Essay Peter 1: genius or tyrant. Essay Peter I - Great Reformer or Tyrant? composition. Transformations of Peter. Church reform

This question cannot be answered unambiguously. What was Russia like in the 17th century? A typically patriarchal state. She seemed frozen in her development. She needed a push for further development, or rather a powerful “kick”. It was Peter the Great who did it. Almost like the literary hero Baron Munchausen, who pulled himself out of the swamp by his hair, he also pulled Russia out of the swamp in which it was located.

And why such a harsh formulation of the question? Tyrant? Yes, his order to shave beards is baby talk compared to the tyranny of the 20th century! It was not he who created the Gulag.

Revolutionary changes, even good ones, are never without victims. Someone always resists innovation. Opponents of change are not asleep; they incite dissatisfied people to riot. They can only be suppressed with a strong hand. His goals were progressive, but his methods of achieving them were not always civilized.

There was a lot of work. Lacking knowledge and skills, he visited Europe under the guise of an ordinary carpenter. He was interested in practical issues - the construction of ships, plants, factories. The lifestyle of Europeans, in particular fashion.

It was he who ordered women to wear European dresses and wigs, and men to wear camisoles, over the knee boots, and shave their beards. The great sovereign also brought tobacco to Russia. He just wanted Russia to be a civilized country.

He streamlined the structure of government and published the Table of Ranks. Industry growth. New factories were built in the Urals. Guns and cannons were cast on them. “Lapotnaya” Russia sold metal to “advanced” Europe. Trade began to develop.

The creation of a fundamentally new combat-ready army, the introduction of recruitment, and the opening of specialized military schools made it possible to carry out military reforms in the shortest possible time, about five years. This immediately manifested itself, for example, in the Battle of Poltava. The Swedes learned a good lesson and went home.

The fleet is Peter's favorite brainchild. He visited the shipyards every day and monitored the construction of ships. He saw Russia as a great maritime power. Laid the foundations of the Baltic Fleet. Russia gained access to the ocean. He specially opened the Navigation School, where children from poor families could study.

As for the fact that he scolded embezzlers and slackers, it was impossible to do otherwise. Give the Russian man free rein - he will steal everything.

The construction of St. Petersburg is a brilliant project of Peter the Great. A great power must have a great capital on the sea. Yes, construction was associated with mass death of people. You could say that the city is built on bones. And the climate there is not healthy. But Peter the Great had his own point of view on this matter.

Kronstadt, the naval base of the Russian fleet, was also built there. By modern standards, as the parade on Navy Day showed, ocean cruisers and submarines were unable to enter the mouth of the Neva, it was too small for them there. But at that time it was progressive. By the way, Peter the Great also introduced the uniform for sailors - a guy, a comfortable "Dutch" shirt, and a pea coat. Sailors still wear them.

My opinion is this. If Peter the Great had not come to power, but Princess Sophia or his brother Ivan had come, then no one knows what would have happened to Russia. Would they have enough intelligence, drive, and leadership qualities to radically rebuild Russia? Hardly. After all, the European neighbors were ready to “chop off” part of our territory. Their armies were much more powerful than the Russian army. Where are we with the archers against rifles and cannons! Peter the Great understood this before others. And only he managed to teach his enemies a good lesson.

If, theoretically, we put on the left side of the scale all the positive, progressive things that Peter the Great did, and on the right side the negative consequences of what he did, then the left side will outweigh the right. For me, Peter the Great is definitely a reformer.

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Peter I is one of the most striking and controversial figures in Russian history; she still causes controversy among historians regarding the results and methods of government. Peter's reforms were contradictory: on the one hand, he sought to advance Russia along the path of progress, on the other, he did this using barbaric methods, at the cost of enormous sacrifices and suffering of the people.

Peter the Great, with his reforms, contributed to the development of all aspects of society. He developed industrial production in the economy, building manufactories, and pursued a policy of protectionism, that is, supporting domestic production by introducing high import duties. In addition, a trade charter was drawn up and the port was moved from Arkhangelsk to St. Petersburg. Changes also occurred in the military field. The reorganization of the army, the introduction of recruitment, the creation of military educational institutions and regulations, the construction of the fleet led to the fact that Russia became an empire that undoubtedly could not be ignored in Europe.

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The modernization of the management system (the creation of the Senate, collegiums, the division of the country into provinces) strengthened secular power in Russia and the autocracy of the autocrat.

