Ready-made essays on Russian language and literature. Topics (problems) of Unified State Exam essays in the Russian language. Family relationships, childhood

Essay

“Happy is he who managed to find Archimedes’ point in himself” - these lines by F.I. Tyutchev are very close to me as a person.

For me, the profession of a Teacher is a source of human communication, joy, and a sense of involvement in the birth of something new in this life.

This is truly “a long-range profession, the most important on earth,” because it makes it possible, by carefully and carefully touching the inner world of a child, to help him realize his own significance, uniqueness and, having discovered the miracle of his own “I,” look at the world in a new way , learn to get along with this world, not to get lost in it. In a word, to be a successful person.

To do this, I must give the children support in life and at the same time convince them that their destiny must be built on the foundation of their own personality, overcoming all the difficulties that they will encounter along their life path. This is a must do. After all, they, my boys and girls, are still very young, fragile, thin, like trees that need to lean against something, receive support and direction of development upwards.

What support can I, a teacher of Russian language and literature, give to the children when I enter their classroom every day?

Perhaps such knowledge in the subject that will allow them to successfully pass the Unified State Exam and continue their education in their chosen specialty? Absolutely yes. But is this enough, since there are other ways to master testing technologies: tutoring, distance learning, self-education?

Then what? It is very important for me to teach children to think independently, search for necessary information, and compare facts. Then they will not stop learning throughout their lives, regardless of their profession, surpassing me and themselves.

But how to teach them to learn?

Lev Nikolaevich Tolstoy wrote: “Knowledge is only knowledge when it is acquired through the efforts of one’s thoughts, and not through memory...”. There is only one way out: you need to give the children the opportunity to search for the answer on their own - to search, maybe even for a painfully long time, but seriously. That’s why, every time I go to class, I expect from my children not obedience, but “discoveries,” overcoming themselves, joy from collaboration for solving educational problems.

I try to teach them to find the truth in any issue, in solving any problem. I consider dialogue to be the best form of such activity. For me, this is a special form of cooperation, sealed by mutual understanding, when the conversation is built on the principle: student - teacher. During the lesson, I try to direct the children's thoughts in the right direction.

But for such a conversation to take place, a whole system of questions and tasks is needed. different levels, which implies ambiguity of the solution. Therefore, for such activities I often select various shapes works that allow me to rely on the life experience of the guys, to show the perfection of thought, non-standard approaches to solving the problem under discussion.

This will allow my graduates to become successful in their chosen professional field, since they will adequately respond to the emergence of new technologies and projects and will not mindlessly accept all newly emerging trends and changes, but choose those that are truly promising.

But is this my only purpose?

In my opinion, the calling of a teacher, first of all, is to interest children in their subject, to give impetus to development creativity schoolchildren, create conditions for them personal development, moral maturation, ideological formation. This means that I must educate Man using the means of my subject.

In my lessons, I teach my children not to perceive it as dry science. Therefore, in every lesson I try to show them the richness of the content. educational material, drawing invisible threads connecting it with other sciences, the great discoveries of mankind, with art and the destinies of people.

I strive to introduce them to the Russian language and literature as part of human culture, which, along with other subjects, contributes to the formation of the personality of my students and their moral education.

I understand: the greatest opportunities for the spiritual development of adolescents are in the content of humanitarian and aesthetic subjects, when Goodness, Beauty, Man, and Knowledge become the values ​​of students when listening to a literary or musical work, or viewing a painting.

I also really want the guys to believe in themselves. After all, this is so important for them. To do this, in each lesson I create a special, trusting environment and an atmosphere of cooperation. I believe that the secret to successful education lies in respect for your students. Therefore, I try to treat each of the guys with respect.

“You’re not like everyone else, you’re no better or worse than me, you’re just different,” I never tire of repeating N. Roerich’s words to the kids about their individuality, and I do everything I can to create a path to achieving optimal results for everyone: low achievers, and with pronounced abilities - there was only one: from success to success. I try to notice everyone and provide emotional support, using person-oriented and differentiated approaches for this purpose.

I often think about what is my mission, my purpose and the power of influence on children's hearts? And I answer myself: it is enormous, agreeing with K.D. Ushinsky, who at one time noted: “the influence of the teacher’s personality on the young soul constitutes that educational force that cannot be replaced either by material maxims or by a system of punishments and rewards.” Therefore, I must be not just a Teacher, but first of all an Educator, who, especially in rural areas, has a special role in the spiritual and social development of children. I am responsible for each of them, and therefore I must create conditions for their favorable personal development, provide prompt assistance to teenagers in solving their individual problems related to success in education, communication, life and professional self-determination. This means that I also need to grow professionally, to be a creative, extraordinary person, since only “a personality can educate a personality.”

Self-improvement of a person, the process of his individual development, spiritual and social formation does not end with school. They are continuous. The school and the teacher are the starting point that opens this path for a teenager. And if he is characterized by “jealous dissatisfaction with the work of his own hands, which draws him further and further and does not allow him to rest in any of his “Babels,” then this process will not end like life itself.

How to write an essay on the Russian language?

It’s no secret that the most difficult part of the Unified State Examination in the Russian language is part “C”, essay writing according to the source text. If you complete all of Part A and Part B correctly without starting the essay, your test score will be no higher than 60.
How to prepare for writing an essay and get the maximum score?

The essay should be written according to plan:

I. Introduction.
Where to start an essay:
● Quote from source text (oranother source) related to the problem under consideration.
After reading the text by Dmitry Sergeevich Likhachev, I involuntarily remembered the famous phrase of Socrates: “Speak so that I can see you,” since the author focuses on the problem of speech as a reflection of a person’s personality.
"Can you imagine modern world devoid of a printed sign? - writes Yuri Bondarev, inviting his readers to reflect on the problem of the meaning of the book in human life and society.
● a rhetorical question(a question that does not require an answer).
Why are wars needed? Why can't humanity learn the lessons of the past?
● problematic issue .
Can a computer replace a book?
● typical situation (similar to the one shown in the text).
It often happens that...
● general information about the issue under discussion.
The development of human civilization has long crossed the line beyond which the harmonious coexistence of nature and man remains. Today, when water and air are polluted, rivers dry up, forests disappear, animals die, people look to the future with alarm and are increasingly thinking about the tragic consequences of their activities. The text by V. Peskov is also devoted to the problem of ecology...
● link to authoritative opinion on an issue close to the problem under discussion.
Psychologists say that television addiction is a real illness for many members of modern society. Indeed, it is difficult for each of us to imagine our life without TV. What role does television play in a person’s life? What does TV bring to our home - good or evil? V. Soloukhin is thinking about this problem.
● creating a certain emotional mood.
Childhood impressions are probably one of the most precious and meaningful memories in human life. The places with which the formation of personality is associated remain forever in memory, and more than once we mentally return to this world, colored with bright colors. What role does the memory of a person play in a person’s life? home, about your homeland? The author of this text reflects on this problem.
● appeal to the facts of the author’s biography, his views, beliefs.
Likhachev, a literary critic and public figure, in his speeches and journalistic works always stated that spiritual and material culture is the highest value of life. The above text touches upon the problem put forward specifically - the problem of cultural ecology.

