Falls. They block the river bed across. The width of the stream here reaches 1.2 km. The current becomes calmer on the Kalahari Plain. Here the terrain slope decreases. At the same time, the flow slows down. Its waters spread widely. Numerous branches, lakes and lagoons appear. This is how the largest inland river delta on the planet is formed.
The river's path ends here. However, it does not feed other bodies of water. This is where the kingdom of the Kalahari Desert begins. This is its northern border. The delta forms an oasis in the desert. It is rich in diversity of flora and fauna. This is a special exotic world that tourists come to see.
Branches of the river
The source of the Okavango River is quite narrow and stormy. A mass of water rushes along the riverbed, spilling after obstacles from waterfalls along numerous branches. The southern one feeds Lake Ngami during high water. This is a fresh body of water.
The northern branch reaches a tributary of the Zambezi, called the Kwando, every few years. It is at such a time that the Okavango finds its way to the Indian Ocean. This period does not last long. The northern branch then dries up on its way to Kwando.
Sometimes a branch called Botletle feeds the salt water lake Tskau. It is located on the edge of the swamps of the Makgadikgadi drainage basin. No more than 5% of the water of the entire delta flows here.
The Okavango Delta used to feed Lake Makgadikgadi. Today it is dry. In the basin during the dry seasons you can see salt marshes, which fill with water in the lowlands during the rainy season. At this time, 2 lakes are formed. At this time, life is in full swing here. When drought comes, the basin again becomes a harsh, salty expanse.
Water absorption
The Okavango Delta extends for thousands of kilometers within the continent. This is where the main water absorption occurs. About 60% of the river feeds the plants that abundantly inhabit this marshy area. Papyrus, lilies, water lilies, algae, shrubs and other representatives of the flora grow here. In the northeastern part there is the Moremi Nature Reserve.
Only 36% of the water evaporates from the river’s water surface. This indicator depends on the time of year. About 2% of water goes into the soil. The same amount of river resources goes into feeding Lake Ngami. This can be observed in the years when the Okavango becomes the most flooded. This is not enough for the lake to maintain its position on the northern border of the Kalahari Desert. Therefore, it gradually dries out.
Insufficient nutrition of Ngami is reflected in the composition of the water. The area of the lake is shrinking. It turns into a soda-salt type sump. Stripes of shallows appear, the shores are covered with a white coating.
Swamps
The Okavango Estuary is the largest ecosystem on the planet. This section of the reservoir is called a huge oasis, which has no equal on Earth. A shallow, extensive delta forms extensive wetlands here. There is a variety of life here all year round.
The swamps of the river delta are overgrown with reeds and algae. Here you can observe delicate water lilies on the surface of the water, and dense bushes stretch along the banks. Various animals come here to drink. Giraffes, elephants, lions and antelopes, hyenas and leopards walk kilometers to get to the source of life-giving moisture. Many species of waterfowl can be found here. Hippos live in the swampy waters of the river delta. There are also a lot of insects here.
People have lived in the Okavango Delta for more than 30 thousand years. However, the population of the basin is small. The abundance of insects that spread malaria and other infections greatly affects this. The peoples of the Bantu group and Bushmen live here.
Flora and fauna
The Okavango River is home to many species of animals, birds, fish and plants. It is in the lower reaches of this reservoir that most of the diversity of flora and fauna of the basin is represented. Here, the life-giving swamps contrast with the arid expanses of the Kalahari.
Reeds and papyrus grew in the upper Okavango Delta. In places where swamps do not dry out all year round, you can observe a large number of water lilies. Pygmy geese have also chosen this place as their home. Hippos, crocodiles, and certain species of antelope (sitatunga, lychee, puku) thrive in the Okavango swamps.
There are rare species among birds. Here you can find kites, emerald kingfishers, African fish owls, white herons, etc. Zebras, elephants, buffaloes, and antelopes are found in the lower part. Predators here are represented by lions, hyenas and leopards.
Economic indicators
In Africa, the Okavango River is no less important than the Nile. Its waters flow through the territory of 3 Botswana and Namibia are in conflict over the ownership of the river’s precious water. Along the shores of the Okavango, people practically do not conduct economic activities. That's why the water here is clean.
Angola is trying to strengthen the position of its national economy through the construction of a dam. Namibia uses the resources supplied by the previously built canal. It is also planned to build a pipeline for water supply here.
The delta wetland is located in Botswana. Every year the treasury receives funds from ecotourism. It has gained popularity in recent decades. Tourists come to the Moremi Nature Reserve. A safari is organized for them. Therefore the importance water resources for this state, contributing to the maintenance of life in the Okavango Delta cannot be overestimated. To resolve the conflict that arose due to the water consumption of Okavango resources between these three countries, a special commission was organized.