At the same time, getting acquainted with European achievements during the Great Embassy of 1697-1698. Peter remained indifferent to the ideas of parliamentarism, since he believed that they were unacceptable in Russia. He ruled the country using purely dictatorial methods, causing protest in different sectors of society. Uprisings broke out repeatedly: Arkhangelsk (1705–1706), Bashkir (1704–1711), K. Bulavin’s uprising (1707–1708). Tsarevich Alexei also spoke out against his father, for which he was executed. The most beautiful city in Russia, the “paradise” of Peter - St. Petersburg was actually built on bones, since over one hundred thousand people died during its construction. Traditions and folk foundations that had developed over centuries were mercilessly broken. All these sacrifices were to achieve the main goal - the creation of a great Russia.

P.N. Miliukov believed that the reforms were carried out by Peter haphazardly, from case to case, under the pressure of specific circumstances, and that only “at the cost of ruining the country was Russia elevated to the rank of a European power.” Famous historian S.M. Soloviev thought differently. He believed that the appearance of the reformer king was predetermined by history itself: “... the people rose up and got ready for the road; but they were waiting for someone; They were waiting for the leader, and the leader appeared.”

Thus we can conclude that at the beginning of the 18th century. Russia needed reforms, otherwise it would have remained a backward country. Reforms always cause discontent in society, and only a strong, integral personality could cope with resistance.

Updated: 2018-02-20

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Peter the Great is one of the most prominent rulers in Russian history. And today, historians argue about who Peter the Great was for our country - a reformer who managed to put the Russian Empire on the same level as the most developed European powers, or a tyrant who achieved his lofty goals using rather low methods.

Opinions about the reign of Peter the Great are different, but they can be divided into three main groups: panegyrists, who see only positive aspects in Peter’s activities; accusers, I condemn here the reforms of Peter and his desire to be closer to Europe; and objectivists, who recognize Peter’s merits, but also show the shortcomings of his actions.

Personally, I am more inclined towards objectivists, since I believe that it is difficult to say definitely good or definitely bad about the reign of such an outstanding historical figure as Peter the Great. Peter's reign was marked by the most large-scale reform of life in Russia.

Speaking about the positive side of Peter's reign, it is worth mentioning that, firstly, Peter managed to completely get rid of the old government and make the structure of power easier. Secondly, during the time of Peter the Russian army took shape as a regular, permanent formation. Various types of troops, as well as levels of military service, appeared in the army. Thanks to this, every officer could make a career for himself. One cannot help but say about the Russian fleet, which became one of the strongest on the world stage of the 17th century precisely thanks to Peter’s reforms. Thirdly, under Peter the Great, an active fight against the abuses of officials began for the first time. This was dealt with by a special body of secret supervision, namely its employees - the fiscals. Fourthly, Peter the Great drew attention to the position of the classes of Russian society. At the same time, using the experience of European countries, Peter was guided not by the financial situation or family of people, but by their benefit to society.

But if you look at Peter’s reign from a critical point of view, then first of all we remember the strengthening and already a century of serfdom, the use of violence in response to disagreement with reforms, Peter’s willingness to use all resources to win the Northern War, even those that were previously considered inviolable. All these points also characterize the reign of Peter, but in a certain way. That is why it is difficult to say about the personality of Peter the Great whether the end justifies the means or not.

I would prefer to remain of the opinion that the reign of Peter the Great had both pros and cons, and to talk about it, considering only the benefits or only the harm, would be unfair.

Goldobina Elena, 11th grade

Russia, 17th century. The worldview, customs and morals, as well as religious beliefs in the state are conservative and unchanging. They seemed frozen, like a fly in amber. And they could have remained this fly for another half a thousand years if... If an active and active, inquisitive and restless young man, interested in everything in the world and not afraid of work, had not come to the helm. Whom we, descendants, call “Peter I”. And abroad they call our sovereign nothing less than “Great.”

Regarding “or”.

It seems to me that the characterization is so

There shouldn’t be any “or” for a personality that is large-scale in cultural and historical terms for all of Russia. Oppositions are good in clear things. Stupid or smart, tall or short, black or white. “Reformer or tyrant” is a fundamentally incorrect definition. When reforming something, as well as restoring and repairing, you cannot do without “sacrifices”. To tidy up the walls in an old kitchen, wash off the old whitewash and tear off dirty wallpaper. At the end of the renovation, everything is beautiful, bright, clean and new. But do remnants of old wallpaper thrown in the trash think so?

