Population and economy of the forest-steppe and steppe zones. How they live in the steppes Human life in the steppe

LESSON ABOUT THE WORLD

Topic: Steppe zone. Steppe and man.

Target: To form in students an idea of ​​the natural zone of the steppes; introduce geographical location steppe zone, its features, flora and fauna, and the role of humans.
Develop educational and cognitive competencies: obtaining knowledge directly from the surrounding reality, mastery of methods of educational and cognitive problems, observe, reason, draw conclusions, compare, generalize, find common and features plants; value-semantic competencies: related to the student’s value orientations, his ability to see and understand the world around him; Information competencies: work with a map, atlas.
Bring up careful attitude to nature, the importance of plants and animals for humans and our planet.

Formation of universal educational activities Cognitive : develop the ability to work with a map, atlas and additional literature; develop cognitive interest, build simple reasoning, comparison, juxtaposition, classification and generalization according to given criteria. Regulatory: accept learning task formulated with the teacher, carry out learning activities in internal and external speech.

Communicative:construct monologue statements taking into account the task at hand; take part in dialogue, general conversation, joint activities, focus on the partner’s position in communication and interaction.

Personal - focus on developing cooperation skills with the teacher and peers in the process of performing joint activities; realize the role of man in the development of nature.

During the classes:

1. Organizing time.
Good afternoon dear friends!
The bell has already rung,
Let's start our lesson!
Try to understand everything
Give complete answers,
And get paid for work
Just a five rating!
- Today, guys, we will make an exciting journey. We learn a lot of interesting things along the way.
We have an interesting lesson today,
Each of us prepared for it.
To win, you need to know a lot,
Everyone will have to think and reason.
I think you can handle everything,
After all, I’ve been teaching you for four years now.
And I know that everyone will have their own success,
And, as always, I root for everyone!

2. Updating knowledge.
Work in rows
- Letters came from the meteorological station. It is necessary to determine the natural area to which the letter was sent. Match the name with the figurative expression and arrange the natural area in order of location from north to south.
1st row: Dark here coniferous forests in wide spaces. The owner is here Brown bear. (Taiga)
Row 2: It’s day here for six months and night for six months. There is snow and ice everywhere. The sun rises low above the horizon in summer. The territory of the zone has no indigenous population. (Arctic)
Row 3: Trees don't grow here. Swampy areas are a great place for numerous mosquitoes and midges. Summer is short here. Numerous birds visit this region in summer. Mosses and lichens dominate everywhere. (Tundra)

3. Immersion in the problem.
“Like the sea, the grass and crops are agitated here.” Summer here is hot with dry winds. To retain snow, forest strips are planted here. Many rodents inhabit these regions, escaping in burrows from cunning foxes and eagles. (Steppe)
- What is it? natural area? Where is it located?
(We don’t know this zone yet)
Reading poetry by students
Way on all sides
No forest, no mountains.
The vast expanse
Endless space.

This is the steppe zone of Russia

4. Formulating the topic of the lesson.
- Formulate the topic of our lesson.

5. Setting the educational task.
-Yes, guys, today in the lesson we will study the steppe zone, its location, the flora and fauna of the steppes, the human influence on the nature of the steppe. And the textbook, map and additional material that is on your desks will help us study this topic.