What makes the Okavango Delta unique? Despite the hot climate and a large number of insects, it attracts many tourists. There are several interesting facts about the presented reservoir. Scientists claim that most of the salt-type islands were formed in termite mounds.
The surface of the river delta is almost flat. Therefore, it takes water about 7 months to cover the distance from the source to its southern edge. The huge size of the reservoir, the diversity of flora and fauna attract a lot of tourists here. However, only 4 thousand tourists per year are allowed to visit the reserve. The cost of such tours is high.
Okavango problems
The Okavango River is precious natural resource for the countries through which it flows. Management here is not highly technological. Local tribes are engaged in animal husbandry, fishing, and hunting. Diamonds are mined on a large scale in Botswana. However, this does not save the local population from hunger, epidemics, and drought.
Previously, cattle were not grazed in the swampy areas of the Okavango Delta. People carried out this activity at some distance from these places. There were many insects here, including the tsetse fly. The spread of diseases and infections led to the fact that cattle breeding since ancient times was carried out closer to the beginning of the delta, away from it.
With the development of modern technologies, they began to use chemicals against insects. The danger of infection has been eliminated. Shepherds began driving their cattle into the virgin swamps of the river delta. This led to the displacement of antelopes and some other species of animals from their original pastures. Their population began to decline. It is for this reason that reserves began to be organized. They contribute to the spread of indigenous animal and plant species in the Okavango Basin. Without this, the area faces a natural disaster.
Having considered the features, Interesting Facts about the Okavango River, you can get an idea of this body of water and appreciate its importance for the largest oasis on the planet.
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Material from Wikipedia - the free encyclopedia
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Lua error in Module:Wikidata on line 170: attempt to index field "wikibase" (a nil value). Okavango(in Angola Cubango listen)) is a river in southwestern Africa. The fourth longest river system in South Africa. Flows to the southeast. Length - 1600 km. Average consumption water - 475 m³/s. Originates in Angola, where it is called Cubango. To the south, part of the border between Angola and Namibia passes along it, after which the river flows through the territory of Botswana. Even before Botswana, the river's edge drops by 4 meters due to rapids known as Popa Waterfalls. The Okavango does not flow into either the sea or the lake. Instead, winding through numerous labyrinths of channels, it loses 95% of its moisture through evaporation and disappears into the swamps in the northwest of the Kalahari Desert. This place is commonly called the Okavango Delta (Okavango Swamps), which is one of the largest river deltas in the world, covering an area of 15,000 km². During rare very rainy periods, part of the river water fills the lake
Excerpt characterizing the Okavango (river)That same winter, I experienced another unusual “novelty” that could probably be called self-anesthesia. To my great regret, it disappeared as quickly as it appeared. Just like so many of my “strange” manifestations, which suddenly opened up very clearly and immediately disappeared, leaving only good or bad memories in my huge personal “brain archive”. But even in the short time that this “novelty” remained “in operation,” two very interesting events occurred that I would like to talk about here...Winter has already arrived, and many of my classmates began to go to the skating rink more and more often. I wasn't very big fan figure skating (or rather, I preferred to watch), but our skating rink was so beautiful that I liked just being there. It was held every winter at the stadium, which was built right in the forest (like most of our town) and surrounded by a high brick wall, which from a distance made it look like a miniature city. Already since October, a huge Christmas tree, and the entire wall around the stadium was decorated with hundreds of multi-colored light bulbs, the reflections of which intertwined on the ice into a very beautiful sparkling carpet. In the evenings, pleasant music played there, and all this together created a cozy festive atmosphere that you didn’t want to leave. All the kids from our street went skating, and, of course, I went to the skating rink with them. On one of these pleasant quiet evenings, an unusual incident happened that I would like to tell you about. Usually we rode in a chain of three or four people, since in the evening it was not entirely safe to ride alone. The reason was that in the evenings a lot of “catching” boys came, whom no one liked, and who usually spoiled the fun for everyone around. They grappled with several people and, skating very quickly, tried to catch the girls, who, naturally, unable to resist the oncoming blow, usually fell onto the ice. This was accompanied by laughter and whooping, which the majority found stupid, but, unfortunately, for some reason, no one from the same “majority” stopped.