Perhaps the above comparison is a bit harsh in relation to

global changes that Peter I made in Russian society, but it is quite eloquent. And then, why: “tyrant”? Did he, like the Bolshevik “reformers” of the 20th century, burn, shoot, slaughter, “nationalize” and execute “enemies of the people”? His “barbering” is mere trifle compared to genuine tyranny and authoritarianism.

All the reforms, carried out with such pressure and thirst for improvement by the young, maximalist-minded emperor, were aimed at “promoting” (as they say now) the country entrusted to him. To take it to a new level, to “bring it into the light,” to bring it closer to the benefits and achievements of civilization, which he himself had seen enough of since his youth in Europe.

For the most part, the people and the “bearded merchants” grumbled because of external changes that were not so important or fundamental. Changing the caftan, shortening beards, introducing foreign dishes into the diet and holidays into the calendar. That which split the “amber” and released the fly from the “crampedness, but no offense” into the fresh air.

Serious reforms affecting career advancement, some equalization in the rights of all worthy, smart and skillful people, could not bring anything other than real benefits for the cultural and intellectual life of the state.

If earlier “every cricket” not only knew, but also sat, as if glued, on its “pole,” now thousands of people were given the opportunity to find a use for themselves to their liking. Not only hereditary carpenters, in the 7th generation, could do carpentry. But the peasants, if they have their will, desire, and real abilities. The same goes for trade, jewelry, shipping, engineering... whatever you take on. Is it really worth arguing about the beneficial influence of Peter’s reforms on the development of all of the above crafts?

Marriages that could combine people of different classes. Isn't there any benefit here? This question, however, is more controversial.

In conclusion, I would like to say that Peter I, in my opinion, is not a tyrant or a despot. He tried to be fair. And, for the most part, he succeeded.

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Peter the Great was the son of Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich and Natalya Kirillovna Naryshkina. He was enthroned in 1682, when he was 10 years old. He really began to govern Russia in 1689. It was Peter who finally transformed the Muscovite kingdom into the Russian Empire. Under him, Rus' became Russia: a multinational power with access to the southern and northern seas. Peter the Great completely turned the entire life of the country upside down. There was Muscovite Rus', unhurried, not like its Western neighbors; it became the Russian Empire, the pace of development of which accelerated several times! Gottfried Kneller "Peter I", 1698. Introduction Peter I the Great (05/30/1682 - 01/28/1725) Tsar since 1682, first Russian emperor since 1721.

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Reforms of Peter I 1. Economic reforms 2. Provincial reform 3. Reform of the state apparatus 4. Finance and budget reform 5. Military reform 6. Reforms in the navy 8. Reforms in other areas of public life 7. Church reform Lawmaking in the Peter the Great era

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Lawmaking in the Petrine era The reign of Peter I was characterized by active lawmaking, covering almost all spheres of life of the population. New laws regulated the relationship between subjects and the state, the rights and obligations of representatives of individual classes. Government decrees oriented citizens towards rational management, requiring them, for example, to tan leather with lard, not tar, to build stoves not on the floor, but on the foundation, etc. Whatever place his subjects occupied in the class hierarchy, the tsar sternly and strictly demanded that they carry out the decrees he issued. All decrees of Peter I consisted of three parts. In the first part, the king explained to his subjects the reasonableness and usefulness of the introduced norm. For example, the legislator urged harvesting bread with scythes instead of sickles on the grounds that this method “is much more affordable and more profitable than the average worker of ten people.” The second part of the decree set out the essence of the norm itself. The third part listed the penalties for violators of the law: whipping (with rods), monetary fines of various sizes, confiscation of all or part of the property, imprisonment, exile to Siberia, hard labor, etc. The legislation of Peter the Great's time persistently promoted the idea of ​​the “common good”, as well as its concern for the “welfare of the subjects” and the “national benefit”. Subjects were persistently instilled with the idea of ​​a state that cared equally about the entire population of the country. Back to reforms

