Russian-English short dictionary of general vocabulary. The History of UN - History of the United Nations (UN), oral topic in English with translation. Topic United Nations in English

April 25 marks the 65th anniversary of the day when delegates from 50 countries gathered in San Francisco for the United Nations conference on the creation of an international organization - the UN. During the conference, the delegates prepared a charter of 111 articles, which was adopted on 25 June.

The United Nations (UN) is an international organization of states created to maintain and strengthen international peace, security, and development of cooperation between countries.

The name United Nations, proposed by United States President Franklin Roosevelt, was first used in the Declaration of the United Nations on January 1, 1942, when, during World War II, representatives of 26 states pledged on behalf of their governments to continue the joint struggle against the countries of the Nazi bloc.

The first contours of the UN were outlined at a conference in Washington, Dumbarton Oaks. At two series of meetings, held from September 21 to October 7, 1944, the United States, Great Britain, the USSR and China agreed on the goals, structure and functions of the world organization.

On February 11, 1945, after meetings in Yalta, the leaders of the USA, Great Britain and the USSR Franklin Roosevelt, Winston Churchill and Joseph Stalin declared their determination to establish "a universal international organization for the maintenance of peace and security."

On April 25, 1945, representatives from 50 countries met in San Francisco for the United Nations Conference to Establish an International Organization to draft the UN Charter.

Delegates from countries representing over 80% of the population gathered in San Francisco the globe. The Conference was attended by 850 delegates, and together with their advisers, the staff of delegations and the secretariat of the Conference, the total number of persons who took part in the work of the Conference reached 3,500. In addition, there were more than 2,500 representatives of the press, radio and newsreels, as well as observers from various societies and organizations. The San Francisco Conference was not only one of the most important in history, but in all probability the largest of any international meeting that has ever taken place.

The agenda of the Conference included proposals made by the representatives of China, Soviet Union, Great Britain and the United States at Dumbarton Oaks, on the basis of which the delegates were to work out a Charter acceptable to all states.

The charter was signed on June 26, 1945 by representatives of 50 countries. Poland, not represented at the Conference, signed it later and became the 51st Founding State.

The UN officially exists since October 24, 1945. - By this date, the Charter has been ratified by China, France, the Soviet Union, Great Britain, the United States and most of the other signatories. October 24 is celebrated annually as United Nations Day.

The preamble to the Charter refers to the determination of the peoples of the United Nations to "save succeeding generations from the scourge of war".

The objectives of the UN, enshrined in its Charter, are the maintenance of international peace and security, the prevention and elimination of threats to peace, and the suppression of acts of aggression, the settlement or resolution by peaceful means of international disputes, the development of friendly relations between nations based on respect for the principle of equal rights and self-determination of peoples; implementation international cooperation in the economic, social, cultural and humanitarian fields, the promotion and development of respect for human rights and fundamental freedoms for all without distinction as to race, sex, language or religion.

Members of the UN have pledged to act in accordance with the following principles: the sovereign equality of states; settlement of international disputes by peaceful means; renunciation in international relations of the threat or use of force against the territorial integrity or political independence of any state.

192 states of the world are members of the UN.

Principal organs of the UN:
- The UN General Assembly (UNGA) - the main deliberative body, consists of representatives of all UN member states (each of them has 1 vote).
- The UN Security Council operates permanently. Under the Charter, the Security Council is given primary responsibility for the maintenance of international peace and security. If all means of peaceful resolution of the conflict are used, the Security Council is competent to send observers or troops to the areas of conflicts to maintain peace in order to reduce tension and separate the troops of the warring parties.

Throughout the existence of the UN peacekeeping forces The UN has conducted about 40 peacekeeping operations.
- The Economic and Social Council of the United Nations (ECOSOC) is authorized to conduct research and draw up reports on international issues in the field of economic, social, culture, education, health, human rights, ecology, etc., to make recommendations on any of them to the GA.
- The International Court of Justice, the main judicial body, formed in 1945, resolves legal disputes between states with their consent and gives advisory opinions on legal issues.
- The UN Secretariat was created to ensure proper conditions for the activities of the organization. The secretariat is headed by the chief administrative officer of the UN - the UN Secretary General (since January 1, 2007 - Ban Ki-moon (Korea).