A little about the Okavango and other similar riversEveryone knows that there is a concept of “river”. This body of water has a source and an mouth. The source should be understood as the place where the river begins. The source of the river can be swamps, glaciers, springs, lakes and other geographical features. The mouth is the end of the river. As you know, rivers flow into a lake, bay, sea, river and other water bodies. For example, the Selenga River, flowing through the territory of Mongolia and Russia (Republic of Buryatia), flows into Lake Baikal. And the African River Niger, flowing through the territory of Guinea, Mali, Niger, Benin and Nigeria, flows into the Gulf of Guinea of the Atlantic Ocean. The European Danube River flows into the Black Sea. And the Tura River, flowing through the territory of the Sverdlovsk and Tyumen regions, flows into the Tobol River. There are enough such examples, as they say. As you know, there are rivers in the world that are lost in sands and swamps. For example, the Okavango River, which flows through Angola, Namibia and Botswana, is lost in swamps. The mouth of the Tarim River, which flows through the territory of the Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region of China, is the dry Lake Lop Nor. It is clear that rivers such as the Okavango and Amu Darya have a mouth, but the exact location of the mouth is impossible to determine, since rivers such as the Okavango and Tarim are lost in the sands and swamps. Some geographers, hydrologists and other experts propose that rivers such as the Okavango should not be considered rivers, but should be considered a separate type of water body. I note that, according to most experts, the Okavango and other water bodies lost in sands and swamps are rivers. As for drying up rivers, there is no particular disagreement among experts regarding these water bodies. A small part of geographers, hydrologists and other specialists propose to consider drying up rivers not as rivers, but as a separate type of water body. According to most sources, dry rivers are a type of river. I note that the drying up rivers found in Australia are called creeks. Dry rivers found in Israel and Arab countries are called wadis. Drying rivers called Uzboy are found in Central Asia. In some places North Africa the concept “oued” is encountered, which should be understood as a drying river. There is controversy among geographers, hydrologists and other specialists about the inland river delta. I note that the internal delta should be understood as a river delta, which is not located at the mouth of the river, but in the middle or upper reaches rivers. For example, the inland delta located in Mali is located near the Niger River. I note that the internal delta of the Niger River, which is located in Mali, is called Masina. While there are no disagreements between experts regarding Masina, there are many controversial issues regarding the African Okavango River Delta. According to most sources, the Okavango River has the largest inland delta on our planet. I note that the Okavango Delta is located in Botswana. Regarding the inner Okavango Delta, the following points of view exist among experts: It is clear that the Okavango River does not flow into the lake, nor into the bay, nor into the sea, nor into the strait, nor into any other water body. It is known that this river disappears into the swamps of the northwestern Kalahari Desert. It is a fact. You can't argue with that. Let me remind you, Dear Reader, that, according to most sources, an internal delta should be understood as a river delta, which is not located at the mouth of the river, but in the middle or upper reaches of the river. Based on this, it follows that the Okavango Delta is located in the middle or upper reaches of this reservoir. According to most sources, the Okavango Delta is located at the mouth of this reservoir. The question arises - what to believe? The first source that says the Okavango has an internal delta? Or the second source, according to which the Okavango Delta is located at the mouth of the river. If you believe the second source, then the Okavango does not have an internal delta, since this delta is located at the mouth of the river. If you believe the first source, the Okavango Delta is located in the middle or upper reaches of the river. Which source is the truth written in? A certain part of experts propose that by internal delta we understand not only the river delta, which is located in the upper or middle reaches, but also the delta of rivers that are lost in sands and swamps. Another part of the experts believes that an internal delta should be understood as any river delta that is located inside the continents. That is, according to this part of the experts, all river deltas belong to the internal delta, except for the deltas of rivers flowing into the World Ocean. I don’t know about you, Dear Reader, but I believe that an internal delta should be understood as a river delta, which is located in the upper or middle reaches of the river. Okavango River (Angola - Botswana) This amazing river flows in amazing place and ends in a surprising way. Surprising with its number and diversity and animal world its shores. No less surprising is the unique language of the people living in its basin. The Okavango is the only permanent river in a vast and unusual area called the Kalahari, located between the Zambezi, Limpopo and Orange rivers in South Africa. It is customary to write “Kalahari Desert” on maps. But this is not a desert at all. In summer it rains heavily here, and in terms of annual precipitation (from a thousand millimeters in the north to two hundred and fifty in the south), these places cannot be compared, for example, with the Sahara or the deserts of