06.03.2020

Flora and fauna of Mongolia. Climate of Mongolia. Geographical location and interesting facts. Rivers and lakes of Mongolia

Climate. Sharply continental. The coldest month of the year is January. In some regions of the country, the temperature drops to -45 ... -50 ° C. The most hot month- July. average temperature air during this period in most of the territory +20 o C, in the south up to +25 o C. The maximum temperatures in the Gobi Desert during this period can reach +45 ... + 58 o C. The average annual rainfall is 200-250 mm. 80-90% of the total annual precipitation falls within five months, from May to September. Maximum amount precipitation (up to 600 mm) falls in the Khentii and Altai aimags and near Lake Khuvsgul. The minimum precipitation (about 100 mm/year) falls on the Gobi. The winds are strongest in spring. In the Gobi regions, winds often lead to the formation of storms and reach enormous destructive force - 15–25 m/s. Spring in Mongolia comes after a very cold winter. Spring begins in mid-March, usually lasting about 60 days, although it can be as long as 70 days or as much as 45 days in some areas of the country. For people and livestock, it is also the season of the driest and windiest days. In spring, dust storms are not uncommon, not only in the south, but also in central regions countries. Summer is the warmest season in Mongolia. Precipitation is higher than in spring and autumn. Rivers and lakes are the most full-flowing. However, if the summer is very dry, then closer to autumn the rivers become very shallow. In Mongolia, summer lasts approximately 110 days from late May to September. Autumn in Mongolia is the season of transition from hot summers to cold and dry winters. Autumn lasts approximately 60 days from early September to early November. However, it must be borne in mind that snow can fall in early September, but within 1-2 it will completely melt. In Mongolia, winter is the coldest and longest season. In winter, the temperature drops so much that all rivers, lakes, streams and reservoirs freeze. Many rivers freeze almost to the bottom. It is snowing all over the country, but the cover is not very significant. Winter begins in early November and lasts approximately 110 days until March. Sometimes snowing in September and November, but heavy snow usually falls in early November (December). Relief. Basically it is a plateau, elevated to a height of 900-1500 m above sea level. Above this plateau rises a series of mountain ranges and ranges. The highest of them is the Mongolian Altai, which stretches in the west and southwest of the country for a distance of 900 km. Its continuation is lower, not forming a single array of ridges, which received common name Gobi Altai. Along the border with Siberia in the north-west of Mongolia there are several ridges that do not form a single massif: Khan Khukhei, Ulan Taiga, Eastern Sayan, in the north-east - the Khentei mountain range, in the central part of Mongolia - the Khangai massif, which is divided into several independent ridges. To the east and south of Ulaanbaatar towards the border with China, the height of the Mongolian plateau gradually decreases, and it turns into plains - flat and even in the east, hilly in the south. The south, southwest, and southeast of Mongolia is occupied by the Gobi Desert, which continues into north-central China. According to landscape features, the Gobi consists of areas of sandy, rocky, covered with small fragments of stones, even for many kilometers and hilly, different in color - the Mongols distinguish especially the Yellow, Red and Black Gobi. Hydrography. surface waters. The rivers of Mongolia are born in the mountains. Most of them are the upper reaches of the great rivers of Siberia and Far East, carrying their waters towards the Arctic and Pacific Oceans. Most major rivers countries - Selenga (within the borders of Mongolia - 600 km), Kerulen (1100 km), Tesiin-Gol (568 km), Onon (300 km), Khalkhin-gol, Kobdo-Gol, etc. The most full-flowing is Selenga. It originates from one of the Khangai ranges, takes in several major tributaries- Orkhon, Khanuy-gol, Chulutyn-gol, Delger-Muren and others. The speed of its current is 1.5-3 m/s. Selenga freezes for half a year, the average ice thickness is 1-1.5 m. It has 2 floods a year: spring (snow) and summer (rain). Average depth at the lowest water level of at least 2 m. Rivers in the western and southwestern parts of the country, flowing down from the mountains, fall into intermountain basins, have no outlet to the ocean and, as a rule, end their journey in one of the lakes. Mongolia has over a thousand permanent lakes and a much larger number of temporary lakes that form during the rainy season and disappear during the drought. Most large lakes are located in the basin of the Great Lakes in the north-west of the country - Ubsu-nur, Khara-Us-nur, Khirgis-nur, their depth does not exceed several meters. In the east of the country there are lakes Buyr-nur and Khukh-nur. In a giant tectonic basin in the north of Khangai, there is Lake Khubsugul (depth up to 238 m). The groundwater. Aquatic bioresources. Vegetation. It is a mixture of mountain, steppe and desert with inclusions Siberian taiga in the northern regions. Influenced by mountainous terrain latitudinal zonality vegetation cover is replaced by a vertical one, so deserts can be found next to forests. Forests along the slopes of the mountains are far to the south, in the vicinity of dry steppes, and deserts and semi-deserts are along plains and hollows far to the north. The mountains in the northwestern part of the country are covered with forests of larch, pine, cedar, and various deciduous tree species. There are magnificent pastures in wide intermountain basins. As you move to the southeast, with a decrease in altitude, the density of the vegetation cover gradually decreases and reaches the level of the Gobi desert region, where only in spring and early summer do some types of grasses and shrubs appear. The vegetation of the north and northeast of Mongolia is incomparably richer, since these areas with higher mountains account for a larger amount of precipitation. In the floodplains of the rivers, water meadows are not uncommon. Forest resources. Soils. Chestnut soils are widespread (over 60% of the country's area), as well as brown soils with significant salinity, developed mainly in the Gobi. In the mountains there are chernozems, along river valleys and in lake basins - meadow soils. Agriculture. Due to the harsh continental climate Mongolia, Agriculture remains vulnerable to natural disasters in the form of severe drought or cold. There is little arable land in the country, but about 80% of the territory is used as pasture. Livestock. Cattle breeding, sheep breeding, goat breeding, horse breeding, camel breeding, yak breeding, reindeer breeding. Plant growing. They grow wheat, oilseeds, potatoes, tomatoes, watermelons, fruits, sea buckthorn.