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“It is absolutely indisputable that the successes of Peter’s army on the battlefields would have been impossible without serious changes in the economy of the then Russia: the victorious weapons of Noteburg, Poltava, Gangut were forged in the forges of the Urals, Tula, and Petrovsky factories. There is also no doubt that during the reign of Peter, a radical reform was carried out in the field of economics, which had far-reaching consequences. In the first quarter of the 18th century, Russia experienced a sharp economic leap. Industrial construction of the Peter the Great era took place at a pace unprecedented for that time: between 1695 and 1725, at least two hundred manufactories of various profiles arose, that is, ten times more than there were at the end of the 17th century, and this with an even more impressive increase in production volume. The most characteristic feature of the economic boom in Russia at the beginning of the 18th century was the decisive role of the autocratic state in the economy, its active and deep penetration into all spheres of economic life. This role was due to many factors.” Both paths of development of state entrepreneurship - the activation of old industrial areas and the creation of new ones - are especially clearly visible in the example of metallurgy - the basis of military power. The treasury has invested huge amounts of money in expanding the production of iron, cannons, and weapons in areas of traditional production - in Karelia, the Voronezh-Tambov region, and in the Center. Here, new factories were built in a short time, old ones were expanded, often taken away from those entrepreneurs who were not able to quickly cope with huge orders from the treasury. Actively using the experience of existing enterprises, and relocating the best craftsmen to a new location under the authority of the local administration - these were the methods for creating new manufactories under Peter the Great. In addition, Peter's residents in Western Europe actively invited foreign mining specialists and metallurgists, who willingly traveled to Russia from Germany, England and other countries. A powerful metallurgical base made it possible to expand metalworking production, or more precisely, the weapons industry. In Tula, famous for its gunsmiths, a large arms factory was founded in 1712, and in 1721 the same one appeared - Sestroretsky. Economic reforms Back to reforms

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The first attempt at radical administrative reforms was the provincial reform of 1708-1710. The country was divided into 8 provinces, far from equal in size (Petersburg, Arkhangelsk, Smolensk, Moscow, Kazan, Kiev, Azov and Siberian). At the head of the province were governors-general and governors. Of course, the positions of governors were occupied by especially trusted persons from the king’s entourage. The head of the province, who concentrated the highest military and civil functions in his hands, had an assistant (vice-governor), chief commandant (in charge of military affairs), chief commissar and chief provision master (monetary and grain taxes) and the so-called landrichter ( was in charge of justice). The provinces were initially divided into “districts” with a “commandant” (i.e., in the old way, a governor) at their head. However, the provincial chancellery clearly could not cope with the many districts, and therefore a new, sort of intermediate administrative unit was soon introduced - the “province”, headed by the chief commandant. In 1713-1714 3 more provinces appeared (Nizhny Novgorod, Astrakhan and Riga). Since 1715, the provinces began to be divided into provinces (50 in number), and the provinces were no longer divided into counties, but into “shares” headed by the Landrat (each share had 5,536 households). Landrat was an elected official from the nobles, although he was entirely subordinate to the highest authority. After some time, instead of “shares,” “districts” appeared, each of which should now have 2 thousand households. Note that when checking the results of the first audit by the military administration, another district appeared - a regimental one, where this or that regiment was stationed, for the maintenance of which the taxes of this district were used. In the province, the main administrative links were the commandant, the chamberlain, who organized the collection of taxes, and the rentmaster, who headed the local treasury (renter). In the districts, zemstvo commissars were primarily responsible for collecting taxes and performing police functions. Provincial reform Back to reforms

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The famous Senate was “born” by Peter 1 as if impromptu. Going on the Prut campaign in February 171 1, Peter promulgated a decree: “We have determined that there will be a government Senate for our absences, for governance...”. Its composition was small (9 senators), and it was created, as it were, temporarily. Following the first decree on March 2, a second came with a list of powers (care of justice, the organization of state revenues, general administration, trade and economy). The Senate soon became the highest judicial and administrative body. At first, the Senate was a collegial body of 9 senators with equal votes. Communication between the Senate and the provinces was carried out by provincial commissars. Appointments to the Senate, as well as exemptions from participation in it, were made by the tsar, who was not guided by the breed, but by the abilities of the candidate for senator. As a result, the senator's dependence on the king was immeasurably great. This revealed one of the features of the absolute, that is, unlimited, monarchy that was establishing itself in Russia. Almost simultaneously with the Senate, Peter 1 founded a new control and audit institution of the so-called fiscals. It was a whole army of officials who acted in secret and identified all unjust actions that caused damage to the state (embezzlement, bribery, violation of law and order, etc.). At the head of the fiscals was the chief fiscal of the Senate. He had 4 fiscals under his command (two from the merchants and two from the nobility). Under provincial governments there were also 4 fiscals, in cities - 1-2 fiscals. Fiscals did not receive a salary; as a reward for their work, in the first years they were entitled to half, and then a third of the confiscated property. The fiscals sent all their observations to the Execution Chamber, from where the cases were sent to the Senate. Since 1715, the Senate itself was supervised by a special Senate Auditor General, and since 1721, control was carried out on a monthly basis by headquarters officers of the Guard. Although, according to the original plan of Peter the Great, the Senate was assigned the role of a temporary institution, it existed until 1917, i.e. became the most lasting of Peter's innovations. Reform of the state apparatus Back to reforms

