Nadezhda Konstantinovna Krupskaya. Literary and historical notes of a young technician. Nadezhda Krupskaya and Vladimir Ulyanov in Shushenskoye

Biography
Nadia Krupskaya grew up in a poor family. Her father, who was considered "unreliable", at one time became close to the populists, so the family received a small pension for him. A modest and silent girl, at the end of the Bestuzhev courses, began working at an evening school. Especially for the study of Marxism, she memorized German. Passion for Marxism quickly acquired the features of fanaticism in her.
She met Vladimir Ulyanov thanks to her friend Apollinaria Yakubova, who brought Nadya to a Marxist gathering organized under the plausible pretext of pancakes.
“Before his marriage in July 1898 in Shushenskoye to Nadezhda Krupskaya, only one notable “courtship” of Vladimir Ulyanov is known,” says historian Dmitry Volkogonov. - He was seriously attracted by Krupskaya's friend - Apollinaria Yakubova, also a socialist and teacher.
Already not very young Ulyanov (he was then over twenty-six) wooed Yakubova, but met a polite but firm refusal. Judging by a number of indirect signs, unsuccessful matchmaking did not become a noticeable drama of the future leader of the Russian Jacobins ... "
Vladimir Ilyich immediately struck Nadezhda with his leadership inclinations. The girl tried to interest the future leader - firstly, with Marxist conversations, which Ulyanov adored, and secondly, with her mother's cooking. Elizaveta Vasilievna, seeing him at home, was happy. She considered her daughter unattractive and did not prophesy happiness in her personal life. One can imagine how happy she was for her Nadenka when she saw in her house a pleasant young man from a good family!
On the other hand, having become the bride of Ulyanov, Nadia did not cause much enthusiasm among his family: they found that she had a very “herring look”. This statement meant, first of all, that Krupskaya's eyes were bulging, like those of a fish - one of the signs of Graves' disease discovered later, due to which, it is believed, Nadezhda Konstantinovna could not have children. Vladimir Ulyanov himself treated Nadyusha's "herring" with humor, assigning the bride the appropriate party nicknames: Fish and Lamprey.
Already in prison, he invited Nadya to become his wife. “Well, a wife is a wife,” she replied.
Being exiled to Ufa for three years for her revolutionary activities, Nadia decided that it would be more fun to serve her exile with Ulyanov. Therefore, she asked to be sent to Shushenskoye, Minusinsk district, where the groom was already, and, having obtained permission from the police officials, she followed her chosen one with her mother.
The first thing that the future mother-in-law said to Lenin at the meeting was: “How you were blown away!” Ilyich in Shushenskoye ate well and led healthy lifestyle life: regularly hunted, ate his favorite sour cream and other peasant delicacies. The future leader lived in the hut of the peasant Zyryanov, but after the arrival of the bride, he began to look for other housing - with a room for his mother-in-law.
Arriving in Shushenskoye, Elizaveta Vasilievna insisted that the marriage be concluded without delay, and "in full Orthodox form." Ulyanov, who was already twenty-eight, and Krupskaya, one year older than him, obeyed. A long red tape began with permission to marry: without this, Nadia and her mother could not live with Ilyich. But permission for a wedding was not given without a residence permit, which, in turn, was impossible without marriage ... Lenin sent complaints to Minusinsk and Krasnoyarsk about the arbitrariness of the authorities, and finally, by the summer of 1898, Krupskaya was allowed to become his wife. The wedding took place in the Peter and Paul Church, the bride was wearing a white blouse and black skirt, the groom was wearing an ordinary, very shabby brown suit. Lenin made his next costume only in Europe...
At the wedding, many exiles from the surrounding villages had fun, and they sang so loudly that the owners of the hut came in to ask them to calm down ...
“We were newlyweds, after all,” Nadezhda Konstantinovna recalled about life in Shushenskoye, “and this brightened up the exile. The fact that I do not write about this in my memoirs does not mean at all that there was neither poetry nor young passion in our life ... "
Ilyich turned out to be a caring husband. In the very first days after the wedding, he hired a fifteen-year-old assistant girl for Nadia: Krupskaya never learned how to handle the Russian stove and grip. And the culinary abilities of the young wife even beat off the appetite of close people. When Elizaveta Vasilievna died in 1915, the couple had to eat in cheap canteens until they returned to Russia. Nadezhda Konstantinovna admitted: after the death of her mother, "our family life became even more student-like."
“The spouses never shared their pain with anyone: the childlessness of Nadezhda Konstantinovna, who suffered from Graves' disease and, as Vladimir Ilyich himself writes, not only her. In a letter to mother loving son reports: “Nadya must be lying: the doctor found (as she wrote a week ago) that her illness (female) requires persistent treatment, that she must lie down for 2-6 weeks. I sent her more money (received 100 rubles from Vodovozova), because the treatment will require decent expenses ... ”(D. Volkogonov).
Some of Lenin's entourage hinted that Vladimir Ilyich often gets from his wife. G. I. Petrovsky, one of his associates, recalled: “I had to observe how Nadezhda Konstantinovna, during a discussion on various issues did not agree with the opinion of Vladimir Ilyich. It was very interesting. It was very difficult for Vladimir Ilyich to object, since everything was thought out and logical with him. But Nadezhda Konstantinovna also noticed “errors” in his speech, an excessive enthusiasm for something ... When Nadezhda Konstantinovna spoke with her remarks, Vladimir Ilyich chuckled and scratched his head. His whole appearance said that he sometimes gets hit.
There is also a story that once Krupskaya, who knew about her husband's love for Inessa Armand, invited him to leave so that he could arrange his personal happiness. But Vladimir Ilyich preferred to stay with his wife. It was rumored that Ilyich's friend, the exiled Kurnatovsky, was secretly in love with Nadezhda Konstantinovna. He very often went to the Ulyanovs, supposedly to talk about Marxism ... Be that as it may, but the revolutionaries, who tied their fates, lived a long life together and were inseparable until the death of Vladimir Ilyich. Deterioration of health and pronounced signs of the disease appeared in Lenin in early spring 1922. All the symptoms pointed to ordinary mental fatigue: severe headaches, memory loss, insomnia, irritability, hypersensitivity to noise. However, the doctors disagreed on the diagnosis. The German professor Klemperer believed main reason headaches poisoning the body with lead bullets that were not removed from the body of the leader after being wounded in 1918. In April 1922, he was operated on under local anesthesia, and one of the bullets in the neck was nevertheless pulled out. But Ilyich's health did not improve. Professor Darshkevich, who diagnosed him with overwork, prescribed rest for him. But bad forebodings did not leave Lenin, and he took a terrible promise from Stalin: to give him potassium cyanide in the event that he suddenly suffered a blow. Paralysis, doomed to complete, humiliating helplessness, Vladimir Ilyich feared more than anything in the world.
That spring he spent in Gorki. On the night of May 25, as usual, I could not sleep for a long time. And then, under the windows, as luck would have it, a nightingale sang. Lenin went out into the garden, picked up pebbles and began to throw them at the nightingale, and suddenly noticed that his right hand was not obeying well ...
By morning he was already very ill. Speech and memory suffered: Ilyich at times did not understand what was said to him, and could not find words to express his thought.
On May 30, Ilyich called Stalin to Gorki and reminded him of given promise. He seemingly agreed, and on the way to the car he told everything to the leader's sister Maria Ilyinichna. Together, they persuaded Lenin to wait with suicide, convincing that the doctors did not lose hope for his full recovery. He believed.
“We will see what kind of wife you are to him,” Joseph Vissarionovich Krupskoy hinted more than once. And one day Nadezhda Konstantinovna, an extremely restrained woman, lost her temper: she went into hysterics, she sobbed. This, according to one version, allegedly finished off a little alive Ilyich.
In the first ten days of March of the following year, Ilyich lost his speech forever, although until the end of his days he understood everything that was happening to him. From the records of the doctor on duty: “On March 9, he looked at Krupskaya and told her:“ We must call my wife ... ”
These days, Nadezhda Konstantinovna, apparently, nevertheless made an attempt to end the suffering of her husband. From a secret note by Stalin dated March 17, members of the Politburo know that she "arch-conspiratorially" asked to give Lenin poison, saying that she tried to do it herself, but she did not have enough strength. Stalin again promised to "show humanism" and again did not keep his word ... However, the days of Vladimir Ilyich were already numbered.
Nadezhda Konstantinovna outlived her husband by fifteen years, full of squabbles and intrigues. When the leader of the world proletariat died, Stalin entered into a fierce struggle with his widow, not intending to share power with anyone. Nadezhda Konstantinovna begged to bury her husband, but instead his body was turned into a mummy ...
“In the summer of 1930, district party conferences were held in Moscow before the 16th Party Congress,” historian Roy Medvedev writes in his book They Surrounded Stalin. - At the Bauman conference, the widow of V. I. Lenin, N. K. Krupskaya, spoke and criticized the methods of Stalinist collectivization, saying that this collectivization had nothing to do with the Leninist cooperative plan. Krupskaya accused the Central Committee of the party of ignorance of the mood of the peasantry and of refusing to consult with the people. “There is no need to blame the local authorities,” said Nadezhda Konstantinovna, “the mistakes that were made by the Central Committee itself.”
When Krupskaya was still making her speech, the leaders of the district committee let Kaganovich know about it, and he immediately left for the conference. Rising to the podium after Krupskaya, Kaganovich subjected her speech to a rude scolding. Rejecting her criticism on the merits, he also stated that, as a member of the Central Committee, she had no right to bring her criticisms to the rostrum of the district party conference. “Let N.K. Krupskaya not think,” Kaganovich declared, “that if she was Lenin’s wife, then she has a monopoly on Leninism.”
In 1938, the writer Marietta Shaginyan approached Krupskaya for a review and support for her novel about Lenin, A Ticket to History. Nadezhda Konstantinovna answered her with a detailed letter, which caused Stalin's terrible indignation. A scandal broke out, which became the subject of discussion of the Central Committee of the party.
“To condemn the behavior of Krupskaya, who, having received the manuscript of Shaginyan’s novel, not only did not prevent the novel from being born, but, on the contrary, encouraged Shaginyan in every possible way, gave about the manuscript positive reviews and advised Shaginyan on various aspects of the life of the Ulyanovs and thereby carried full responsibility for this book. To consider Krupskaya’s behavior all the more unacceptable and tactless, since Comrade Krupskaya did all this without the knowledge and consent of the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks, thereby turning the all-Party business of compiling works about Lenin into a private and family affair and acting as a monopolist and interpreter of public and personal the life and work of Lenin and his family, to which the Central Committee never gave anyone the rights ... "
Her death was mysterious. It came on the eve of the XVIII Party Congress, at which Nadezhda Konstantinovna was going to speak. On the afternoon of February 24, 1939, friends visited her in Arkhangelskoye to celebrate the mistress's approaching seventieth birthday. The table was laid, Nadezhda Konstantinovna seemed very lively ... In the evening she suddenly became ill. They called a doctor, but for some reason he arrived after more than three hours. The diagnosis was made immediately: "acute appendicitis-peritonitis-thrombosis". For some reason, the necessary urgent operation was not performed. Three days later, Krupskaya died in terrible agony at the age of seventy.