6. Formation of new knowledge.
- Let's draw up a plan for our work on the topic “steppe”
A) climate

B) occupations of the population
B) flora

G) animal world
D) ecological problems

Today you will be scientists and conduct your research.
To do this you will work as a team. 1 team - geographers, 2 team - biologists, 3 team - zoologists, 4 - ecologists. What kind of people are these? What will they be doing today?
But first, look at the picture and say: Why are there different natural zones on Earth?
Why does this depend? (On the climate. The climate depends on the distribution of heat on the earth, the flora and fauna depend on the climate. In the northern regions, the sun's rays fall obliquely. They slide over the surface of the Earth and heat it slightly. The further south, the more directly the sun's rays fall on the Earth, the more they heat up earth's surface.).
Working with the textbook pp. 95-103.
Try to talk about the climate of the steppes. (it’s hot in the steppe zone, because the sun’s rays fall more directly and the earth receives more heat).
- Of course, guys, the steppe zone is located in temperate zone. To the south of the forest zone there is even more heat, but less precipitation falls. The lack of moisture makes it more difficult for trees to grow here. Forests increasingly alternate with treeless areas, and then disappear altogether. So gradually forest zone gives way to a steppe zone. IN steppe zones The summer is long and dry. In July + 22 - + 25 degrees, the heat can reach up to 40 degrees. The weather is dry and sunny. Dry hot winds often blow. Sometimes dry winds turn into dust storms.
The rains are torrential in nature. The rain passes quickly, and most of the water, not having time to saturate the soil, flows in streams into the lowlands and evaporates. Winter is short and warm, but there are cold temperatures down to -20, -30 degrees.
In spring, the steppe comes to life and is covered with a carpet of tulips and irises. Close your eyes and imagine the following picture: wherever you look, there are boundless expanses all around, a hot wind blows over you, the sun burns mercilessly, and there is not a single tree, only grasses swaying around. This is the steppe zone.
- So, let's start working in teams. Each team receives help cards with questions on which you will base your answers.
- Geographers, using a map and a textbook, will try to determine the location of the steppe zone.
- Botanists, also using the textbook and additional material, tell us about flora steppes.
- Zoologists will prepare a story about animals.
- Ecologists – about the protection of the steppe zone or environmental problems.
(teams are preparing)
7. Inclusion in the knowledge system.

“Discovery” of new knowledge by students – reasoning, comparisons, conclusions.
- Well, everyone is ready. We are beginning to jointly characterize the steppe zone. The floor is given to geographers.
- Where is the steppe zone located? What did the map tell us?
Show the steppe zone on the map? There is more heat in the steppes than in the forest zone, but there is less precipitation. Summer is long and dry, +25C, +30C, the heat can reach up to +40C. The weather in summer is sunny and dry. Winds often blow, sometimes turning into dust storms. Winter is short and warm, but there are cold temperatures down to -30C and there is little snow. Due to the fact that there is little moisture in the steppe zone, trees do not grow
(the student answers, and the group members help him).
- Absolutely right, guys. The steppe zone is located south of the zone forests, it stretches along the southwestern border of Russia. Its territory is interrupted by forest-steppes. This is a small zone in area, smaller than the forest and tundra zone.
- Well, now you have an idea where this natural area is located.

Now let's listen to what research biologists have done.
- What plants are found in the steppe zone? What is their feature?
The steppe is the kingdom of grasses. Wormwood, fescue, and feather grass grow in the steppe. At noon there is a bitter smell of wormwood. By the end of summer the steppe is almost burnt out. Then you can see the tumbleweed field. In autumn, their stem breaks at the very base, and the wind drives light, almost transparent balls across the flat expanse of the steppes. So tumbleweed - the field carries its seeds over long distances.
The steppe is beautiful in spring, when the snow melts. At this time, the green steppe is covered with colorful lights of tulips, irises, hyacinths

(The leaves of plants are narrow so that less moisture evaporates. The roots go deep into the ground to extract moisture).
- Well done, biologists. Indeed, in the steppe there are heat-loving plants that have narrow leaves and long roots in order to obtain moisture. Some steppe plants have fleshy stems and leaves that retain moisture.

8. Physical exercise.
Now guys, stand up
Raise your hands slowly
Squeeze your fingers, then unclench them
Hands down and stand like that
Lean right, left
And get down to business again
- Well, now it’s time for zoologists to tell us about the animals of the steppe.
The main representatives of the fauna of the steppes are rodents: ground squirrels, jerboas, hamsters, voles.

