We recycle waste, but we get ... energy resources. Efficient waste recycling methods. Waste recycling in Russia: features, requirements and interesting facts What kind of danger does waste pose to the Earth

The website browser Elizaveta Semenova figured out how to build a business in the field of recycling and waste processing, what funds and resources will be needed for this, how things are with competition in this area and whether it is possible to make money on such a business.

Garbage is a unique resource: they are ready to pay for both its purchase and sale. In addition, this resource is inexhaustible.

Waste management is a headache for municipal authorities, a potentially science-intensive industry with virtually zero competition and a highly profitable business.

None of the regions of Russia has a developed waste management system. To understand the magnitude of the problem: this moment there are more than 31 billion tons of unutilized waste in the country. Unutilized - that means those with which nothing has been done: they have not been burned, not buried, and even less recycled - they are simply on the territory of Russia.

The problem of waste disposal in the 21st century seems especially ridiculous because at every stage of this process you can make money - literally from nothing.

Legal side of the issue

State participation in recycling consists in environmental supervision, licensing, organization of reporting, control over the implementation of standards and setting tariffs for waste disposal.

The legal regulation of waste relations (FZ "On Production and Consumption Waste") is determined by five classes: from "extremely hazardous" waste of the first class to "practically non-hazardous" of the fifth. The categorization is based on the level of damage to the environment (examples in order of decreasing damage: mercury, asbestos dust - petroleum products, acids - pig manure, diesel fuel - tires, paper - shells, sawdust), but for commercial analysis it is more convenient to group the classes by origin. The first three classes are industrial and construction waste, and the fourth and fifth are household (the so-called MSW - solid household waste).

The owner of wastes of classes 1-4 can transfer the right to dispose of them to a person only if he has the appropriate license: for their use, neutralization, transportation, disposal. From January 1, 2016, any unlicensed activity of this kind will be considered illegal. In addition, all people involved in such a business must have a certificate confirming their professional training.

To find out what class of waste you will have to deal with, their owner (legal entity) must order an examination. In addition to the fact that garbage is considered property, it also has a passport.

The law does not say anything about MSW of the fifth, non-hazardous class. Thus, no permits are needed if the business works with food waste, metals, waste paper, wood, plastic packaging, polyethylene film.

There are several main stages of disposal and processing of MSW.

Transportation

The primary task of waste disposal is their direct removal from the territory of the consumer.

Canadian Brian Scudamore's company began with a $700 used truck and the slogan "We'll stash your trash in a flash!" ("Destroy your junk in the blink of an eye!") in 1989. While saving up for college, Skewdamord free time took away the garbage that the local authorities could not cope with. Spared from the problem, the customers willingly paid, and the entrepreneur eventually preferred the garbage to his studies. Today, his 1-800-GOT-JUNK company generates over $100 million in annual revenue and operates franchises in the US, Canada, and Australia.

Pros: there is no need for rent, complex equipment and expensive specialists.

Minuses: a significant cost item is fuel costs. In addition, it will not work to unload garbage on the side of the road, you need to negotiate with the landfill.

Profitability: the cost of exporting a standard container (0.8 cubic meters) in Moscow - from 330 rubles. One garbage truck contains 25-60 such containers. Pricing in this area is subject to the laws of the market, but strongly depends on the tariffs for the storage (burial) of waste.

Starter kit: special vehicles, drivers.

Competition: garbage collection of private individuals is included in the "maintenance of the residential premises" and is under the jurisdiction of the municipalities, in the service of legal entities competition is quite high - in Moscow alone, about 500 official companies are registered.

Peculiarities: the main problem of this business is to reduce transportation costs. The solution is achieved in two ways, and both are associated with an increase in the capacity of garbage containers: a garbage truck with a press (several times increases the productivity of transportation and reduces the cost of burial), a bin with a press (beneficial for the client, since it reduces the frequency of garbage disposal).

Pressing

In 2004, Seahorse Power, an American company, took up the development of bins with a press, showing the world autonomous BigBelly pressing plants on solar panels. The operation of the press is based on a chain transmission without the use of hydraulic principles, and the maintenance of the installation is reduced to only an annual lubrication of the door locking mechanism.

The wireless notification system allows you to automatically monitor the level of filling the container, giving additional opportunities to improve the logistics of the process. The price tag for the device ($3.1-3.9 thousand) can be considered as a long-term investment, since the capacity of the container is five times higher compared to a conventional tank.

The company is now valued at $5 million.

Source: Wikipedia

Despite the importance of timely waste disposal and compaction, the above manipulations do not solve main problem: garbage needs to be stored somewhere or somehow destroyed.