Regions of Mongolia
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Information sources:

Mongolia is located in Central Asia. This state has no access to the seas and oceans. Mongolia borders on Russia and China.

Mongolia is not a tourist state. People go there who want to see unusual things, plunge into the colorful life of the Mongolian peoples and visit local attractions. One of the attractions is Ulaanbaatar - the coldest capital in the world. Also in Mongolia is the world's tallest equestrian statue - Genghis Khan on horseback. While in Mongolia in July, it is worth visiting the nadom festival, which hosts various fighting competitions.

Flora of Mongolia

The territory of Mongolia combines taiga regions and deserts, so the natural system of these places is rather unusual. Here you can find forests, mountains, steppes, semi-deserts and taiga regions.
Forests occupy a small part of the Mongolian land. In them you can see Siberian larch, cedar, less often spruce and fir. The soil of the river valleys is favorable for the growth of poplars, birches, aspens, and ash. Of the shrubs there are: willow, wild rosemary, bird cherry, hawthorn and willow.

The cover of the steppes is quite diverse. Grass-wormwood plants occupy most of these territories - feather grass, vostrets, wheatgrass, thin-legged, snake, wheatgrass and fescue. Also in the Mongolian steppe you can see the karagan shrub, as well as derisun, Mongolian feather grass, saltwort and others.

Deserts do not differ in the diversity of vegetation, here you can find only shrubs and herbs - saxaul and squat elm.

Medicinal and berry plants grow in Mongolia. Bird cherry, mountain ash, barberry, hawthorn, currant, wild rose - this is only a part of fruit and berry plants. Representatives of medicinal species are: juniper, buckwheat, celandine, sea buckthorn, adonis Mongolian and pink radiola.

Animal world of Mongolia

Mongolia has all the conditions for the life of various animals - soil, landscape and climate. Here you can meet both representatives of the taiga and steppes, deserts.

The inhabitants of the forests are: lynx, deer, deer, elk and roe deer. In the steppes one can meet tarbagans, wolves, foxes and antelopes. And in the desert territories there is a kulan, wild cat, wild camel and antelope.

The mountains of Mongolia have become a haven for argali sheep, goats and a predatory leopard. Speaking about the snow leopard, it is worth noting that their numbers have greatly decreased, as well as the snow leopard.

There are a lot of birds in Mongolia, and the demoiselle crane is the most common and familiar species.

Also in these places you can see geese, ducks, sandpipers and cormorants. Seagulls and herons are observed in coastal areas.

Many animals of Mongolia are under special protection. For example, wild camel, Asian kulan, sheep mountain sheep Gobi, Mazalay bear, ibex and black-tailed gazelles.
Also on the verge of extinction are wolves, otters and antelopes.