KRUPSKAYA (Ulyanova) Nadezhda Konstantinovna, member of the revolutionary movement, Soviet statesman and party leader, one of the founders Soviet system public education, doctor pedagogical sciences(1936), honorary member of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR (1931). Member Communist Party since 1898.
Born in the family of a democratically minded officer. As a student of the Higher Women's Courses in St. Petersburg, from 1890 she was a member of Marxist student circles. In 1891-96 she taught at an evening and Sunday school behind the Nevsky Zastava, led revolutionary propaganda among the workers. In 1894 she met with V. I. Lenin.
In 1895 she participated in the organization and work of the St. Petersburg Union of Struggle for the Emancipation of the Working Class. In August 1896 she was arrested. In 1898 she was sentenced to exile for 3 years in the Ufa province, which, at her request, was replaced by p. Shushenskoye, Yenisei province, where Lenin was exiled; here Krupskaya became his wife.
In 1900 she completed her term of exile in Ufa; taught classes in a workers' circle, trained future Iskra correspondents. After her release, she came (1901) to Lenin in Munich; she worked as secretary of the editorial office of the Iskra newspaper, from December 1904 - to the newspaper Vpered, from May 1905 secretary of the Foreign Bureau of the Central Committee of the RSDLP. In November 1905, together with Lenin, she returned to Russia; first in St. Petersburg, and from the end of 1906 in Kuokkala (Finland), she worked as a secretary of the party's Central Committee.
At the end of 1907, Lenin and Krupskaya emigrated again; in Geneva, Krupskaya was the secretary of the Proletary newspaper, then the Social Democrat newspaper.
In 1911 he was a teacher at the party school in Longjumeau. Since 1912, in Krakow, she helped Lenin maintain contact with Pravda and the Bolshevik faction of the 4th State Duma. In late 1913 - early 1914, she participated in organizing the publication of the legal Bolshevik magazine Rabotnitsa.
Delegate of the 2nd-4th congresses of the RSDLP, participant in party conferences [incl. 6th (Prague)] and responsible party meetings (including the Conference of 22 Bolsheviks), which took place until 1917.
On April 3 (16), 1917, together with Lenin, she returned to Russia. Delegate of the 7th April Conference and the 6th Congress of the RSDLP(b). Participated in the creation of socialist youth unions. Hosted Active participation in the October Revolution of 1917; through Krupskaya, Lenin passed leading letters to the Central Committee and the St. Petersburg Committee of the Party, to the VRK; being a member of the Vyborg district committee of the RSDLP (b), she worked in it during the days of the October armed uprising.
According to M. N. Pokrovsky, before the October Revolution of 1917, Krupskaya, being Lenin's closest collaborator, "... did the very thing that real good" deputies do now "- unloaded Lenin from all current work, saving him time for such large things like "What to do?" (Memoirs of N. K. Krupskaya, 1966, p. 16).
After the establishment of Soviet power, Krupskaya became a member of the Board of the People's Commissariat of Education of the RSFSR; together with A. V. Lunacharsky and M. N. Pokrovsky, she prepared the first decrees on public education, one of the organizers of political and educational work. In 1918 she was elected a full member of the Socialist Academy social sciences.
In 1919, on the steamer "Red Star", she took part in an agitation campaign through the regions of the Volga region that had just been liberated from the White Guards. Since November 1920, the chairman of the Main Political Education Department under the People's Commissariat of Education. Since 1921, the chairman of the scientific and methodological section of the State Educational Council (GUS) of the People's Commissariat of Education. She taught at the Academy of Communist Education. Was the organizer of voluntary societies: "Down with illiteracy", "Friend of children", chairman of the society of Marxist teachers. Since 1929 Deputy People's Commissar of Education of the RSFSR.
Made a major contribution to the development critical issues Marxist pedagogy - defining the goals and objectives of communist education; connection of the school with the practice of socialist construction; labor and polytechnic education; determination of the content of education; questions of age pedagogy; basics of organizational forms of children's communist movement, education of collectivism, etc.
Great importance Krupskaya gave to the fight against child homelessness and neglect, the work of orphanages, and preschool education. She edited the magazine "People's Education", "People's Teacher", "On the Way to new school", "About our children", "Help for self-education", "Red librarian", "School of adults", "Communist education", "Reading hut", etc.
Delegate of the 7th-17th Party Congresses. Since 1924 a member of the Central Control Commission, since 1927 a member of the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks. Member of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee and the Central Executive Committee of the USSR of all convocations, deputy and member of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR of the 1st convocation. Member of all congresses of the Komsomol (except the 3rd). Active figure in the international communist movement, delegate to the 2nd, 4th, 6th, 7th congresses of the Comintern.
Krupskaya is a prominent publicist and orator. She spoke at numerous party, Komsomol, trade union congresses and conferences, meetings of workers, peasants, teachers. Author of many works about Lenin and the party, on issues of public education and communist education. Krupskaya's memories of Lenin are the most valuable historical source covering the life and work of Lenin and many important events in the history of the Communist Party.
She was awarded the Order of Lenin and the Order of the Red Banner of Labor. She was buried on Red Square near the Kremlin wall.

Nadezhda Konstantinovna Krupskaya (1869–1939) - the most prominent party and statesman, professional revolutionary, colleague, wife and friend of the great Lenin.

The whole life of Nadezhda Konstantinovna was devoted to the party, the struggle for the victory of the working class, the struggle for the construction of socialism, for the victory of communism.

Youth

Nadezhda Konstantinovna was born and studied in St. Petersburg. While still a very young girl, she began to think about the injustice that reigned around, about the arbitrariness of the tsarist government, which oppressed the working people, about the poverty and suffering of the people.

What to do?- this question worried Nadezhda Konstantinovna, did not give her rest. Only when she joined the Marxist circle, got acquainted with the teachings of Marx, did she understand what needs to be done, which way to go.

“Marxism,” she later wrote, “gave me the greatest happiness that a person could ever wish for: knowing where to go, calm confidence in the final outcome of the case with which she connected her life.” This unshakable confidence in the correctness of Marxism, in the victory of communism distinguished Nadezhda Konstantinovna all her life. Neither arrests, nor exile, nor long years of emigration could break her.