Don't start your essay with the following expressions:
This text says...
The author of this text addressed the problem...
This text is dedicated...
The article by L. Dolinina tells...
In his text the author...
The problem... is the main question raised in the text.

In any case, the introduction should not be very lengthy (2-3 sentences), but should be organically connected with the content of the main part in meaning and stylistically. It's important to remember that the main purpose of joining is lead to problem formulation .

II. Problem Statement:
The word “problem” (or “question”) must appear in the text. Moreover, one should not confuse the problem with the author’s position on this problem. The problem is formulated either as a question or by combining the word “problem” with a noun in the genitive case (for example, the problem of loneliness). You must be careful when identifying problems with the text. An incorrectly identified problem jeopardizes the content of the entire essay!
When defining a problem, you must think about how the content of the text concerns you, other people, and all of humanity. Remember that the specific situation described in the text is an illustration, special case, reviewed by the author. Therefore, formulate the problem so that it covers not only the case discussed in the text, but also many similar situations.
If you think you've caught the problem, but don't know if it's the only problem in the text, then don't take the risk. Just write:
● The text raises many problems, one of which is the problem...;
● The author makes you think about many problems, one of which is the problem...

It is very advantageous to identify the problem using rhetorical question, For example:
What is true friendship? What kind of friends can be called real? NN (author’s full name) reflects on these questions in his essay (story, text, etc.).

You can use the following speech clichés:
The author raises the problem...
The author touches on an important issue...
The author of the text reflects on the problem...
The text raises a problem...
The problem that the author addresses is that...
The text made me think about the problem...
The problem that concerns us all... is raised by the writer D. Granin.
I think the problem posed by the author is...
The problem... cannot but worry modern people. V. Tendryakov also thought about it.
The problem identified by such and such an author is this:...
What's happened...? (What is...? What role does... play in a person’s life?) The author raises this important problem.
Why do people love? Does love bring happiness to people? The author/writer etc. discusses these complex issues.

The problem considered by the author may be:
Current
Socially significant
Deep
Philosophical
Political
Moral
topical
Lively
Current
Urgent
Acute
Important
Serious
Controversial
Sick, etc.

Examples problem statements:
1. The role (of something or someone) in a person’s life.
2. The problem of influence (of something or someone) on a person.
3. The problem of purpose (of something or someone).
4. A problem (of something or someone) in our country.
5. The problem of repressing (something) (by something).
6.The problem of relationships between generations (“fathers and sons”).
7. Memory problem (about someone or something).
8.The problem of moral choice.
9. The problem of humane treatment of people in need of help.
10. The problem of human responsiveness and mutual assistance.
11.The problem of moral duty.
12.The problem of protection and conservation of nature.
13. The problem of preserving and developing the Russian language.
14.The problem of honor and obsequiousness.
15. The problem of family (kinship) relationships.
16.The problem of historical memory.
17.The problem of commercialization of culture.

III. Comment on the problem.
Verb comment means “to explain, explain.” Neither retelling nor continuous quotation will work here. You need to think about some questions related to the text you read:
how much relevant what the author writes about and why;
to whom and in what situations have to face a similar problem;
If possible, tap " history of the issue”, i.e. briefly tell us how other authors considered this problem and tried to solve it;
is there anything on this issue different point of view, which does not coincide with the author's;
which material does the author reveal this problem? ( “the author reveals the problem using an example...”)
what is the author pointing out? Special attention? (“the author pays special attention to..”, “it is no coincidence that the author...”).
The connection between the comment and the text is MANDATORY
The following is important:
● if we say what the heroes do is a retelling, which is NOT allowed in a comment.
● if we say what the author does is already a comment.

Try to convey the content of the text, but remember that you are not writing an exposition, but an essay, so try to convey the author’s ideas in your own words; You can use individual quotes, but don't get carried away with them. Feel how the author is trying to lead us to understand his main idea (to the author's position).
Please note that you need to comment on the problem reflected in the text, and not just the text and its topics, and not just the problem in isolation from the text.

Cliche:
“Reflecting on what is relevant at all times (relevant especially in our time, topical, philosophical, deep, main, socially significant, eternal, important, universal) the author turns to facts from his life (tells a story, uses examples from classical literature, gives statements such and such, etc.)
The relevance of the problem raised by the author is undoubted, because...
The problem raised by the author of the text is undoubtedly complex and serious, since...
The severity and significance of this problem are beyond doubt, because...
The relevance of the problem posed by the author of the text is confirmed by the fact that, despite numerous attempts to solve it, it still worries writers, publicists and, of course, us, the readers...
Raised moral problem relevant, topical, because...
The topic raised by the author has not lost its relevance today, because...
... is the topic of the author's reasoning. Its relevance is obvious, because even today...
The question of ... (we denote the problem in other words than it was in the first paragraph) cannot leave anyone indifferent, it is more or less to a lesser extent concerns each of us. (We explain why)
The problem put forward (raised, identified, etc.) (indicate the author) is especially relevant (topical, important, significant) these days, because...
The narrator does not discuss the issue he raised in a detached manner; one can feel his interest in what he is writing about. (Referring to the text, we explain how this is manifested).
Reasoning about the problem..., (indicate the author) addresses... (indicate on what material the author considers the problem: maybe these are memories, dialogues, artistic narration, an excited monologue, quoting the thoughts of great people, reasoning, descriptions of pictures of nature and etc.). (We convey the content of the text, not a retelling).