Mongolia (Mongolian People's Republic)

Territory - 1.57 million km 2. Population - over 1.55 million people (1978). Most of the country is a plateau, mountains rise in the west and north (Mongolian Altai, Khangai, Khentei).

The climate is temperate, very dry, with sharp fluctuations in temperature. The average amount of precipitation is from 50 to 200 mm per year in deserts and semi-deserts in the south and from 200 to 500 mm in the mountains in the north of the country. The forests of Mongolia occupy a transition zone between the mountain taiga forests of Siberia and deserts. Central Asia and are concentrated mainly in the mountainous regions in the north and west of the country. This woodlands along the northern slopes of Khangai and Khentei at an altitude of 1000 m to 1800 m in the west and up to 2200 m in the east. As you move south, more and more areas are occupied by grass-forb steppes, the landscape resembles a mountain forest-steppe, and forest areas gradually disappear.

The southern part of Mongolia is treeless. Forest cover in individual aimags ranges from fractions of a percent to 40% of the total land area. In the Gobi aimags, among the semi-desert and desert spaces on the sands, in places there are small areas saxaul (Haloxylon ammodendron) and certain species of caragana (Caragana pygmaea, C. bungei).

The predominant species in the forests of Mongolia is the Siberian larch (Larix sibirica). It is widespread over a vast stretch along the northern border of the country from Ulangom in the west to the middle reaches of the Onon in the east. Pine, Siberian stone pine, rarely spruce (Picea obovata), birch and aspen are found as an admixture in larch plantations. Laurel-leaved poplar (Populus laurifolia), various types of willows and shrub birches grow in the floodplains of the rivers, and squat elm (Ulmus pumila) grows in mountain valleys and along the banks of temporary streams. Pine occupies significant areas in the Eastern, Khentei, Selenginsky and partially Central aimags, and is also found as an admixture with larch.

Larch and pine are widespread in the middle part of the mountain slopes, while in the lower part, in the forest stands, deciduous species predominate, especially flat-leaved birch (Betula platyphylla) and aspen. The birch owes its predominance in the lower part of the slopes to a large extent to man, since coniferous forests in this more accessible part of the slopes, they are more often cut.

In the upper part of the slopes of high ridges, at an altitude of 2000-2100 m, where the soils become more humid and cold, cedar is mixed with larch, which, as it approaches upper bound forest belt forms pure cedar stands. At an altitude of 2200-2300 m in the mountains of Khentei, there is a Siberian dwarf pine (Pinus pumila). The banks of small forest rivers and streams are bordered by a dense border of shrub birches (Betula humilis, B. gotundifolia) and willows (their height reaches 2-3 m), and higher in the mountains, in river hollows, there are gallery valley forests of Siberian spruce (Picea obovata ) in some places with an admixture of fir (Abies sibirica). Within the river valleys of the Khangai-Khentei mountainous region, as well as in the west of the country, in intermountain basins and valleys, a complex complex of valley tree and shrub communities, called urema, is widespread. It is dominated different types willow, bird cherry, hawthorn, sea buckthorn (Hippophae rhamnoides), wild Siberian apple tree (Maius pailasiana). Occasionally found singly or in groups tall trees laurel poplar. Individual tracts of the urema reach a width of 6-8 km and stretch along the river valleys for tens of kilometers.

Forest lands occupy 15 million hectares. Of these, 9.5 million hectares are coniferous-deciduous stands, 3.8 million hectares are saxaul forests and 614 thousand hectares are shrubs, the rest of the area - 926 thousand hectares - unforested fellings and burnt forests. Forest cover - 9%.

Coniferous plantations predominate, occupying 83% of the forested area (excluding saxaul and shrubs); of which larch forests - 66%, cedar forests - 11, pine forests - 6, spruce forests (mainly valley forests) and fir forests - less than one percent. In deciduous stands, 17% of the forests are occupied by birch, while the remaining species (aspen, poplar, etc.) account for about one percent.

The productivity of Mongolian forests is quite high. The average stock per 1 ha: larch - 130 m 3, cedar - 163, pine - 152 and birch - 57 m 3. Often there are plantations of larch with a reserve of 300 m 3 or more per 1 ha, and cedar - up to 600 m 3 / ha.