The UN has a number of its own specialized agencies - international intergovernmental organizations on economic, social and humanitarian issues (UNESCO, WHO, FAO, IMF, ILO, UNIDO and others) associated with the UN through ECOSOC, international agreements. Most members of the UN are members of the specialized agencies of the UN.

IN common system The UN also includes autonomous organizations such as the World trade Organization(WTO) and the International Agency for atomic energy(IAEA).

The official languages ​​of the UN and its organizations are English, Arabic, Chinese, French, Russian and Spanish.

The UN headquarters is located in New York.

The UN is a recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize. In 2001, the Prize "For Contribution to a Better World and Strengthening World Peace" was awarded jointly to the organization and its General Secretary, Kofi Annan. In 1988 Nobel Prize world received the UN Peacekeeping Forces.

The material was prepared on the basis of information from open sources

The United Nations is the center for solving problems that all of humanity faces. These activities are carried out jointly by more than 30 related organizations that make up the United Nations system. Day by day, the United Nations and other organizations of its system work to promote respect for human rights, protect environment, disease control and poverty reduction.

The United Nations was founded on October 24, 1945 by fifty-one countries determined to preserve peace through international cooperation and collective security. To date, 191 countries are members of the United Nations, that is, almost all countries of the world. When states become members of the United Nations, they accept the obligations set out in the Charter of the United Nations, which is an international treaty that reflects the basic principles of international relations.

According to the Charter, the United Nations pursues four goals in its activities: to maintain international peace and security, to develop friendly relations among nations, to carry out international cooperation in solving international problems and in promoting respect for human rights, and also to be a center for coordinating the actions of nations in achieving these common goals.

History of the United Nations

The emergence of the UN was due to a number of objective factors of the military-strategic, political, economic development of human society at the end of the second millennium. The creation of the UN was the embodiment of the eternal dream of mankind for such a device and organization of international community that would save mankind from the endless series of wars and ensure peaceful living conditions for peoples, their progressive advancement along the path of socio-economic progress, prosperity and development, free from fear for the future. .

The beginning of the discussion and development of the problem of the general organization of labor and security was laid by the Atlantic Party, signed by US President F.D. the first was formulated extremely important task that confronted peace-loving states, namely “to determine ways and means for organizing international relations and post-war device peace."

The first intergovernmental document adopted during the Second World War, which put forward the idea of ​​creating a new international security organization, was the Declaration of the Government of the Soviet Union and the Government of the Polish Republic on Friendship and Mutual Assistance, signed in Moscow on December 4, 1941. It stated that a lasting and just world could only be achieved by a new organization of international relations, founded not by the unification democratic countries into a strong alliance. When creating such an organization, the decisive moment should be "respect for international law, supported by the collective armed force of all Allied States."

January 1, 1942 United Nations Declaration signed by 26 member states in Washington anti-Hitler coalition, including the USSR, on joint efforts in the fight against Nazi Germany, fascist Italy and militaristic Japan. The name "United Nations" was later proposed for the new organization by US President R.D. Roosevelt and was officially used for the UN Charter.

At the suggestion of the US government in August - September 1944 in Dumbarton Oaks, on the outskirts of Washington, a conference of four powers - the USSR, Great Britain, the USA and China was held, at which the agreed text of the final document was signed: "Proposal for the creation of the General International Security Organization". These proposals served as the basis for the development of the UN Charter.

During the work of the Conference in San Francisco on April 25, 1945. The text of the UN Charter was prepared, which was signed on June 26, 1945. From the day the UN Charter came into force on October 24, 1945, when the last 29th instrument of ratification of the USSR was deposited with the US Government, the beginning of the existence of the UN is officially counted. By decision of the General Assembly, adopted in 1947. The day of entry into force of the UN Charter was officially declared "United Nations Day", which is solemnly celebrated annually in the countries - members of the UN.