You can look at waste as trash that needs to be disposed of, or you can look at it as a resource. These opposing principles form two approaches to waste management.

Accommodation

Waste disposal - their storage or burial: garbage with an uncertain fate needs to be stored somewhere, while burial implies complete isolation that prevents any interaction with the environment.

Pros: business for the lazy.

Minuses: the rapid depletion of the area (a million-plus city annually requires an additional 40 hectares), relatively low profitability (since the tariffs for burial are set by the municipality).

Profitability: burial of a ton of MSW in Leningrad region costs 400-1000 rubles, a non-compressing garbage truck can bring from two to ten tons at a time.

Starter kit: several hectares of free land outside the settlement, water protection and recreational areas.

Competition: There are officially 1,092 landfills in Russia, and the occupancy of almost all of them is already approaching or exceeding 100%.

Peculiarities: The landfill must have a waterproof bottom and wind protection, so it should ideally be built. However, most of the landfills are of "natural" origin - such as, for example, "Krasny Bor" in the Leningrad region, located above the deposits of clay. Clay was supposed to protect groundwater from toxic substances, but it turned out not.

Legal subtleties: it is necessary to obtain permission to create a placement (confirms compliance with geological, hydrological and other standards), enter the landfill in the unified state register and monitor the environmental situation - even after the end of operation.

garbage incineration

In most cases, arson is arranged illegally - in order to somehow unload the landfills. There are only about ten legal waste incineration plants in Russia today.

Low competition should not create illusions: although it is supposed to achieve profit through associated energy generation, most waste incineration plants are exclusively subsidized, since incineration of MSW is, by all the rules, a very expensive procedure. Therefore, it would be overly optimistic to consider such recycling as a business.

The only plus of incineration is the reduction of waste volume by 90-95%, that is, saving space at the landfill, but this cannot justify the monstrous damage that this causes to the environment.

Those who are on fire with the idea of ​​more progressive waste management need to be prepared for the following obstacle: the fact that in Russia the disposal is charged by the state - and charged cheaply - demotivates people to look for any alternative ways recycling. By comparison, in the United States, landfilling and incinerating waste is three times more expensive than recycling.

Sorting

Any processing is impossible without sorting. At the same time, most of the recycled materials lose their consumer properties when mixed in a common container - paper, for example, becomes damp and rots. Therefore, recycling is most effective (and easy to implement) if sorting is carried out at the stage of garbage collection - up to 60-80% of the MSW composition can be reused in this way. However, this requires a revision of the entire recycling paradigm (a well-known project in this area is the Japanese concept of Zero Waste).

Pros: the demand for sorting is quite high - you can find a buyer even abroad (for example, the Swedes and Danes import garbage from Germany and Norway to generate electricity).

Minuses: expensive equipment - a full-fledged waste sorting complex costs around 4 million rubles. The cost of organizing separate waste collection in St. Petersburg alone costs 1.5 billion rubles.

Profitability: depends on the quality of raw materials. In rubles per ton: waste paper - from 500 to 10000, cullet - 2000-3000, plastic - up to 4000, ferrous scrap metal - up to 8000.

Starter kit: premises, installations (grinder, press, conveyor, crusher, etc.), workers, (optional) vehicle fleet.

Competition: There are only 50 waste sorting complexes registered in Russia.

Peculiarities: sorting can be implemented in the form of buying up certain types of waste (sorting at the collection stage). This is less profitable, but does not require any expensive installations.

Recycling

Recycling is anything that turns garbage into something useful, be it energy, new raw materials, fertilizers, and so on.

Composting

by the most simple option is composting - the processing of organic waste into a homogeneous, odorless brown dust that improves soil properties. It consists in accelerating the natural processes of decomposition and may include up to 30% of MSW (food, grass, manure, cardboard, sawdust). It does not require any complex equipment, the compost pile only needs to be mixed and moistened.

Pyrolysis

Pyrolysis is the thermal decomposition of waste that occurs without access to oxygen. It differs from simple combustion in that at the output, in addition to recyclable materials, it allows you to get electricity, gasoline, diesel and heating oil (an analogue of fuel oil). The quality of the pyrolysis product directly depends on the composition of MSW, so pre-sorting plays a decisive role here. This type of recycling has many advantages: it is environmentally friendly, significantly reduces the amount of waste and provides thermal energy that can be used.

The cheapest is the processing of mono-raw materials. A successful example is the Danish company Gypsum Recycling International. GRI was founded in 2001 and thanks to a well-thought-out collection system, logistics and patented mobile recycling technology, today it is a world leader in recycling efficiency (the process of returning waste, discharges and emissions to the processes of technogenesis - ed.), giving a second life to 80% of gypsum waste.