Arabia. Scientists have not been able to agree on what the Kalahari is. Some call it “desert savannah”, others use the term “green semi-desert”, others believe that in relation to such places it is more appropriate to talk about steppe park landscapes. One way or another, there is water in the Kalahari. There are temporary rivers (during the rainy season), and lakes (most of which, however, dry up in winter). There are trees, shrubs, and herbs here, and in large quantities. Umbrella acacias and tree-like spurges grow in the Kalahari forty to fifty meters from each other, as befits savanna trees. Bushes and grass (sometimes up to a meter high) also do not cover the ground with a continuous carpet; Islands of sand are always visible between the green patches of vegetation. But this vegetation is quite enough for thousands of herds of antelope, buffalo and zebra for food, especially since the Okavango, this South African Nile, provides them with water all year round. Beginning in the savannas of southern Angola, this river quickly rushes south through gorges and rapids, along steep slopes with waterfalls. And only in the Kalahari does it calm down, as if forgetting about its violent temper. In the endless sea of sandy plain, it spreads through labyrinths of branches, lagoons, lakes, forming a completely unusual river delta at the confluence... into nowhere. It is called "an island of water in a sea of sand." Sixteen square kilometers thickets of papyrus, bushes and algae provide shelter to many birds and animals all year round. And during the flood, in May-June, the half-dried branches of the delta turn into stormy foaming streams, one of which reaches the “blue heart of the Kalahari” - the beautiful and inhabited freshwater Lake Ngami, opened to science by the great Livingston. The remnants of the Okavango waters wander for another three hundred kilometers and disappear into the huge lake-swamp Makarikari. The lake is a giant settling tank for soda brine. In the dry season, from an airplane it resembles a lunar landscape: a solid white blanket with rare dark spots of water stretches all the way to the horizon. The winding stripes of shallows surrounded by a motionless sultry haze are clearly visible. The Okavango Delta contains all (or almost all) species of African fauna. Hippos coexist with crocodiles on green islands. Herds of graceful antelopes rush by. Looking around carefully, a timid water goat gallops by - sensing danger, it plunges into the water up to its nostrils. Graceful giraffes and gloomy buffalos and wildebeest come to drink. Slowly, with a sense of self-esteem, elephants and rhinoceroses walk towards the water, and shaggy and serious warthogs dart busily through the thickets. Not far away, zebras, eland antelopes and ostriches graze in a friendly company - together it is easier for them to detect predators, since the birds' vision complements the sensitive hearing of striped horses and the delicate sense of smell of antelopes. And, of course, around this abundance of game there are leopards, cheetahs and royal lions with their constant retinue of hyenas and jackals, and gloomy vultures slowly circle in the air, looking out for prey. The abundance of fauna in the Okavango Delta is amazing. In addition to the animals already mentioned, there are about four hundred species of birds and up to seventy species of fish. A vegetable world The delta has more than a thousand trees and shrubs. And a traveler going to this unique oasis on a local pirogue - mokoro, will be able, during such a unique water safari, to see and capture on film water antelopes and hyena dogs, which have almost disappeared in other parts of Africa, admire herds of elephants, zebras and blue wildebeests, or catch a fishing rod of a hefty bream, or even a tiger fish. And from the shores and islands, flocks of pelicans and storks, flamingos and marabou will look at the floating pirogue... When the heat gives way to coolness and an impenetrable tropical night thickens over the Kalahari, the inhabitants of these places - Tswana shepherds and Bushmen hunters - find their way along the stars, so bright in these latitudes. Their main reference point is the southern tropical constellation Capricorn. They turn to him with requests, and they thank him for a successful hunt. Bushmen are a mysterious people. In appearance they do not resemble the majority of South Africans. Yellow skin and narrowed eyes bring them closer to the peoples of the Mongoloid race. How and why they ended up in the depths of the “Dark Continent”, science does not yet know. The language of the Bushmen puzzled (and still puzzles!) even linguistic experts. A European cannot not only pronounce half of its sounds, but even write them down. The compilers of dictionaries did not have icons to indicate such sounds, and they simply wrote down: “clicking sound”, “smacking sound”, “kissing sound” and so on. The Bushmen are nomadic hunters, and the Kalahari, which in the 19th century was considered one of the richest regions in Africa, gave them the opportunity to feed their families with tasty game, as well as the edible roots and juicy fruits of wild melon. But the appearance of white people with firearms quickly led to a reduction in the number of wild animals, and moreover, more and more watering places began to be captured by the neighboring tribes of Tswana cattle breeders, pushing the Bushmen into the driest areas. However, this intelligent people of born hunters and trackers managed to adapt to new conditions and now roam further south, closer to the basin of the Orange River and its tributaries that dry up in winter. The ability to find places in dry riverbeds where there may be water under the sand helps them out, allowing them to survive until the rainy season, and the ability to eat everything that moves on the grass or sand, from larvae to locusts, allows them to survive in the event of an unsuccessful hunt. This amazing tribe evokes involuntary sympathy with its intelligence, musicality, humor and kindness, which, by the way, was demonstrated by the recently released talented film “The gods must have gone crazy...”