Nadezhda Krupskaya in her youth. 1890s.

Nadezhda Konstantinovna goes to the workers, works for free as a teacher in the evening and Sunday school for workers behind the Nevsky Zastava in St. Petersburg. She combines the teaching of writing and counting with the propaganda of Marxism, actively participates in the work of the Marxist organization, created after the arrival of V. I. Lenin in St. Petersburg, who united the scattered Marxist circles into a single harmonious organization, which later received the "Union of Struggle for the Emancipation of the Working Class". Nadezhda Konstantinovna is included in the central core of this organization.

Arrest and exile

In the case of the Union of Struggle, Nadezhda Konstantinovna was arrested in 1897, and then exiled for three years from St. Petersburg. She served a link first in the village of Shushenskoye, in Siberia, where at that time V.I. Lenin was in exile, whom she married in July 1898. “Since then,” she later wrote, “my life followed his life, I helped him in his work in any way and how I could.”

And, indeed, Nadezhda Konstantinovna was the most faithful friend and colleague of V. I. Lenin. Together with him, under his leadership, she participated in the creation and organization of the party. Nadezhda Konstantinovna wrote her first book in exile "Woman Worker". It was the first Marxist work on the position of women workers and peasants in Russia. In it, Nadezhda Konstantinovna showed that a working woman can achieve liberation only in a joint struggle with the working class for the overthrow of the autocracy, for the victory of the proletariat. This book was published illegally abroad. Nadezhda Konstantinovna could not put her last name on it, and she went out under a pseudonym "Sablina".

Last year links Nadezhda Konstantinovna was serving in Ufa. At the end of the exile in the spring of 1901, she went to V.I. Lenin abroad. By this time, he had already organized the publication of a party newspaper "Spark", and Nadezhda Konstantinovna becomes the secretary of the Iskra editorial board.

Emigration

Abroad, Nadezhda Konstantinovna all the time carried out tremendous party work, being the secretary of the editorial office of Bolshevik newspapers. "Forward" And "Proletarian", the Foreign Bureau of the Central Committee and other central organizations of our Party. During the years of the first Russian revolution (1905-1907), she, together with Lenin, returned to Russia, to St. Petersburg, and worked as a secretary of the party's Central Committee. In December 1907, Nadezhda Konstantinovna again had to go abroad. It actively participates in the party's struggle on two fronts - with liquidators And otzovists, establishes ties with Russia, with the newspaper Pravda and the Bolshevik factions of the III and IV State Duma.

Correspondence with Bolshevik party organizations and with party comrades who were underground about Russia, sending party literature, sending comrades to work illegally, helping in case of failures and escapes - all this lay with Nadezhda Konstantinovna.

During the years of emigration, Nadezhda Konstantinovna, along with a huge party work, dealt with issues of pedagogy with great enthusiasm: she studied the statements of Marx and Engels on education, got acquainted with the organization of school affairs in France and Switzerland, studied the works of the great educators of the past.

The result of this work was the book she wrote in 1915. "People's Education and Democracy", which was highly valued by V. I. Lenin. This work was the first Marxist work in the field of pedagogy. Nadezhda Konstantinovna raised the question of the need for polytechnic education, the creation of a labor school, and the connection of school with life. (For this work, Nadezhda Konstantinovna was awarded the degree of Doctor of Pedagogical Sciences in 1936).

Return to Russia

In April 1917, Nadezhda Konstantinovna, together with V. I. Lenin, returned to Russia, to Petrograd, and immediately plunged headlong into agitation and propaganda mass work. She often spoke at factories and factories in front of workers and workers, at rallies in front of soldiers, at meetings of soldiers, explaining to them the policy of the party, propagandizing Lenin's slogan of the transfer of all power to the Soviets, explaining the course of the Bolshevik Party for the socialist revolution.

Nadezhda Konstantinovna, recalling this time, said that she used to be very shy, “but I had to defend the policy of the party, I forgot that I don’t know how to speak.” She possessed an extraordinary gift for simply, heartfelt conversations with the working people. Whatever audience she spoke to - a small one, where there were 15-20 people, or a large one - 1000 people, it seemed to everyone that it was with him that she was talking so sincerely.

At that hard times when Vladimir Ilyich was forced to hide in Finland from the persecution of the Provisional Government, Nadezhda Konstantinovna, under the guise of a worker Agafya Atamanova went to see him in Finland, in Helsingfors. She conveyed to him the instructions of the Central Committee of the Party, informed him of the state of affairs, and received the necessary instructions for transmission to the Central Committee.

Nadezhda Konstantinovna took an active part in the preparation and conduct of the Great October Socialist Revolution, working in the Vyborg region and Smolny.

People's Commissar of Education

After the victory of October, the party entrusted Nadezhda Konstantinovna with the work of public education. Nadezhda Konstantinovna, a prominent Marxist teacher and founder of Marxist pedagogy, is fighting for the creation of a labor polytechnic school. The connection of the school with life, the communist education of the rising generation and the broad masses of the people are constantly at the center of its concerns and attention.

Nadezhda Konstantinovna was the "soul of the People's Commissariat of Education", as she was then called. A deep knowledge of the theoretical and practical questions of pedagogy, closeness to the workers, knowledge of their interests and demands, vast experience in party work helped her to immediately outline the path that must be followed.

Nadezhda Konstantinovna devoted much energy and attention to work among the youth, to the struggle for enlightenment and the real emancipation of women, for their participation in all areas of socialist construction.

Nadezhda Konstantinovna loved children very much and did a lot to make their life happy. “Children have the right to happiness,” she said.

She was one of the creators pioneer organization, followed the work of the pioneers, helped them in everything. In his biography "My life" written for the pioneers, she wrote:

“I always regretted that I didn’t have guys. Now I don't regret it. Now I have a lot of them - members of the Komsomol and young pioneers. They are all Leninists, they want to be Leninists. By order of the young pioneers, this autobiography was written. To them, my dear, dear children, I dedicate it.”

And the guys paid Nadezhda Konstantinovna with ardent love. They wrote letters to her, told her how they studied, wrote that they wanted to be like Vladimir Ilyich Lenin. They sent Nadezhda Konstantinovna works that they themselves had made.

Proceedings

Nadezhda Konstantinovna wrote many articles and books on issues of party and Soviet work, communist education, work among women, youth, and everyday life.

A special place is occupied by the works of Nadezhda Konstantinovna about V. I. Lenin, which recreate the living image of our great leader.

Nadezhda Konstantinovna was a passionate propagandist of Lenin's ideas and Lenin's traditions in the party.

Krupskaya's character

The main distinguishing feature of Nadezhda Konstantinovna was her adherence to principles, partisanship, purposefulness. Becoming a Marxist at a young age, devoting all her thoughts to the cause of the victory of the working class, serving the Party, she is in joy and in sorrow - always with the Party.

Unusual courage distinguished Nadezhda Konstantinovna. In those difficult, difficult days when she lost her closest friend, Vladimir Ilyich Lenin, she, despite her greatest grief, found the strength to speak at the mourning session of the Second All-Union Congress of Soviets with such a wonderful heartfelt speech that everyone was shocked. She spoke about Lenin, about his precepts, called on the working people to rally under the banner of Lenin, under the banner of the Party. It took extraordinary courage to make such a speech in the days of great personal grief. Only the one whom the great Lenin chose as his life companion, the one who for many years fought hand in hand with him for the victory of the working class, the one who went with him through all the storms and hardships, who was his comrade-in-arms, his faithful friend.

Nadezhda Konstantinovna, both at home and at work, was a simple, cordial, modest, sympathetic person. Extremely efficient, organized, demanding of herself and others, she worked tirelessly.

The pure, bright and courageous image of Nadezhda Konstantinovna Krupskaya is always kept in the heart of our people. It is extremely unfortunate that this image has not yet found sufficient reflection in the works of our artists.

Nadezhda Konstantinovna Krupskaya (married Ulyanov). Born February 14 (26), 1869 in St. Petersburg - died February 27, 1939 in Moscow. Russian revolutionary, Soviet state party, public and cultural figure. Wife of V.I. Lenin.

Nadezhda Krupskaya was born on February 14 (26 according to the new style) February 1869 in St. Petersburg in a poor noble family.

Father - Konstantin Ignatievich Krupsky (1838-1883), lieutenant, participated in the Committee of Russian officers, supported the participants in the Polish uprising of 1863.

Mother - Elizaveta Vasilievna Tistrova (1843-1915), governess.

Grandfather - Ignatius Andreevich Krupsky (1794-1848).