The total stock of wood is 1223 million m 3 , including coniferous wood - 1165 million m 3 . Of the total stock of mature and overmature forests, approximately 560 million m 3 are forests available for exploitation. Annual growth of forests - 5.6 million m 3, annual cutting area - 11.3 million m 3.

The forests of Mongolia are of great importance for water protection and soil protection.

In the past, unsystematic deforestation and frequent Forest fires led to the destruction of forest stands and significantly disturbed the forest environment for large territories. As a result, the southern border of the forests moved somewhat northward. In the south of the country, forests have survived only in separate small areas. Therefore, the forest laws were based on the issues of protection and protection of forests, as well as their rational use.

The Law on Forests (1957) allocated prohibited forest strips 5 km wide along major rivers, as well as protective strips up to 1 km wide along railways and highways. Green zones are planned around the cities: Ulaanbaatar (with a radius of 50 km), Sukhe-Bator and Zun-Khor (with a radius of 25 km), aimag centers (with a radius of 15 km), state farms and others settlements(with a radius of 10 km). It also provided for the creation of several reserves. The volumes and rules of logging, forest taxes were regulated, measures were determined to protect forests and forest pastures from fires.

In 1964, the country's forests were divided into three groups. The first group includes all forbidden and protective forest strips along rivers, railways and highways, all green areas around cities and towns, nature reserves of republican significance, as well as saxaul forests of the Gobi-Altai, Bayan-Khongor, Ubur-Khangay, South Gobi, East Gobi, Middle Gobi and Kobdo aimags. In the forests of the first group, only maintenance felling and sanitary felling are allowed. The remaining forests are assigned to the second and third groups. In the forests of the second group, fellings of the main use are allowed in the amount of an annual increment, and in the forests of the third group - all types of fellings in an unlimited amount.

From 1968-1970 aviation protection of forests from fires is organized in the country. 12 leshozes with forest nurseries and 5 independent forestries have been created.

Forestry is self-supporting and is financed by 15% of the tax value of the forest allowed for felling. Logging works are carried out by specialized enterprises and self-producers, as well as partly by forestries and forestries. Forest use is small. Thus, the volume of logging in 1973 reached 2.4 million m 3 (commercial wood - 1 million m 3). Forest exploitation is carried out in the regions railways, in the basins of the Tola and Iro rivers, in lesser degree along the river Selenge.

There are timber processing enterprises, the main products of which are sawn timber, plywood, chipboard, standard houses, transport products, furniture, technological chips, containers. Not a large number of timber is exported.

IN last years secondary use of the forest develops. Among the most important products currently harvested are: juniper branches, medicinal herbs, mushrooms, berries, wild onions, garlic (ramson), pine nuts, hay, deer horns(antlers). Of particular importance is the collection of sea buckthorn fruits. In 1970, 30 thousand hectares of sea buckthorn thickets were identified.

Forestry specialists are trained in special departments at the Agricultural Institute and the Construction College of Ulaanbaatar. The Mongolians of the USSR and other fraternal socialist countries provide great assistance in the training of forestry specialists.

All forests are state-owned. Forestry activities are coordinated by the Ministry of Forests and Woodworking Industry of the MPR. In addition to forestries and forestries, there are logging, woodworking and furniture enterprises in the system of the ministry.

Rare species of various animals have been preserved in the Mongolian People's Republic. Here you can meet a wild camel and a snow leopard, a Przewalski horse and a wild ass, an Altai deer, reindeer, moose. Hunting in the forests is regulated by special laws.

Three reserves with a total area of ​​about 400,000 hectares have been identified in the forests. The largest of them (125 thousand hectares) is Choibalsan-Ula (or Bogdo-Ula) with taiga forests (larch and cedar) and characteristic taiga fauna.

Mongolia - amazing country, striking tourists with its uniqueness and originality. Located in Central Asia, this country borders only Russia and China and is landlocked. Therefore, the climate of Mongolia is sharply continental. And Ulaanbaatar is considered. But all the same, Mongolia is popular among tourists from all over the planet.

General information

Mongolia still keeps its traditions, it managed to carry its cultural heritage through the centuries. The Great Mongol Empire had a huge impact on world history, the famous leader Genghis Khan was born on the territory of this particular country.

Today unique place The planet attracts primarily those who want to take a break from the noise of megacities and familiar resorts and immerse themselves in a special world of pristine natural beauty. Geographic location climate, plants, animals - all this is unusual and unique. High mountains, endless steppes, blue sky, unique world flora and fauna cannot but attract tourists from all over the world to this country.