. The Okavango crosses from northwest to southeast almost half of the vast southern African country of Botswana, which lies entirely in the Kalahari. Until recently, this poor pastoral state did not shine with economic success. But since the 1960s of the 20th century, when several large diamond deposits were discovered in the depths of Botswana, the situation has changed. Now the country can afford to drill water wells in the dry park forests of the Kalahari, build civilized villages for the Bushmen and Tswana, and, finally, take up the protection of wildlife. National parks and reserves now occupy almost a fifth of Botswana. They are found in the north, in the Zambezi basin, and in the southwest - on the tributaries of the Orange River. But the three largest reserves cover the Central Kalahari, Okavango Delta and Lake Makarikari. So the wild animals of the Okavango basin are finally guaranteed a quiet life, their herds are multiplying, and the population of the Kalahari is growing. And the Bushmen, roaming its expanses, again see each other off in the morning with the usual parting words: “Good hunting!” From the book Great Soviet Encyclopedia (YaYa) by the author TSB From the book Great Soviet Encyclopedia (KR) by the author TSB From the book Great Soviet Encyclopedia (LA) by the author TSBLahn (river in Germany) Lahn (Lahn), river in Germany, right tributary of the Rhine. Length 245 km, basin area 5.9 thousand km2. It flows mainly within the Rhine Slate Mountains in a winding valley. The average water flow at the mouth is 57 m3/sec, winter-spring floods. At 148 km from the mouth (to the city of Giessen) From the book Great Soviet Encyclopedia (MA) by the author TSBMa (river) Ma, Song Ma, a river in northern Vietnam and Laos. The length is about 400 km. It originates on the slopes of the Shamshao ridge and flows into Bakbo Bay, forming a delta. High water in July - August; in the lower reaches it is navigable. The Delta is densely populated. On M. - Thanh Hoa city From the book Great Soviet Encyclopedia (MU) by the author TSBMur (river) Mur, Mura (Mur, Mura), a river in Austria and Yugoslavia, in the lower reaches of the Mura there is a section of the border between Yugoslavia and Hungary; left tributary of the Drava (Danube basin). The length is 434 km, the basin area is about 15 thousand km2. In the upper reaches it flows in a narrow valley, below the city of Graz - along the plain. From the book Great Soviet Encyclopedia (OB) by the author TSBOb (river) Ob, one of the largest rivers in the USSR and the globe; the third most water-bearing river (after the Yenisei and Lena) Soviet Union. Formed by the merger of pp. Biya and Katun in Altai, crossing from the south to the north of the territory Western Siberia and flows into the Ob Bay of the Kara Sea. Length From the book Great Soviet Encyclopedia (OK) by the author TSB From the book Great Soviet Encyclopedia (PO) by the author TSBPo (river) Po (Po), the largest river in Italy. The length is 652 km, the basin area is about 75 thousand km2. It originates in the Cottian Alps, flows primarily along the Padan plain from west to east, flows into the Adriatic Sea, forming a swampy delta with an area of about 1,500 km2 (which grows in From the book Great Soviet Encyclopedia (RE) by the author TSBRezh (river) Rezh, a river in the Sverdlovsk region of the RSFSR, the right component of the river. Nitsa (Obi basin). Length 219 km, basin area 4400 km2. Formed by the merger of pp. Ayat and Bolshoy Sap, originating on the eastern slope of the Middle Urals. The food is predominantly snowy. Average consumption From the book Great Soviet Encyclopedia (SI) by the author TSBSim (river) Sim, a river in the Bashkir ASSR and Chelyabinsk region RSFSR, right tributary of the river. Belaya (Kama basin). Length 239 km, basin area 11.7 thousand km2. Originates from the western slopes Southern Urals; in the upper reaches it flows in a narrow valley, in the lower reaches it flows in a wide, often swampy floodplain. From the book Great Soviet Encyclopedia (TA) by the author TSBTaz (river) Taz, a river in the Yamalo-Nenets National District Tyumen region RSFSR, partly on the border with the Krasnoyarsk Territory. Length 1401 km, basin area 150 thousand km 2. It originates on the Sibirskie Uvaly, flows into the Tazovskaya Bay of the Kara Sea in several branches. Flowing From the book Great Soviet Encyclopedia (UF) by the author TSB From the book Great Soviet Encyclopedia (CHI) by the author TSBChir (river) Chir, a river in the Rostov region of the RSFSR (lower reaches in Volgograd region), right tributary of the Don. Length 317 km, basin area 9580 km2. It originates on the Donskaya ridge and flows into the Tsimlyanskoye Reservoir. The food is predominantly snowy. Flood at the end of March - From the book Great Soviet Encyclopedia (EN) by the author TSB From the book Great Soviet Encyclopedia (YL) by the author TSB From the book Inhabitants of Reservoirs author Lasukov Roman YurievichRiver A river is a watercourse of significant size, flowing in a natural channel and collecting water from surface and underground flow of its drainage basin. The river begins at the source and is further divided into three sections: the upper reaches, the middle reaches and the lower reaches, The Okavango River is capricious. It would seem that, starting just three hundred kilometers from the Atlantic Ocean, that’s where it should direct its waters. But no, the Okavango turned