Black Hundreds. Black Hundreds parties of the early 20th century: program, leaders, representatives Who are the Black Hundreds and what did they stand for

Black Hundreds Program. Power: The inviolability and strengthening of autocracy Strengthening Orthodoxy and the position of the Russian Orthodox Church Peasant question: Inviolability of private property Sale of state-owned and redeemable lands to peasants Preservation of the peasant community Working question: Shortening the working day Improving working conditions Insurance National question: Preserving a single indivisible Russia Nationalism. "Russia is for Russians" Anti-Semitism.

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People who studied in Soviet schools clearly knew that the Black Hundreds were obscurantists and pogromists. There was no doubt about this, as well as a desire to look at the people who staged bloody pogroms in Russian cities, especially in Moscow and Odessa, from some other angle.

The ideas of the Black Hundreds are still alive today. A certain segment of the population is interested in them. Our time is remarkable in that you can look at any issue, taking into account different points of view, and try to form your own opinion about this movement.

Prominent figures who sympathized with the Black Hundreds

It is interesting to get acquainted with the program of the Black Hundreds, if only because the wife and daughter of F. M. Dostoevsky, who spoke about the impossibility of good, which is based on at least a drop of shed blood of a child, were active Black Hundreds. Among them were Archpriest John of Kronstadt and artist Viktor Vasnetsov. Mendeleev, Michurin, the captain of the Varyag cruiser Rudnev are the Black Hundreds, not to mention 500 figures Orthodox Church, later referred to as "New Martyrs and Confessors of Russia". Among them was the future Patriarch, Metropolitan Tikhon Bellavin.

healthy roots

So, there was some positive idea in the program of this movement? And what kind of name is this, which over time has acquired such a frightening connotation? Historian Vladimir Mokhnach says that initially "the Black Hundreds are representatives of urban democratic circles."

Why is that? Because in tsarist Russia a hundred was the internal division of the city. There were white hundreds, which included the upper strata of the population, who did not pay taxes to the state, and blacks who did. From the representatives of this urban democracy (merchants, artisans), detachments were formed that expelled the Poles from the Kremlin and contributed to the cessation of the Time of Troubles in Rus'.

One of the ideologues

And the very reactionary trend of 1900-1917 owes its name to V. A. Gringmuth, one of the main ideologists of the Black Hundreds movement. He was so prominent representative, which remained in history not as a right-wing radical politician, but as a pogromist and obscurantist (obscurantist hostile to science, progress and education), for which he was brought to trial by the tsarist government in 1906.

According to Gringmuth, the Black Hundreds are ardent fighters for the preservation of the inviolability of the autocracy, however, on the basis of great-power chauvinism, which resulted specifically in anti-Semitism.

One of the assessments of the movement by a contemporary

At the beginning of the century, this extremely reactionary movement was so active that it was called the "Black Hundred Terror of 1905-1907." At this time, they committed the murders of M. Ya. Gertsenstein and G. B. Iollos (members of the Central Committee of the Cadet Party) and no less resonant attempts on P. N. Milyukov and ex-premier Witte, whom some representatives of the movement (the same Gringmuth) designated as one of their main enemies. S. Yu. Witte, on the other hand, believed that the Black Hundreds were, in essence, representatives of a patriotic organization, whose ideas were based not on reason and nobility, but on passions, and that they were simply unlucky with the leaders, among whom there were many crooks and people with dirty thoughts and feelings. In such a lofty style, he spoke of the pogromists who staged a bloody massacre. Entire Jewish families perished under the slogan "Beat the Jews, save Russia!". But the ex-premier, speaking about the patriotism of the Black Hundreds, obviously had in mind the starting idea of ​​the movement, which is based on the slogans of the Slavophiles about the identity of Russia and its own path of development, different from the West.

prop of movement

So who are they? The disparate reactionary far-right organizations in Russia in 1906-1917 are the Black Hundreds. They never managed, fortunately, to unite into one force, which would increase their capabilities many times over. Before the advent common name scattered parties called themselves "patriots", "truly Russian", "monarchists".