Pros: high profitability and demand for recyclables, low level competition, the interest of foreign investors and the favor of the authorities, a fairly quick payback (from two to five years).

Minuses: a solid initial investment is required (the account goes to tens of thousands of dollars, in the case complex processing- millions, at the same time you can save on used equipment), there are no guarantees of full capacity utilization of such high-tech plants, since the waste collection system in Russia today is extremely chaotic.

Due to the underdevelopment of the market, prices for recyclables are very unstable: when demand increases, suppliers cease to cope with waste collection and prices rise sharply, when demand falls, goods quickly accumulate and fill storage, and therefore are sold at bargain prices.

Profitability: very high, especially if the recycling plant is also the manufacturer of the recycled product. For example, buying a ton of green cullet for 2,000 rubles, processing it into glass powder, and then blowing a batch of bottles and selling 50 each (approximate price in Moscow), you can end up with about 100,000 rubles.

Starter kit: production premises with an area of ​​at least 200 square meters, a warehouse with an area of ​​at least 100 square meters, equipped in accordance with sanitary and fire requirements, installations, technologists and workers, (optional) a car park.

Competition: in Russia, only 5% of the total waste is recycled, while 50% of MSW consists of raw materials that can be reused. In total, 243 waste processing plants are registered in the country, and none of them carry out full cycle processing.

Peculiarities: the efficiency of waste recycling depends on the quality of sorting, so the best waste processing complex is a complex system, established from collection and sorting to sale to the consumer. Here, one cannot do without close interaction with the authorities and a whole campaign to create a culture of waste management.

Legal subtleties: a processing permit is required.

Removal, processing and disposal of waste from 1 to 5 hazard class

We work with all regions of Russia. Valid license. Full set of closing documents. Individual approach to the client and flexible pricing policy.

Using this form, you can leave a request for the provision of services, request Commercial offer or get a free consultation from our experts.

Looking at almost any non-hazardous waste, you can see the secondary raw materials for the production of new products. The task of mankind is to get the maximum benefit from the waste residue. The resources of the planet are limited and are not being replenished at the rate that humanity is wasting them. Some types of resources are generally non-renewable, so they need to be saved. But this is not the only reason why waste materials are recycled.

In order to avoid littering the territories with garbage, it must be recycled. In addition, further processing of secondary raw materials will solve the problem of garbage pollution: air, soil, ground and surface water and the spread of infection in environment.

Kinds

One of the main goals of recycling is to improve environmental situation. In modern times, the market for recycling and recycling of waste is underdeveloped. This is caused not by the lack of recycling technologies, but by the low profitability of this activity, and therefore, it becomes simply unprofitable to process secondary waste.

However, the use of household waste becomes a good basis for the production of recyclable materials, which can be recycled into production by sorting them by type using the recycling symbol. The use of secondary raw materials, including household waste, allows the manufacture of many products, such as paper products, glass containers, various metal and plastic products.

Valuable waste components are:

• Ferrous and non-ferrous scrap metal
• Plastics: PET, HDPE, PVD, PVC
• Glass containers and cullet
• Waste paper: paper, cardboard, newspapers and textiles
• Rubber
• Wood
• Electronics: boards, batteries, wire, mercury lamps
• Petroleum products, asphalt, bitumen, oils

In the recycling process, various materials are obtained from waste, in particular, these are Construction Materials, organic fertilizers, thermal energy.

Metal

At recycling waste for each type of waste, the appropriate technology is used. Mixed household waste is separated using various types of separation. For example, metal waste is separated using magnetic separation, and then pressed, packaged and sent to foundries for subsequent remelting.

Recycling scrap metal contributes to significant savings natural resources and environmental protection.

Glass

Glass waste is processed into technical glass, which is subsequently used in construction. The glass recycling process includes the following steps:

• Sorting of glass waste according to the sign of recycling when using separation equipment.
• Cleaning followed by drying
• Grinding
• Preparation of raw materials and heating using special equipment.

Recycling of production waste in the form of glass has significant advantages. For example, this process qualitatively affects the unloading of landfills for garbage collection, saving raw materials and energy for glass production.

waste paper

As well as recycling other types of recyclables, paper recycling contributes to the reduction of environmental pollution. Paper production releases highly toxic substances into the environment, and fewer chemicals are used when using recycled paper. hazardous substances. In addition, at recycling paper waste is saved part of the wood resources.

