I will solve the exam history of palace coups. The era of palace coups

The period 1725-1762 is associated with the era palace coups. This segment National history characterized by frequent changes of rulers, a strengthening of the role of the guard, an increase in the privileges of the nobility and a deterioration in the position of the peasants. IN this period There were several rulers in power: Catherine the First, Peter the Second, Anna Ioannovna, Ivan the Sixth, Elizaveta Petrovna and Peter the Third.

One of the most significant events foreign policy is the Seven Years' War. The reasons for this war were the strengthening of Prussia, led by Frederick II, and its claim to influence in Poland and the Baltic states, which affected the interests of Russia. Important role in one of the key battles of the war, the Battle of Kunersdorf, he played P.S.

Saltykov. It was he who commanded the troops in this battle, foresaw the intentions of the Prussian army, drew up and proposed a battle strategy that helped the Russian army win this battle. As a result of the war, Prussia was significantly weakened, but Peter the Third, who ascended the throne, returned to it all the lands seized by Russia and even paid an indemnity.

This period is characterized by the development of culture and education. An important event was the founding of Moscow University. The reason for this was that the country needed educated, literate people who could perform public service with dignity. M.V. played a big role in this. Lomonosov.

It was he who developed a detailed project for the university and proposed to make it open not only to nobles, but also to all those who have aptitude for science. Subsequently, the university will graduate many talented statesmen, cultural figures and scientists.

During this period, the situation of the peasants is deteriorating. The reasons for this were that the rulers needed to provide a number of privileges for the nobility in order to gain their support. Empress Elizaveta Petrovna played an important role in this process. It was she who issued and signed a decree allowing the exile of unwanted peasants to Siberia without trial, thereby increasing the powers of the landowners in relation to the peasants.

During this period, an active foreign policy was pursued: the Junior, Middle and Senior Zhuzes were annexed to Russia. Russia also waged wars with Turkey and Sweden, as a result of which it returned Azov and confirmed the annexation of territories under the Nystad Peace. In domestic politics, such important events took place as the creation of the Supreme Privy Council, which was subsequently abolished by Anna Ioannovna. She, in turn, abolished the decree on single inheritance and reduced the service life of the nobles to 25 years. Also, it was during this period that internal customs duties and the Noble Bank was opened.

This period cannot be assessed unambiguously. On the one hand, there were no major and significant transformations that began under Peter. Due to frequent changes of rulers, the role of the guard increased, the rise of the nobility and the strengthening of its privileges occurred, as a result of which the situation of the peasants became worse. But on the other hand, it was during this period that Russia actively developed Kazakhstan, annexed new lands, returned Azov, and, as a result of the Seven Years' War, strengthened its authority in the international arena (even despite the fact that all lands were returned to Prussia). It is worth assessing the impact of the period on further history. Thus, the nobility, whose strengthening began in this period, will continue to increase its influence and privileges. Already under Catherine the Second, the Charter of the Nobility will be issued, which will finally determine the privileged position of this class. Moscow University, founded under Elizaveta Petrovna, continued its activities and is still one of the most prestigious educational institutions Russia. Due to the increasing privileges of the nobles, the situation of the peasants will become worse, which will lead to their discontent, which will result in an uprising led by Emelyan Pugachev, which will become one of the largest popular uprisings. This period of history was an important milestone in the history of the country and determined many further trends.

PALACE COUPS

1. During which of the wars of the 16th-18th centuries. Russian troops took Berlin? a) Livonian b) Northern c) Seven Years d) Smolensk

2 . Which of the named persons was statesman during the reign of Anna Ioannovna?

a) G. Potemkin b) E. Biron c) A. Menshikov d) A. Razumovsky

3 . Which of the following events is associated with the concept of “condition”?

a) accession to the throne of Catherine 1 b) reforms of Peter 1 c) reforms of Paul 1 d) accession to the throne of Anna

4. The daughter of Peter 1, Elizabeth, ended up on the Russian throne

a) according to the will of Peter 1 b) at the request of participants in the peasant uprising

c) at the invitation of the Supreme Privy Council d) as a result of a palace coup

5. Arrange in chronological order

a) the Seven Years' War b) the Azov campaigns c) “Table of Ranks” d) the reign of Ivan VI

6 . Arrange the names of historical figures in chronological order of their activities:

a) Kurbsky b) Lefort c) Ordin-Nashchokin d) I. Shuvalov e) E. Biron f) I. Dolgoruky

