Lesson outline " Domestic politics Catherine 2"

Organizing time

Motivational-target stage

Teacher: Hello, guys and dear guests! Today we have an unusual lesson. We were invited to visit by a wonderful lady who left an indelible mark on the history of Russia. She ruled the country for 34 years - this is a whole era! What do you think the lesson will be about today?

students make suggestions about what the lesson will be about.

Teacher: And in order to find out who we will meet today in the lesson, for this you need to complete the tasks that are placed on your table on the cards.

Knowledge update

Teacher: Guys, look carefully at the task card that lies in front of you. Here we have the rulers of Russia during the period of the Palace Revolutions and their years of rule. Let's help them find their rightful places, and restore the chronology of their reign.

Answer

students arrange the correct sequence of the reign of emperors and empresses.

Teacher: Guys, let's check how the dates of the reign of historical figures should have been arranged. Then we will enter the received marks for this task in the self-assessment sheet.

students change sheets with tasks and check each other's completed tasks on cards, and then put marks and enter them into the self-assessment sheet.

Teacher: You have time tape cards on your tables. They have years of reign of emperors and empresses. Sign the initials of historical figures above the years of government.

students place rulers on the timeline Russian Empire during the Palace Revolutions.

1725 - 1727 1727 - 1730 1730 - 1740 1741 - 1761 1761 - 1762 1762 - 1796

Teacher (asks children a question): So, what do you think, who will we talk about today in the lesson?

Students: About EkaterinaII.

Teacher (displays on the projector screen a slide depicting Catherine II ): That's right, today we will consider a topic related to the reign of Catherine II . How can we formulate the topic of today's lesson?

Students: "The domestic policy of Catherine II".

Teacher: Write the title of the topic in your notebook.

students write the topic in a notebook.

Teacher: So, Catherine II came to power.The long reign of Catherine II was full of reforms, which again, as under Peter I, made the country the most powerful state in Europe.What do you think we will talk about today, based on the topic of the lesson?

students ( suggest what questions need to be addressed in the lesson):

Personality of Catherine II.

Catherine's domestic policyII.

Teacher writes the proposed questions of schoolchildren on the board and invites the children to evaluate the work at this stage, and then explains how to correctly fill out the self-assessment sheet and enter an assessment of their actions on the self-assessment sheet.

students

indicative stage

Teacher asks questions about ways to obtain new knowledge necessary to answer the questions that have arisen, suggests a method and sequence of actions.

Teacher: Guys, where can we find the answer to our questions?

students name the sources of information they know.

Search and research stage

Teacher invites students to apply to answer the first question to the handout, which describes the personality of CatherineIIand her short biography is given.

students get acquainted with additional material. Read the text of the document on the printout sheets " historical portrait CatherineII". Determine the sequence of actionsand find the answer to the first question.

Text "Historical portrait of Catherine II"

Catherine grew up with the idea that she herself needed to pave her own way.

From childhood, she was told that she was ugly, and this early made her learn the art of liking, to look in her soul for that which was lacking in appearance. To be anything in the world, she wrote, recalling her childhood thoughts, one must have the qualities necessary for that; let's take a good look inside ourselves to see if we have such qualities, and if we don't have them, then we'll develop them.

For Catherine, to live from a young age meant to work. She was capable of exertion, of strenuous, even back-breaking work, and therefore seemed to herself and others stronger than herself. She realized early on that the knowledge of people must begin with oneself. Catherine belonged to the number of rather rare people who can look at themselves from the outside.

She had two passions, which over the years turned into habits - to read and write: she read an immense number of books. She wrote a lot in French and even in Russian, although with mistakes that she joked about. It was as difficult for her to do without a book and a pen as it was for Peter I without an ax and a lathe.

She wanted to keep up with the mental and artistic movements of the century: the Hermitage, with its paintings, thousands of engravings, is a witness to her worries about collecting artistic wealth, and in St. Petersburg itself and its environs, buildings of foreign masters who worked on her orders were preserved.

When addressing, she used an incomparable ability to listen, to guess the mood: it bribed, inspired confidence, disposed to frankness: Catherine preferred to study strengths others and was able to indicate them to the owner himself. In this skill is the secret of irresistible charm, which, according to Princess Dashkova, Catherine produced on those. who wanted to be liked. The polite simplicity of Catherine herself, even with the palace servants, was a complete innovation after the usual rudeness of the past.