The largest associations of the Black Hundreds were the Union of the Russian People (headed by A. I. Dubrovin), the Russian Monarchist Party (founded by V. A. Gringmut). V. M. Purishkevich became one of the founders of the clerical-conservative organization “Union of Michael the Archangel”. It must be noted that the activities of the fragmented and often opposing Black Hundred organizations were directed and financed by the "Council of the United Nobility", created in May 1906 with the full support of the tsarist government. It should also be noted that the police Russian Empire considered the Black Hundred squads as allies and relied entirely on them in her work. Simultaneously with the "Council of the United Nobility" in Moscow, the Black Hundred organization "Union of Russian People" was formed. The founders and leaders were Counts Sheremetiev brothers, princes Trubetskoy and Shcherbatov. Prince Dmitry Pavlovich Golitsyn (Muravlin) was also a member of the Black Hundreds. Such "glorious Russian surnames" were associated with the Black Hundreds. They were all attracted the main idea embedded in the program of the movement - the inviolability of the monarchy, the unity of the autocracy with the people.

Boundless devotion to autocracy

The extreme monarchists, as the Black Hundreds were also called, represented the conservative camp of Russia, which, according to some sources, numbered up to 410 thousand people after the defeat of the revolution of 1905-1907. The program of the Black Hundreds was based on the theory of the so-called official nationality, the author of which was the Minister of Education of Russia (the first half of the 19th century). He developed a three-term formula, which can be considered as the main idea of ​​Uvarov's theory: Orthodoxy, autocracy, nationality. Unlimited autocracy, like Orthodoxy, which the Black Hundreds considered to be primordially Russian principles, had to remain unshakable, and Russia did not need reforms at all.

Indulgences allowed by the Black Hundreds

However, some of their programs provided for various freedoms - religion, speech, assembly, press, unions and the inviolability of the individual. Therefore, there is nothing surprising in in large numbers there are no people who sympathize with the Black Hundreds. The agrarian program of the Black Hundreds was also extremely uncompromising, providing for the sale to the peasants of only vacant state lands (no confiscation of landowners' land), and the development of a lease and credit system.

The biggest failure in the program of the Black Hundreds, as it turned out later, was United and Indivisible Russia, in their opinion, it should have been based on great-power chauvinism, which took extreme forms and degenerated into militant anti-Semitism.

Powerful Support

The ideas of the Black Hundreds were carried to the masses by such printed publications as Russkoye Znamya and Moskovskie Vedomosti, Pochaev Leaflet and Kolokol. As well as "Zemshchina", "Thunderstorm" and "Veche", "Kiev" and "Citizen". Support is more than powerful. They contributed to the fact that the program of the Black Hundreds became close and understandable to a huge number of landowners, representatives of the clergy, merchants, workers and peasants, artisans and representatives of both the small and large urban bourgeoisie, Cossacks and petty bourgeois - absolutely all strata of Russian society.

The end of the movement and its leaders

After the brutal pogroms, most of the supporters recoiled from the Black Hundreds, and after 1917 the movement fell into complete decline, and the Soviet government was completely banned. The Black Hundreds, whose leaders and ideologists were recognized as enemies of the people, actively fought against the Soviet government, and during the Second World War they took the side of the Nazis. A. I. Dubrovin, V. M. Purishkevich, V. A. Gringmut, N. E. Markov are among the major figures of this movement. And also P.F. Bulatsel (lawyer), I.I. Vostorgov (priest), engineer A.I. Trishchaty, Prince M.K. Shakhovskoy, monk Iliodor.

Octobrists

As noted above, unity in the ranks of this movement was never observed, many unions differed from each other not only in names, but also in programs. Thus, the members of the Union of October 17, or the Octobrists-Black Hundreds, occupied a special place among the political parties of Russia - they were located between conservatives and liberals, which is why they were called conservative liberals. A. I. Guchkov, M. and V. V. Shulgin headed the party of the big financial and commercial and industrial bourgeoisie.

Their program was based on the tsar's manifesto of October 17, 1905. The Octobrists differed from the far-right Black Hundreds in that they advocated a constitutional monarchy, in which the power of the tsar would be limited by the fundamental law. They differed from the extreme right in that, while advocating an indivisible Russia, they nevertheless recognized the right to autonomy for Finland. And in the peasant question, they advocated the compulsory alienation of part of the landed estates for redemption.