Grandfather - Vasily Ivanovich Tistrov (1799-1870), mining engineer, ore explorer, manager of the Barnaul silver smelter, Suzun copper smelter, Tomsk ironworks, first bailiff of the Barnaul Museum of Local Lore.

In 1887 she graduated with a gold medal from the private women's gymnasium Prince. A. A. Obolenskaya in St. Petersburg.

In 1889 she entered the Bestuzhev courses in St. Petersburg, but studied there for only a year. In 1890, being a student of the Higher Women's Courses, she joined a student Marxist circle and from 1891 to 1896 she taught at the St. Petersburg Sunday evening school for adults behind the Nevsky Zastava on the Shlisselburg tract, doing propaganda work.

Bibliography of Nadezhda Krupskaya:

Krupskaya N.K. Questions of public education. - M.; Petrograd: Kommunist, 1918. - 286 p.;
Krupskaya N.K. Public education and democracy. - M.; Petrograd: Kommunist, 1919. - 132 p.;
Krupskaya N.K. Public education and democracy. - Berlin: State. ed. RSFSR, 1921. - 121 p.;
Krupskaya N.K. Lenin's Testament in the field of public education. - M.: Worker of Education, 1924. - 31 p. Same. - M .: Worker of education, 1925. - 31 p.;
Krupskaya N.K. On preschool education in the countryside: (III All-Russian conference on preschool education). - M.: Preschool. otd. Glavsotsvosa, 1926. - 15 p.;
Krupskaya N. K. About the school of peasant youth: (Speeches and articles). - M.: Down with illiteracy, 1926. - 40 p.;
Krupskaya N. K. About work among women: Collection of articles with a brief biography. - M.; L.: Gosizdat, 1926. - 156 p.;
Krupskaya N. K. On the third front: Articles and speeches. In 2 parts.: Part 1: Social education of children and adolescents. - M .: Worker of education, 1927. - 156 p.; Part 2: Political and educational work. - M.: Worker of Education, 1927. - 126 p.;
Krupskaya N. K. A single plan and new methods of cultural work. - M .: Worker of education, 1930. - 18 p.;
Krupskaya N. K. Political education. - M.; L.: Uchpedgiz, 1932. - 319 p.;
Krupskaya N. K. Collected Works. In 4 volumes. (1930-1934);
Krupskaya N. K. Clara Zetkin. Moscow, 1933;
Krupskaya N. K. Communist education of the shift: Articles and speeches. - M.: Mol. guard, 1934. - 255 p.: portr.;
Krupskaya N. K. Lenin's attitudes in the field of culture: a collection of articles. - M.: Partizdat, 1934. - 257 p.: ill.;
Krupskaya N. K. What Lenin wrote and said about libraries. - M.: Partizdat, 1934. - 43 p. Same. - M.: b. i., 1955. - 84 p.;
Krupskaya N. K. Biography of V. I. Lenin, M .: Institute of Marxism-Leninism, 1935 .;
Krupskaya N. K. On self-education: Sat. articles. - M.: Mol. guard, 1936. - 99 p.;
Krupskaya N.K. A woman is an equal citizen of the USSR: Sat. Art. and speeches. - M.: Partizdat, 1937. - 69 p.;
Krupskaya N.K. The woman of the country of the Soviets is an equal citizen. - M.: Partizdat, 1938. - 165 p.: portrait, ill.;
Krupskaya N.K. Letters to the Pioneers. - M.: Mol. guard, 1938. - 95 p. Same. - M.; L.: Detgiz, 1940. - 55 p.;
Krupskaya N.K. On teaching adults in secondary schools: Collection of articles and reports - M .: Uchpedgiz, 1939. - 112 p.: portr.;
Krupskaya N.K. About youth. - M.; L.: Mol. guard, 1940. - 222 p.;
Krupskaya N.K. Soviet children: (collection of articles). - Kalinin: Region. lit. publishing house, 1940. - 96 p.;
Krupskaya N.K. On upbringing and education: Collection of selected pedagogical works / Compiled by: N.A. Konstantinov and N.A. Zinevich. - M.: Uchpedgiz, 1946. - 317 p.: portr.;
Krupskaya N.K. Selected pedagogical works. - M.; L .: Academy of ped. Sciences of the RSFSR, 1948. - 360 p.: portr.;
Krupskaya N.K. Selected pedagogical works / Ed. Colleagues: I. A. Kairov (editor-in-chief), N. K. Goncharov and N. A. Konstantinov. - M.: Academy of ped. Sciences of the RSFSR, 1955. - 868 p.: port.;
Krupskaya N. K. On communist education: Selected articles and speeches / Krupskaya N. K. - M .: Mol. guard, 1956. - 424 p.: portr.;
Krupskaya N.K. Selected pedagogical works. - M.: Uchpedgiz, 1957. - 715 p.: portrait;
Krupskaya N. K. On cultural and educational work: Selected. articles and speeches / [Comp., ed. enter. articles and notes. cand. ped. Sciences L. S. Frid]. - M.: Sov. Russia, 1957. - 163 p.: portr.;
Krupskaya N.K. Memories of Lenin. - M.: Gospolitizdat, 1957. - 439 p.: portr. Same. - M.: Politizdat, 1989. - 494 p.: ill.;
Krupskaya N. K. About the library business: Collection. - M.: b. i., 1957. - 715 p.: ill., portr.;
Krupskaya N.K. About young pioneers. - M.: Academy of ped. Sciences of the RSFSR, 1957. - 334 p.: portr.;
Krupskaya N. K. Pedagogical works: In 11 volumes (1957-1963);
Krupskaya N.K. About preschool education: Collection of articles and speeches. - M.: Uchpedgiz, 1959. - 208 p.: portr.;
Krupskaya N. K. About the teacher: Fav. articles and speeches. - M.: Academy of ped. Sciences of the RSFSR, 1959. - 327 p.: port.;
Krupskaya N. K. About self-education: Collection. - M.: b. I., 1960. - 83 p.;
Krupskaya N. K. About the teacher: Fav. articles, speeches and letters. - M.: Academy of ped. Sciences of the RSFSR, 1960. - 360 p.: ill.;
Krupskaya N.K. About the counselor and his work with the pioneers. - M.: Mol. guard, 1961. - 224 p.: ill. Same. - M.: Mol. guard, 1977. - 191 p.: ill.;
Krupskaya N.K. About education in the family: Selected. articles and speeches / [Comp. and foreword. N. I. Strievskaya]. - M.: Academy of ped. Sciences of the RSFSR, 1962. - 208 p.: port.;
Krupskaya N. K. Labor and polytechnic education / Enter. article prepared. text and notes. I. V. Chuvasheva. - M.: b. i., 1962. - 151 p.;
Krupskaya N. K. About art and literature: Articles, letters, statements / Prepared. text, intro. Art. and approx. I. S. Eventova. - L.; M.: Art, 1963. - 282 p.;
Krupskaya N. K. From the atheistic heritage / Comp. and ed. enter. articles by G. S. Tsovyanov. - M.: Nauka, 1964. - 307 p.: portr.;
Krupskaya N. K. About school self-government: Collection of articles and speeches / Comp. and ed. enter. articles by V. M. Korotov. - M.: Enlightenment, 1964. - 207 p.: portrait;
Krupskaya N.K. October Days: [From the book "Memoirs of Lenin"]. - M.: Politizdat, 1967. - 31 p.;
Krupskaya N.K. About preschool education: Collection of articles and speeches. - M.: Enlightenment, 1967. - 367 p.: ill.;
Krupskaya N. K. Selected pedagogical works: [Manual for students ped. in-tov and teachers] / [Comp., ed. enter. articles and notes. F. S. Ozerskaya and N. A. Sundukov]. - M.: Enlightenment, 1968. - 695 p.;
Krupskaya N. K. About Lenin: Collection of articles and speeches. - M.: Politizdat, 1971. - 304 p.: ill. Same. - M.: Politizdat, 1979. - 382 p.: ill. Same. - M.: Politizdat, 1983. - 368 p.: ill.;
Krupskaya N. K. About Vladimir Ilyich: From the memoirs / [Fig. V. Konovalova]. - M.: Det. lit., 1970. - 447 p.: ill.;
Krupskaya N. K. About Vladimir Ilyich Lenin: [Book for reading in English. lang. for high school students. school] / [Trans. commentary and dictionary M. E. Birman]. - M.: Enlightenment, 1971. - 127 p.: ill.;
Krupskaya N.K. To educate a worthy replacement: Fav. articles, speeches, letters / Foreword. V. S. DRIZO. - M.: Politizdat, 1973. - 304 p.: illustration, portrait;
Krupskaya N.K. Children are our future: [Collection of articles and speeches on preschool education]. - M.: Enlightenment, 1975. - 302 p.: ill.;
Krupskaya N. K. About the library business: Selected works / Enter. article by O. S. Chubaryan. - M.: Book, 1976. - 224 p.;
Krupskaya N. K. Pedagogical works: In 6 volumes (1978-80);
Krupskaya N.K. On polytechnic education, labor education and training / Comp. F. S. Ozerskaya. - M.: Enlightenment, 1982. - 223 p.;
Krupskaya N. K. About the library business: Collection of works. In 6 volumes (1982-87);
Krupskaya N.K. On the communist education of schoolchildren: Sat. articles, speeches, letters / Comp. O. I. Grekova. - M.: Enlightenment, 1987. - 256 p.;
Krupskaya N. K. Selected works / Institute of Marxism-Leninism under the Central Committee of the CPSU. - M.: Politizdat, 1988. - 429 p.: portrait;
Krupskaya N. K. Education of youth in the Leninist spirit. - M.: Pedagogy, 1989. - 318 p.: portr.