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Since the late 90s, the restructuring of the monetary system began. By 1704, instead of the primitive monetary system, represented only by a one-kopeck coin made from silver wire and its parts, a full set of silver coins of one kopeck, altyn (3 kopecks), piglet (5 kopecks), ten kopecks (10 kopecks) had developed. ), half a half (25 kopecks), half a half (50 kopecks) and, finally, a ruble. Instead of silver money (0.5 kopecks) and half rubles (0.25 kopecks), copper coins of the same denomination began to be issued. Since 1718, altyns and half-polushkas began to be made from copper, and from 1723, piglets, which eventually became the smallest copper coin. Coinage has been minted since the end of the 17th century. was accompanied by a decrease in the content of silver and copper in coins. Since 1711, silver coins began to be issued in the 70th standard. With the market price of a pound of copper being 6-8 rubles, from 1704 copper coins worth as much as 20 rubles began to be made from a pound. (38th sample), ac 1718 - for 40 rubles. Finally, a gold coin of ruble denomination was introduced into circulation, and since 1718 it was replaced by a two-ruble coin of the 75th standard. For 25 years of the 18th century. “money yards” minted silver coins worth 38.4 million rubles, and copper coins worth 4.3 million rubles. The result of the monetary reform was the creation of a full-fledged monetary system based on the decimal principle and fully satisfying the needs of the economy. The total treasury income from the issue of coins amounted to 10.7 million rubles. Thus, the monetary reform decisively contributed to the success of the first, most difficult period of the Northern War. After all, Peter’s government did without foreign loans. Meanwhile, military spending in the first period of the war reached 70-80% of the budget. In the first years, the monetary reform also improved the budget. By the end of the second decade of the 18th century. the coin regalia no longer had the same effect, and the huge number of taxes reached the possible maximum. It was then that the ideas of the “profit-makers” came into play about the transition from household to per capita direct taxation, which would make it possible to sharply increase the number of taxpayers. In 1718, on November 28, a decree was issued on a census of the entire taxable male population. In 1722, verification of the census results began - “audit”. She gave a mind-blowing result - about 2 million male souls were identified who were not included in the census. Since then, the censuses themselves began to be called “audits.” The total number of tax-paying population is 5.4 million male souls. They were responsible for the expenses for the army and navy. Finance and budget reform Back to reforms

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The military reform, which began in 1698-1699, was caused primarily by the fact that the rifle regiments could not cope with the task of defending the country from external and internal enemies. The beginning of the creation of a regular Russian army can be considered November 1699, and the legal basis is the royal decrees of November 8 and 17, which determined the sources of recruitment for new regiments. It was assumed that, first of all, the army would be formed from “willing people” - free subjects of various ranks. The second source for creating a regular army was the “dacha people” (from 1705 they began to be called recruits). According to the decree, norms for the supply of recruits were determined for various classes: from monastic peasants - 1 “dacha man” from 25 households; from nobles who were in public service - 1 person from 30 households. The place for recruiting and manning units, as well as training recruits in military affairs, was the village of Preobrazhenskoye, where a special commission was established - the “General Courtyard”. The advantage of the new recruitment system was that it made it possible to prepare a reserve for waging a long, bloody war. However, it caused significant damage to the national economy: every year, up to 40 thousand healthy men aged 15 to 32 years old were irrevocably “shaved” from various sectors of the economy. Military reform Back to reforms Preobrazhensky March (Petrine Anthem of Russia) Click on the picture to watch the video (if you have Internet access)