You can write a comment using the following template:
The problem put forward (raised, identified, etc.) by NN (indicate the author) is especially relevant (topical, important, significant) today because ... (if this is a moral problem, then indicate that moral issues are important today and always, since the concepts of “conscience”, “honor”, ​​“dignity”, i.e. those moral categories that the author discusses, help a person remain a person, make him kinder, purer. If the problem is philosophical, i.e. speech it is about good and evil, truth and lies, life and death, note that humanity has been thinking about such a problem for a long time. If the problem is environmental, note its relevance today, when people pollute the planet, when it comes to global warming, about changing the climate of the entire planet). The narrator does not discuss the question he raises in a detached manner; one can feel his interest in what he is writing about. His attitude towards important issue existence is felt in the excited, emotional manner of writing (give examples), in an effort to make the reader a like-minded person. Reasoning over (repeat the problem), NN addresses (indicate on what material the author is considering the problem: maybe these are memories, dialogues, artistic narration, an excited monologue, quoting the thoughts of great people, reasoning, descriptions of pictures of nature, etc.).

IV. Author's point of view.
Author's position- this is the conclusion that the author comes to when thinking about a problem.
If the problem of the text is formulated in the form of a question, then the author’s position is the answer to the question posed in the text. In order to identify the author’s position, try to answer the following questions: “What did the author want to tell his readers when creating the text?”, “How does the author evaluate the specific situation described, the actions of the characters?”
The author's position may be explicit When the text gives a direct assessment of the described facts and events, a call to the reader sounds. But it often happens that the author’s position is not directly expressed. Then identifying it requires the ability to see hidden meaning, understand irony, reveal complex metaphors, etc.
Another difficulty is to distinguish between the position of the author and the hero-narrator. Note that if a hero commits bad deeds or expresses thoughts that contradict generally accepted moral standards, then the author most likely does not approve of such a hero and his attitude to life.

if the narration is in 1st person:
The author believes that...
The author's position is:...
The author strives to convey to the reader the idea that...
The author convinces us that...
The main idea of ​​the text is that...
The author proves that...
The author's position is that...
According to the author, ... (From the author's point of view, ...; From the author's point of view, ...)
The text proves the idea that...
The author’s position, in my opinion, is best characterized by the words: “...”
The author's point of view, it seems to me, is expressed quite clearly. It is as follows: (if the text is journalistic, then the author’s position is the answer to the question posed by the author himself. Then you can quote that part of the text in which, in your opinion, the author’s position is clearly defined).

Options for writing the author's point of view, if the narration is not in 1st person:
Although the author's point of view is not expressed explicitly, the logic of the text convinces us that...
Although the author’s point of view is not expressed explicitly, the emotional coloring of the text convinces us that...
The author does not express his point of view explicitly, but we understand that...
It’s quite difficult for me to identify the author’s point of view, since the text is artistic, NN does not provide a ready-made solution to the question that... It forces the reader to independently draw a conclusion and find solutions to the problem. And yet, observing how the author treats his characters, what visual and expressive means he uses to paint a picture of reality (if you are writing about these means, be sure to name them, refer to the review, to task B8, but only if you are sure of the correctness solutions), I will allow myself to suggest that the author’s position is as follows:...

When commenting on the author’s position, you can use the following phrases:
Author:
dedicates his article;
polemically sharpens the problem;
has an emotional impact on the reader;
makes the reader his ally;
figuratively recreates the picture of what is happening (depicted);
reveals the essence of the problems posed;
accurately formulates thoughts;
makes the reader think about the problem;
shows the urgency of the problem he is considering;
tries to find the causes of negative (positive) phenomena;
convinces the reader of the correctness of his position;
tries to find a like-minded person in the reader;
raises a number of moral questions that require immediate resolution;
writes interestingly and newly about old problems;
speaks with anxiety about pressing problems;
openly declares his civic position in relation to...

You can also use the following speech cliches:

V. Agreement/disagreement with the author and argumentation.
The purpose of argumentation is to convince of something, strengthen or change an opinion. When expressing your own opinion, it is not enough just to express agreement or disagreement with the author, that is, it is unacceptable to write “I agree/disagree with the author because he writes about... (believes that...)”. You are not writing about the reason for your agreement/disagreement with the author, but you are selecting arguments in support of/against the author’s position. And arguments must prove something.
First, agreement or disagreement with the author’s point of view is written, and then you need to give two arguments (1 from literature and 1 from life experience or 2 from literature), the third is not counted.
Common mistake of all writing an essay is that if you support the author's position, then there is no point in analyzing his arguments. You should try not to repeat the author’s arguments used in the text, but bring your own.
When you argue your point of view, you need to imagine that you are proving your point of view to an opponent aggressively opposed to it. If in your mind you convince him, then obviously the arguments are appropriate.

Speech clichés for arguing your own position:
To agree/disagree with the author’s position:
It is impossible not to agree with the author's point of view on the problem...
I share (do not share) the author’s point of view on the problem...
I hold (do not hold) the same opinion on the problem ... as the author.
I agree (disagree) with the author that...
It is difficult (impossible) to disagree with the author of the text that...
The author’s position is close to me in that...
The author’s position seems convincing to me because...
The author is right that... However, it is difficult to agree that...
One cannot but agree with the author that...
It seems controversial the author’s idea that...
The text (author's full name) evoked conflicting feelings in me. On the one hand on the other hand…
It is difficult to disagree with the author of the article. Indeed, such examples...
I would like to support the author’s point of view that...
I cannot agree with the author's point of view because...
With all due respect to the author’s point of view (or to NN’s thoughts about ...), I will still allow myself to express my own vision of this problem (or I will try to refute his opinion).

Using life experience:
Despite my rather modest life experience, I remember a similar situation when I (my friend, classmate, acquaintance) ...
I remember once my mother (father, grandmother, friend, acquaintance, etc.) told how...
I think this case convinces us that...
Of course, my life experience is still very small, but, nevertheless, something similar happened in my life:
How often do you have to deal with...
Haven't things like... become commonplace (the norm of life)?
Who among us has not observed (experienced; noticed (oneself); witnessed) how...
Unfortunately, often these days (among us; around us) ...
Prominent civil rights activist Martin Luther King taught that...
A brilliant Russian scientist once said that...;
Peter 1 also said that...;
Any historian will tell you that...;
Most doctors believe that...;
As established by Japanese scientists... etc.
The topic is often discussed (discussed) on the Internet (on the pages of newspapers and magazines; in various television shows)...
It is also noteworthy (not coincidentally) that numerous articles and television programs are devoted to this topic...