The groundhog never gnaws the entire stem of a plant: he bites off a leaf here, a shoot or a twig there. That's why marmots don't attack great harm plants. By autumn, when the cold weather begins, marmots climb into holes and fall asleep until spring.

(Insects, birds, and many rodents live in the steppes. Birds make nests right on the ground, because there are no trees in the steppe. Animals of the steppe are small, their life is connected with the earth).
- Indeed, guys, the animals of the steppe all live and make their homes right on the ground, because in the steppe there are no trees, but a continuous carpet of grass. Why do animals have the color of the earth or vegetation? (hide from predators and get food without them being noticed).
- Well done. Now let’s look at the picture and together we’ll figure it out, what do the people who live there do in the steppe? (farming). In the steppe it is very fertile soils soil. Such soils are called chernozem. In this regard, the steppes are the most favorable area for agriculture, since cultivated plants can develop here for up to nine months a year. Grains and industrial crops are grown here. Unsuitable for arable land in the steppes is used as pasture for livestock.

The population of the steppes (Mongols, Buryats, Tatars and others) live near rivers, forests, where they build big cities. But, driving pasture from place to place, shepherds and their families lead the way of life of nomads. Their temporary home is a yurt.

Why? (There are fertile lands there)
- What are they growing?
- What else do they do? Why? (lots of vegetation for livestock)
- That's right, guys. But in this regard, environmental problems arise in the steppe zone. Our ecologists will tell us about this. (To preserve the nature of the steppes, it is necessary to limit the plowing of land, limit grazing, fight poaching, and create nature reserves).
- Thank you very much, dear ecologists, you introduced us to the problems that have arisen in the steppe due to human fault, and suggested ways to solve them.

What zone do you and I live in? (reading a poem)
Endless Russia
Like an eternity on earth
You go, you go, you go, you go,
Days and miles don't matter!
The steppe is wide open
It flies across and along,
Like a sea of ​​fire
The heat is burning and scorching.

Heaven is like a copper dome,
They got hot. The steppe is bare;
Somewhere in front of the poor man's hut
The poor willow is drying up
Step by step, with calm importance
Oxen dragging weights.

Dust sweeps away like a sultry blizzard,
A blizzard of fiery ash.
The steppes are bare, silent,
Still, both song and honor to you!
All of you are Mother Russia,
Whatever it is!

EYE TREATMENT

9. Work in a notebook with a printed base.
- Well, now let's write everything down in our notebooks. Open page 32 and find task 52, complete it. If anyone needs help, I'll be there.
Tasks for those who can complete them faster. I suggest you draw up and record the food chains that have developed in the steppe.
Hamster plants steppe viper
Plants insects gray partridge steppe eagle
Examination.
10. Reflection of activity.
- We traveled with you across the endless expanses of the steppes. We got acquainted with the flora and fauna.
- and now let’s check how you have mastered the natural zone of the steppes.
A) Guess the riddles, name the habitat:
Runs among the stones
You can't keep up with her!
He grabbed the tail, but, ah!
She ran away with the tail in her hands! (Lizard, steppe.)
Hump-nosed, long-legged,
Branch-horned giant.
Eats grass, bush shoots,
It's hard to compete with him in running. (Elk, forest area.)
Touching moss with hooves,
The northern handsome man walks
Walks boldly and easily
Horns spread wide. ( Reindeer, tundra.)
11. Grading.
12. Homework

Mongolia is a country with one of the lowest population densities in the world. Less than three million people live in an area the size of two Frances, a million of whom live in the capital.

So it turns out that you can drive around Mongolia for a very long time in any direction, and only occasionally come across small clusters of whitening yurts along the way. Two-thirds of the population live in the steppe and lead a nomadic lifestyle, regularly moving to a new place in search of pastures for livestock.

Cattle breeding, whatever one may say, is a key activity for the steppe inhabitants - it provides them with meat, milk (from which, by the way, they have learned to cook a lot), wool, and skins. Usually one family has different types animals - this could be a herd of sheep and goats, a pen with cows and calves, several horses.