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The most important element in the organization of the new army was the artillery units. For the infantry, these are light mortars, guns with a “caliber” (i.e., based on the weight of the core) of 3 pounds, in the grenadier companies - heavy grenades, and howitzers and mortars - for the cavalry. By 1725, the field artillery had 2,620 men. Two large arms factories in Tula and Sestroretsk, two large powder factories in St. Petersburg and Okhta, as well as a large group of iron-smelting complexes in the center of the country, in the north and in the Urals fully satisfied the army’s need for weapons and ammunition. In a relatively short time, the state established the production of uniforms for the army. For the first time, the army under Peter had a single uniform" (infantry - green caftans and black hats, cavalry - blue caftans and black hats). In addition to the field army, a system of military garrisons stationed in villages was created in the country. In 1725 there were 55 garrison regiments, consisting of soldiers and partly streltsy, with a total number of 74,127 people. The garrison regiments had powerful artillery units (2,295 people). In the garrisons of Russia by 1725, according to I.K. Kirilov, there were 9,891 cannons and 788 mortars, not counting small guns and howitzers. Russia has never known such a powerful artillery park (and taking into account the army artillery, this amounted to at least over 15 thousand guns). The Russian army has become one of the strongest in Europe. Back to reforms Chief officer and private of the Life Guards Semenovsky shelf

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At the end of the 90s of the 17th century. An impressive Azov fleet was created. With the beginning of the Northern War, the Baltic Fleet also became necessary. In 1702-1704. the construction of ships began in several places at once: on the rivers Syas, Svir, Luga, Volkhov, Izhora. The creation of the Caspian fleet took place already in the 20s of the 18th century. Until this time, in Astrakhan there were mainly traditional plows and beads. By the beginning of the Caspian campaign of 1722-1723. Russia had about 300 ships. In the first years of the creation of the Russian fleet, in addition to the most complex economic and technical problems, there were enormous difficulties with personnel for the fleet. It was only at first that it was possible to hire 600 foreign sailors (mostly all Slavs) and retrain army guards and soldiers as sailors. In 1705, recruitment began specifically for the fleet. The most important means of creating a strong and combat-ready army and a powerful navy was the establishment of a system of professional military education. The first military school was the bombardment school at the Preobrazhensky Regiment (1698-1699). In 1701, the first large (for 300 people) artillery school opened in Moscow. In 1712, an artillery school began to operate in St. Petersburg. In 1721, an artillery school for professional artillerymen was opened there. The first nautical school was organized back in 1698 in Azov. In 1701, a school of “mathematical and navigational” sciences was opened in Moscow, training personnel for both the army and the navy. At first it was designed for 200, and from 1701 - already for 500 people. In 1715, the St. Petersburg Naval Academy for Officer Personnel began to operate. In 1716, the so-called midshipman company was organized. Of course, business trips to study in Western European countries (Holland, France, Italy and other countries) were also practiced. Ultimately, by the 1920s, Russia could fully provide both the army and navy with its own personnel of naval, infantry, artillery and engineering officers. In 1714, all foreign officers who failed the exam were dismissed from service. In 1720, the Military Collegium prohibited the recruitment of officers from other states. True, in 1722 it was allowed to be accepted into the service only on the condition “that they remain here after death.” Transformations in the fleet Back to reforms

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The Spiritual Reform occupies a prominent place among Peter's reforms. Peter knew very well the history of the struggle for power between his father and Patriarch Nikon; he also knew the attitude of the Clergy to his reforms. At this time, Adrian was the patriarch in Russia. The relationship between Peter and the patriarch was clearly strained. Peter perfectly understood the desire of the church to subjugate secular power - this determined the events that were carried out in this area. Patriarch Andrian died in 1700, but the tsar was in no hurry to elect a new patriarch. Management of the affairs of the church was transferred to the Ryazan Metropolitan Stefan Yavorsky, he was declared the guardian of the patriarchal throne. Although Peter did not see an active supporter in Yavorsky, at least Yavorsky did not very vehemently oppose Peter’s policies. Another problem arose on Peter's road - schismatics. “Peter had to begin the fight against schismatics. The schismatics, possessing great wealth, refused to take part in common duties: to enter service, military or civilian. Peter found a solution to this issue - he imposed a double tax on them. The schismatics refused to pay and a struggle broke out. Raskolnikov was executed, exiled or flogged.” Peter sought to protect himself from the influence of the church, in connection with this he begins to limit the rights of the church and its head: a council of bishops was created, which met periodically in Moscow, and then, in 1711, after the creation of the Synod, the head of the church lost the final touches of independence. Thus, the church was completely subordinate to the state. But the king understood perfectly well that subordination of the church to a simple governing body was impossible. And in 1721, the Holy Synod was created, which was in charge of the affairs of the church. “The Synod was placed on a par with the Senate, above all other collegiums and administrative bodies. The structure of the Synod was no different from the structure of any college. The Synod consisted of 12 people. Thus, Peter eliminated the threat of an attack on secular power by spiritual power and placed the church at the service of the state. From now on, the church was part of the support on which the absolute monarchy stood. Church reform Back to reforms