away from him, as if another ocean, the Indian Ocean, was attracting it, thousands of kilometers away in the southeast. But the river cannot reach it: the greedy sands of the Kalahari dry it up completely, without a trace. However, before sacrificing itself to the fire-breathing desert, the Okavango floods widely, forming the largest inland delta in the world. A little geographyThe Okavango Delta stretches over twenty thousand square kilometers, giving shelter to fish, birds and predators, and - last but not least - humans. It is difficult for a person to make his way through the dense thickets of papyrus that cover the shifting swamps. The expanses of the delta remain virgin - its numerous islands and islets. Many of them owe their existence to hardworking termites: in dry times they build high termite mounds and loosen the soil into which plants then take root. The face of the delta is constantly changing - with every year and season. And the reason for this is the river itself and its original inhabitants. Termites build islands, and hippos build channels to the islands - places of new pastures. Rare visitors to those remote places make their way along these channels, through the reeds. The only means of transportation is native pirogues hollowed out from tree trunks - “mokoro”. Thanks to their narrow, elongated body, they can move among papyrus thickets, however, if the thickets are not too dense. The ease with which other species of flora and fauna adapted to life in the delta (which I witnessed) and in the arid, almost waterless conditions of the central Kalahari is amazing. When people talk about the Kalahari, the phrase that usually comes to mind is “dead desert.” Desert - yes, but dead - no. There is water and, accordingly, life. That's right: the water is hidden under the thickest sand cover in the world, stretching over a distance equal to the space between the Urals and Poland. Plants resort to whatever tricks they can to get to the precious moisture and prevent it from going even deeper. Densely intertwined root system grass retains rainwater. The roots of some acacias go to a depth of 30 meters. Large root vegetables manage to accumulate up to 10 liters of water. These tubers are not hidden very deeply, and, for example, springbok antelopes, tearing them out of the ground and eating them, perfectly quench their thirst, even far from water bodies. Predators do the same thing: they get water from the body of their victims. Another source of life-giving moisture in these parts is rain. But he does not often bestow the desert. However, what happens in the delta is partly independent of local atmospheric conditions. The Okavango originates in Angola and flows for hundreds of kilometers through mountainous terrain. In the mountains of Angola, during the monsoon period, usual for those subequatorial latitudes, a lot of moisture accumulates, and the Okavango regularly carries it to the delta itself - after one and a half thousand kilometers. Due to the flat nature of the terrain and the width of the delta, the river flows slowly - at a speed of up to one kilometer per day, so it also overflows slowly. And it takes almost five months for new water to cover the distance from the upper reaches of the delta to its lower reaches, where it gradually disappears into the sand. It goes away - but not completely. The Okavango, as if unwilling to give up, gathers its last strength - and a tiny stream flows further through the Kalahari, albeit under a different name - Botletle. Thus, the rainwater that feeds the Okavango in the Angola mountains reaches the lower delta in about six months - right at the height of the dry season in Botswana. And the water in the delta is crystal clear: it flows slowly through papyrus and reed thickets - a kind of “filters”, and is therefore suitable for drinking. MaungAlmost in the very heart of the delta is the town of Maung. Once upon a time, a small village huddled in its place, and this could not but affect the colorful appearance cities. Next to the tall, modern telecommunications center building, there are characteristic African huts, the so-called “rondavels.” Powerful diesel engines rumble on the embankment, where, according to stories, crocodiles sometimes get out and devour careless onlookers - several people a year. On the streets, among passers-by dressed in ordinary summer clothes, you can often see herero in wide skirts, which are more suitable for ballroom dancing than for walking on the sands of Maunga. The Herero tribe once adopted this strange fashion from German missionaries and are now extremely proud of their dress. But one thing the residents of the town are united in is their hospitality. Everyone here is friendly, both black and white. This may be because Botswana managed to avoid worst forms British colonialism and apartheid, carried out at the end of the last century by Cecil Rhodes in other countries in southern Africa. People different colors skins here really live in friendship. I was convinced of this myself when I attended a meeting that took place in Maunga. Members of the meeting discussed issues of hunting and water rights to Lake Ngami, located south of the Okavango Delta. The fact is that the shores of Ngami are a true animal kingdom... when there is water in the lake, of course. During drought, Ngami dries up to the very bottom. Now life was in full swing there. However, despite the abundance of living creatures, hunting had to be done according to the rules. It is clear that hunting is for local residents — important source food. But even for them, restrictions had to be set - you can’t exterminate animals indiscriminately! Not to mention foreigners: maybe they should be banned from hunting altogether? However, from an economic point of view, this would