As for the process of recycling paper waste, consider the main stages:

1. After harvesting, the raw materials are first sorted according to a special recycling mark.
2. Next, the waste paper mass is obtained and cleaned.
3. In the future, if necessary, the mass is subjected to discoloration and sent to the production of paper.

The new paper is produced using processed secondary and virgin raw materials. In Russia, most of the waste paper is among household waste, which makes it inaccessible for further use. In this case, it is necessary to stop the simultaneous collection of construction, paper and household waste. Separate waste collection is the best way out of the critical environmental situation in the Russian Federation.

Polymers

Reuse of polymer waste is quite difficult due to the degree of its contamination and the inconsistency of secondary polymers with the quality of the feedstock. This type of activity is very costly and less profitable than the production of polymer raw materials from the latest materials.

However, the recycling of recycled polymers is beneficial for their further use in the production of various concrete products and wood-polymer boards. It is produced only if cleaning and sorting is not particularly important for the production of polymer products.

Recycled polyethylene terephthalate (PET), which has been used in the production of beverage bottles, is used to make an insulating polyester fiber filler for jackets.

After recycling, it is made from:

• Carpets
• Containers
• pallets
• Trays for non-food products
• door panels
• Grilles and bumpers for cars

The cost of polymer recycled material is much lower than the original one, which attracts large suppliers, so the reprocessing of raw materials can be quite profitable for a recycling plant.

Wood

Wood and waste paper are in great demand in the construction and pulp and paper industries, and their recycling will allow enterprises to significantly save on production costs. In addition, the recycling of waste will save the life of many trees and will have a beneficial effect on the environment.

Rubber

Recycling used car tires and rubber will clean up large areas landfills from this type of waste, will avoid the release of harmful carcinogens into the atmosphere, which are formed during combustion, and eliminate the risk of infection.

rubber and car tires usually crushed into crumbs in specialized factories, after which it is used in many industries. Recycled rubber is subsequently used to produce new car tires and rubber shoes. Recycled rubber is also widely used in construction.

Oil products

Today, modern technologies are used for processing oil waste. As a result of this process, for example, engine oil is obtained. This allows you to significantly reduce the amount of emissions of harmful vapors into the atmosphere, reduce soil and water pollution. Collectively, in lesser degree endanger the environment.

Electronics

From electronic waste you can get a variety of chemical elements, including precious metals. When processing used electronic circuit boards, you can get gold, silver, palladium, as well as nickel, iron, copper, glass and polymers. The sorted metal is then sent to the melting furnace, the rest of the waste is pyrolyzed.

Mercury

Disposal mercury lamps largely eliminates the environmental threat of mercury pollution. Mercury from these products is neutralized using the method of demercurization.

When recycling recyclables, a sorbent is formed, from which eco-friendly paving slabs are then made. Glass bulbs of used mercury lamps are subsequently used in the manufacture of new lamps. Some aluminum and phosphor are also formed.

Recycling sign

Each type of raw material has a recycling sign, this sign indicates what material the product is made of, to simplify future sorting. According to the recommendations of the developers, the signs applied to the packaging should be large enough. The sign was first invented in 1988 for identification. Raw materials to be marked: paper, plastic, metal, glass.

Outcome

Currently, household waste has found application not only as a secondary raw material for the production of new products. They are also used for aesthetic purposes.

Various exhibitions are periodically opened around the world, competitions are held for the manufacture of all kinds of objects, sculptures, interior items from household waste. People started using garbage (cans, bottles, old video cassettes, pipes and more) to make them. Such events aim to draw the attention of the whole world to the problem of disposal and processing of all types of waste.

Primary production and secondary processing of waste subsequently allows to solve many urgent problems. environmental issues and make a huge contribution to caring for the environment. This kind economic activity should definitely acquire a rapid development, as the amount of garbage in landfills is steadily growing.

One of the wise men once said a long time ago that you can earn money even on what lies under your feet.

Modern practice confirms his words. Waste recycling is a very profitable business, and the following indicators confirm this fact:

• Processing companies are not so common, and the raw materials themselves abound.
• The entrepreneur has the opportunity to receive various types of garbage in an organized manner.
• High profitability is ensured by the possibility of processing waste and turning it into secondary raw materials.

The relevance of this business can be seen in almost every aspect, from the fact that it has a positive effect on the environment, and ending with the fact that the result is more profitable for the owner.

The positives include:

• support of local authorities (this area is very poorly funded, and the local administration is obliged to ensure cleanliness, therefore, you can safely count on the support of such an idea and help with finding industrial premises);
• unlimited volume of production raw materials;
• if it is not possible to get involved in the expensive and time-consuming process of creating a waste processing plant, then you can limit yourself to building a workshop that will cost several times cheaper, and will bring a decent profit.