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Peter the Great's reforms concerned various spheres of society. In 1699, Peter issued a decree changing the calendar. Previously, chronology was carried out according to the Byzantine calendar: the New Year began on September 1. Since 1699, the New Year was supposed to begin on January 1, according to the European model. This reform caused great dissatisfaction, because... Previously, chronology was calculated from the creation of the world, and in the new way, 1700 should have come only after 8 years. In the new year 1700, a decree was issued on the creation of the first pharmacies in Moscow; Another decree prohibited the carrying of knives under penalty of whipping or exile. In 1701, the liberal spirit of the new reign was expressed in a number of decrees: it was forbidden to kneel when the sovereign appeared; bare your head in winter when passing by the palace. In 1702, the turn of reforming family life came: attempts were made to provide the marriage union with stronger moral guarantees. After visiting France, Peter issues a decree on hospitality. The position of women in society is changing radically. Peter tried to introduce her to modern secular life, following the example of the West, to provide the highest circles with new forms of treatment. In 1710, Peter I approved a model of the “civil” alphabet, revising the West Cyrillic alphabet for this purpose. Reforms in other areas of public life. Back to reforms

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Consequences of reforms

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Characteristics of Peter

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Sayings of Peter “Of Peter, know that life is not dear to him, if only Russia lives in bliss and glory, for your well-being.” “With other European peoples you can achieve goals in humane ways, but with Russians this is not the case: if I had not used severity, I would not have owned the Russian state a long time ago and would never have made it what it is now. I’m not dealing with people, but with animals, which I want to transform into people.”

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Virtual mini survey of famous personalities about the era of Peter I

The era of Peter the Great and his transformations are very contradictory and ambiguous. It is no coincidence that the points of view of many prominent figures in science and art about him and his transformations are so polar opposite. Let's try to conduct an imaginary mini-survey of famous historians, writers, and politicians and find out their opinions about this difficult time for Russia. Let’s ask them just two questions: “What do you think about Peter I?” and “How do you assess his transformation in Russia?”

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Mikhail Vasilyevich Lomonosov Great Russian scientist (1711 - 1765) I sing to the wise Russian Hero That new cities, regiments and fleets are built, From the most tender years he waged war with malice, Passing through fears, he exalted his country, Humbled the villains inside and trampled the opposite outside, With his hand and with his mind he overthrew the impudent and deceitful, and surprised the whole world with his deeds to the envy of them.

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Nikolai Mikhailovich Karamzin, writer (1766 - 1826) “An ardent monarch with a heated imagination, seeing Europe, wanted to make Russia - Holland. We have become citizens of the world, but have ceased to be, in some cases, citizens of Russia.”

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Belinsky Vissarion Grigorievich (1811 - 1848) Revolutionary democrat, influential critic. “Peter the Great is the greatest phenomenon not only in our history, but also in the history of all mankind; he is the deity who called us to life, who breathed a living soul into the colossal body of ancient Russia, which had fallen into mortal slumber.”

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Solovyov Sergei Mikhailovich (1820 - 1879) - historian, one of the founders of Russian historiography. “The need to move on a new path was realized... the people rose up and got ready to set out on the road; They were waiting for the leader, and the leader appeared.” “Peter I is the greatest historical figure who most fully embodied the spirit of the people.”

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Ivan Sergeevich Aksakov (1823 -1886) – Publicist, publisher, editor, Slavophile. “Peter I is the destroyer of Russian national foundations, and his reforms were a brilliant mistake.”

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Vasily Osipovich Klyuchevsky is a historian, a student of Solovyov. (1841 -1911) “The reform carried out by Peter the Great did not have as its direct goal to rebuild either the political, social, or moral order, but was limited to the desire to arm the Russian state and people with ready-made Western European means, mental and material... . The resistance of the people forced Peter to use violent measures, which created the impression of a revolution. In fact, Peter’s activity was more of a shock than a revolution.”