The reign of Catherine II cannot be ranked among calm and easy times: on the contrary, it was a rather disturbing and difficult time. Russia enjoyed comparative calm in the first five years of her reign, except for peasant revolts. This was followed by a seven-year bout of external and internal anxieties. Out of 34 years of reign, 17 years of external or internal struggle for 17 years of rest!

Teacher (asks a question): Guys,what do you think, what kind of person was CatherineII?

students put forward their assumptions and sum up the read text after its comprehension.

Teacher (asks a question): Have we answered the question before us?

Students (answer the teacher's question): Yes! CatherineIIwas a strong and strong-willed person who With most early childhood she carved her own way. She was a person who achieves everything through her own efforts and is very hardworking. Throughout her life, the Empress read a large number of books and loved to write.

Teacher

students evaluate their work at the stage and enter the assessment on the self-assessment sheet.

Teacher: And now let's turn to the text of the textbook, read the first paragraph of the item "Features of Catherine's domestic policy" on pages 170-171 and find out what "Enlightened absolutism" is.

Students: "Enlightened absolutism" is public policy VXVIIIcentury, aimed at transforming the most obsolete aspects of society.

Teacher: The ideas of enlightened absolutism were developed by the outstanding French thinkers Voltaire, Montesquieu, Diderot, Rousseau. On the basis of these ideas, Catherine II developed the “Instruction”, in which she outlined her vision of the policy of “enlightened absolutism”. Using the text of the document on pages 176-177 of the textbook, answer the question, how did the empress see the foundations of her domestic policy?

Students:

contribute to the prosperity of the state;

enlightenment of the nation;

establish a good police force;

introduce order in the state, which is supported by law.

Teacher: Now we will return back to the point of the paragraph “The policy of “enlightened absolutism” and find out what the secularization of the lands is. Open your textbook to page 171 and read the last paragraph.

students read and determine for themselves what the secularization of church lands is. They call the definition of what secularization is. Secularization- this is the transfer of monastic and church lands to the state administration.

Teacher: In the spirit of the policy of "enlightened absolutism," the Empress convened a Legislative Commission to develop a new set of laws. To the development of this document Ekaterina II attracted elected deputies from the estates. Let's take a look at the composition and requirements of the members of the Legislative Commission. To do this, open pages 172-173 in the textbook and familiarize yourself with the content of the text.

Teacher: Guys, imagine that you are a representative of the population group that lies on your piece of paper on your desk. What would be your requirements?

students express their point of view.

Teacher: Why do you think the members of the Legislative Commission could not come to a common opinion?

Students: Representatives argued each about his own.

Teacher invites the children to evaluate the work at this stage and enter an assessment of their actions in the self-assessment sheet.

students evaluate their work at the stage and enter the assessment on the self-assessment sheet.

Teacher: Catherine suspended the activities of the commission in connection with the outbreak of the Russian-Turkish war. She called no more. The empress relied on the nobility and in its interests carried out a number of important measures. Which? Let's find out with you. And for this we will need to fill out a table in a notebook according to the item of the textbook "Golden Age" Russian nobility».

Physical education minute

Blink quickly, close your eyes and sit quietly, slowly counting to 5. Repeat 4-5 times.

I.p. - sitting, hands on the belt. 1 - head turn to the right, 2 - ip, 3 - head turn to the left, 4 - ip Repeat 6 - 8 times. The pace is slow.

I.p. - standing or sitting, hands on the belt. 1 - right hand forward, left up. 2 - change the position of the hands. Repeat 3-4 times, then relax down and shake your hands, tilt your head forward. The pace is average.

I.p. - stand legs apart. 1 - 2 - tilt forward, right hand slides down along the leg, left, bending, up along the body. 3 - 4 - ip, 5 - 8 - the same in the other direction. Repeat 6 - 8 times. The pace is average.

Teacher offers students an approximate sample table, which must be filled out by reading the paragraph of the textbook "The Golden Age" of the Russian nobility "on pages 173-175.

students complete the table in your notebook.