Despite many positive sides, entrepreneurs may also have some problems associated with the delivery and sorting of garbage. The right approach to these issues will certainly lead you to an adequate solution.

An interesting story about this field of activity in the conditions of Russia is on the following video:

What kind of garbage can be dealt with and what is most profitable

So, consider the most common options:

• Car tires. As the most promising and profitable processing method of this variety, pyrolysis (depolymerization) is called, which consists in the decomposition of rubber:
  • on carbon;
  • for gas;
  • on steel cord, which is an excellent raw material for the metallurgical industry;
  • for synthetic oil.

  Each of these products is a sought-after raw material, and if properly organized, sales can result in high profitability.

• Construction garbage usually consists of concrete, brick, wood and metal. After careful sorting, it is possible, for example, to start processing concrete, which includes crushing and parallel extraction of metal particles from it. As a result, you can get secondary crushed stone used in construction. In world practice, it is now increasingly practiced to dismantle buildings and sort construction debris, about 80% of which can be reused.
• Recycling broken glass involves the reuse of non-standard and broken bottles, which would have gone to landfill anyway. Broken glass you can take directly from the production or organize your own glass container collection point or your own waste sorting line. Glass manufacturers will gladly buy recycled raw materials, since such material can be melted down at more low temperatures than those required by the glass manufacturing process. Also, this secondary raw material is in great demand among manufacturers of abrasive, ceramic products, tiles and bricks.
• Used paper. The process of processing simple (so-called wet) waste paper involves:
  • dissolution of paper in water using a hydrothinner;
  • removal of all foreign objects from it with a cyclone cleaner;
  • thermomechanical treatment, if we are talking about cardboard;
  • fine purification of the mixture (filtration).

  Recycled paper can be used to make packaging cardboard, toilet paper or roofing material.

Required documents for company registration

Legal recycling of municipal solid waste involves obtaining a license from the Ministry of Ecology. The Law “On Environmental Expertise” regulates the obligation of each entity that decides to collect and process waste to conduct an environmental review. This conclusion can be used throughout the entire period of existence of the company (the approximate cost of this document is 5500 rubles).

The entrepreneur must obtain permits from services such as fire fighting, sanitary, and also stock up project documentation, which will describe all the technological processes of the future waste processing organization. The total time for collecting and confirming documentation varies 2 to 4 months, and the cost is approximately 24 000 rubles.

Where to take garbage?

The average trash can contains:

• 50% polymers: polyvinyl chloride, polyethylene, polypropylene;
• 25% food waste;
• 10% paper and cardboard;
• 15-20% rubber, metal, textile.

In general, household waste is at least 60% recyclable. But this is only from a theoretical point of view, since the separate assembly of MSW, generally accepted in many European countries, seems to us only a distant prospect. And unseparated waste sent to a modern processing line can only give a result of 25%.

by the most the best option is the installation of special mobile processing units. They are manual or automated, and their cost ranges from several hundred thousand to several million dollars.

There is another option: concluding an agreement with a local landfill or collection point for glass or plastic containers. Then the problem of sorting will disappear by itself: production will be provided with ready-made and sorted waste at a price of up to 5 rubles per kg.

Efficient organization of production

Suitable space - very milestone, after all, for a waste processing production, at least 600 m 2 is needed, for a processing shop - 300-400 m 2, and for a warehouse - 200 m 2. In addition to buildings and structures industrial use it is necessary to allocate space for the administrative premises, which can be located both on the production site and outside it. By the way, the workshops located next to the city dump will help to reduce the cost of both the delivery of raw materials and the rental of premises.

The minimum set of equipment should include:

• sorting line;
• storage bin;
• crusher;
• magnet;
• bake.

An additional equipment is a melting furnace, but it should be borne in mind that it will significantly increase the cost side of the project.

Domestic equipment is considered the most affordable and functional.

Staff

It is impossible to recycle household waste without using manual labor. In order to carry out sorting, selection, calibration and many other production steps, it is necessary staff from 20 to 40 people(it all depends on the volume of production).

In addition, the qualitative functioning of the enterprise is impossible without accountant, driver, manager and cleaner.

Distribution channels for finished products

The end result directly depends on the raw materials used:

• Toxic waste, such as mercury lamps, can be used to produce a variety of industrial and building materials;
• compost can be made from plant waste, which serves as an excellent soil fertilizer;
• from electronic waste (kinescopes, electrical appliances) - iron, copper, aluminum and glass;
• from paper - a secondary raw material from which new materials are subsequently formed.