The UN Charter embodies democratic ideals, which finds expression, in particular, in the fact that it affirms faith in fundamental human rights, in the dignity and worth of human personality, in the equality of men and women, consolidates the equality of large and small nations. The UN Charter establishes as its main objectives the maintenance of international peace and security, the settlement by peaceful means, in accordance with the principles of justice and international law, of international disputes and situations. It determines that the UN is based on the principle of the sovereign equality of all its members, that all members faithfully fulfill their obligations under the Charter in order to provide them all in the aggregate with the rights and benefits arising from membership in the Organization, that all members must resolve by and refrain from the threat of force or its application, and that the UN has the right to intervene in matters which are essentially within the domestic jurisdiction of any State. The UN Charter emphasizes the open nature of the Organization, whose members can be all peace-loving states.

How the UN functions

The United Nations is not a world government and does not make laws. However, it provides means to help resolve international conflicts and develop policies on issues that affect us all. In the United Nations, all Member States - big and small, rich and poor, of different political views and social systems - have the right to express their opinion and vote in this process.

The United Nations has six principal organs. Five of them - the General Assembly, the Security Council, the Economic and Social Council, the Trusteeship Council and the Secretariat - are located at United Nations Headquarters in New York. The sixth body, the International Court of Justice, is located in The Hague, the Netherlands.

United Nations General Assembly

It is a body in which all UN member states are represented. The General Assembly has a number of very important functions: the power to consider general principles cooperation in maintaining international peace and security, including the principles governing armaments, as well as to discuss a wide range of problems of cooperation between states in the political, economic, social, environmental, scientific, technical and other fields and make recommendations on them.

The General Assembly holds annual regular sessions, which are only interrupted in December of each year and continue until the beginning of the next session. Plenary sessions open on the Tuesday after the second Monday in September. Such special (from 1946 to 2000 there were 24) and emergency special (from 1946 to 1999 there were 10) sessions are convened. The provisional agenda for a regular session is drawn up by the Secretary General and communicated to the UN members at least 60 days before the opening of the session.

A characteristic feature of the activities of the General Assembly in recent years is that it is becoming increasingly important in its work, and in the work of all UN bodies, for the first time applied in 1964. in the Security Council and the method widely used in the General Assembly for the development and adoption of resolutions based on the principle of agreement (consensus), i.e. reaching a general agreement without a vote on the relevant decision.

Resolutions of the General Assembly are not legally binding on states, but neither can they be qualified as mere appeals or wishes. States must carefully and conscientiously consider General Assembly resolutions.

Resolutions and declarations of the General Assembly are the most important standard for the formation of international law. The UN has developed the following practice of developing international legal instruments. First, a declaration is adopted on some issue (for example, the Universal Declaration of Human Rights), and then, on the basis of such declarations, international treaties and conventions (two International Human Rights Acts, the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons, etc.).

The General Assembly is a truly democratic representative body sovereign states. Each member of the General Assembly, regardless of the size of the territory, population, economic and military power has one vote. General Assembly decision on important issues are adopted by a 2/3 majority of the members of the Assembly present and voting.

The work of the General Assembly may be attended by states - not members of the UN, having permanent observers at the UN (Vatican, Switzerland) and not having them. In addition, representatives of a number of international organizations (UN specialized agencies, the OAS, the Arab League, the OAU, the EU, the CIS, etc.) also received the right to participate as observers of Palestine.

The Security Council consists of 15 members: five members of the Council are permanent (Russia, the United States, Great Britain, France and China), the remaining ten members (in the terminology of the Charter - “non-permanent”) are elected to the Council in accordance with the procedure provided for by the Charter.

Decisions on procedural matters in the Security Council are considered adopted if at least nine of any members of the Council vote for them. The main form of recommendations adopted by the Security Council is a resolution. More than 1300 of them have been accepted for more than half a century.

In the course of many years of activity of the Security Council, well-defined methods and forms of its response and influence on certain events in the world have developed. One of these methods is the condemnation by the Council of a state for unlawful acts committed by it in violation of the purposes and principles of the UN Charter. For example, the Council has repeatedly condemned South Africa in its decisions for pursuing the criminal policy of apartheid. Often the Security Council resorted to such a method as stating political fact, of one situation or another. This is precisely how the situation in southern Africa, created by Pretoria's aggressive actions against the "front-line" African states, was defined in numerous resolutions of the Security Council.