Krupskaya Nadezhda Konstantinovna Every person knows this name. But most remember only that she was the wife of Vladimir Ilyich Lenin. Yes this is true. But Krupskaya herself was an outstanding political figure and teacher of her time.

Childhood

Her date of birth is February 14, 1869. The family of Nadezhda Konstantinovna belonged to the category of impoverished nobles. Father, Konstantin Ignatievich, a former officer (lieutenant), was an adherent of revolutionary democratic concepts, shared the ideas of the organizers of the Polish uprising. But he did not particularly care about the well-being of the family, so the Krupskys lived simply, without frills. Her father died in 1883 when Nadezhda was in her teens. Konstantin Ignatievich did not leave a fortune after himself to his wife and daughter, but, despite the lack of funds, his mother, Elizaveta Vasilievna, always surrounded her daughter with love, tenderness and care.

Krupskaya Nadezhda Konstantinovna studied at the Gymnasium. A. Obolenskaya, where she received a prestigious education at that time. Her mother did not particularly restrict her freedom, believing that each person should choose their own path in life. Elizaveta Vasilievna herself was very pious, but, seeing that her daughter did not gravitate towards religion, she did not persuade her and force her to faith. The mother believed that only a husband who would love and take care of her daughter could be the key to happiness.

Youth

Krupskaya Nadezhda Konstantinovna in her youth, after graduating from high school, often thought about the injustice that reigned around. She was outraged by the arbitrariness of the royal power, which oppressed ordinary people bringing them poverty, pain and suffering.

She found associates in the Marxist circle. There, having studied the teachings of Marx, she realized that there was only one way to solve all the problems of the state - revolution and communism.

The biography of Krupskaya Nadezhda Konstantinovna, like her whole life, is now inextricably linked with the ideas of Marxism. It was they who determined her future life path.

She taught the proletariat for free in the evening Sunday school, where the workers came to get at least some knowledge. The school was far enough away, beyond the Nevskaya Zastava, but this did not frighten the desperate and courageous Nadezhda. There she not only taught the working people to write and count, but also promoted Marxism, actively participating in the unification of small circles in single organization. V. I. Lenin, who arrived in St. Petersburg, completed this process. This is how the "Union of Struggle for the Emancipation of the Working Class" was formed, where Krupskaya occupied one of the central places.

Acquaintance with V. I. Lenin

They met at the beginning of 1896 (February). But at first, Vladimir Ilyich showed no interest in Nadezhda. On the contrary, he became close to another activist, Apollinaria Yakubova. After talking with her for some time, he even decided to propose to Apollinaria, but was refused. Lenin did not have such a passion for women as he did for the ideas of the revolution. Therefore, because of the refusal, he was not upset at all. And Nadezhda, meanwhile, increasingly admired his loyalty to revolutionary ideas, his enthusiasm and leadership qualities. They began to communicate more often. The subject of their conversations were Marxist ideas, dreams of revolution and communism. But they also sometimes talked about personal and intimate things. So, for example, only Krupskaya Nadezhda Konstantinovna knew the nationality of Vladimir Ilyich's mother. From the majority of those around him, Lenin hid the Swedish-German and Jewish roots mother.

Arrest and exile

Krupskaya Nadezhda Konstantinovna was arrested in 1897 along with several other members of the union. She was expelled from St. Petersburg for three years. At first she was exiled to the village of Shushenskoye, located in Siberia. At the same time, V. I. Lenin was also in exile there.

They married in July 1898. The wedding ceremony was more than modest. Newlyweds exchanged wedding rings made from a copper penny. The groom's family was against this marriage. Relatives of Vladimir Ilyich immediately disliked his chosen one, believing that she was dry, ugly and unemotional. The situation was aggravated by the fact that Krupskaya and Lenin were never able to have children. But Nadezhda Konstantinovna put her whole soul into love for her husband, becoming his comrade, colleague and true friend. Together with Vladimir Ilyich, she stood at the origins of communism and took an active part in organizing party affairs, paving the way for revolution.

While in exile, Krupskaya Nadezhda Konstantinovna (see photo in her youth below) writes her first book. It was called "Woman Worker". This work, permeated with the ideas of Marxism, tells about a working woman, about how hard life is for her now, and how it would be if the autocracy could be overthrown. In the event of the victory of the proletariat, the woman was waiting for liberation from oppression. The author chose the pseudonym Sablina. The book was illegally published abroad.

Emigration

The link ended in the spring of 1901. Krupskaya Nadezhda Konstantinovna spent her last year in Ufa, from where she went to her husband. VI Lenin at that time was abroad. The wife followed him. Even abroad, party work did not stop. Krupskaya is active in campaigning, working as a secretary in the editorial offices of well-known Bolshevik publications (Forward, Proletary)

When the revolution of 1905-1907 began, the married couple returned to St. Petersburg, where Nadezhda Konstantinovna became the secretary of the Central Committee of the party.

Beginning in 1901, Vladimir Ilyich began to sign his printed works with the pseudonym Lenin. Even in the history of his pseudonym, as in all life, important role the wife played - Krupskaya Nadezhda Konstantinovna. The real name of the "leader" - Ulyanov - at that time was already known in government circles. And when he had to go abroad, then, in view of his political position, there were justified fears about issuing a foreign passport and leaving the country. The way out of the situation was found unexpectedly. Krupskaya's longtime friend Olga Nikolaevna Lenina responded to a request for help. She, driven by social democratic ideas, secretly took a passport from her father Nikolai Yegorovich Lenin, helped to forge some data (date of birth). It was with this name that Lenin went abroad. After this incident, the pseudonym stuck with him for life.

Life in Paris

In 1909 the couple decided to move to Paris. There was an acquaintance with Nadezhda and Inessa were a bit similar in character, both confidently followed the communist canons. But, unlike Krupskaya, Armand was also a bright personality, a mother of many children, an excellent hostess, the soul of the company and a dazzling beauty.

Krupskaya Nadezhda Konstantinovna is a revolutionary to the marrow of her bones. But she was also a wise and sensitive woman. And she realized that her husband's interest in Inessa went far beyond party activities. In agony, she found the strength to accept this fact. In 1911, having shown the maximum of female wisdom, she herself suggested that Vladimir Ilyich dissolve the marriage. But Lenin, on the contrary, unexpectedly ended relations with Armand.

Nadezhda Konstantinovna had so many party affairs that there was no time to worry. She threw herself into work. Her duties included exchanging data with underground party members in Russia. She secretly sent them books, helped organize revolutionary activities, pulled her comrades out of trouble, organized escapes. But at the same time, she devoted a lot of time to the study of pedagogy. She was interested in the ideas of Karl Marx in the field of education. She studied the organization of school affairs in such European countries, like France and Switzerland, got acquainted with the works of the great teachers of the past.

In 1915, Nadezhda Konstantinovna finished work on the book "People's Education and Democracy". For her, she received high praise from her husband. This first Marxist work, published by Krupskaya, talked about the need to create educational institutions where ordinary workers could get a polytechnic education. For this book, Krupskaya Nadezhda Konstantinovna (her photo is presented in the article) received the title of Doctor of Pedagogical Sciences.

Return to Russia

The return to Russia took place in April 1917. There, in Petrograd, agitation and propaganda mass work occupied all her time. Speaking at enterprises before the proletariat, participating in rallies with soldiers, organizing meetings of soldiers - these are the main activities of Nadezhda Konstantinovna. She propagated Lenin's slogans about the transfer of all power to the Soviets, talked about the desire of the Bolshevik Party for a socialist revolution.

At that difficult time, when Vladimir Ilyich was forced to hide in Helsingorfs (Finland) from the persecution of the Provisional Government, Nadezhda Konstantinovna, posing as a housekeeper, came to visit him. Through her, the Central Committee of the party received instructions from its leader, and Lenin learned about the state of affairs in his homeland.