Teacher checks the table that the students filled out and compares it with the standard that he has in his hands.

Teacher invites the children to evaluate the work at this stage and enter an assessment of their actions in the self-assessment sheet.

students evaluate their work at the stage and enter the assessment on the self-assessment sheet.

Practical stage

Teacher: Guys, you have a small test on your table. Do it in your notebook.

students perform the test "The reign of CatherineII».

Test "Reign of Catherine II"

1. What is the historical name of the domestic policy of Catherine II?

A) politics strong hand»

B) "following the Western model"

C) the policy of "enlightened absolutism"

2. What should be the monarch, according to Catherine II?

A) despot and tyrant

B) a democrat on the throne

C) a philosopher on the throne

3. What is secularization?

A) the removal of church valuables from churches and monasteries

B) the abolition of the patriarchate

C) transfer of church and monastery lands to the state

4. Why does Catherine II collect the Legislative Commission?

A) to develop reforms in the field of education

B) to create a new code of laws

C) to consider the “Instruction” written by her

5. What class received new privileges during the reign of Catherine II?

A) merchants

B) nobility

C) the environment of the empress

6. The main idea of ​​the document "Charter to the nobility" of 1785 (select all possible options):

A) the abolition of the former privileges of the nobles

B) confirmation of former privileges

C) permission to create noble societies and noble assemblies

Teacher names the correct answers.

students exchange notebooks for further verification.

Teacher names the evaluation criteria test items:

six correct answers - mark "five";

five correct answers - mark "four";

four correct answers - mark "three";

less than four correct answers - mark "two".

students check each other's work and put marks for the test.

Teacher invites the children to enter the grade received for the test in the self-assessment sheet.

students enter the score on the self-assessment sheet.

Reflective-evaluative stage

Teacher (asks questions to students): Tell me, guys, can we now answer the questions that we formulated at the beginning of the lesson? What can we say about the personality of Catherine, what was her policy?

students make conclusions about the achievement of the objectives of the lesson set at the beginning of the lesson.

Teacher proposes to count all the grades in the self-assessment sheets at each stage and display the average mark obtained for all the work in the lesson.

students consider the grades received for all stages of work in the lesson and set GPA received at the lesson in the diaries.

Teacher (gives information about homework): § 24, answer questions and complete tasks No. 4, 5 at the end of the paragraph. Compose a syncwine on the theme “CatherineII».

students write down homework in a diary.

Annex 1.

Self-assessment sheet

The reign of Catherine II the Great is one of the most difficult topics in history. This is probably because it occupies most of the second half of the 18th century. This post will briefly describe the domestic policy of Catherine 2. This topic simply needs to be studied in order to be well versed in history when completing exam tasks.

The most important

Few understand why historical events are poorly remembered. In fact, everything is perfectly remembered, if you keep in mind the most important thing. The most important thing is the concept of this or that government or the driving contradiction. Having marked these things, it is easy to remember them, as well as the entire outline of events.

The concept of the reign of Catherine the Great was Enlightened absolutism - a European concept popular in the 18th century, which, in a nutshell, consisted in recognizing the leading role in the history and development of states for an enlightened monarch. Such a monarch, a sage on the throne, a philosopher will be able to lead society to progress and enlightenment. The main ideas of the Enlightenment can be found in the work of Charles Louis Monetskyo "On the Spirit of the Laws" and in the writings of other enlighteners.

These ideas are generally simple: they included the observance of laws by the people, the idea that people are naturally good, and the state should awaken this goodness in people through enlightenment.

Sophia Augusta Frederica Anhalt of Zerbskaya (real name of the Empress) learned these principles as a young educated girl. And when she became empress, she tried to implement them in Russia.

However, the main contradiction of her reign was that this was not possible. The first blow was dealt to her mood by the Legislative Commission, in which the entire color of society gathered. And not a single estate wanted to put an end to serfdom. On the contrary, everyone was looking for benefits for themselves in the slave position of 90 percent of the population of the state.