7. Read an excerpt from the work of the historian Klyuchevsky and indicate whose reign the historian characterizes:

“It was a blatant challenge to the Russian sense of national honor. But the Germans, after ten years of domination, which embittered the Russians, sat down near the Russian throne, like hungry cats near a pot of porridge, and having had enough to eat, began to gnaw each other in their well-fed leisure.” a) Anna Ioannovna b) Peter 111 c) Catherine 11 d) Elizaveta Petrovna s

8. Read an excerpt from the work of the historian Kamensky and name the ruler about whom we're talking about :

“At the very end of 1761, a 35-year-old man ascended to the Russian throne - nervous, impressionable, intemperate in his impulses and hobbies. He did not know or love the country that he was to rule, and it did not occur to him that he had any responsibilities towards this country, and that its people were not just a crowd of subjects. Having escaped from the cage where he was kept almost his entire adult life, he for the first time felt like an emperor, an autocrat with unlimited power and reveled in freedom, the opportunity to live and reign as he pleased.”

9 . Review the historical situation and answer the questions.

On November 25, 1741, the guard proclaimed “Petrova’s daughter” empress! Elizaveta Petrovna.

How did she ascend to the throne and why? (Name at least two facts). Name at least three features of the reign of Elizabeth Petrovna.

10. Name at least two common features all palace coups from 1725 to 1762.

11. Correct at least 7 errors (some appear more than once) in the text.

After the death of Peter 1, the question of power arose. The choice fell on the Duchess of Courland Elizabeth. The leaders decided to strengthen autocratic power and sent her “conditions” with an invitation to the throne. These rules were published in all newspapers. But Elizabeth did not sign them. Arriving in Moscow, she learned that almost all the nobles maintain “standards”. Only after this she put her signature on the document.

12. Which of the following events happened in the 18th century? A) opening of the Slavic-Greek-Latin Academy

B) opening of the Higher Women's Courses C) opening of the Tsarskoye Selo Lyceum D) founding of Moscow University

13. Russian troops in the 18th century entered Berlin during... A) Seven Years' War B) Northern War

C) Suvorov’s campaigns D) Ushakov’s campaigns

14. The laid down commission was called upon... A) establish new order succession to the throne B) abolish serfdom C) develop a new set of laws D) establish a State Council

15. Secularization is... A) policy of providing economic assistance to entrepreneurs B) active government. Intervention in households life C) state policy aimed at supporting domestic production D) conversion of church property into state property by the state

16. What three events occurred during the reign of Catherine 2 A) uprising led by Pugachev B) capture of the Izmail fortress by Russian troops C) church reform Patriarch Nikon D) secularization E) the entry of Crimea into Russia E) Battle of Poltava

17. Read the text. Answer the questions.“It remains for us to answer the question that worried both contemporaries and descendants: why did the intention of the rulers to limit the autocracy fail, why did the torn condition become the culmination of the victory of the autocracy? By chance, the Supreme Privy Council was staffed primarily by people from the aristocracy, and representatives of two families: the Dolgorukys and the Golitsyns. The conditions he compiled reflected the interests primarily of these two families. Read the conditions and their preamble, which consisted of 12 points, and you will find only 2, in the implementation of which wide circles of the nobility were interested: the empress’s obligation to take care of the strengthening and expansion of Orthodoxy and the deprivation of the empress’s ability to dispose of the lives and estates of nobles without trial. The remaining 10 points were aimed at satisfying the interests of two aristocratic families and did not mean change political system in the country, but a limitation of the power of the monarch in favor of specific families. The above gives grounds to consider the “loophole” of the supreme leaders to be oligarchic, satisfying the claims of only two families. This is where all subsequent erroneous actions of the supreme leaders originated.” A) Under what name did the described period go down in history? Who compiled the standards? Who was asked to sign them? B) What was the purpose of the conditioning? Why was it not implemented? (3 reasons) Q) How does the author assess the “venture” of the Verkhoviki? What reasons does he give to justify his assessment? (2 reasons)

Signs of the era of palace coups:

1. Ambiguity of the system of succession to the throne. Lack of a ruler with firm rights to the throne.
2. The nobility becomes the main political force in society.
3. The main weapon in the struggle between various noble factions becomes guards regiments, primarily Semenovsky and Preobrazhensky.
4. The main method of political struggle during this period was palace coups.
5. A notable phenomenon in the political life of Russia was favoritism.