Krupskaya was one of the organizers and participants of the Great October Socialist Revolution, being directly involved in its preparation in the Vyborg region and Smolny.

Death of V. I. Lenin

Despite the fact that Armand Lenin broke off relations with Inessa a few years ago, his feelings for her never cooled down. But work for him has always been the most important priority in life, and relations with Armand dragged on and distracted from party activities, so he did not regret his decision.

When Inessa died of tuberculosis that suddenly appeared, Vladimir Ilyich was struck by this. For him, it was a real blow. His contemporaries claim that a mental wound greatly aggravated his health and brought the hour of death closer. Vladimir Ilyich loved this woman and could not come to terms with her departure. Armand's children remained in France, and Lenin asks his wife to bring them to Russia. Of course, she could not refuse her dying husband. He passed away in 1924. And after his death, Nadezhda Konstantinovna was no longer the same. Her "god" was no longer around, and life without him turned into existence. Nevertheless, she found the strength to carry on further work to promote public education.

People's Commissariat of Education

Nadezhda Konstantinovna worked in the People's Committee of Education immediately after the revolution. She continued the struggle for the creation of a labor polytechnic school. The upbringing of children in the spirit of communism became the central link of her whole life.

Krupskaya Nadezhda Konstantinovna, whose photo, surrounded by pioneers, is located below, doted on children. She sincerely tried to make their lives happier.

Krupskaya also made a great contribution to the education of the female half of the population. Actively attracted women to participate in socialist construction.

Pioneer

Nadezhda Konstantinovna stood at the origins of the creation and made a great contribution to its development. But at the same time, she not only coordinated the activities of the organization, but also participated in direct work with children. It was the pioneers who asked her to write her autobiography. Krupskaya Nadezhda Konstantinovna, whose brief biography is set out by herself in the work “My Life”, was busy writing it with great excitement. She dedicated this work to all the pioneers of the country.

last years of life

Nadezhda Konstantinovna's books on pedagogy today are of historical value only for those few researchers who are interested in the views of the Bolsheviks on the issues of raising children. But the true contribution of Krupskaya to the history of our country is the support and assistance that she provided throughout her life to her husband Vladimir Ilyich Lenin. He was her idol and companion. He was her "god". After his death, Stalin, who came to power, tried with all his might to remove her from the political scene. Lenin's widow was for him from whom he tried in every way to get rid of. Colossal psychological pressure was put on her. In a touching biography, made by Stalin's decree, many facts of her life, both political and personal, were distorted. But she herself could not change the situation. Nadezhda Konstantinovna begged everyone she could to bury her husband. But no one heard her. The realization that the body of a loved one will never find rest, and she herself will never rest next to him, broke her completely.

Her departure from life was strange and sudden. She announced her decision to speak at the 18th Party Congress. No one knew exactly what she wanted to talk about in her speech. Perhaps in her speech she could hurt Stalin's interests. But be that as it may, on February 27, 1939, she was gone. Three days before, everything was fine. She received guests on February 24. The closest friends came. We sat at a modest table. And in the evening of the same day, she suddenly became ill. The doctor, who arrived three and a half hours later, immediately made a diagnosis: "acute appendicitis, peritonitis, thrombosis." It was necessary to urgently operate, but for reasons that have not been clarified to this day, the operation was not performed.

Krupskaya Nadezhda Konstantinovna

Assistant to the revolutionary, politician, founder of the Bolshevik party Lenin Vladimir Ilyich

Nadezhda Konstantinovna Krupskaya (born 1869-1939) - wife, friend and ally of V. I. Lenin, an outstanding figure in the Communist Party, organizer of Soviet education, a prominent Marxist teacher. She made a huge contribution to the construction of the Soviet school and to the development of Soviet pedagogical theory. Krupskaya's practical activities and pedagogical works embody the Leninist program for educating the new man, the active builder of socialism and communism.

Nadezhda Krupskaya was born on February 26 (according to the new style), 1869 in St. Petersburg in a poor noble family.

Father Konstantin Ignatievich after graduating from the Cadet Corps received the post of head of the district in the Polish Groets, and his mother Elizaveta Vasilievna worked as a governess. His father died when Nadia Krupskaya was 14 years old, since his father was considered "unreliable" because of his connection with the populists, the family received a small pension for him.

Krupskaya studied in St. Petersburg at the private gymnasium of Princess Obolenskaya, was friends with A. Tyrkova-Williams, the future wife of P. B. Struve. She graduated from the gymnasium with a gold medal, was fond of L. N. Tolstoy, was a "sweatshirt". After graduating from the eighth pedagogical class, Krupskaya received a diploma from a home mentor and successfully teaches, preparing for the exams the students of the gymnasium of Princess Obolenskaya.

Then she studied at the Bestuzhev courses. In the autumn of 1890, Nadya dropped out of the prestigious Bestuzhev courses for women. She studies the books of Marx and Engels, conducts classes in social-democratic circles. Especially for the study of Marxism, she memorized German.

In January 1894, a young revolutionary, Vladimir Ulyanov, arrived in St. Petersburg.

Behind the back of a modest, twenty-four-year-old provincial, however, there were many experiences: sudden death father, the execution of his elder brother Alexander, the death of his beloved sister Olga from a serious illness. He went through surveillance, arrest, light exile to his mother's estate.

In February 1894, at a meeting of St. Petersburg Marxists, among others, Vladimir met activists - Apollinaria Yakubova and Nadezhda Krupskaya, and began to court both, but on Sundays he usually pays visits to the Krupsky family.

According to the version widespread under the Soviet regime, Vladimir Ilyich married the ugly Nadezhda Konstantinovna in order to devote his life entirely to the struggle for the rights of the proletarians. And he was not mistaken: it was difficult to find a woman more devoted to the cause of the revolution than Krupskaya. By the time she met Lenin, Nadezhda already had affairs with like-minded people in the struggle, but this did not really bother the leader of the world proletariat.

Lenin began to visit the St. Petersburg house of the Krupskys often, where everything breathed comfort. He liked that Nadia silently listened with admiration to his speeches, and her mother Elizaveta Vasilievna cooked deliciously.

Vladimir Ilyich immediately struck Nadezhda Krupskaya with his leadership inclinations. The girl tried to interest the future leader - firstly, with Marxist conversations, which Ulyanov adored, and secondly, with her mother's cooking. Elizaveta Vasilievna, seeing him at home, was happy. She considered her daughter unattractive and did not prophesy happiness in her personal life. One can imagine how happy she was for her Nadenka when she saw in her house a pleasant young man from a good family! On the other hand, having become the bride of Ulyanov, Nadya did not cause much enthusiasm among his family: they found that she had a very “herring look”. This statement implied, first of all, that Krupskaya's eyes were bulging, like those of a fish - one of the signs of Graves' disease discovered later, due to which, it is believed, Nadezhda Konstantinovna could not have children. Vladimir Ulyanov himself treated Nadyusha's "herring" with humor, assigning the bride the appropriate party nicknames: Fish and Lamprey.

In 1895 V.I. Lenin and other leaders of the Union of Struggle were arrested and imprisoned, and a year later Nadezhda Konstantinovna was also arrested. Already in prison, he invited Nadya to become his wife.

“Well, a wife is a wife,” she replied. Being exiled to Ufa for three years for her revolutionary activities, Nadia decided that it would be more fun to serve her exile with Ulyanov. Therefore, she asked to be sent to Shushenskoye, Minusinsk district, where the groom was already, and, having obtained permission from the police officials, she followed her chosen one with her mother.

The first thing that the future mother-in-law said to Lenin at the meeting: “Oh, you were blown away!” Indeed, Ilyich ate well in Shushenskoye, led a healthy lifestyle: he regularly hunted, ate his favorite sour cream and other peasant delicacies. The future leader lived in the hut of the peasant Zyryanov, but after the arrival of the bride, he began to look for other housing - with a room for his mother-in-law. Vladimir Ilyich and Nadezhda Konstantinovna did not want to enter into a church marriage - they were for "free" love, Elizaveta Vasilyevna insisted on the wedding, and "in full Orthodox form."

Ulyanov, who was already twenty-eight, and Krupskaya, one year older than him, obeyed. A long bureaucratic red tape began with permission to marry: without this, Nadia and her mother could not live with Ilyich. But permission for the wedding was not given without a residence permit, which, in turn, was impossible without marriage. Lenin sent complaints to Minusinsk and Krasnoyarsk about the arbitrariness of the authorities, and finally, by the summer of 1898, Krupskaya was allowed to become his wife. The last word in this case, it was up to the Yenisei governor-general, who decided that if Krupskaya wanted to live with Lenin in exile, then she must have a legal basis for this, and only marriage can be considered such.