Nevertheless, something was realized, at least in the first half of the reign of the empress - before the uprising of Yemelyan Pugachev. His uprising became, as it were, a watershed between the empress of liberal views and the conservative ruler.

reforms

Within the framework of one post, it is impossible to consider in detail the entire domestic policy of Catherine, but it can be done briefly. I’ll tell you where to find out everything in detail at the end of the post.

Secularization of church lands in 1764

This reform was actually started by Peter the Third. But it was already Catherine the Great who realized it. All church and monastery lands were now transferred to the state, and the peasants were transferred to the category of economic peasants. The state could give these lands to whoever it wanted.

The secularization of the lands meant the end of the centuries-old rivalry between ecclesiastical and secular authorities, which peaked during the reigns of Alexei Mikhailovich and Peter the Great.

Convocation of the Legislative Commission

• Reason: the need to adopt a new code of laws, a new Code, because the Cathedral Code of 1649 has long been outdated.
• Dates of the meeting: from June 1767 to December 1768
• Results: the new code of laws was never adopted. The task of codifying Russian legislation will only be realized under Nicholas the First. The reason for the dissolution is the beginning of the Russian-Turkish war.

The uprising of Yemelyan Pugachev

A serious event in the field of domestic politics, since it showed all the inconsistency of serfdom, on the one hand, and the crisis in relations between the authorities and the Cossacks, on the other.

Results: the suppression of the uprising. The consequences of this uprising was the provincial reform of Catherine the Great.

Provincial reform

In November 1775, the Empress publishes the "Institution for the Administration of the Provinces of the Russian Empire". The main goal: to change the state-territorial structure in favor of better tax collection, as well as to strengthen the power of governors so that they can more effectively resist peasant uprisings.

As a result, the provinces began to be divided only into counties (previously they were divided into provinces), and they themselves were disaggregated: there were more of them.

The entire structure of state authorities has also changed. You can see the most important of these changes in this table:

As you can see, the empress, despite the fact that the entire reform was pro-noble, tried to implement the principle of separation of powers, albeit in a truncated version. This system of authorities will continue until the bourgeois reforms of Alexander the Second Liberator

A charter to the nobility and cities of 1785

Parsing letters of commendation is a serious educational task. It cannot be solved within the scope of this post. But I enclose links to the full texts of these important documents:

• Complaint to the nobility
• Complaint letter to cities

Results

The main question for the results: why do we put this empress on a par with Ivan the Third, Peter the Great and call it great? Because this empress completed most of the domestic and foreign policy processes.

In the field of domestic policy, the process of formation of authorities was completed absolute monarchy, the system is put in order government controlled; the nobility reached the peak of its rights and its power, the “third estate” was more or less formed - the townspeople, who were given excellent rights under the Charter to the cities. The only trouble is that this layer was very small and could not become the backbone of the state.

In area foreign policy: Russia annexed the Crimea (1783), Eastern Georgia (1783), all the old Russian lands during the three partitions of Poland, reached its natural boundaries. The issue of access to the Black Sea was resolved. Actually a lot has been done.

But the main thing has not been done: a new code of laws has not been adopted, and serfdom has not been abolished. Could this have been achieved? I think no.

Domestic policy of Catherine II the Great characterized by conflicting aspirations to comply with the ideas of enlightened absolutism, on the one hand, and the final enslavement of the peasantry with the provision of practically unlimited rights to the nobles, on the other.

Briefly about the content and features
domestic policy of Catherine II

Enlightened absolutism in its own way

As a form of government, absolutism involves the concentration of all power in the hands of the emperor. Accordingly, in domestic policy, Catherine II sought to put the system of government in order, and after the peasant uprising of Pugachev, to strengthen the vertical of power, partially introducing the principles of self-government and modernizing the police.

Key activities

REFORM OF THE SENATE

December 26, 1763 The Senate was deprived of the legislative function (which was transferred personally to Catherine II and her cabinet of ministers) and divided into six departments, decisions were made requiring the consent of all participants in the meeting, controversial issues were considered by the general meeting.

Abolition of Hetmanship

November 10, 1764 instead of the abolished title of hetman, the Little Russian Collegium was created, consisting half of local foremen, half of officials appointed by Catherine II, and headed by Governor-General P. Rumyantsev-Zadunaisky.