The most commonly used technique, the appeal to states, is the Security Council's way of settling conflicts. He has repeatedly called for a cessation of hostilities, respect for the ceasefire, withdrawal of troops, and so on. In the course of considering a complex of problems of the Yugoslav settlement, the Iran-Iraq conflict, the situation in Angola, Georgia, Tajikistan and along the Tajik-Afghan border.

The Security Council often performed the functions of reconciliation of the parties in disputes and conflicts. To this end, the Council has appointed mediators, especially often instructing the Secretary-General or his representative to perform the functions of providing good offices, mediation and conciliation of the parties. These functions were used by the Council when considering the Palestinian and Kashmir issues, the situation in the former Yugoslavia, and others.

Since 1948 The Security Council began to resort to such a method as sending groups of military observers and monitoring missions to observe the implementation of the requirements for a ceasefire, the terms of the Io truce agreements, a political settlement, etc. Until 1973, military observers were recruited almost exclusively from among the citizens of Western countries. For the first time in 1973 Soviet observer officers were included in the Palestine Truce Supervision Authority (UNTSO), which still performs useful functions in the Middle East. Observation missions were also sent to Lebanon (UNOGIL), India and Pakistan (UNMOGIP), Uganda and Rwanda (UNOMUR), El Salvador (MONEO), Tajikistan (UNMOT) and others.

An important sphere of activity of the Security Council is its interaction with regional organizations. Such cooperation is carried out in various forms, including through regular consultations, the provision of diplomatic support, through which one or another regional organization can take part in UN peacekeeping activities (for example, CFE in Albania), through the parallel operational deployment peacekeeping missions(e.g. the United Nations Monitoring Mission in Liberia (UNOMIL) was deployed with the Monitoring Team (ECOMOG) ecological community West African States (ECOWAS) in Liberia, and the United Nations Observer Mission in Georgia (UNOMIG) operates in cooperation with the CIS peacekeeping force in Georgia) and through joint operations (for example, the UN-OAS International Civilian Mission in Haiti (ICMG).

Security Council is playing important role in the field of early detection and identification of emerging conflicts. In recent years, there has been an urgent need to create early warning systems for the emergence of hotbeds of tension, danger nuclear accident, about environmental threats, mass movements of the population, natural disasters, the threat of famine and the spread of diseases and epidemics. This kind of information could be used to assess whether there was a threat to peace and to analyze what actions could be taken by the United Nations to reduce it and what preventive actions and measures could be taken by the Security Council and other UN bodies.

One of the tools most frequently used by the Security Council is preventive diplomacy. Preventive diplomacy is an action of a political, diplomatic, international, legal and other nature, aimed at preventing the emergence of disputes and disagreements between the parties, preventing them from escalating into conflicts and limiting the scale of conflicts after they arise. Cooperating with the Secretary General, the Council actively used the means of preventive diplomacy, provided conditions for reconciliation, mediation, good offices, establishment and other preventive actions.

The most commonly used tool, especially in Lately, are peacekeeping operations (PKO), which have been carried out only through the UN since 1948. more than 50. Peacekeeping operation - a set of actions taken with the consent of the conflicting parties, interconnected in goals, tasks, place and time, with the participation of impartial military, police and civilian personnel in support of efforts to stabilize the situation in areas of potential or existing conflicts, carried out in accordance with mandated by the Security Council or regional organizations and aimed at creating conditions conducive to a political settlement of the conflict and the maintenance or restoration of international peace and security.

The Security Council has very often, especially in recent years, used such an instrument as sanctions - economic, political, diplomatic, financial and other coercive measures not related to the use of armed forces, carried out by decision of the Security Council in order to induce the state concerned to stop or refrain from actions. Constituting a threat to the peace, a breach of the peace, or an act of aggression.