The wedding took place in the local Peter and Paul Church, the bride was wearing a white blouse and black skirt, the groom was wearing an ordinary, very shabby brown suit. Lenin made his next costume only in Europe. An interesting story came out with wedding rings. In one of the last pre-wedding letters, Vladimir Ilyich asked the bride to purchase and bring to Shusha a box of jewelry tools. The fact is that together with Lenin, the Baltic worker Enberg, with his wife and numerous young offspring, languished in exile. The problem of family subsistence forced Ernberg to master the profession
jeweler to somehow make ends meet. Having received from the bride and groom so essential tool, he immediately thanked the young people by melting two copper nickels and making wedding rings out of them. Witnesses were local peasants Zavertkin and Ermolaev - from the side of the groom, and Zhuravlev - from the side of the bride, and the guests were political exiles. A modest wedding "banquet" with tea drinking was so fun, and the singing was so loud that the owners of the hut, surprised not to find alcohol on the table, nevertheless asked to be quieter. “We were newlyweds,” Nadezhda Konstantinovna recalled about life in Shushenskoye, “and this brightened up the exile. “The fact that I don’t write about it in my memoirs does not mean at all that there was neither poetry nor young passion in our life.”

Husband Vladimir Ilyich turned out to be caring. In the very first days after the wedding, he hired a fifteen-year-old assistant girl for Nadia: Krupskaya never learned how to handle the Russian stove and grip. And the culinary abilities of the young wife even beat off the appetite of close people. When mother-in-law Elizaveta Vasilievna died in 1915, the couple had to eat in cheap canteens until they returned to Russia. Nadezhda Konstantinovna admitted: after the death of her mother, "our family life became even more student-like."

During the exile, Krupskaya was the only assistant to Lenin in his huge theoretical activity. However, some people from Lenin's entourage hinted that Vladimir Ilyich often gets from his wife. This was Lenin’s assistant G. I. Petrovsky, one of his associates, recalled: “I had to observe how Nadezhda Konstantinovna, during a discussion on various issues, did not agree with the opinion of Vladimir Ilyich. It was very interesting. It was very difficult for Vladimir Ilyich to object, since everything was thought out and logical with him. But Nadezhda Konstantinovna noticed "errors" in his speech, excessive enthusiasm for something. When Nadezhda Konstantinovna spoke with her remarks, Vladimir Ilyich laughed and scratched his head. His whole appearance said that he sometimes gets hit.

In 1899, N. K. Krupskaya wrote her first book - "Woman Worker". In it, she revealed with exceptional clarity the conditions of life of working women in Russia and, from a Marxist position, shed light on the issues of raising proletarian children.

It was the first book on the position of working women in Russia based on Marxist positions. After the end of her exile, N. K. Krupskaya went abroad, where Vladimir Ilyich was already living at that time, and took an active part in the work of creating the Communist Party and preparing the future revolution.

Returning from V.I. Lenin in 1905 to Russia, Nadezhda Konstantinovna, on behalf of the Central Committee of the Bolshevik Party, carried out tremendous party work, which she then continued abroad, where she again emigrated with V.I. Lenin in 1907.

At the end of 1909, after long hesitation, the couple moved to Paris, where Ulyanov was destined to meet Inessa Armand. There was a joke among the revolutionaries about the beautiful Armand: she should have been included in a diamat textbook as an example of the unity of form and content. A charming Frenchwoman, the charming wife of a rich man, Armand, a lonely exile, a fiery revolutionary, a true Bolshevik, a faithful student of Lenin, a mother of many children. Judging by the correspondence between Vladimir and Inessa (a significant part of which has been preserved), we can conclude that the relationship between these people was illuminated not only by bright feelings, but by something more. As A. Kollontai said, “In general, Krupskaya was in the know. She knew that Lenin was very attached to Inessa, and more than once expressed her intention to leave. But Lenin held her back. Nadezhda Konstantinovna believed that Paris had to spend the most hard years emigration. But she did not arrange jealousy scenes and was able to establish outwardly even, even friendly relations with a beautiful Frenchwoman. She answered Krupskaya in the same way. The couple maintained a warm relationship with each other. Nadezhda Konstantinovna is worried about her husband: “From the very beginning of the congress, Ilyich's nerves were strained to the extreme. The Belgian worker, with whom we settled in Brussels, was very upset that Vladimir Ilyich did not eat that wonderful radish and Dutch cheese that she served him in the morning, and even then he had no time for food. In London, he reached the point, he completely stopped sleeping, he was terribly worried.

They returned in February 1917 to Russia, thoughts about which they lived every day and in which they had not been for many years.

Vladimir Ulyanov, Nadezhda Krupskaya and Inessa Armand rode in the same compartment in the sealed carriage. In Russia, Nadezhda Konstantinovna Krupskaya meets her husband in fits and starts, but keeps him informed of everything. And he, seeing her abilities, more and more loads Krupskaya with affairs.

In the autumn of the seventeenth year, events are rapidly accelerating. On the afternoon of October 24, Nadezhda Konstantinovna is found in the Vyborg District Duma and a note is handed over. She reveals it. Lenin writes to the Bolshevik Central Committee: "Procrastination in an uprising is like death." Krupskaya understands that the hour has come. She flees to Smolny. From that moment on, she was inseparable from Lenin, but the euphoria of happiness and success passed quickly. Cruel weekdays ate joy.

In the summer of 1918, Krupskaya settled in the Kremlin in a modest small apartment specially equipped for her and Lenin. And then there was Civil War. Fight against counterrevolution. Diseases of Nadezhda Konstantinovna. Shot of Socialist-Revolutionary Fani Kaplan at Lenin. Death from typhus of Inessa Armand, which was a harbinger of a serious brain disease in Lenin. The disease progressed so quickly that Krupskaya not only forgot all the old grievances against her husband, but also fulfilled his will: in 1922, the children of Inessa Armand were brought to Gorki from France.

However, they were not admitted to the leader. Deterioration of health and pronounced signs of the disease appeared in Lenin in the spring of 1922. At first, the symptoms pointed to ordinary mental fatigue: severe headaches, memory loss, insomnia, irritability, increased sensitivity to noise. However, the doctors disagreed on the diagnosis. The German professor Klemperer considered the main cause of headaches to be the poisoning of the body with lead bullets, which were not removed from the body of the leader after being wounded in 1918.

In April 1922, he was operated on under local anesthesia, and one of the bullets in the neck was nevertheless pulled out. But Ilyich's health did not improve. And now Lenin is stricken with the first attack of the disease. Krupskaya, by duty and right of her wife, is on duty at the bedside of Vladimir Ilyich. The best doctors bend over the patient and pass a verdict: complete rest. But bad forebodings did not leave Lenin, and he took a terrible promise from Stalin: to give him potassium cyanide in the event that he suddenly suffered a blow.

Paralysis, doomed to complete, humiliating helplessness, Vladimir Ilyich feared more than anything in the world. Central Committee The CPSU (b) instructs its general secretary, Comrade Stalin, to be responsible for observing the regimen established by the doctors.

In December 1922, Lenin asked, and Krupskaya wrote, under his dictation, a letter to Trotsky about the monopoly foreign trade. Upon learning of this, Stalin did not spare Nadezhda Konstantinovna swear words over the phone. And in conclusion, he said: she violated the doctors' ban, and he will transfer the case about her to the Central Control Commission of the Party. Krupskaya's quarrel with Stalin took place a few days after the onset of Lenin's illness, in December 1922.

Lenin found out about this only on March 5, 1923, and dictated to his secretary a letter to Stalin, similar to an ultimatum: “You were rude to call my wife to the phone and scold her. Although she agreed to forget what was said to you, nevertheless this fact became known through her to Zinoviev and Kamenev. I do not intend to forget so easily what was done against me, and it is useless to say that I consider what was done against my wife to be done against me. Therefore, I ask you to weigh whether you are ready to take back what was said and apologize or prefer to break off relations between us.

After the dictation, Lenin was very excited. This was noticed by both the secretaries and Dr. Kozhevnikov. The next morning, he asked his secretary to reread the letter, hand it over personally to Stalin, and receive an answer. Shortly after her departure, his condition deteriorated rapidly. The temperature has risen. On left side paralysis spread. Ilyich had already lost his speech forever, although until the end of his days he understood almost everything that was happening to him. These days, Nadezhda Konstantinovna, apparently, nevertheless made an attempt to end the suffering of her husband. From a secret note by Stalin dated March 17, members of the Politburo know that she "arch-conspiratorially" asked to give Lenin poison, saying that she tried to do it herself, but she did not have enough strength. Stalin again promised to "show humanism" and again did not keep his word. Vladimir Ilyich lived for almost a whole year. Breathed. Krupskaya did not leave him.