And the main consumers of services and materials of the waste processing industry will be:

• enterprises whose activities are related to one or another final product - cellulose, wood, glass;
• industrial and individual consumers in need of secondary raw materials.

About costs and future profits

Waste recycling is enough profitable business even against the background of the amount of funds needed for its organization. This type of business will pay off very quickly (1.5-2 years), if sales are well established. Experts, based on their own observations, argue that the level of profitability of waste processing production ranges from 42 to 80%, because this segment of the market is practically not subject to competition.

Based on the practice of existing enterprises, you can work with the following statistics:

• One shift can process 3 tons of waste paper, 1.5 tons of polymer waste or 250 kg of plastic raw materials.
• One ton of any raw material costs on average from 9,000 to 45,000 rubles.
• Consequently, the average monthly profit of such an enterprise can range from 150,000 to 3,300,000 rubles.

A huge universal complex for the processing of any type of waste (wood, plastic, metal, paper or glass) will cost a lot of money. Experts say that the amount will exceed $20 million.

But even a modest enterprise has the opportunity to bring a decent profit. The organization of a workshop, the specialization of which will be one type of waste, will cost from 50 to 300 thousand dollars. Arrangement of warehouse and industrial premises in accordance with fire and sanitary requirements - another 2-3 thousand. And the crusher, sorting line and the rest necessary equipment will require 50-70 thousand dollars.

In general, the business of receiving and processing waste is very relevant. The size of the initial investment is certainly higher than that of or, but the amount of profit will also please you at the very beginning.

In Russia, like many other things, it distinguishes our country from the West. Mainly in Western countries garbage is sorted according to certain criteria. The Ministry of Natural Resources of the Russian Federation does not want to hurry with the transition from waste incineration to its processing.

Proposed solution of the problem by the Ministry and its Federal Agency

In Russia, waste incinerators are locally used for waste disposal. According to representatives of the Ministry of Natural Resources, these plants are very energy and cost intensive and largely survive on government subsidies. But this ministry still plans to build in accordance with the adopted concept for the treatment of solid waste until 2030. Rosprirodnadzor considers incineration to be the most optimal form of waste disposal.

Why incineration is not the best solution

In Russia, it is dangerous to solve with the help of incineration from an environmental point of view. With the help of incinerators, MSW is converted into smoke, which contains all the carcinogens that are not dispersed into the environment when garbage is stored in landfills. As a result of the construction of such plants, an increase in the incidence of a number of serious ailments, including cancer, can be observed. But even if the issue under consideration is removed from the area of ​​the most serious diseases, emissions with carcinogens cause allergic reactions - the scourge of diseases in recent years. When burning garbage, dioxins are released, which are more dangerous than strychnine and potassium cyanide.

The problem of waste recycling in Russia exists, but it needs to be addressed.

Concept of garbage business

The recycling business should be based on the establishment of appropriate factories. Like any other business, this business requires the presence of initial capital for renting or buying premises, hiring staff who will have to work on the appropriate equipment, but this will also need to be purchased.

In addition, you will have to collect a bunch of different documents authorizing this type of activity.

It is also necessary to foresee how the waste will be supplied and how it will be sold. The first is especially relevant, since there is no culture of garbage collection in our country - on a local scale, it is all stored in one bag without sorting and thrown into a garbage container. According to Rosprirodnadzor specialists, if the state does not encourage manufacturers of recyclable materials to purchase from waste processing plants, such plants have no future.

For in Russia there are positive and negative sides.

Positive aspects of the garbage business

• The amount of trash is limitless.
• The product of processing, as world experience shows, must be in demand.
• Such a business is likely to be supported by the local authorities, since recycling is also a headache for them.
• The processing plant can process different raw materials, or maybe some specific one, which makes it easier to decide on starting a business.
• Virtually zero competition - as will be shown below, there are practically no waste processing plants in Russia.
• With a reasonable organization of production, these plants can become fully payable and profitable in a couple of years.

Disadvantages of the garbage business

• The main disadvantage is garbage sorting, as mentioned above.
• High costs - the plant may or may not pay off with an illiterate approach, but it will require initial costs, and these costs will not pay off in any case for a number of years.
• A huge pile of documents that an enterprise in this business will have to deal with.
• Finding suppliers and buyers, especially at the beginning of a business, is very difficult.

garbage stats.

Here are the statistics of waste processing in Russia. Only 4% of the total volume in our country is recycled. In 2017, the volume of solid waste in Russia exceeded 60 billion tons with an annual replenishment of 60 million tons.