STATED COMMISSION AND INSTRUCTION

December 25, 1766 Catherine II announced the convening of the Legislative Commission, as well as the rules for the election of deputies from various estates. As a guide for the commission, the empress personally prepared for several years the "Instruction for the Legislative Commission." This document was a collection of ideas of European enlighteners, which Catherine II herself did not hide.

The purpose of the convocation The commission was supposed to be the creation of the "New Code" - an updated code of laws, to replace the obsolete Cathedral Code of 1649. However, there was no mutual understanding between the estates, and poor organization between various parts sitting and the lack of coordination in actions led to the fact that over the 1.5 years of its existence, the commission did not develop a single law or proposal and Catherine II announced its dissolution December 18, 1768.

PROVINCE REFORM

November 18, 1775, after the end of the Russian-Turkish war and the suppression of the Pugachev uprising, Catherine II began administrative reform. There was a change in the principle of dividing the provinces - the main criterion was the number of taxable population (working men), the judicial and administrative bodies were separated, which led to a sharp increase in the number of officials.

In addition to separation, the reform of the judiciary involved the partial introduction of elected positions from all classes, as well as the building of a hierarchical system of judicial instances, the highest body of which was the Senate. In fact, the nobles occupied all key positions and constantly interfered in the course of consideration of cases, and the overgrown bureaucracy caused an increase in corruption. In part, the reform of the police bodies was a continuation of judicial reforms.

POLICE REFORM

April 8, 1782 Catherine II signed the "Charter of the Deanery, or Policeman", continuing the transformation of the police authorities, begun during the provincial reform. According to this document, the Deanery Councils were created, a system of police posts with certain functions was built, and the cities themselves were divided into parts (200-700 households) and quarters (50-100 households). The foundations of police law were laid and the vertical of power at the city level was strengthened. The police were entrusted with part of the economic issues.

URBAN REFORM

April 21, 1785 was published "Charter to the cities of the Russian Empire" - a document that determined legal status residents of cities and dividing them into six categories. From each of the categories, a member of the "six-member" city duma was elected, which did not have serious independence and was engaged in ensuring food supplies and small economic activity. It was an appropriate step towards urban self-government, especially since the number of cities began to grow.

Economic transformation

domestic economy

The state suffered from the typical problems of an outdated feudal system - a monopoly on the extraction and processing of resources, inefficient serf labor and the backwardness of production technologies. It should be noted that the external liberalization of the economic course of the state was accompanied by a tightening of domestic policy in relation to the most oppressed and numerous class - the peasantry.

SECULARIZATION OF THE CHURCH

March 8, 1764, the empress decided to put an end to the independence of the church, and announced the withdrawal from the monasteries of most of the land and monastic peasants in favor of the state. Thus, more than 9 million hectares of land and about 1 million males who previously "fed" the clergy were transferred to the subordination of a special College of Economy. More than half of the existing 954 monasteries were abolished, and the funds collected from the peasants who previously belonged to the church were given by the state for the maintenance of clearly defined church states. The rest went to the treasury.

MONETARY REFORM

Trying to contain inflation, Catherine II in 1763 banned the exchange of copper coins for silver. The outbreak of war with the Commonwealth and Turkey demanded Money, and copper money, which was inconvenient for transportation and billing, seriously hampered both the domestic and foreign markets. To solve this problem, in 1768-69, special bank notes were created and the issuance of bank notes began, which at first had a beneficial effect, but the abuse of the state led to a significant depreciation of paper currency.

FREEDOM OF BUSINESS

March 17, 1775 a manifesto on freedom of enterprise was issued, which abolished more than 30 various fees for crafts (furs, poultry, fish) and processing industries (oil mills, slaughterhouses, etc.). Also, any citizen was allowed to open "all sorts of camps and needlework" without any additional permits. Merchants with a capital of more than 500 rubles were exempted from the poll tax. Instead, an annual fee of 1% from capital was introduced.

FREE ECONOMIC SOCIETY

November 11, 1765 Catherine II approved the activities of the already existing de facto Volny Economic Society. The goals of its creation were the collection and analysis of statistical data related to the economy and Agriculture, as well as the promotion of advanced technical solutions for widespread use in agricultural and industrial sectors. However, the society did not achieve any significant success during the reign of Catherine II.