From reading experience:
This problem worried many great Russian writers, in particular...
This problem is especially acute in the works...
The topicality of the topic raised by the author is also proven by the fact that Russian writers addressed it in their works.

VI. Conclusion:
In the final part you need summarize everything that has been said, make a generalization, conclusion. Like the introduction, the conclusion should be organically connected with the main text.

Here are the different ways to draw up a conclusion:
1. Summary of the author's main thoughts- the most typical and logical ending of the essay.
Thus, A. Likhanov raises an issue that is important for each of us, calls for preserving childhood in the soul, not leaving a joyful, childlike perception of life in the past. But the world around us is truly beautiful. It's just that as people grow up, they often forget about this.
2. Interrogative sentence, including a rhetorical question, at the end of the essay also returns the reader to the problem of the text, emphasizing its relevance.
Fiction gives us countless treasures of the human spirit! Does any of us have the right to refuse this priceless gift?
3. Appeal, appeal to the reader.
So, before you turn on the TV and immerse yourself in a wonderful, but unreal world, think about whether there are people around you who need consolation, help, or just a kind, living word. Remember: you are surrounded by a genuine world, full of sounds, colors, sensations. Think: who do you want to be - the creator of your life or just a spectator?
4. Using a Quote. Not every quote will be appropriate in the conclusion. This should be a statement that sufficiently fully expresses the thoughts of the author. It is appropriate to use a small fragment that contains keywords text, or a quote from another source that accurately reflects the position of the author of the source text.
In conclusion, I want to return to the thought ancient Greek philosopher Socrates. So, talk to me, my new interlocutor, so that I can see you, so that I understand what kind of person you are and what I can expect from you!

Speech clichés for conclusion:
Thus, based on the above, we can conclude...
To summarize, I would like to say...
The essence of the above boils down to the following...
Based on the text read, we can conclude...
Summarizing what has been said, we can say that... It follows from this that...
I am sincerely grateful to the author of the text, because he made me think that...
This text once again convinced me that...
In conclusion, I must say that the author’s efforts were not in vain - they awakened in my soul the desire to better understand the problem...
This text made me think even more deeply about the problem..., reevaluate its importance in our life...

And finally, let's give a few useful tips required when writing an essay:
1. Be careful when determining the genre of the text: do not rush to call it a “story” or “article”, since you may make a factual error. Better use words text, fragment, excerpt .
2. If you use the author's neologism, be sure to enclose it in quotation marks, otherwise in your text this word will look like grammar mistake.
3. Be ethical: do not use rude, abusive, slang words (I don’t understand how you can fall for such nonsense, etc.), refrain from insults ( I can give an example of my classmate, who is distinguished by rare stupidity), do not be too categorical, arrogant, do not brag. Remember that ethical correctness is separately assessed by an expert.
4. Write an essay neat, legible handwriting and only black gel paste. Experts check scanned copies of works. Text written with a ballpoint pen is lost during scanning.
5. If you don't have time to write a draft essay - write directly to the form. At the same time, you can correct, cross out words and sentences, because there are no criteria for assessing the “beauty” of the written text.
6. All parts of the work must be interconnected, smoothly flow into one another. Each part should start on a new line. The lack of connections between paragraphs is a typical flaw in essays, for which points are deducted. In addition, typical errors include deviations from the topic, disproportion of parts, violation of the sequence of presentation of thoughts, lack of connection between sentences.
7. You can write on the worksheets! Don't believe examiners who say otherwise!!! Therefore, if necessary, underline key words and thoughts in the text.
8. The author of the text can be called in different ways: author of the article, writer (publicist), narrator, great master of words, outstanding writer(publicist), word artist.

So, follow the essay writing plan, use speech clichés wisely - and you will write an essay with a score of 23 out of 23 points.

School is a wonderful time, and finishing it is an even more joyful moment for many students. There is only one thing that upsets me - passing exams, be it 9th or 11th grade. But if passing the State Exam in 9th grade is not so difficult, then the Unified State Exam in 11th grade is much more difficult. Each student chooses additional subjects necessary for further admission. But do not forget about the mandatory exams - Russian language and mathematics.

Special attention should be paid to the Russian language, since passing this subject is not so easy. It is necessary not only to have good knowledge of the subject, but also not to forget about the intricacies of the tasks. Let's figure out how to write an essay on the Russian language. The Unified State Examination necessarily includes this task.

Essay topics

It is known that the Russian language exam consists of 25 tasks, of which 24 are tests, and the 25th is an essay.

The topics of essays in the Russian language (the Unified State Exam involves writing it based on the text proposed in the test) are unknown in general, however, studies of assignments from previous years have shown that there are several main directions for the 25th assignment.

Theme of morality, love and culture

In this direction, excerpts of stories, short stories, and novels that touch on relationships between people can be offered. In this case, the student must understand the concepts of “good” and “evil”, understand what moral qualities and human morality.

And, of course, the theme of love. People have been arguing, speculating and philosophizing about this concept for centuries, so it is impossible to give precise advice on writing an essay on this topic. But you shouldn’t be afraid of this direction. You need to remember that kindness, friendship, mutual assistance, respect are all components of love. Guided by these concepts, the examinee will definitely cope with the task.

Culture and art are the next direction. Essay examples (Unified State Exam in Russian) show that this topic covers the most various areas human life. The student needs to know what role art plays in the life of the individual and society as a whole.

Misunderstanding of generations, tragedy of war

War. This direction is often found in the Unified State Examination in the Russian language. In order to cope with this work, the student must have minimal knowledge of the history of our country. Understand what tragedy people experienced during the Great Patriotic War and other, no less terrible military events.

“Fathers and Sons” - this is how the next direction can be called. It includes problems of relationships between the older and younger generations. To correctly highlight a problem in a text of this nature, the examinee must understand the difference between people’s opinions different ages, and the student will also be helped by the ability to put himself in the shoes of adults and evaluate their actions and the heights of their experience.

Essay structure

The next thing you need to study when looking at essay examples (Unified State Examination in the Russian language) is the structure of your work. Successful assignment writing largely depends on this.