The first time we found ourselves visiting a Mongolian family, in a yurt, was at the beginning of our trip, thanks to the people who gave us a lift and were on their way to see their friends. At that time, we had little idea of ​​how nomadic people lived, what their life was like, and what a real yurt looked like from the inside.

No matter how trivial it may sound, their way of life has remained virtually unchanged since ancient times, and even more so since the reign of Genghis Khan. But nevertheless, civilization has reached here - there is an energy-saving light bulb, a TV with a satellite dish, a motorcycle or a truck in almost every yurt.

Horses as transport are still very relevant, because in many places there is nothing else to drive, and it is convenient to herd the herd. The riders we met did not use saddles. But this is somehow dashing

We were lucky to see the process of assembling a yurt for moving to a new place literally in the very first family we found ourselves with. In the evening everything was still in place, no fuss or getting ready. But in the morning, within two hours, a well-coordinated family team completely dismantled the yurt and put it in the back of a truck along with all its belongings.

There are different sizes of yurts - divided by number components walls (we saw from 4 to 6). You can collect more if you want.

The basic furnishings in all yurts are the same - in the center there is a stove with a chimney and a table, along the walls there are beds, most often two. There are also additional beds on the floor, because they often live in the same yurt big family, and everyone needs to fit.

Many of the cabinets are the same, probably a traditional design.

The floor is partially or completely covered with pieces of linoleum or carpet, sometimes just dirt in parts. In yurts they don’t take off their shoes; they wear street shoes.

Be sure to have a cabinet or wall with photographs of all relatives, children, and grandchildren. Images of the Dalai Lama are also quite common :)

The doors are low, we hit our heads several times. There are no locks, not even latches, only if the yurt is located near a city or village.

You either make a yurt yourself or buy it. Translated into rubles, its cost is about 40,000.

They live, as mentioned above, by livestock farming, selling meat and dairy products. Men tend herds of sheep, cows, yaks, goats or horses. Often the animals graze on their own, and in the evening they are herded to the yurts, where they sleep.

There are small pens in which calves or foals are kept, and mothers are brought to them in the morning and evening to feed the young. After the child has eaten, the remaining milk is milked.

Women also have something to do:) They make cheese, kefir, sour cream, and butter from milk.

In each yurt we saw several basins full of milk at one or another stage of its preparation.

Meat is not prepared in large quantities; more than one carcass is not kept in a yurt.

Smoke over the stove:

Men in the steppe often wear national clothes - over jeans and a T-shirt. It’s comfortable - it doesn’t blow, you can put everything you need in your bosom, and you’ve probably gotten used to it. We saw men different ages in such clothes, so these are not relics of the older generation :)

Women also wear them, but less often. Although a woman's dress has at least one important practical advantage - you can go to the toilet in the steppe anywhere. There are no bushes!

Each family keeps several dogs, which must protect them from strangers (this is unlikely, given the lack of locks), and from wolves (a very real threat, sheep are periodically dragged). All the dogs we met barked very loudly, but when we met them they turned out to be very cute creatures :)

They don’t like cats, they practically don’t even have cats in the city. We once saw, in a yurt, a cute, well-fed cat with very smooth fur. Of course, so much milk!

The people are very hospitable, you can easily enter any yurt if something happens, or you just need to ask something. They will help you in any way they can and give you some tea.

By the way, their tea is completely different - milk, a little bit of shavings and salt. Drink it hot.

Since I still don’t like milk, Roma gets two servings. They also drink kumiss, which tastes like milk kvass. For a snack – bread and butter, sprinkled with sugar! As in childhood

Every yurt has artz - dried salted homemade cottage cheese. It whitens teeth very well! They also make a sweet one - arold. In the first yurt we were given a bag of artza and a large jar of homemade butter - we ate it for two weeks :)

There is also this thing - they remove the top from the basin in which sour cream is made and fold it in half. They eat it with bread.