January 28, 1725 Peter I dies without leaving a will. A crisis of power arose. The new nobility, led by Menshikov, sought to place the empress on the throne - Ekaterina Alekseevna (Marta Skavronska), to whom Peter himself most likely wanted to bequeath the crown. The old nobility, led by princes Golitsyn and Dolgoruky, citing centuries-old traditions, tried to bring the young Peter Alekseevich to power. However, it was not so much about the candidacy of the emperor, but about which of the aristocracy groups would actually rule the country.

As a result of the palace coup, Catherine I became empress. Under her 1726 the highest ruling body was created - Supreme Privy Council. The council was led by Menshikov, Catherine’s favorite.

IN 1727 Catherine I dies, bequeathing, at the insistence of Menshikov, the throne to Tsarevich Peter. Menshikov supported his candidacy because he hoped to marry him to his daughter, thereby further strengthening his power. A.G. had the same plans. Dolgoruky, who prepared a conspiracy against Peter's favorite. For a trivial reason A.D. Menshikov was arrested and exiled to the city of Berezov, where he soon died. Preparations for the imperial wedding begin, however, a few days before it, in January 1730 Peter II, whose body was greatly weakened by alcoholism, fell ill with smallpox and died. With his death, the male line of the Romanov dynasty was interrupted.

The leaders invite the Duchess of Courland Anna Ivanovna, the niece of Peter I, the daughter of Ivan V, to the throne. The Golitsyns and Dolgorukys tried to limit her power condition(conditions) she signed to receive the crown. However, upon arrival in St. Petersburg, Anna Ivanovna quickly becomes convinced that the bulk of the nobility does not support the leaders and tears up this document. In the same year, 1730, she dissolved the Supreme Privy Council. created instead Cabinet of Ministers.

Anna Ivanovna's reign can hardly be considered successful. The narrow-minded empress spent her time in hunting and entertainment, often very cruel ( "Ice House", For example). All the highest government positions were occupied by Germans, to whom the interests of Russia were alien. Anna Biron's favorite had unlimited power - these years went down in history as Bironovism. As a result of Anna Ivanovna's reign, the army and navy fell into disrepair, and the treasury was plundered.

IN 1740 Anna Ivanovna dies, bequeathing the throne to two-month-old Ivan VI Antonovich, the son of her niece Anna Leopoldovna. Biron was appointed regent. In the same year, Minikh overthrew Biron and Anna Leopoldovna herself became regent.

IN 1741 there was a palace coup, as a result of which he came to power youngest daughter Peter I Elizabeth. Ivan VI was imprisoned in the fortress and twenty-three years later he was killed there by order of Catherine II.

A very patriotic-minded Elizabeth begins the revival of the army and navy and pays attention to the development of science and education. IN 1755 g., on the initiative of M.V. Lomonosov and with the participation of P. Shuvalov and E. Dashkova, Moscow State University was opened. In 1756 the death penalty was abolished. There is a ruling body under the empress Conference at the highest court.

At the same time, the courtyard is drowning in luxury, holidays, fireworks, and carnivals are held almost every day - this devastates the treasury. To please her favorite Alexei Razumovsky (a native of Ukraine), Elizabeth restores the hetmanship, abolished by Peter after Mazepa’s betrayal. Kirill Razumovsky, Alexei’s brother, becomes hetman. Russia's entry into the Seven Years' War in 1757 showed the relatively low combat capability of the Russian army. Nevertheless, in general, Elizabeth's reign can be assessed as quite successful.

Before death, in 1761 Mr. Elizaveta Petrovna bequeaths the throne to her nephew, son eldest daughter Peter Anna, Peter III. Stupid and frivolous (the Empress herself called him the “Holstein devil”), he turned out to be incapable of governing the state. Trying to strengthen his authority, he 1762 publishes Manifesto on the freedom of the nobility, in which the compulsory service of nobles, introduced by Peter, was abolished. However, this event does not save the emperor: in the same year he is overthrown and soon killed. His wife, Catherine II, becomes empress.