It is obvious that for this exam, more than for any other subject, the correct structure of the essay is important. The Unified State Examination in the Russian language presupposes the ability to construct logically and coordinate work. Therefore, this point should be given a lot of attention. The text can be divided into the following parts:

1. Introduction.
2. Identifying the problem.
3. Disclosure of the problem.
4. Author's view.
5. Your personal opinion.
6. 2 arguments.
7. Conclusion.

This is what the essay plan looks like (Unified State Exam in Russian). Let's consider each point in detail.

Introduction

It should be remembered that the introduction should not be too long. 2-4 sentences are enough to set the main idea of ​​your work.

How to start an essay in Russian? Unified State Examination - a format that allows you to write an introduction different ways. You can frame the beginning in the form of a question. Eg : “What is war? This is a heavy burden not only for the state, but also for the entire people.".

You can also start your essay with your personal reflection on the topic of the text. Eg: “Misunderstanding between seniors and juniors has always existed. Adults might not understand the child’s actions and offend him; children might disobey their parents, not understanding their good intentions. And it’s very difficult, growing up, to understand both adults and children at the same time.”

Also, if you can use a quote from any author, philosopher, or playwright, it will serve good start introduction.

Once you have figured out how to start an essay in Russian, the Unified State Exam and the work itself will not seem as difficult as at first glance.

Issues

Next, the essay plan (Unified State Examination in the Russian language) involves a description of the problem. This may be difficult. In order to identify the problem, you must follow the following algorithm:

1. Define main idea text.
2. Identify the direction and topic of the essay.
3. Evaluate the interaction of the characters and draw conclusions from the text.

By going through these three steps, you will have enough information to identify the problem. There are no strict restrictions on the volume for describing the problem, but 4-5 sentences will be enough. For example: “This text addresses the problem that many names of the heroes of the Great Patriotic War are forgotten, although we remember their exploits.”

Author's view

If you are using an essay template (Unified State Examination in Russian), then the next step is there is a description author's opinions. That is, this is his personal attitude to the issues raised. Of course, you must understand that the essay format (Unified State Exam in Russian) is not mandatory. The student can change points, but it is necessary to adhere to the structure.

Problems rarely arise in this part, since the examinee is only required to briefly express the author’s attitude to the problem being described. Often it can be expressed in the text itself, therefore the use of quotations is allowed.

Personal opinion and argumentation

Up to this point, we actively used essay examples (Unified State Examination in the Russian language), which you can use in your preparation for the exam. However, at the stage of describing personal opinion, they are of little help.

In this part, the structure of the essay (Unified State Examination in the Russian language) involves the student expressing his personal view of the problem. You may agree with the author or, conversely, have the opposite opinion. But the most important thing is that you must justify it correctly.

Paying attention to the essay template (Unified State Examination in the Russian language), you should separately study the argumentation point. It requires at least two arguments, of which one must be taken from fiction. The second can be cited from the media, history, life or fiction.

What works can be used for argumentation?

1. Of course, the most “filled” with events, themes and individual trends is “War and Peace”. In this novel you can find arguments for absolutely any direction of your essay. There are also themes of love, friendship, morality, war, etc. Therefore, if you know this work well and have read it in full, you will definitely not have problems with this.
2. The next example in which you can find enough arguments is “Eugene Onegin”. This work is a good “collection” for arguments in the direction of love, enmity and friendship, mistakes and defeats, etc.
3. And one more work that can be included in this trio is “Quiet Don”. This novel fully reveals the theme of the tragedies of war, touches on difficult relationships between generations, vividly expresses the bitterness and joy of friendship and, of course, includes complex relationships between the characters, among which love ones are not excluded. Therefore, this work is recommended to be read before writing an essay.

Examples

What examples of essays (Unified State Examination in the Russian language) can be given in this case? It all depends on the specific topic of your essay. Let us assume that the topic of the work is the proposition: “Love and reason cannot interact together.”

By expressing your opinion, you can either agree with this point of view or refute it. Example: “Indeed, when a person loves, he can rarely submit to the will of his mind if his heart does not desire it. Tatiana in the novel “Eugene Onegin” can serve as proof of this. The girl, having fallen hopelessly in love with young Eugene, writes him a letter of recognition, although, seeing the character of the selfish young man, had to think more than once about the necessity of her action. Later, this decision turned into a tragedy for the girl.”

But, surprisingly, in the same work we can find the opposite argument to this judgment. “In my opinion, both love and reason can exist together. A sad example of this is Eugene Onegin in the novel of the same name. Already at the end of the work, the young man realizes all his mistakes in relation to Tatyana, who was deeply in love with Eugene. A few years later, Onegin still realizes that he is in love with a girl. He fights this feeling, but still gives in and confesses everything to Tatyana. But the girl refuses. Eugene in this case is an example of how the mind and feelings can interact.”

Conclusion

The outcome of your essay may vary. Your task is simply to draw a conclusion based on the work done. Eg: “Culture plays a huge role in human life, and we must take care of it, both materially and spiritually.”

The main thing is that your thought is final and reflects the essence of your essay. Well, after that all that remains is to wait for the results of your work. If you have taken into account all the criteria and listened to the advice described in the article, then you should completely understand how to write an essay on the Russian language. The Unified State Exam is not scary, rest assured: your work is worthy of a high score.

The brightest and most talented stroke in the paintings of great artists, the most hard-won word in the works of writers, it is simply a light illuminating the faces of ordinary people. I believe that mercy has two meanings for a person in life: the first is that it ennobles your soul and helps other people overcome the loneliness and cold of life, and the second is that it accelerates the process of destruction of a personality that is devoid of mercy

Arguments: Songs and epics, fairy tales and stories, stories, and novels of Russian writers teach us kindness, mercy and compassion. And how many proverbs and sayings have been created! Remember good, and forget evil, A good deed lives for two centuries, While you live, you do good, only the path of good is the salvation of the soul, says popular wisdom. The heroes of the novel by F.M. are truly merciful and compassionate people. Dostoevsky "Crime and Punishment". Mercy and compassion play a significant role in the novel. The relationships of almost all the characters are built on them: Raskolnikov and Sonechka, Raskolnikov and Dunya, Raskolnikov and the Marmeladov family, Pulkhiriya Alexandrovna and Raskolnikov, Sonya and the Marmeladovs, Sonya and Dunya. Moreover, mercy and compassion in these relationships were manifested on both sides.