From what we had a chance to try - sweet milk rice (my portion went to Roma), soup from horns with meat (horns for me, meat not for me:), homemade noodles with meat (similar).

We heard that Mongolians drink a lot. We drank moonshine vodka only once - in the evening in the yurt, in the family circle, in very moderate quantities. They prepare it themselves from milk and drink it warm.

In our understanding, there were no plates either, they eat from high saucers, and they drink tea from them.

Many products are from Russia and Ukraine - familiar labels are found everywhere - Yanta, Alenka, Zolotaya Smechka.

Few people know Russian, even the older generation. That is, meeting a person who speaks Russian is quite possible, but most likely it will not be the first person you meet, and not even the second.

In general, at first Roma was very freaked out that no one understood him. He was abroad for the first time, he had not yet learned sign language, and he sincerely tried to speak to them in Russian, slowing down the pace of speech and pronouncing the words clearly (well, so that it would be clearer for them)

Apparently his desire was so great that suddenly, quite by chance, we began to meet people who understood our language and spoke it. Almost everyone who gave us a lift, with whom we stayed, whom we met - Mongols, Poles, French, Americans - everyone could more or less clearly express themselves in the great and powerful

I would also like to say something about children. Firstly, they give birth to at least two or three, often more. It's good to be a child in Mongolia!

He has his own steppe, his own horse, his own animals. He is not forced to wash his hands before eating, he is not scolded for torn pants or spilled sugar, no “Don’t go there, you’ll fall, Don’t go there, you’ll run him over.” He can do whatever he wants. He spends his days running around the steppe, riding a bicycle, chasing sheep back and forth.

No stress, hassle or pain (good immunity, not spoiled by medications).

Simple, happy people who don’t bother with conventions and don’t sweat the small stuff. They don't need roads or internet, they have everything they need.

Traveling through the Mongolian steppe is a great place and original way to reassess one’s values ​​and dispel stereotypes imposed by society. We loved it and recommend it to everyone!

Lesson on the world around us in 3rd grade

Topic: “Features of people’s lives in the steppe.”

The purpose of the lesson:

• teach to draw conclusions based on available data, analyze, summarize information;
• expand students’ ideas about the use of the natural resources of the steppe zone and the occupation of the population;
• develop the ability to identify a natural area based on its main features;
• develop the skill of search activity, carry out self-analysis;
• develop speech, the ability to compare and draw conclusions;
• cultivate a love for the nature of the country and native land.

Tasks:

• generalize knowledge about the characteristics of the steppe zone, flora and fauna, and provide knowledge about their interaction with humans.

Equipment:

• presentation “Steppe”;
• interactive whiteboard or multimedia projector,
• handout for students “Crossword Card”.

Progress of the lesson

1. Org moment.

We continue to travel through natural areas. I hope that this lesson will be interesting and fruitful.

(Listen to a riddle about a natural area.

What space and freedom there is here!

Wherever you look, there are expanses of fields.

South of the forest strip

There is a carpet of herbs and flowers.

There is room for the winds and birds,

Rodents, wolves, foxes.

Here the dry winds love to sing.

And this is called...

(Steppe)

So what is this zone? What color is the steppe shown on the map of natural areas?

2. Repetition of what has been learned.

Slide 1 to 9 slides. (by click)Today we will summarize our knowledge about the life of animals and get acquainted with the peculiarities of human life in the steppe.

On your desks you have a card with a crossword puzzle. And the drawings will help us solve it. (At the same time, the children’s knowledge about animals is being repeated).

Which keyword happened? ANIMALS.

Conclusion : Due to lack tall vegetation in the steppe zone, low-growing animals predominate, mainly rodents: hamsters, gophers, voles, mice that feed on grain. They live in minks, hiding from predators: wolves, foxes, weasels, steppe ferrets. Since the steppes are covered with herbaceous plants, they are inhabited by a large number of various insects.