Foreign economic relations

Catherine II tried to move from protectionism, established since the time of Peter I, to a more liberal organization of the economy - there was an increase in exports (export from the country and sale to other states) of resources and semi-finished products (hemp, sailcloth, cast iron and iron, timber, bristles, as well as bread). The volume of exports of the country increased from 13.9 million rubles. in 1760 to 39.6 million rubles. in 1790, while mainly high-tech goods were imported into the country. From 1340 to 2430, the number of foreign merchant ships entering Russian ports annually increased.

A number of foreign trade monopolies and a ban on grain exports were abolished. Customs tariffs were successively lowered in 1766 and 1782. In 1782 the Customs Frontier Chain was also created to combat mass smuggling western borders. After the execution of the king in revolutionary France, Catherine II tried to include economic levers of influence in the fight against the revolution - the import of French-made goods was prohibited.

The Russian Empire remained a predominantly resource-exporting power - most of all timber was sold, grain sales were organized (prohibited under Empress Elizabeth). Of the value-added products, only canvas and cast iron (rough iron) could be named. The development of production technologies was hampered by the orientation of the economy towards the slave labor of serfs. At the end of the reign of Catherine II, paper money depreciated by a third, debts from the state accumulated more than 200 million, and revenues did not cover expenses.

Rise of Favoritism

A separate point worth mentioning is the widespread favoritism under Catherine II. For all the beauty and loftiness of the empress's statements about the equality of people before the law and the primacy of truth over ignorance and bribery, she herself gave away several million state peasants to her lovers and favorites, not counting numerous monetary rewards and jewelry. Some historians consider the fact of the decomposition of the nobility during the time of Catherine the Great to be one of the main reasons for the upheavals that awaited the Russian Empire in subsequent centuries.

Outcomes and results of domestic policy

• The enslavement of the peasantry and the granting of new privileges to the nobility
• The rise of favoritism, the increase in the number of officials and the police, bribery
• Development of education, science and health
• Growth in production and export of canvas, cast iron, grain
• Foundation of more than 140 cities, development of the Crimea and the northern Black Sea coast

Domestic policy of Catherine II

Catherine II ruled Russia from 1762 to 1796. The power of the monarch went to her as a result palace coup, the result of which was the overthrow of her husband Peter the Third. During the reign, Catherine became famous as an imperious and active woman who was able to finally strengthen the cultural status of the Russian Empire in the European arena.

In her domestic policy, the empress adhered to a dual system. Praising the ideas of enlightenment and humanism, she enslaved the peasant people to the maximum, and also comprehensively expanded the already not small privileges of the nobility. Historians consider the most important reforms of the domestic policy of Catherine II to be:

1. Provincial reform, according to which it was completely reorganized Administrative division empire. After all, now instead of a three-stage division (province-province-county), a two-stage division (province-county) was introduced.

2. A prescribed commission was formed, which pursued the goal of clarifying people's needs for the subsequent implementation of other reforms.

3. Senate reform, which significantly reduced the powers of the Senate to executive and judicial authorities. All legislative power was henceforth transferred to the Cabinet of Secretaries of State and the Empress personally.

4. The abolition of the Zaporozhian Sich in 1775.

5. The economic reforms of Catherine II caused the establishment of fixed prices for the products necessary for every person, as well as the rise of the country's economy, the development of its trade relations and the elimination of monopolies.

6. Favorites and corruption have been the consequences and causes of some domestic policy reforms. Due to the expanded privileges of the ruling elite, the level of abuse of rights has increased. At the same time, the favorites of Catherine II accepted rich gifts from the treasury of the Russian Empire.

7. Religious reform, according to the decree, the ROC was forbidden to interfere in any affairs of other faiths.

8. Class transformations, beneficial primarily only to representatives of the nobility.

9. The national policy, as a result of which the so-called Pale of Settlement was established for the Jews, the German population of Russia was exempted from duties and taxes, and the indigenous population became the most disenfranchised layer in the country.

10. Scientific and educational reforms. It was during the reign of Empress Catherine II that public schools (small and main) began to open, which became the foundation for the formation of general education schools. At the same time, the level of education in comparison with other states was extremely low.