Conclusion: Yes, life is tough. Some in progress life trials lost among vices and evil. But the main thing is that among the vulgarity, dirt and depravity, people were able to preserve, perhaps, the most important human qualities - mercy and compassion.

67. Selfishness, lack of compassion (according to B. Vasiliev)

It is impossible to imagine our world without a sympathetic, lively attitude towards each other. People are always in great need of someone's compassion and understanding. But, unfortunately, we don’t think about it so often.

In this text, B. Vasiliev raises the problem of selfishness and lack of compassion in some people. In my opinion, it is quite relevant. This moral issue forces the reader to think deeply about his own behavior. The author talks about children who, in order to create a museum, took the most precious thing from their mother - letters about their son who died at the front.

The position of the author of the text is clear. B. Vasiliev believes that people sometimes do not think at all about what pain their rash act can bring to others. So for the mother, after the letters were taken from her, the son “faded away, died, died a second time, and now forever.”

This problem is reflected in I. Turgenev’s story “Mumu”. The janitor Gerasim picked up the puppy. He loved him very much, looked after him, fed him, took care of him. Mumu became the only joy in the life of the dumb janitor. But the lady did not like the puppy, and therefore Gerasim was forced to drown Mumu. It is impossible to convey in words his state after such an act. Because of the whim of the lady, he lost his only friend.

Literary critic and public figure D.S. Likhachev addressed this issue. In one of his letters, he says that in our time, unfortunately, there are more and more callous and soulless people, incapable of pity or compassion for others, who care only about themselves.

Thus, we come to the following conclusion: people should treat each other with understanding and compassion.

68. Callous and soulless attitude towards a person

Comments on the problem: Callousness, callousness, how often do we hear these words. These concepts have merged into one with our lives - it’s scary. When you fall on the street, no one will help you, or even come to you. But this is not an indicator; we must fight the indifference of society.

Own position and argumentation: Callousness of the soul is the most terrible disease in the world. A.P. Chekhov said: “Hurry to do good.” If at first we simply ignore the grief of others, drown out the voice of our own conscience, convincing ourselves that later we will make up for lost time, but for now we already have a lot of worries, then we will thereby kill the most valuable quality in ourselves - the ability to do good. This hardens our heart, covers it with an impenetrable crust through which pleas for help can no longer break through. After the loss of kindness, there is an inevitable loss of morality. Such a person is already capable of anything. It is necessary to fight this, to prevent the degeneration of man, and it is not surprising that a very large part of the works of modern writers is devoted to this topic. The authors urge us to be kinder and more cordial towards each other, remembering history and the lessons of the past war. One of these authors was V. Shukshin. For example, the hero of the work “There lives such a guy...” amazes with his spontaneity and kindness. G. Shcherbakova’s story “You Never Even Dreamed of” shows adults’ misunderstanding of morality. Their insensitive attitude towards the souls of those who love led to tragedy.

Conclusion: Morality and kindness are great forces, and we must understand them correctly. Goodness educates and exalts a person, anger and indifference humiliate him. “If you are indifferent to the suffering of others, you do not deserve the name of a person,” said Saadi. How much brighter and better our world will become when dryness, callousness, and indifference finally leave us.

69. The problem of the ugly and the beautiful in life (according to V. Soloukhin)

IN our time is becoming increasingly difficult for people to feel something beautiful in this world. Everyone wants to see only beauty without any flaws, but, unfortunately, not everyone succeeds.

IN In the text proposed for analysis, V. Soloukhin touches on the problem of the ugly and the beautiful in life. The author asks the question: how important is the concept of beauty for us?

The question of the problem of beauty cannot leave anyone indifferent; it concerns each of us to a greater or lesser extent. Let me give an example of a situation from ordinary life: a beautiful car with a dirty hood or an intelligent person swearing obscenities. V. Soloukhin believes that phenomena of this kind are in no way compatible.

According to V. Soloukhin, the beautiful cannot be combined with the ugly.

I I completely agree with the author of this text that the beautiful should not coexist with the ugly.

This problem is posed especially acutely in the work “ Dead Souls" In this poem, Chichikov leads a two-faced life. He is courteous to his teacher, polite, even waits for him after class to bring him his coat. But in the end, when his teacher was left in poverty, he did not even bother to inquire about his health, but simply handed him a “nickel” so that he would not die of hunger. Thus, we are faced with a situation of a base act with ostentatious virtue.

Another example could be a recent incident that occurred on central television. Famous journalist who has written a lot political articles about Russia and

foreign countries, was publicly declared unemployed. Due to the fact that he spoke in a rude and harsh manner about those who were hated by him on his blog.

In conclusion, I would like to say that, probably, it will not be long before a person understands what is beautiful and what is not.

70. The problem of gratitude (according to I. Ilyin)

What is real gratitude? Exactly above this important issue reflects the famous Russian literary critic and publicist.

The problem put forward by I. Ilyin cannot leave anyone indifferent; it concerns each of us to a greater or lesser extent, because every person in his life experiences a feeling of gratitude in response to “the benefit shown to him.”

This problem worried many great Russian writers, in particular I.A. Goncharova. In his work “Oblomov,” the famous Russian writer shows the reader the power that gratitude has; under its influence, a person is capable of much. Ilya Ilyich Oblomov is a young man who has lost interest in life: he spends all his time at home, does not go out into the world, and cannot do anything without the help of a servant. However, he has a friend who is trying in every possible way to bring him back to life. Stolz never forgets his friend, visits him, tries to bring him into the world. And it seems that he managed to restore interest in life to his friend, but this is not entirely true. Ilya Ilyich only out of a feeling of great gratitude gets out of bed and joins the life of the capital, he even falls in love. Oblomov wants to do something nice for his friend, to return kindness for kindness. This is true gratitude.

Unfortunately, often these days many people forget about the bright feeling to which I. Ilyin dedicated the article. You can notice that the younger generation treats such a holiday as Victory Day with disdain. They forget the great efforts and deeds that veterans have done. But we should be grateful to them, because thanks to them we now live in this world.

Thus, I came to the conclusion that true gratitude is a bright feeling that makes everyone free and happy.

The essay is a unique literary genre. Essentially, this is any short work written privately on any issue. Key Feature an essay is its author's design - in contrast to scientific and journalistic styles, which have a strict specification of stylistics. At the same time, essays are ranked lower than works of art.