All garbage in our country occupies about 4 million hectares, which is comparable to the area of ​​Switzerland or Holland. Every year this area increases by 10%, which is comparable to the total area of ​​the two capitals of Russia.

Currently, there are about 15,000 garbage dumps operating in the country, which have been authorized by the authorities, number landfills, according to various sources, ranges from 200 to 1000.

Most landfills are illegal. Most of them are in Leningrad, Chelyabinsk, Moscow, Sverdlovsk and a number of other regions.

Waste processing plants in Russia

Rosprirodnadzor data indicates that there are only seven waste incineration plants in our country, which are located in Moscow, Sochi, Murmansk, Vladivostok, and Pyatigorsk. Here, garbage is burned, the resulting ash and slag are pressed and disposed of by burying. Moreover, only 7-10% of the incoming garbage is burned. The cost of incinerating MSW is higher than the cost of burying it.

According to other sources, there are more than 200 waste processing enterprises in Russia, as well as about 50. Let's take a closer look at some of the list of waste processing plants in Russia.

IN Kemerovo region since 2008, the Novokuznetsk waste processing plant has been operating. Waste is sorted here, recyclables are recycled, and the remaining garbage is buried at a landfill designed for 75 years.

In the Kursk region in 2013, a sorting line for a waste processing plant was opened.

There is a waste sorting plant in Krasnoyarsk, which processes up to 730,000 tons of solid waste during the year. Recyclables are sent for recycling, the remains of garbage are disposed of at their own landfill.

In 2014, a waste processing plant was launched in Orenburg. It can process toxic substances such as medical waste, mercury. The plant is equipped with a perolysis plant. Processing is possible up to 250,000 tons annually. Sorting is done manually. The remains are buried at the landfill and compacted with a roller.

Several waste incinerators operate in the Moscow region. These include State Unitary Enterprise "Spetszavod No. 2", "Spetszavod No. 3" (this plant operates with an enviable inconsistency), since 2003 the Rudnevo waste incineration plant has been operating.

World experience in waste management

Garbage is currently polluted not only the surface of the Earth, but also the ocean. In 1997, the American oceanographer C. Moore, passing through the North Pacific Spiral, saw that he was surrounded by heaps of garbage far from land. According to him, to overcome this heap, it took him a week.

In most countries of the world, garbage is collected not in one container, but in different ones, after being sorted. In Ljubljana in Slovenia, as well as in Russia, they were going to build waste incinerators. Their construction was included in the 2014 project, but the country's leadership changed its mind in time. A special employee goes to the apartments. The need for recycling and the use of recyclable materials is actively promoted among the population.

Finally

Waste processing in Russia is at the initial stage of its development. Very little waste is recycled. In Russia, the garbage business is not developed. It has its own prospects, but those who are not afraid of paperwork, who have money for initial capital that can be risked should try their hand. The leadership should listen to environmentalists and, instead of building waste incineration plants, pay attention to the world experience in waste processing.

As the world's population grows, the level of consumption inevitably rises. Every day new products, technologies appear, production facilities open. All this leads to an increase in the mass of waste produced by civilization: there are so many of them that the problem of garbage, in particular its disposal, has become one of the most important for the world community.

The concept of recycling includes the entire list of actions necessary for the most environmentally friendly release from waste from human life and the production sector:

• collection, sorting and removal from places of residence and work activities of a person;
• storage in landfills or burial in quarries, special landfills, as well as in insulators and underground storage facilities;
• physical destruction with the help of modern technologies;
• recycling of waste materials in order to obtain new useful to man products and goods.

Popular methods of waste disposal are conventional incineration under different thermal conditions and pyrolysis technology, when the decomposition of the mass of raw materials occurs under the influence of very high temperatures in an oxygen-free environment.

Of course, the best way out for humanity is the recycling of waste materials, but, unfortunately, today only a small part of it is exposed to it.

Types of waste and disposal problems

Garbage to be disposed of is divided into household - MSW (municipal solid waste) - and industrial.

Containers for the collection of solid waste are located in the courtyard of each residential building. Their main subgroups are:

• paper;
• glass products;
• remnants of food and products;
• plastic and all kinds of plastic.

Industrial waste is divided into:

1. Biological. This, for example, includes the remains of tissues, organs of people and animals: animal corpses, waste from the production of meat products, as well as biomaterials from the work of hospital departments, microbiological laboratories and veterinary institutions.
2. . These are objects, liquids or gases containing radioactive substances in quantities higher than those established by safety standards.
3. Construction. They appear as a result of the construction of houses and other structures, repairs and decoration, as well as during the production of building materials.
4. . All sorts of garbage from the activities of medical institutions.
5. Transport complex waste. They arise as a result of the work of motor transport enterprises, as well as places of repair, maintenance and long-term parking of automotive equipment.