How did animals adapt to life in the steppe?

1 Coloniality

2 Herding

3 Masking color

4 Life in the underground tier

5 Using holes of other animals

6 Stocking feed for the winter

7 Speed

8 Acute vision, smell, hearing

9 Ability to live without drinking water

The animal world has changed greatly under human influence. Back in the 19th century, wild horses (tarpans), aurochs, bison, and roe deer disappeared. Deer are pushed into the forest, and saigas are pushed into semi-deserts. Our country has adopted a law on the protection and use of wildlife. Animals in nature reserves are under special protection. But we need to protect not only rare animals, but also all others, because all animals are interconnected by a food chain.

3. Studying a new topic.

Slide 10 (click)

– Write down the date and topic of the lesson.

– Our country has a wide variety of natural areas – natural resources have always been the adornment and pride of Russia. The steppe is the main breadbasket of Russia, supplying the country with wheat and other agricultural crops. The population is also involved in livestock farming.

Slide 11 (click)The population of the steppe strip is engaged in breeding cows, sheep, and pigs. The steppe strip supplies many regions of the country with meat and dairy products. The lands where feather grass, sage and other herbs used to grow are plowed and are of interest for agriculture.

Slide12 -13 (click)

4. Physical education minute.

5. Primary understanding and consolidation of connections and relationships in the topic being studied.

Slide 14 (click)

Steppe expanses for a long time were the habitat of tribes of nomadic pastoralists. The steppes of the Black Sea region have long been inhabited by herds of wild horses - tarpans. Here, apparently, the horse was domesticated. Horses and sheep became the main condition for the existence of nomadic tribes. Cattle raising requires large spaces, so nomads spent their entire lives moving around their territory as the livestock ate the grass.

Slide 15

They lived in tents or set up yurts, which could easily be removed and loaded into the same tent.

Unfortunately, there are no untouched virgin lands left in the steppe. Cattle trample and pluck grass. Habitats disappear and animals disappear. Animal hunting is underway.

Slide 16

A man came to the steppe. Man has long been interested in the fertile soils of the steppe, flora and fauna.

What environmental problems have arisen as a result of human activity?

Let's think about whether there are reasons that negatively affect nature in the steppe?

Slide 17

CAUSES EFFECTS

1.Cutting forest strips 1. Dry winds.

2. Improper plowing of the soil. 2. Destruction of the soil,

Growth of ravines, violation of fertile soil

3. Dry winds. . 3.The wind will blow

Top fertile layer

Dust storms.

4.Washing away the soil with water 4.Disturbing the soil, washing away humus..

Streams

How to help? Slide 18

Limit plowing of steppes:

Limit livestock grazing;

Fight poaching;

Create nature reserves;

Before plowing the fields, collect bustard eggs and raise them in special incubators. And then release him onto the field.

How did man influence the world of the steppe?

(man built fields and gardens. He plowed the soil, created pastures, hunted steppe animals. During field work, the birds themselves and their nests died.) With his arrival, everything changes, and the steppe has changed.

Why is it necessary to preserve the remaining areas of the steppe? (answers)

Conclusion: The steppes have changed their appearance. They are no longer the same as the first settlers saw them. Nowadays, there are practically no wild steppes left; they are all plowed up. On the territory of the former steppes, people build settlements, plows fields, grows plants, grazes livestock. But it is very important to be able to preserve the remaining untouched steppes - their unique flora and fauna. It is necessary to conduct agriculture correctly in order to prevent excessive plowing of land, overgrazing of livestock, and poaching. To preserve rare animals, hunting them is prohibited. Nurseries are being created where bustards, saigas, and kulans are raised. In nature reserves, areas of virgin steppes are protected.

And you and I need to learn to protect the riches of our land. To be caring owners so that the soil does not become scarce and plants and animals do not disappear.

Love and take care of the nature of the country and native land!