Cadets

If the Octobrists were on the extreme right wing, then on the left flank of the liberal movement were the Cadets (the Constitutional Democratic Party), whose organizer and ideological leader was P. N. Milyukov. The party of which he was the chief strategist was called the People's Freedom Party. In their program, much attention was paid to the rights and freedoms of citizens. According to them, the future state system Russia was supposed to become Cadets, Octobrists, Black Hundreds - these are more or less large parties among dozens of others, such as the Socialist-Revolutionaries, Neo-Narodniks, Mensheviks, Bolsheviks, of which there were dozens in Russia at the beginning of the last century, right up to the revolution. But the Cadets, Octobrists and Black Hundreds were united by their attitude towards the monarchy, the inviolability of which was placed at the head of their programs.

Ally."

The social basis of these organizations was made up of heterogeneous elements: landlords, representatives of the clergy, the large and small urban bourgeoisie, merchants, peasants, workers, philistines, artisans, police officers, who advocated the preservation of the inviolability of the autocracy on the basis of the Uvarov formula "Orthodoxy, Autocracy, Narodnost". The period of special activity of the Black Hundreds fell on the interval from 1914 to 1914 .

Ideology

Part of the Black Hundred movement arose from popular movement for sobriety. Teetotalism was never denied by the Black Hundred organizations, moreover, some of the Black Hundred cells were formalized as sobriety societies, tea and reading societies for the people.

In the field of economics, the Black Hundreds advocated a multi-structural structure. Part of the Black Hundreds economists proposed to abandon the commodity support of the ruble.

It should be noted that the constructive part of the Black Hundred ideas (meaning both the programs of organizations and topics discussed by the Black Hundred press) assumed a conservative social structure (there were significant disputes over the admissibility of parliamentarism and representative institutions in general in an autocratic monarchy), and some curbing of excesses capitalism, as well as strengthening social solidarity, a form of direct democracy.

Story

• The Black Hundreds trace their origins to the lower Nizhny Novgorod militia of the Time of Troubles, led by Kuzma Minin, who "stand behind the house Holy Mother of God and the Orthodox Christian faith, took up arms against the destroyers of the Russian land for the sake of saving the faith of the father and the fatherland from perdition ”(In Russia of the XIV-XVII centuries "black" the land allotments of the black-eared peasants and the taxed urban population were called. IN historical sources "black" lands are opposed "white" lands owned by feudal lords and the church).
• The Black Hundred movement came out at the beginning of the 20th century under the slogans of defending the Russian Empire and its traditional values ​​of "Orthodoxy, autocracy, nationality."

The first organization of the Black Hundreds was the Russian Assembly, established in 1900.

A significant source of funding for the Black Hundreds was private donations and collections.

According to a number of scientists, the participation of well-known figures in the Black Hundred organizations was subsequently significantly exaggerated. Thus, Doctor of Philosophical Sciences, Professor Sergei Lebedev believes that

The modern right… likes to increase this already long list at the expense of those figures of Russian culture who were not formally members of the Black Hundred unions, but did not hide their right-wing views. These include, in particular, the great D. I. Mendeleev, artist V. M. Vasnetsov, philosopher V. V. Rozanov ...

The "Black Hundred" of 1905-1917 are several large and small monarchical organizations: "Union of the Russian People", "Union of Michael the Archangel", "Russian Monarchist Party", "Union of Russian People", "Union for the Fight against Sedition", "Council united nobility", "Russian Assembly" and others.

Black Hundred movement in different time published the newspapers Russkoye Znamya, Zemshchina, Pochaevsky Leaf, Kolokol, Thunderstorm, Veche. Black Hundred ideas were also preached in the major newspapers Moskovskiye Vedomosti, Kievlyanin, Grazhdanin, Svet.

Among the leaders of the Black Hundred movement, Alexander Dubrovin, Vladimir Purishkevich, Nikolai Markov, Prince M.K. Shakhovskoy stood out.

The Black Hundred organizations began their formation not before, A after the first, most powerful wave of pogroms. Nevertheless, Black Hundred organizations were most active in regions with a mixed population - in Ukraine, in Belarus and in 15 provinces of the "Pale of Jewish Settlement", where more than half of all members of the Union of the Russian People and other Black Hundred organizations were concentrated. As the activities of the Black Hundred organizations unfolded, the wave of pogroms began to subside, which was pointed out by many prominent figures of this movement and recognized by political opponents. After the organization of the Black Hundred movement, only two major pogroms were recorded. Both of them took place in 1906 on the territory of Poland, where the Russian Black Hundreds had no influence.