Of course, only the main types of waste from economic and industrial activities are listed, but their complete classification is much more extensive.

The main problem of recycling is the need for impressive primary financing for organizing the production of destruction or processing of waste materials that meets modern environmental requirements.

For example, conventional incineration of many types of waste results in the release of highly toxic substances into the atmosphere and is therefore prohibited. Due to the lack of funds and qualified personnel, there are not enough processing (utilization) enterprises or resources to create industries that independently carry out the secondary processing of waste materials produced.

What is the danger to the Earth is the waste?

Ecologists around the world have been sounding the alarm for a long time: our planet is dying from poisonous garbage that has flooded it and emissions of harmful substances into the biological environment.

Note! As a natural part of the ecosystem, humans are already getting the negative results of polluting the planet with waste. List of allergic, endocrine, viral and infectious diseases is growing every year.

Waste disposal in Russia

Unfortunately, the problem of environmentally friendly and legal disposal in our country is still acute, as violations of the current legislation by enterprises and an irresponsible attitude towards this problem on the part of ordinary citizens flourish.
For example, a system of separate waste collection from the population is being introduced. For this, sites near residential buildings are supplied with special containers with the appropriate marks: “glass”, “plastic”, “paper”, etc. For violations of the principles of such sorting, in Europe, for example, the perpetrator will have to pay an impressive fine. In our country, it is not uncommon for residents to ignore these rules with impunity, or the contents of all containers are unloaded by the same machine, and all the efforts of citizens come to naught.

The official statistics read:

1. Up to four billion tons of waste is generated in Russia annually, of which: more than two and a half billion are the remains of industrial activities, seven hundred million are manure, dung from poultry and livestock complexes, up to forty million are solid waste, about thirty million are waste water and three million tons of salvage from medical institutions.
2. The country has accumulated more than eighty billion tons of waste (of which at least one and a half billion are classified as especially dangerous, as they are toxic).

Today, huge areas are allocated for landfills and for waste disposal. And at the same time, hundreds of unauthorized dumps and "burial grounds" operate in Russia, illegal emissions of harmful substances into the air and water are made, soils are polluted, as a result of which the animal and plant world is dying.

Waste management experience abroad

In the modern world community, there are many examples of a decent level of waste management, including recycling, which can and should be equaled.

In the EU countries, separate collection of waste from the population has been put on stream (paper, glass, plastic, etc. are separated), for violation of the rules when throwing garbage into sorting containers, there is an impressive fine.

In European stores selling household goods, there are collection points where you can turn in your old and obsolete household appliances(from a battery to a large refrigerator), while receiving an impressive discount on the purchase of a new one.

For example, in Sweden up to 80% of household waste is recycled, about 18% is disposed of in environmentally friendly ways. And only a small residue is taken out for burial outside the country.

All Swedish recycling companies, in accordance with the law, are equipped with special alarm sensors that monitor the level of concentration of harmful substances. In case of violation of the permissible norm, the signal goes directly to the regulatory authorities, and the violator faces a fine and administrative sanctions.

The Swedish television journalists talk about the unprecedented recycling of waste in Sweden in the following video.

Among the countries of the East, Japan is a good example of waste management. According to statistics, almost half of all generated waste materials are recycled here, more than thirty-five percent are recycled, and only a fifth end up in landfills and landfills. And the authorities are constantly concerned about how to reduce this part to a minimum, because the country's territory is too small to load it with landfills.

Back in the late 20th century, Japan passed a law on the mandatory recycling of all types of packaging and cans for drinks and food, which is respectfully observed by both businesses and ordinary citizens. As a result, Japan is rightfully considered a highly cultured and very “clean” country.

Of course, the situation is by no means so optimistic everywhere. Unfortunately, countries with increased level pollution of the natural environment, and, accordingly, the level of diseases and mortality of people, in the world is much more than the "islands of civilization". Today, among the most "dirty" places on the planet are India, China, Egypt, Iraq, etc.

Of course, the movement to preserve the purity of natural resources does not stand still. In Russia and in the world, state and regional programs waste disposal. New production facilities for the processing of waste materials are being opened, as well as points for receiving them from the population.

However, the solution to the problem of waste management is possible only through joint efforts and bodies state control, and each individual citizen of the country and the world community.