6. Summing up the lesson

– Mark on your sheets how you evaluate your work in class. (emoticons)

Reflection on activity (lesson summary).

7. Lesson summary.

Let's remember why the steppe is called the “granary.” (for the most fertile soils, agriculture)

Why is it necessary to preserve the remaining areas of the steppe?

7. Homework : pp. 102-107 read, answer questions. Workbook №54-57

Thank you for the lesson.

Literature:

1. Dmitrieva N.Ya., Kazakov A.N. The world. 3rd grade. Part 1. - Samara: Educational Literature Publishing House, 2008 .
2. Dmitrieva N.Ya., Kazakov A.N. Guidelines for the course The world around us, grade 3. - Samara: Educational Literature Publishing House, 2010.

The steppe is a flat landscape zone located in the temperate and subtropical zones of the Northern and Southern Hemispheres. Steppes are common on all continents, with the exception of Antarctica.

Unfortunately, this type of natural landscape is gradually disappearing from the face of the earth. There are many reasons: plowing of the land, poaching, intensive grazing, fires.

General characteristics of the steppe

The steppes are characterized by an almost complete absence of trees. The exceptions are artificial plantings along paved roads and forest belts near water bodies. But in the steppe grows a large number herbaceous plants and bushes.

However, it is worth remembering that a flat treeless area with a humid climate is no longer a steppe. This is a zone of swampy meadows, and in the north, under such conditions, tundras are formed.

Natural areas of the steppes

The steppe natural zone is located between forest-steppe and semi-desert. The steppe is a treeless space completely covered with grass. The grasses form an almost closed carpet.

Steppe plants are distinguished by their ability to tolerate drought and heat. As a rule, the leaves of steppe plants are small, grayish or bluish-green. Many plants have the ability to curl up their leaves during drought to prevent evaporation.

Since the steppes occupy vast areas, plant species are very diverse. First of all, forage plants are of great importance for humans: clover, alfalfa, corn, sunflower, Jerusalem artichoke. Beets, potatoes, as well as grains: oats, barley, millet.

Among the steppe plants there are also medicinal herbs and honey plants.

Animals of the steppes are not much different from the fauna of deserts and semi-deserts. They also have to adapt to hot summers and frosty winters. The most common ungulates are antelopes and saigas, and the most common predators are foxes, wolves and manulas. There are many rodents (gophers, jerboas, marmots), reptiles and insects. Among steppe birds Commonly encountered are steppe eagles, bustards, larks, and harriers. Most bird species fly to warmer climes in winter.

Many steppe animals and birds are on the verge of extinction and are listed in the Red Book.

Types of steppes

Types of steppes are distinguished depending on the ratio of cereals and herbaceous plants.

. Mountain- characterized by lush forbs. An example is the mountain steppes of the Caucasus and Crimea.

. Meadow, or forbs - the largest number of species of steppe plants grow here. Meadow steppes are in contact with forests, and their soils are rich in black soil. Most of the steppes of the European part of Russia and Western Siberia belong to this species.

. Xerophilous- with an abundance of turf grasses, mainly feather grass. This type of steppe is often called feather grass. For example, the southern steppes in the Orenburg region.

. Desert, or deserted. There is a lot of wormwood, tumbleweed, twigs and ephemerals here. This is what the once rich, mixed-grass steppes of Kalmykia have become, which as a result of human activity are gradually turning into deserts.

Steppe climate

The main feature of all steppes is aridity. The climate type is from moderate continental to sharply continental. The average annual precipitation rarely exceeds 400 mm. Windy weather prevails in the steppes, and summer is characterized by a large number of sunny days. Winters have little snow, but snowstorms and blizzards are frequent.

Another feature of the steppes is the sharp difference in day and night temperatures, since at night the temperature can drop by 15-20ºC. These conditions make steppes similar to deserts.

Dust storms often occur in the steppes, which affect soil erosion and lead to the formation of gullies and ravines.