Terminology

We can briefly formulate the following definition of an essay: it is a substantiation of a person’s personal point of view in writing. Nevertheless, it is worth considering that a work of this literary genre does not pretend to be the basis of the issue under consideration or its exhaustive information source. Such an essay contains the author's conclusions and conclusions. Therefore, the sample of its writing and requirements are only recommendations or a set of rules (applies to the latter), and the main part should be occupied by your thoughts.

Historical reference

Essay comes from the French "attempt", "trial", "essay". And this genre also originated in this beautiful country, back in the Renaissance. The French writer and philosopher first tried to write “about everything and nothing, without having a preliminary topic or plan of action.” He claimed that he liked to temper the boldness of his thoughts by adding mildly questioning "maybes" and "probably" to his sentences. So “possibly” became an expression of the formula of essay writing in principle. Epstein, in turn, defined this genre as a kind of meta-hypothesis, with its own original reality and way of depicting this reality.

Differences from the novel

The essay genre developed in parallel with the novel genre. The latter, however, is more familiar to Russian literature, especially classical literature. The essay, in turn, had a huge influence on Western prose.

Unlike a novel, an essay is monologue and represents the individuality of the author. This narrows its scope as a genre, and the picture of the world is presented in an extremely subjective way. At the same time, the essay is inevitably interesting because it reveals inner world a specific person, not fictitious, but completely real - with his advantages and disadvantages. The style of such a literary work always contains the imprint of the human soul. The novel reveals the characters of all the characters and heroes who came from the pen of the author, no less interesting, but virtual, unreal.

Why write essays?

On the eve of exams, students and applicants often have questions about how to write an essay. A sample of writing this type of work is also often searched for, and it is worth saying that finding it is not difficult. But why write it in principle? There is also an answer to this question.

Essay writing develops creative thinking and written expression skills. A person learns to identify cause-and-effect relationships, structure information, formulate what he would like to express, argue his point of view, illustrating it various examples, summarize the material presented.

Typically, essays are devoted to philosophical, intellectual, moral and ethical issues. The latter is often used to assign essays to schoolchildren - they are not subject to strict requirements, citing insufficient erudition and unofficial presentation of the work.

Classification

Conventionally, essays are divided according to the following criteria:

• By content. This includes artistic and artistic-publicistic, historical and philosophical, spiritual and religious, etc.
• According to literary form. Among them may be letters or a diary, notes or reviews, lyrical miniatures.
• According to the form. Such as: descriptive, narrative, reflective, analytical, compositional and critical.
• According to the form of description, they distinguish between subjective and objective. The first reflect the personality characteristics of the author, the second are aimed at describing an object, phenomenon, process, and so on.

Distinctive features

An essay can be “identified” by the following characteristics:

• Small volume. Typically up to seven pages of printed text, although different schools may have their own requirements for this. In some universities, an essay is a full-fledged work of 10 pages, while others value a brief summary of all your thoughts on two pages.
• Specifics. An essay usually answers one specific question, which is often formulated in the topic of the assignment. The interpretation of the answer is subjective and contains the author’s conclusions. Again, depending on the specification of the essay, it may be necessary to consider the issue from all angles, even if half of the opinions described are in no way directly related to the author.
• Free composition. The essay is distinguished by its associative narrative. The author thinks through logical connections, following his own thinking. Let us remember that the essay reveals his inner world.
• Paradoxes. Moreover, the phenomenon of paradoxes takes place not only in the text itself, but also in the principles of the essay itself: after all, this literary genre, although presented in a free narrative, must have semantic integrity.
• The consistency of the author's theses and statements. Even if the author is a contradictory person, he is obliged to explain why he cannot choose one point of view, and not lose the thread of the narrative, either breaking it off or starting again. Ultimately, even diary pages converted into essays are framed by literary norms. After all, the final essay will be read not only by the author himself.

How to write an essay?

A sample of work can be confusing to a beginner: one or a couple of examples will be of little help to the author who cannot understand what is actually required of him.

First of all, it is worth mentioning that to write a so-called essay, you must be fluent in the topic. If, when writing, you have to turn to many sources for information, the essay ceases to be such. This rule comes from the fact that in his “test” the author expresses his true point of view, although, of course, he can emphasize it with quotes from great people, etc. Of course, for the data to be reliable, it is necessary to check it. But the essay is written not on the basis of the material, but starting from it, arriving at its own conclusions and results.

Why do you have problems with writing?

Many students struggle to find a sample essay due to the fact that schools do not devote enough time to writing this type of work. School essays, although they are classified as this genre, and some teachers formulate the task using this particular terminology, they still do not have a specific specification. As mentioned earlier, school essays are not even always labeled as such. In secondary schools, children are just beginning to learn to formulate their thoughts in a literary format. This is why many people come to take the test with fear - they have to express their point of view in a short time, while they are completely unable to do so.

Essay structure

Essay topics are usually presented in the form of quotes from famous people, with whom the writer can agree or disagree, arguing his opinion.

That is why it is recommended to start an essay with the words “I agree with this opinion” or “I cannot say that I think the same as the author”, or “this statement seems controversial to me, although on some points I join this opinion” .

The second sentence should contain an explanation of how the statement was understood. You need to write from yourself - what, in the opinion of the writer, the author wanted to say and why he thinks so.

The main part of the essay is a detailed presentation of the author’s point of view, according to the principle “I think so because...”. You can seek help from other quotes and aphorisms with which the writer agrees.

Conclusion of the essay - results of the work. This is a mandatory item that makes the work complete.

Let's look at the main subjects on which essays are written.

Social science

Social science - the subject of study of which is the complex social sciences. The close relationship of social teachings is considered, and not each of them separately.

So, a social studies course may include:

• sociology;
• political science;
• philosophy;
• psychology;
• economy.

The basics of these disciplines are studied.

A sample essay on social studies is often necessary for graduates when writing the Unified State Examination. The structure of this essay fully corresponds to the structure given above. When testing their knowledge, students can be given as a topic statements by famous philosophers, sociologists and other figures in the social sciences.

Below is a sample essay on social studies (in brief).

Topic: "Laws are silent during war. Lucan"

“After reading this statement for the first time, I decided that I absolutely agreed with this statement. But a little later it occurred to me that this quote, like almost everything in our world, is not so simple.