Geographical position

Mongolia, whose relief and climate are naturally interconnected, unites on its territory the Gobi desert and such mountain ranges as the Gobi and Mongolian Altai, Khangai. Thus, on the territory of Mongolia there are both high mountains and vast plains.

The country is located on average at an altitude of 1580 meters above sea level. Mongolia is landlocked and shares borders with Russia and China. The area of ​​the country is 1,566,000 sq. km. The largest rivers flowing in Mongolia are the Selenga, Kerulen, Khalkhin Gol and others. The capital of the state - Ulaanbaatar - has a long and interesting history.

Population of the country

Today, about 3 million people live in the country. The population density is approximately 1.8 people per sq. m. territory. The population is unevenly distributed, in the capital the population density is very high, but the southern regions and desert territories are less populated.

The ethnic composition of the population is very diverse:

  • 82% - Mongols;
  • 4% - Kazakhs;
  • 2% - Buryats and other nationalities.

There are also Russians and Chinese in the country. Among the religions, Buddhism prevails here. In addition, a small percentage of the population professes Islam, there are many adherents of Christianity.

Mongolia: climate and its features

This place is called "the country of the blue sky", as it is sunny most of the year. Located in the temperate climate zone, Mongolia has a sharply continental climate. This means that it is characterized by sharp temperature changes and low rainfall.

Cold, but almost snowless winter in Mongolia (temperature can drop to -45˚C) is replaced by spring with its strong gusts of wind, sometimes reaching hurricanes, and then warm and sunny summer. This country often becomes the site of sandstorms.

If we briefly describe the climate of Mongolia, it is enough to mention the large temperature fluctuations even within a day. Here harsh winter, hot summers and increased dryness of the air. The coldest month is January, the warmest is June.

Why such a climate in Mongolia

Sudden temperature changes, dry air and a large amount sunny days make this place special. It can be concluded that what are the reasons for the sharp continentality of the climate of Mongolia:

  • remoteness from the seas;
  • an obstacle to the entry of moist air currents from the oceans are the mountain ranges that surround the country's territory;
  • formation high pressure combined with low temperatures in winter.

Such extreme temperature fluctuations and low rainfall make this country special. Acquaintance with the reasons for the sharp continental climate of Mongolia will help to better understand the relationship between the relief, geographical location and climate of this country.

Seasons

The best time to visit Mongolia is from May to September. Despite the fact that there are many sunny days here, the amplitude of temperatures is very large for the seasons. The climate of Mongolia by months has very characteristic features.


Vegetable world

Mongolia, whose climate is sharply continental, has a rich and unusual flora. On its territory there are various natural areas: highlands, taiga belt, forest-steppe and steppe, desert and semi-desert zones.

In Mongolia, you can see mountains covered with deciduous, cedar and pine forests. In the valleys, they are replaced by deciduous species (birch, aspen, ash) and shrubs (honeysuckle, bird cherry, wild rosemary and others). In general, forests cover about 15% of Mongolia's vegetation.

The vegetation cover of the steppes of Mongolia is also very diverse. It includes plants such as feather grass, wheatgrass and others. Saxaul prevails on the territory of semi-deserts. This type of vegetation makes up about 30% of the entire flora of Mongolia.

From the number medicinal plants juniper, celandine, sea buckthorn are most common.

Animal world

Mongolia has several very rare species mammals such as Snow Leopard, Przewalski's horse, Mongolian kulan, wild camel and many others (about 130 species in total). There are also many (over 450) various types birds - eagles, owls, hawks. In the desert there is a wild cat, goitered gazelle, saiga, in the forests - deer, sable, roe deer.

Some of them, unfortunately, need protection, as they are under the threat of extinction. The Government of Mongolia takes care of the preservation of the existing rich fund of flora and fauna. For this purpose, numerous reserves and national parks were organized here.

This country is unique. Therefore, it attracts many tourists who want to learn more about Mongolia. There are several features that characterize it:

  • Mongolia, whose climate is quite severe, is the country with the coldest capital in the world.
  • It has the lowest population density among all countries in the world.
  • If you translate the name of the capital Ulaanbaatar from, you get the phrase "red hero".
  • Another name for Mongolia is the "Land of the Blue Sky".

Not all tourists aspiring to these parts know what the climate is in Mongolia. But even a detailed acquaintance with its features does not frighten lovers of exotic and wildlife.



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