Soils of temperate steppes climatic zone are very fertile and are actively used in agriculture. The basis is black soil, only closer to the southern latitudes chestnut soils are found.

IN different countries the steppes have their own name. In Australia and Africa it is the savannah, in South America it is the llanos and pampas, or pampas, in North America- prairies, and in New Zealand - tussoki.

In Europe, steppes have been preserved mainly in protected areas. But in Siberia there are still virgin steppes - Kuraiskaya, Chuiskaya.

For 1 sq. km of steppe space is inhabited by more insects than people in the whole world.

The steppes are home to the most large birds. In Russia there are bustards, and in Africa there are ostriches.

How do they live in the steppes? Why do people live in the steppes? Can pastoralists live sedentary lives? What nomadic peoples do you know? What kind of home does a nomad need? What is its functionality? What material is easy for a cattle breeder to build a house from? Is furniture needed in such a house? The inhabitants of the steppes create their home from sheep's wool. It is felted into felt and made into carpets to turn them into warm walls. Such a house is called a yurt. A felt blanket is used to cover a light frame of knitted, accordion-stretched wooden bars and long thin poles forming a vault. Wooden parts are precious, they are protected and when transported they are packed in elegant felt cases. The yurt can be assembled in just one hour and transported on one camel. The yurt is decorated with ornaments... In the center of the yurt there is a fireplace, at the top there is a chimney, through which you can see the sky. The door faces south. Why is a yurt decorated? What do the ornaments decorating the yurt mean? The entire nomadic settlement was a strictly organized space. This is a circle divided by rays of roads and streets, with the main large yurt in the center. The main entrance to the settlement is from the south. Kyrgyz yurt. N. Roerich. Mongolia. Yurts.

The world around us 4th grade

“Conflicts in our lives” - A collection of good advice. Types of conflicts. Last call. Which leads to conflict. Lena came up. Conflict. How conflicts are resolved. The harm of conflicts. Dispute. Collision. Speech etiquette. Telephone. Survey results. Boys. There are no uninteresting people in the world. Conflicts in our lives. You like to listen to loud music.

“House for Starlings” - Starling. Journalists. Designer. Stages of the project. Abstract of the project. What have we done to improve the situation? Theorists. Constructor. Mathematicians. Attention students. Methodological tasks. A cozy house for starlings. Sociologists. Results of research presentation. Birdhouses in the school garden. "Birds are our friends." The main question. Birdsong.

“Plants in human life” - Results of the survey. Flowers and perfumes. Flowers as medicine. The role of flowers in human life. Fashion designers create Wedding Dresses from flowers. Plan. Flower plants are a source of inspiration. Flowers as part of the interior, garden or clothing. Flowers play an important role in our life. Role flowering plants in the production of oxygen.

"Dinosaurs" - Dinosaurs had five fingers. The smallest dinosaurs. Dinosaurs. The first real dinosaurs. Dinosaurs are extinct animals. Predatory dinosaurs were smaller and walked on their hind limbs. Dominant lizards. Ornithomimids. The size of tyrannosaurs was a problem. Stegosaurus, who lived in Cretaceous period, had a body length of about 9 m.

“Gems” - Jasper. Jade. Emerald beads. Aventurine. Emerald. Malachite watch. Onyx. Onyx products. Cups and castle. Corridor Winter Palace. Amethyst. Hematin egg. the Amber Room. Agate butterfly. Jasper frog. Chess board. Coil. Moon rock. Opal necklace. Products. Flower. Amazonite. Ring. Topaz. Hematite. Aventurine cats. Opal. Agate. Moonstone earrings. Bulls-eye. Topaz ring.

“History of Mankind” - Human Occupations. Ancient man looked like a large monkey. The beginning of human history. Archeology is the science of antiquity. Life of a primitive man. Living in the community. What is history? "Father of History" Hunting. The oldest man. Primitive artists. Sciences that help us learn history. History translated from Greek language means “a study, a story about past events.” The foreheads were low and sloping.