The era of palace coups is the period from 1725 to 1762, when in Russia, after the death of Peter I, several rulers were replaced as a result of state conspiracies and the actions of the guard, led either by the aristocracy or by Peter’s closest associates. Catherine I, Peter II, Anna Ioannovna, Anna Leopoldovna with her son Ivan Antonovich VI, Elizaveta Petrovna, and finally Peter III came to power successively. They ruled with varying degrees of awareness, involvement in the state process, and for different periods of time. In this lesson you will learn about all these events in more detail.

In the event of a palace coup, no qualitative changes occur either in the political, socio-economic, or cultural structure of the state.

Causes of palace coups

1. Expanding the powers of the state apparatus
2. Nobles gaining greater financial, political and cultural independence
3. Creation of the Guard
4. Decree of Peter I on succession to the throne
5. Lack of a legitimate heir to Peter I

Died in 1725 Russian Emperor PeterIGreat. The imperial entourage was faced with the question of who would ascend the throne. It turned out that Peter's inner circle was divided into two parts. One part is the aristocracy: Golitsyns, Dolgorukies, etc.; the other part are those people who came to power thanks to their skills and knowledge from the very bottom: HELL. Menshikov (Fig. 2), P.A. Tolstoy (Fig. 3), A.I. Osterman (Fig. 4) and other minor nobles and people from abroad. The aristocracy supported Peter's grandsonI, son of the murdered Tsarevich Alexei - Peter. Those who came from “Petrov’s nest” wanted to see Peter the Great’s wife, Catherine, on the Russian throne.

Rice. 2. A.D. Menshikov - the main favorite of Catherine I ()

Rice. 3. P.A. Tolstoy - favorite of Catherine I ()

Rice. 4. A.I. Osterman - favorite of Catherine I ()

When there was a discussion in the Government Senate about who to put on the throne of the Russian Empire, Menshikov asked the guard her opinion, and she replied that she wanted to see Catherine as the ruler of RussiaI(Fig. 5). Thus, the guard decided the fate of the throne, and from 1725 to 1727. Russian Empire rules EkaterinaI. On the one hand, Catherine was wonderful person, wise wife. But, on the other hand, during her reign she did not show herself in any way as an empress. An important event was that she, together with Peter I, opened the Academy of Sciences; she herself created the Supreme Privy Council. The de facto ruler of the country under Catherine I was her favorite A.D. Menshikov, who headed the Supreme Privy Council.

Rice. 5. Catherine I - Russian empress ()

In 1727 CatherineI died. The opinions of the highest aristocracy, the guard, and the “chicks of Peter’s nest” agreed that the next ruler should have been Peter II(Fig. 6), who became the Emperor of the Russian Empire at the age of less than 12 years. HELL. Menshikov decided that he would be the one to control the teenager. At first, Peter II was under the actual influence of Menshikov. He planned to marry Peter to his daughter M.A. Menshikova and thus become related to the royal power.

Rice. 6. Peter II - Russian Emperor ()

But at the peak of his fame, Alexander Danilovich fell ill, and power passed from his hands to the old family aristocracy. The Golitsyns and Dolgorukys quickly persuaded Peter II not to study, but to lead a riotous lifestyle. After Menshikov recovered and tried to influence Peter, he was sent into exile in Siberia, to the city of Berezov. PeterIIuntil 1730 it remained under the control of the aristocratic nobility. They tried to marry him a second time to E.A. Dolgoruky. But some time before the wedding, Peter II fell ill and died very quickly.

After Peter's deathIIThe Supreme Privy Council met to decide who should give power. There were no direct heirs to the throne, but Peter the Great had two daughters - Elizabeth and Anna, but they were not considered as heirs. Then the Supreme Privy Council remembered that Peter I's brother, Ivan, had three daughters, one of whom, Anna Ioannovna, lived in Courland and was a widow.

The Supreme Privy Council decided to elect Anna Ioannovna (Fig. 7) as Empress of Russia, having previously drawn up “conditions” for her that limited her power. First she signed these conditions in order to get out of Courland and get the position of empress in Russia. But when the Empress arrived in Russia, she saw that the guard and broad circles of the nobility were against the country being ruled by the “sovereigns”; she, with all her upper circle, broke the rules, thereby showing that she was rejecting the restrictions imposed on her by the Supreme Privy Council. Thus, she ruled, like previous emperors, autocratically.