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Sociological survey 2008. Sociologists from the Public Opinion Foundation (FOM) offered respondents a choice of 500 names, according to historians, of great people of Russia. FOM, using a national survey, determined which of them is known by at least half of living Russians. The survey participants then rated the remaining individuals. Sociologists note that the time in which the study participants were in their youth depended on which historical figures they considered the most significant in the history of Russia. All respondents (6 thousand people each during two stages of the study) were divided into 8 groups with an age interval of 7 years. Moreover, the conventional names of generations (from “Stalin” to “Putin”) reflect the era in which the main stage of the formation of their personality took place (from 10 to 17 years). Stalin generation: born before 1936 Khrushchev generation: born 1936-43 Gagarin generation: born 1944-51 Brezhnev generation: born 1952-59 Suslov generation: born 1960-67 Gorbachev generation born 1968-74 Yeltsin generation: born 1975-82 Putin generation: born 1983-90 The first three most significant historical characters remain unchanged - Peter I, Stalin and Lenin. According to FOM, these three historical figures are leading by a wide margin among representatives of all ages. For those born under Stalin (“Stalin’s”, “Khrushchev’s” and “Gagarin’s” generations), Stalin certainly comes first. For the “Suslov” generation, all three figures are equal, although Lenin is in the lead by a small margin. But starting from the “Gorbachev” generation, the first Russian Emperor Peter I took a leading position in Russian history.

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The project began with the Institute of Russian History of the Russian Academy of Sciences identifying an initial list that included 500 names of the most worthy representatives of our past. The goal of the first stage was to find out which of the characters is known to at least half of Russians and therefore has the opportunity to ask more detailed questions about them regarding their role in history. At the first stage, 185 figures were selected, whom more than half of the respondents knew. The goal of the second stage was to select 50 characters who, in the opinion of Russians, left the most significant, whether positive or negative, mark in the history of our country. During each stage, 6,000 respondents were interviewed at their place of residence using a sample representative of the population of the Russian Federation. In 2008, the Rossiya TV channel, Mayak radio, the Institute of Russian History of the Russian Academy of Sciences and the Public Opinion Foundation launched a joint project “The Name of Russia”. As part of the “Name of Russia” project, the Foundation was tasked with finding out which of the 500 personalities named by historians Russians consider the most significant from the point of view of the historical destinies of our country. To solve this problem, two stages of research were carried out. Project “Name of Russia”

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For two and a half centuries, historians, philosophers, and writers have been arguing about the meaning of Peter’s reforms. Indeed, they can be assessed in different ways. It all depends on what is considered useful for Russia and what is harmful, what is important and what is secondary. But everyone agrees on one thing: Petrine reforms were the most important stage in the history of Russia, thanks to which everything can be divided into pre-Petrine and post-Petrine eras. The famous historian Sergei Mikhailovich Solovyov, who, perhaps, was better able to understand both the personality of Peter and his work, wrote: “The difference in views... stemmed from the enormity of the deed accomplished by Peter, the lasting influence of this deed; The more significant a phenomenon is, the more contradictory views and opinions it gives rise to, and the longer they talk about it, the longer they feel its influence.” Conclusion

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1. Encyclopedia for children “History of Russia” Moscow “Avanta+” 1995 2. “Heroes of Russian history” White City Moscow 2005 3. Vladimir Solovyov “History of Russia for children and adults” Moscow 2003 4. Illustrated encyclopedia "History of Russia 18-20 centuries." Moscow “Olma-Press Education 2004 5. Natalya Mayorova “Russian History” White City Moscow 2005 6. Results of sociological surveys. (Internet, newspaper “Arguments and Facts” dated July 24, 2008) 7. The following music from the era of Peter I was used in the presentation: - Kant in honor of the Poltava victory “Russian Orel” by an unknown composer of the 18th century. (performed by the State Republican Academic Choir) - Kant on the conclusion of the Peace of Nystad (1721) by an unknown composer of the 18th century. (performed by the men's group of the Moscow Chamber Choir) Sources http://www.bibliotekar.ru/polk Internet: http://ru.youtube.com/watch?v=t1VMz-mXPM4 http://www.nameofrussia.ru/video .html?id=3222 http://www.xserver.ru/user/refpp/3.shtml http://www.ref.by/refs/33/7380/1.html http://ru.youtube. com/watch?v=vIIT0WTe0nw http://www.nameofrussia.ru/

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