I associate with Lucan’s statement another well-known aphorism - “In love and in war, all means are fair.” Probably because many unconditionally follow this rule, considering it true, and it turns out that in wartime all laws prefer to remain silent.

But there is another side to the coin: during war, the very law of war applies. "Kill or be killed." And glorious heroes follow the laws that their hearts tell them. In the name of loved ones, relatives and friends.

So it turns out that war creates new laws. Tougher and more uncompromising than peacetime.

Of course, I can understand Lucan: all his quotes suggest that this man had a pacifist point of view. I also consider myself peace-loving. But this particular statement does not pass logical verification on my part, so I cannot say that I agree with it."

On the Unified State Examination itself there is a limit on the number of words in interval form. It is very important to adhere to them, otherwise even a clearly verified essay structure will not pass the examiner’s verification.

Story

History is considered one of the sciences about society and nature. Despite the fact that they adhere to the division of this discipline into two separate ones: the world one and the country in which they are studying, the basics of writing essays for both subjects are similar to each other.

When choosing topics for writing an essay on history, they can often deviate from aphorisms and quotes. With equal success, this could be reflections on the global consequences of wars, an assessment of the actions of the notorious Decembrists or dissidents, or the author’s opinion on any historical figure or phenomenon. To write an essay on history, a student (or applicant, or student) must have solid knowledge on a given topic. At the same time, a sample essay on social studies is not suitable as an example, because this discipline often examines moral and ethical issues. Although writing an essay on this subject requires sufficient erudition in many areas.

But an important question is how to format the essay. A sample historical essay in its structure, again, does not deviate from the given rules. However, additional requirements may be imposed on it in the form of a list of references and a title page.

Writing an essay on history

Even if sample history essay in this moment not at hand, you can write an excellent essay by following these rules:

• To begin with, information is sought on a given topic: even if it is familiar, it does not hurt to repeat the material.
• Next, you need to structure it, identify cause-and-effect relationships, and roughly outline a plan according to which the reasoning will move forward.
• It is important to think through arguments and counterarguments.
• Regarding the style: it is better to ask the teacher which one is recommended to use. In rare but possible cases, it is necessary to write in a scientific style.
• Do not forget about the conclusion (the importance of the results of the work is described in the description of the essay structure).

Russian language

An essay in the Russian language is somewhat similar to a school argumentative essay, but on knowledge tests such as the Unified State Exam, it includes a larger number of writing rules. This is where its complexity lies.

The essay must be written according to the text proposed by the examiners, therefore it is necessary:

• Identify the problems of this text.
• Describe aspects of this problem.
• Argue your point of view about what the author wanted to say.
• Draw conclusions.

As you can see, a clarification is added to the usual structure of the essay: the topic (in this case, the problematic) is identified by the writer and formulated by him. In addition, when checking an essay in the Russian language, more attention is paid to speech, grammatical and punctuation errors. Additional points in favor of the author in the eyes of the examiner are added when using literary arguments, famous examples and so on. The sequence also plays a role in this case important role. The Russian language essay sample must strictly follow all the above requirements.

English language

In the language in post-Soviet countries where it is not native, they completely deviate from the rule of giving a statement or quotation as a topic. When translated into Russian, they are often very simple, and the writing of the essay itself is aimed at testing the use of a foreign language when expressing your thoughts.

Much attention should be paid to grammar, different times, complex constructions, synonymization of simple words.

Essay in English: classification

Essays in English are usually divided into three types:

• “for” and “against” any phenomenon that represents the topic of the essay;
• an opinion essay, in which it is very important to look at the topic from different angles;
• proposal for a solution to a problem (often they give something global).

Writing an essay in English

And so I was given a specific task: to write an essay in English. An example of how this can be done is provided below.

• Use introductory words: moreover, indeed, generally, mostly, usually, recently, besides.
• Insert template phrases with which you can start a paragraph: to begin with, doubtless, one argument is support of.
• Use English clichés, set phrases, idioms, phraseological units and sayings: long story short, one cannot deny, one does not simply, nail drives out nail.
• Don’t forget how you can formulate a conclusion in English: in conclusion, I can say that although , so it’s up to everyone to decide whether … or not.

Decor

Above we outlined in detail how to write an essay correctly. The sample, although formally only one was provided, reflects the essence of what is happening and what the inspector wants to see in the opus handed over to him.

But after the essay has been written, a problem arises with its design.

Typically, this specification is clarified by the teacher. And the obstacle lies specifically in how to design the title page of the essay.

A sample is presented below.

At the top of the page, in the middle, line by line:

Ministry of Education and Science (country name),

full name of the higher educational institution,

faculty,

In the center of the sheet:

discipline,

essay topic.

On the right side of the page:

student(s) of the group (group name),

Full Name.

Bottom of the page, middle:

city, year the work was written.

From which it follows that it is not difficult to design a title page in an essay (the sample shows this very well). The requirements are close to the same abstract specification.

For example, if you look at a sample history essay, you can make sure that in this case the work is written on the basis of the sources used. So sometimes a bibliography is required. But even this does not bring particularly difficulties in the way the essay is formatted. The sample for writing a list of used literature is the same as for reports, abstracts and other similar works.

For example:

Ratus L. G. "Philosophy in the New Age." - 1980, No. 3. - P. 19-26.

Mishevsky M. O. "Historical influence of psychology." - P.: Mysl, 1965. - 776 p.

Kegor S. M. "Horror and Awe." - K.: Republic, 1983 - 183 p.

Yarosh D. "Personality in the concept of society." - M.: Roslit, 1983. - 343 p. (All sources provided are fictitious and represent only an example of their design.)

Conclusion

At the beginning of the article, a detailed classification of essay types was provided. To summarize, we can identify its simplified section, taking into account all those mentioned here. So, let’s conditionally highlight:

• Essays that are written when passing the Unified State Exam(they have clear boundaries of volume, up to the number of words, are written within a strictly specified time frame, measured in hours or even minutes, do not have a specification in the form of a title page and bibliography, in turn, are divided by subject, depending on the academic discipline).
• Essays written by students of various universities (the volume is determined in pages, from two to seven, the deadlines are allocated based on the frequency of classes, seminars, lectures, are drawn up in accordance with the above information along with title page and a list of sources used).

The article contains: terminology, history, essay design, sample work, structure and requirements. All this will help you successfully write and format this work.