A number of subsidiary bodies have been established by the Council to oversee the implementation of the sanctions, such as the Board of Governors of the Compensation Commission and the Special Commission on the Situation between Iraq and Kuwait, the Yugoslav, Libya, Somalia, Angola, Haiti, Rwanda, Liberia, Sudan, Sierra Leone and others. The results of the Council's application of sanctions against them are far from unambiguous. Thus, the economic sanctions adopted by the Council against the racist regime of Southern Rhodesia contributed to a certain extent to the elimination of the racist regime, the achievement of independence by the people of Zimbabwe, and the accession of this country in 1980. to UN members. The value of sanctions as a means of resolving conflicts has been amply demonstrated in other conflicts, for example, in Angola, Haiti, South Africa. At the same time, it must be admitted that in most cases the application of sanctions was associated with a number of negative consequences for the population and economy of the countries that were the objects of sanctions and resulted in huge material and financial damage to neighboring and third states that comply with the decisions of the Sanctions Council.

According to the UN Charter, the Security Council must function continuously and take "prompt and effective" action on behalf of the members of the UN. To this end, each member of the Security Council must at all times be represented at the seat of the United Nations. According to the rules of procedure, the interval between meetings of the Security Council should not exceed 14 days, although in practice this rule was not always respected. On average, the Security Council held 77 formal meetings per year.

The Economic and Social Council operates under the general direction of the General Assembly and coordinates the activities of the United Nations and the institutions of its system in the economic and social fields. As the main forum for discussion of international economic and social problems and making policy recommendations in these areas, the Council plays an important role in strengthening international cooperation for development. It also consults with non-governmental organizations (NGOs), thus maintaining a vital link between the United Nations and civil society.

The Council consists of 54 members elected by General Assembly for three years. The Council meets periodically throughout the year, meeting in July for its substantive session, during which critical economic, social and humanitarian issues are discussed at a high-level meeting.

The subsidiary bodies of the Council meet regularly and report to it. For example, the Commission on Human Rights monitors the observance of human rights in all countries of the world. Other bodies deal with social development, the status of women, crime prevention, drug control and sustainable development. The five regional commissions promote economic development and cooperation in their respective regions.

The Trusteeship Council was established to provide international oversight of the 11 Trust Territories administered by the seven Member States, and to ensure that their governments make the necessary efforts to prepare these Territories for self-government or independence. By 1994, all of the Trust Territories had become self-governing or independent, either as independent states or by joining neighboring independent states. The Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands (Palau), administered by the United States, was the last to go into self-government and became the 185th Member State of the United Nations.

Since the work of the Trusteeship Council has been completed, it currently consists of five permanent members of the Security Council. Its rules of procedure have been amended accordingly to enable it to meet only when the circumstances so require.

International Court

The International Court of Justice - also known as the World Court - is the main judicial organ of the United Nations. Its 15 judges are elected by the General Assembly and the Security Council, who vote independently and simultaneously. The International Court of Justice deals with the settlement of disputes between states on the basis of the voluntary participation of the states concerned. If the State agrees to participate in litigation, it is bound to comply with the decision of the Court. The Court also prepares advisory opinions for the United Nations and its specialized agencies.

Secretariat

The secretariat conducts operational and administrative work United Nations, as directed by the General Assembly, the Security Council and other bodies. It is headed by the Secretary General, who provides general administrative direction.

The Secretariat is made up of departments and offices with approximately 7,500 regular budget funded staff representing 170 countries worldwide. In addition to United Nations Headquarters in New York, there are United Nations offices in Geneva, Vienna and Nairobi and other duty stations.

United Nations system

International monetary fund, The World Bank and 13 other independent organizations, referred to as "specialized agencies", are linked to the United Nations through their respective cooperation agreements. These institutions, including the World Organization health and the International Organization civil aviation, are independent bodies established on the basis of intergovernmental agreements. They have a wide range international functions in the economic, social and cultural fields, as well as in the field of education, health and others. Some of them, such as the International Labor Organization and the Universal Postal Union, are older than the United Nations itself.