On January 21, 1924, at 6:50 p.m. Ulyanov Vladimir Ilyich, aged 54, died. People did not see a tear in Krupskaya's eyes during the days of the funeral. Nadezhda Konstantinovna spoke at a memorial service, addressing the people and the party: “Do not arrange monuments to him, palaces in his name, magnificent celebrations in his memory - he attached such little importance to all this during his lifetime, he was so burdened by this. Remember that much has not yet been arranged in our country.”

The last noble gesture of Krupskaya, who recognized the great love of Lenin and Armand, was her proposal in February 1924 to bury the remains of her husband along with the ashes of Inessa Armand. Stalin rejected the offer. Instead, his body was turned into a mummy and placed in a semblance Egyptian pyramid on the main square of the country.

Krupskaya survived her husband by fifteen years. An old illness tormented and exhausted her. But she didn't give up. Every day she worked, wrote reviews, gave instructions, taught how to live. Wrote a book of memoirs. The People's Commissariat for Education, where she worked, surrounded her with love and reverence, appreciating Krupskaya's natural spiritual kindness, which coexisted quite peacefully with harsh ideas. Nadezhda Konstantinovna outlived her husband by fifteen years, full of squabbles and intrigues. When the leader of the world proletariat died, Stalin entered into a fierce struggle with his widow, not intending to share power with anyone.

“Let her not think that if she was Lenin's wife, then she has a monopoly on Leninism,” said the loyal Stalinist L. Kaganovich in the summer of 1930 at a regional party conference.

In 1938, the writer Marietta Shaginyan approached Krupskaya for a review and support for her novel about Lenin, A Ticket to History. Nadezhda Konstantinovna answered her with a detailed letter, which caused Stalin's terrible indignation. A scandal broke out, which became the subject of discussion of the Central Committee of the party.

As a result, it was decided “to condemn the behavior of Krupskaya, who, having received the manuscript of Shaginyan’s novel, not only did not prevent the novel from coming into being, but, on the contrary, encouraged Shaginyan in every possible way, gave positive reviews about the manuscript and advised Shaginyan on various aspects of the life of the Ulyanovs and thereby take full responsibility for this book.

To consider Krupskaya’s behavior all the more unacceptable and tactless, since Comrade Krupskaya did all this without the knowledge and consent of the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks, thereby turning the all-Party business of compiling works about Lenin into a private and family affair and acting as a monopolist and interpreter of public and personal life and work of Lenin and his family, for which the Central Committee never gave rights to anyone.

Her death was mysterious. It came on the eve of the XVIII Party Congress, at which Nadezhda Konstantinovna was going to speak. On the afternoon of February 24, 1939, friends visited her in Arkhangelskoye to celebrate the mistress's approaching seventieth birthday. The table was laid, Stalin sent a cake. Everyone ate it together. Nadezhda Konstantinovna seemed very lively. In the evening she suddenly became ill. They called a doctor, but for some reason he arrived after more than three hours.

The diagnosis was made immediately: "acute appendicitis-peritonitis-thrombosis". For some reason, the necessary urgent operation was not performed. Three days later, Krupskaya died in terrible agony at the age of seventy. Nevertheless, Stalin personally carried the urn with the ashes of Krupskaya to the Kremlin wall, where she was buried.

Biography:

Krupskaya (Ulyanova) Nadezhda Konstantinovna, participant in the revolutionary movement, Soviet statesman and party leader, one of the founders of the Soviet system of public education, doctor of pedagogical sciences (1936), honorary member of the USSR Academy of Sciences (1931).

Member of the Communist Party since 1898. Born in the family of a democratic officer. As a listener of the Higher
Petersburg, from 1890 she was a member of Marxist student circles. In 1891-96 she taught at an evening and Sunday school behind the Nevsky Zastava, led revolutionary propaganda among the workers. In 1894 she met with V. I. Lenin.

In 1895 she participated in the organization and work of the St. Petersburg Union of Struggle for the Emancipation of the Working Class.

In August 1896 she was arrested. In 1898 she was sentenced to exile for 3 years in the Ufa province, which, at her request, was replaced by p. Shushenskoye, Yenisei province, where Lenin was exiled; here K. became his wife. In 1900 she completed her term of exile in Ufa; taught classes in a workers' circle, prepared future Iskra correspondents. After her release, she came (1901) to Lenin in Munich; worked as secretary of the editorial office of the Iskra newspaper, from December 1904 - the newspaper Vpered, from May 1905 secretary of the Foreign Bureau of the Central Committee of the RSDLP. In November 1905, together with Lenin, she returned to Russia; first in St. Petersburg, and from the end of 1906 in Kuokkala (Finland), she worked as a secretary of the party's Central Committee.

At the end of 1907, Lenin and K. emigrated again; in Geneva, K. was the secretary of the newspaper "Proletary", then the newspaper "Social Democrat".

In 1911 he was a teacher at the party school in Longjumeau. Since 1912, in Krakow, she helped Lenin maintain contact with Pravda and the Bolshevik faction of the 4th State Duma. In late 1913 - early 1914, she participated in organizing the publication of the legal Bolshevik magazine Rabotnitsa. Delegate of the 2nd-4th congresses of the RSDLP, participant in party conferences [including the 6th (Prague)] and responsible party meetings (including the Conference of 22 Bolsheviks) that took place until 1917.

On April 3 (16), 1917, together with Lenin, she returned to Russia. Delegate of the 7th April Conference and the 6th Congress of the RSDLP (b). Participated in the creation of socialist youth unions. She took an active part in the October Revolution of 1917; through K. Lenin passed the leading letters to the Central Committee and the St. Petersburg Committee of the Party, to the VRK; being a member of the Vyborg district committee of the RSDLP (b), she worked in it during the days of the October armed uprising. According to M. N. Pokrovsky, K., before the October Revolution of 1917, being Lenin’s closest collaborator, “... she did the very thing that real good“ deputies ”do now, - unloaded Lenin from all current work, saving him time for such big things like “What to do?” (Memoirs of N. K. Krupskaya, 1966, p. 16).

After the establishment of Soviet power, K. was a member of the collegium of the People's Commissariat of Education of the RSFSR; together with A. V. Lunacharsky and M. N. Pokrovsky, she prepared the first decrees on public education, one of the organizers of political and educational work.

In 1918 she was elected a full member of the Socialist Academy of Social Sciences. In 1919, she took part in an agitation campaign on the steamship Krasnaya Zvezda in the regions of the Volga region that had just been liberated from the White Guards. Since November 1920, the chairman of the Main Political Education Department under the People's Commissariat of Education. Since 1921, the chairman of the scientific and methodological section of the State Academic Council (GUS) of the People's Commissariat of Education.

She taught at the Academy of Communist Education. She was the organizer of a number of voluntary societies: "Down with illiteracy", "Friend of children", chairman of the society of Marxist teachers. Since 1929 Deputy People's Commissar of Education of the RSFSR.

She made a major contribution to the development of the most important problems of Marxist pedagogy - the definition of the goals and objectives of communist education; connection of the school with the practice of socialist construction; labor and polytechnic education; determination of the content of education; questions of age pedagogy; the foundations of the organizational forms of the children's communist movement, the education of collectivism, and so on. K. attached great importance to the fight against child homelessness and neglect, the work of orphanages, and preschool education. Edited the magazine "People's Education", "People's Teacher", "On the Way to a New School", "About Our Children", "Help for Self-Education", "Red Librarian", "School of Adults", "Communist Education", "Reading Room" "and others. Delegate of the 7-17th party congresses. Since 1924 a member of the Central Control Commission, since 1927 a member of the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks.

Member of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee and the Central Executive Committee of the USSR of all convocations, deputy and member of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR of the 1st convocation. Member of all congresses of the Komsomol (except the 3rd). Active figure in the international communist movement, delegate to the 2nd, 4th, 6th, 7th congresses of the Comintern. K. - a prominent publicist, orator.

She spoke at numerous party, Komsomol, trade union congresses and conferences, meetings of workers, peasants, teachers. Author of many works about Lenin and the party, on issues of public education and communist education. K.'s memoirs of Lenin are a most valuable historical source that illuminates the life and work of Lenin and many important events in the history of the Communist Party.

She was awarded the Order of Lenin and the Order of the Red Banner of Labor. She was buried in Red Square near the Kremlin wall.

Main works:

Memories of Lenin (1957)

About Lenin. Collection of articles (1965)

Lenin and the Party (1963)

Pedagogical essays (1957-1963)