Rice. 7. Anna Ioannovna - Russian Empress ()

Anna Ioannovna ruled the Russian Empire from 1730 to 1740. She dealt with the Supreme Privy Council and abolished it. The Golitsyns and Dolgorukys were subjected to repression. Characteristic of Anna’s reign was the so-called “Bironovschina” - the dominance of Germans in public administration (named after the Empress’s favorite E.I. Biron (Fig. 8), who was her co-ruler). They occupied all the main government posts: B.K. Minikh (Fig. 9) stood at the head of the army, A.I. Osterman was at the head of the Cabinet of Ministers. The Empress loved to have fun with her German favorites. All these entertainments collected large taxes from the Russian population.

Rice. 8. E.I. Biron is Anna Ioannovna's main favorite ()

Rice. 9. B.K. Minikh - favorite of Anna Ioannovna ()

During the reign of Anna Ioannovna, the following transformations were made in Russia:

1. Introduction of fashion for balls
2. Completion of construction of Peterhof
3. Introduction of the European lifestyle

A.P. Volynsky tried to somehow limit the dominance of the Germans in Russia, but he could not. For him it ended in execution.

Anna Ioannovna left the Russian throne to her niece Anna Leopoldovna(Fig. 10). But Anna Leopoldovna, at the end of Anna Ioannovna’s life, did not please her, so power passed to Anna Leopoldovna’s son, the recently born Ivan Antonovich VI (Fig. 11). Became regent of Ivan VI E.I. Biron.

Rice. 10. Anna Leopoldovna - mother of Ivan VI ()

Rice. 11. Ivan VI - young Russian emperor ()

Then events developed rapidly - three palace coups took place in one year. Almost immediately after the death of Anna Ioannovna, the once all-powerful Biron was overthrown by a coup by Osterman, who briefly captured the supreme state power in Russia. But soon Osterman was overthrown from the throne by Minich, who brought Anna Leopoldovna to power, who did not care about government controlled. She, like Anna Ioannovna, relied on the Germans to govern the country. Meanwhile, a new conspiracy grew behind her back.

As a result, Anna Leopoldovna and Ivan VI ruled Russia from only 1740 to 1741.

Elizaveta Petrovna ( rice. 12), daughter of Peter the Great, was drawn into a conspiracy, with the participation of foreigners, against Anna Leopoldovna and Ivan VI. Relying on the guardsmen, having their powerful support, Elizaveta Petrovna easily carried out a coup d'état and overthrew Anna Leopoldovna And IvanaVI.

Elizabeth I reigned from 1741 to 1761. She loved balls and entertainment. Her favorite favorites were A.G. Razumovsky (Fig. 13) and I.I. Shuvalov (Fig. 14). Under Elizabeth there were wars, victories, attempts at some reforms, and at the same time last years During her life, the often ill empress could go months without meeting with diplomats, ministers and other government officials. Elizaveta Petrovna got rid of the “Bironovism” and drove out all the Germans from the top government of the state, opening the way there again for the Russian nobility, which made her a heroine in their eyes.

In 1761 Elizaveta Petrovna died, and her nephew, the son of Anna, the second daughter of Peter the Great, Peter III (Fig. 15) ascended to the Russian throne since the empress did not have a legal husband or children. This emperor ruled the country for less than six months. Conflicting, but most often negative, reviews have been preserved about Peter III. In Russia he was considered not a patriot, since he relied on the Germans, stupid person. In the end, in early childhood Peter was raised as a contender for the throne of Sweden, not the Russian Empire.

Rice. 15. Peter III - Russian Emperor ()

In June 1762 Peter III overthrew own wife- future Empress Catherine II. It started with her new era Russian history.

Bibliography

1. Alkhazashvili D.M. The struggle for the legacy of Peter the Great. - M.: Gardariki, 2002.
2. Anisimov E.V. Russia in the middle of the 18th century. (The fight for the legacy of Peter I). - M., 1986.
3. Zagladin N.V., Simonia N.A. History of Russia and the world from ancient times to the end of the 19th century. Textbook for 10th grade. - M.: TID " Russian word- RS", 2008.
4. Danilov A.A., Kosulina L.G., Brandt M.Yu. Russia and the world. Antiquity. Middle Ages. New time. Grade 10. - M.: Education, 2007.
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6. Pavlenko N.I. Passion at the throne. - M., 1996.

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Homework

1. Name the reasons for palace coups.
2. Describe the course of palace coups and its political aspect.
3. What were the results of palace coups for Russia?