In addition, a number of United Nations offices, programs and funds, such as the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR), the United Nations Development Program (UNDP) and the United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF), are improving the social and economic situation of people in all regions of the world. They are accountable to the General Assembly or the Economic and Social Council.

All of these organizations have their own governing bodies, budgets and secretariats. Together with the United Nations, they form one family, or the United Nations system. Together they provide technical assistance and other forms of practical assistance in virtually all economic and social fields.

The United Nations (UN) is an international association that was created to improve relations between states and the security of the commonwealth of countries.

The UN is:

• Universal platform for international meetings.
• Guarantee of the security of the commonwealth of countries.
• The main connecting link of the existing diplomacy.

The idea of ​​developing this organization was formulated back in the years of the Second World War, in connection with the strengthening of the positions Nazi Germany. The first mention of this refers to January 1, 1942 (Declaration of the United Nations). The UN charter was soon agreed upon (mid-1945).

Initially, 50 states were included in the commonwealth of the country. On October 24, 1945, the UN Charter came into force. This date is considered to be United Nations Day.

UN structure.

The United Nations includes the following divisions:

1. Security Council. It is the main governmental body of the United Nations, which is responsible for full responsibility for everything that happens.
2. Secretariat. Includes the executive branch. At the head of the secretariat is the general secretary.

During the entire existence of the organization, only 8 general secretaries have changed. At the moment, this is Ban Ki-moon (representative of the Republic of Korea).

1. International Court. Includes the judiciary. In this case, the court is not specific people, namely the states.
2. Economic and Social Council. Responsible for economic and social policy in the field of international cooperation.
3. Postal administration. Engaged in the production of postage stamps, especially for the UN.
4. specialized institutions. These are isolated international organizations that were created by the UN. These may include: UNESCO (educational, scientific and cultural issues), IAEA ( international agency on atomic energy) and others.

Official languages ​​of the UN.

In order to improve the organization of the activities of the UN, some official languages for communication within the organization.

In this regard, the following official languages ​​of the United Nations have been designated:

• English language.
• Russian language.
• French.
• Spanish language.
• Arabic language.
• Chinese.

In these, and only in these languages, all negotiations are conducted, meeting records are written and official documents are issued. No exceptions are provided.

Which states are members of the UN?

As already mentioned, the Organization originally included 50 countries (1945). And already in 1946, another 150 states were included in the UN, a number of which were divided into independent ones (for example, Czechoslovakia).

Currently, the United Nations includes 193 states.

But not all states can be included in the UN. You can become a member of the UN only if the country is given international recognition. All this is spelled out in the main document of the United Nations - the UN Charter.

It is important that the country joining the UN accept this Charter, and the UN countries be sure that all the clauses of the Charter will be observed by this country. Such decisions are taken by the General Assembly with the permission of the Security Council.

Plus, countries that are permanent members of the UN (Russia, USA, UK, France and China) have the opportunity to veto the decision.

OSN UN Special Forces Dictionary: Dictionary of abbreviations and abbreviations of the army and special services. Comp. A. A. Shchelokov. M.: AST Publishing House LLC, Geleos Publishing House CJSC, 2003. 318 p. DOS Dictionary: Dictionary of abbreviations and abbreviations of the army and ... ... Dictionary of abbreviations and abbreviations

UN- United Nations, see United Nations... Modern Encyclopedia

UN- see United Nations... Big Encyclopedic Dictionary

UN- United Nations, see UNITED NATIONS. Source: Encyclopedia Fatherland ... Russian history

UN- (Greek). The inscription on the icon of the Savior, which means this, that is, the existing, the name of God. Dictionary of foreign words included in the Russian language. Chudinov A.N., 1910 ... Dictionary of foreign words of the Russian language

UN- noun, number of synonyms: 1 organization (82) ASIS Synonym Dictionary. V.N. Trishin. 2013 ... Synonym dictionary

UN- See United Nations EdwART. Glossary of terms of the Ministry of Emergency Situations, 2010 ... Emergencies Dictionary

UN- United Nations, see United Nations... Demographic Encyclopedic Dictionary

UN- United Nations, see United Nations. … Illustrated Encyclopedic Dictionary

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