be unreasonable, since visiting white hunters are wealthy people and for a trophy - for example, a zebra - they are ready to pay ten times, or even a hundred times more than they are able to pay for the right to hunt that the zebra is a local resident... In general, the meeting lasted several hours. There were both whites and blacks in the hall and presidium; a white woman presided - she was also a translator. It was clear that English language understandable to everyone, but some speakers spoke their native Tswana, and then the floor passed to the presiding translator. It was also clear from the speeches that the whites were citizens of the Republic of Botswana. As far as I have been able to find out, in Botswana no one and nothing can force whites to take citizenship - not the government, not the circumstances. Moving here from other countries, they completely voluntarily become citizens of a “Negro” state, which is not at all typical for whites in other African countries. To be honest, I was not so much interested in the issues being considered, which were essentially incomprehensible to me, a stranger, as in the people themselves - the expressions on their faces, their temperament... The opinions of both whites and blacks were treated here with equal attention and respect. Of course, there were disagreements, but during the entire time spent in the hall, I did not hear a single sharp attack - no one even raised their voice. In general, I left the meeting with a joyful feeling in my soul... Sitatunga and othersAnd the next morning a small plane took me and my three companions from Maung to a tent camp located near blue waters a bay bordered by thickets of papyrus. The camp was equipped with everything necessary - in a word, complete comfort. True, it was occasionally disturbed by the tedious buzzing of tsetse flies. But here no one panics because of them. These inconspicuous-looking dipterans sting quite painfully, but only one in a thousand flies turns out to be a carrier of sleeping sickness. In addition, thanks to spraying, which is carried out under the supervision of national park rangers, the number of tsetse in the delta last years decreased significantly. So on the first night, having chased a couple of annoying insects out of the tent, I happily indulged in a peaceful sleep. In the morning, throwing back the flaps of the tent, I saw a whitish veil of fog, chest-high - another climatic feature deltas. Something was fluttering in the papyrus thickets: it looked like we had scared away some large animal. Sometimes, to shorten the path, Manipa would direct our sharp-nosed “mokoro” through the thickets to some island. On the islands the grass had already turned yellow, although in some places it was still tall. This attracted the fast impalas, and from a distance we were stared at sternly by the large, grim wildebeests called “wildebist,” a word borrowed from Dutch that means “wild beast.” The area resembled normal African savannah: bushes and trees gave way to the steppe, then again to a grove. Trees attract animals: in open space they are clearly visible. The first ones we saw in the grove were black, or African, buffalos. The African buffalo is very different from its Asian relative in its ferocity and unpredictability. He tends to attack suddenly, which is explained by his myopia. Not seeing well what his “probable” opponent is doing, the buffalo sometimes rushes at him out of the blue, following the principle “attack is the best defense.” Whether this is true or not, but the “blackie” is definitely more dangerous than a lion who is usually indifferent to people. A herd of buffalo trampled in the distance, but then a large male appeared less than a hundred meters from us and, seeing us, froze in anticipation. Manipa didn't like this. Without asking what he meant by the word “guard,” I obeyed the order and somehow perched myself in the place where the tree trunk forked. Just then I remembered about the camera... But the next moment the picture changed: two “ladies” appeared on the stage, whom our gallant gentleman, apparently, considered it his duty to protect. Paying no more attention to us, he disappeared into the bushes with them. “Come on, hurry up and get down from the tree and get into the Mokoro.” Now we’ll go to Chief Island - you’ll see elephants, lions, and maybe hyenas. Returning from reconnaissance, a somewhat embarrassed Manipa reported that big elephant I lay down to rest on the bank of the channel and even blocked it a little. So it’s hard to say when he will deign to clear the way for us. Having finished our meal, we, like clean housewives, went down to the stream to wash the dishes. Either our noise disturbed the giant, or something else, but he suddenly stood up. Manipa told me to lie down in the mokoro, and he hid behind the boat. And we began to wait for what would happen next. To our relief, the elephant crossed the channel and began to climb the steep bank of Chief Island. He stopped there, turned his back to us... and did not notice how we quietly slipped past. The biggest lionsManila felt indebted to me, promising to show me a lion and a hyena during our walks, but, alas, nothing came of it: we never saw the hyenas, and I only saw half of the lion. The other half of it - the head and the front part of the body - was behind the bushes, and I could only guess that it was a male. “Exactly a male,” Manipa assured me. - Just look at his paws. In Botswana we have the largest lions in Africa. They attack buffaloes and even young elephants in packs. And they retreat only in front of one enemy - hyenas. In the end, we were lucky: during our next trip to Chief Island, we clearly saw a lioness devouring a wildebeest. Manipa meant fences placed in different places Botswana to fence livestock from wild herbivores, carriers of infectious diseases that can be transmitted to people through food: it is especially rampant - and often with fatal- foot and mouth disease. “Fences,” stretching hundreds of kilometers across the Kalahari, fenced off large pastures where herds of buffalo, wildebeest and other antelope grazed in non-drought times, from perennial water sources - and especially the delta. But then a long-term drought struck - this had happened before - and herds of thousands began to migrate along the familiar route to the north, to the water. The main tragedy occurred in the depths of the Kalahari, south of the delta. The fences helped the delta itself a lot. On the western side they stopped the herds of cattle. Without the fences, livestock would invade and devastate the delta's water meadows, leaving wild animals to die out. Now the delta is full of life - on land, in water and even under water, which greatly frightened one of the families of our camp. A father, mother and their sixteen-year-old daughter once went for a walk in two mokoros. Piroga with her dad and mom safely came out of the bay near the camp, but something happened to the boat where the girl was sitting. “Mokoro” suddenly jumped on the spot - the guide and passenger found themselves in the water, and the boat in the mouth of a hippopotamus. Having bitten off a piece from the side and rendered the pirogue unusable, the hippopotamus disappeared under the water. The other mokoro was already some distance away. The frightened parents expected with horror that the monster would emerge again and their daughter would end up in its mouth. The guide and the girl, as if racing, swam to the shore, which, fortunately, was close. The frightened guide explained that nothing like this had ever happened here, near the camp itself, before, but in other places such incidents are still happening - sometimes with human casualties. The fact is that hippos like to graze at night, and in the daytime, when it’s hot, they prefer to rest in or under water. That same day, the unlucky family left the camp, leaving the following entry in the guest book: “The place is interesting, but very dangerous.” Meeting with the "forest man"I often pestered Manipa with questions about the Bushmen. I was interested in the past and present of this people, different from most others African peoples not only external, physical appearance, in particular, skin color - they have it much lighter - but also nearby linguistic features, anthropologists even attribute them to some special race. Bushmen (Bushmen, translated from English letters. "bush people". - are divided into groups: Kung, Kong (Makong), Khomani (Nusan) and others. — Note edit.) and the Hottentots, the original inhabitants of South Africa, settled here long before the arrival of the tribes of the Bantu linguistic group that now inhabit these places. Even before the establishment of white rule, the Bantu pushed the Bushmen out of the best areas of the Kalahari into barren areas. But even there the “forest people” showed extraordinary ability to survive, adapting to find water and food in an environment hostile to humans. However, harsh living conditions and constant persecution of foreigners greatly reduced its numbers. Although today the Bushmen are allocated special settlements in the Kalahari, or, simply put, reservations, they practically do not live there: the majority prefer to engage in hunting and gathering - that is, to lead the traditional lifestyle of nomads. The rest are employed by the same blacks and whites. The skin color of the Bushman with whom Manipa introduced me was, indeed, not black, but apricot color, but otherwise, in appearance, our Bushman was not much different from other Africans. What was surprising was his suit: a jacket and trousers of dark blue with white stripes. Such a couple would be more likely to be seen at a diplomatic reception than on a farm worker in the wilds of the Okavango. The suit was clearly from someone else's shoulder - unbuttoned, too big size, the jacket hung strangely on his thin, naked body, exposing his protruding ribs. When I asked if he was getting ready for a parade, the bushman replied that the suit was given to him by a visiting European, and he was wearing it because now he had no other clothes left. Then, looking me up and down, he suddenly asked: “Tell me,” I turned to my new acquaintance, “do you have any relatives among the Bushmen nomads in the Kalahari?” Then his brother approached him, and they spoke in their native language. I noticed that during the conversation they somehow smacked their lips, but then I didn’t pay much attention to it. Later I learned that smacking is characteristic of a peculiar family of so-called “clacking languages” common among the Bushmen and Hottentots. There are several types of clicking sounds - they all perform the functions of consonants (Linguists, powerless to designate these sounds with letters, use to designate them exclamation marks and colons in the middle of a word. For example, “tzwa! na". — Note edit.). The culture of the Bushmen - their songs, dances, rock paintings - has now fallen into decay. 90 kilometers from our camp there were heights rare in the Kalahari - the Tzodillo Hills, dotted with rock paintings. These are very well done ocher images - mostly wild animals, and sometimes people. There are a lot of drawings, maybe more than a thousand. Who created them? The Bushmen living near Tzodillo have no idea about this... But, in general, I have a positive impression of this country, because people here build their lives in a civilized manner, without racial hostility, and diligently protect the unique gift of nature, the Okavango Delta, which flows into the sandy Kalahari Ocean. Vadim Dobrov Editor's Choice |