The leaders of the Black Hundred movement and the statutes of the organizations declared the law-abiding nature of the movement and condemned the pogroms. In particular, the chairman of the Union of the Russian People, AI Dubrovin, in a special statement in 1906, defined pogroms as a crime. Although the fight against "Jewish dominance" was one of the foundations of the movement, its leaders explained that it should not be fought with violence, but with economic and ideological methods. The Black Hundred newspapers did not publish a single direct call for a Jewish pogrom.

Terror against the "black hundred"

The radical socialist parties launched a campaign of terror against the Black Hundreds. The leader of the Social Democrats V. I. Lenin wrote in 1905

Detachments revolutionary army should immediately study who, where and how make up the Black Hundreds, and then not be limited to one sermon (this is useful, but this alone is not enough), but to speak and armed force, beating the Black Hundreds, killing them, blowing up their headquarters, etc., etc.

On behalf of the St. Petersburg Committee of the RSDLP, an armed attack was carried out on the Tver tea house, where the workers of the Nevsky Shipbuilding Plant, who were members of the Union of the Russian People, gathered. First, two bombs were thrown by the Bolshevik militants, and then those who ran out of the teahouse were shot with revolvers. The Bolsheviks killed two and wounded fifteen people. .

Revolutionary organizations carried out many terrorist acts against members of right-wing parties, mainly against the chairmen of local departments of the Union of the Russian People. So, according to the police department, only in March 1908 in one Chernihiv province in the city of Bakhmach a bomb was thrown at the house of the chairman of the local union of the RNC, in the city of Nizhyn the house of the chairman of the union was set on fire, and the whole family died, in the village of Domyany the chairman of the department was killed, two chairmen of departments were killed in Nizhyn.

Weakening and end of the Black Hundred movement

Despite the massive support among the urban burghers and the sympathy of the Russian Orthodox clergy and influential aristocrats, the Russian radical right movement since its appearance on the Russian public stage, it has remained underdeveloped for the following reasons:

• The Black Hundred movement failed to convince Russian society of its ability to offer a positive program in response to the then demands for political ideology; the explanation of all the problems and ills of society by the subversive activities of the Jews seemed excessively one-sided even to those who did not sympathize with the Jews;
• The Black Hundred movement failed to offer an effective alternative to the liberal and revolutionary, radical leftist ideas that had won wide circles of the intelligentsia in Russia;
• Continuous splits and internal strife in the Black Hundreds movement, accompanied by numerous scandals and mutual accusations (including serious criminal offenses) undermined public confidence in the movement as a whole; for example, the most famous figure of the right movement, Fr. Ioann Vostorgov was accused by right-wing political competitors of poisoning the right-wing politician P.A. Krushevana, murder own wife from the desire to become a bishop, stealing the sums of monarchical organizations;
• A stable public opinion that the Black Hundred movement is secretly financed from secret funds of the Ministry of the Interior, and that all conflicts in the movement are caused by the struggle for access of individuals to these amounts;
• The participation of the latter in the murders of Duma deputies M.Ya. had an adverse effect on public opinion about the Black Hundreds. Gertsenshtein and G.B. Iollos; as well as those put forward by the former Prime Minister Count S.Yu. Witte is accused of trying to kill him by blowing up his house;
• The activities of the deputies of the right faction in the III State Duma, primarily V.M. Purishkevich and N.E. Markov 2nd, was of a provocative, outrageous nature and was accompanied by numerous scandals that did not contribute to the formation of respect for these politicians; activity of A.N. Khvostova as Minister of the Interior ended loud scandal related to his alleged attempt to organize the murder of G.E. Rasputin and subsequent quick resignation.

Despite certain political successes, after the Russian Revolution of 1905, the Black Hundred movement could not become a monolithic political force and find allies in a multi-ethnic, multi-structural Russian society. On the other hand, the Black Hundreds managed to turn against themselves not only influential radical left and liberal centrist circles, but also some of their potential allies among supporters of the ideas of Russian imperial nationalism.

Some competition with the Black Hundred movement was made by the All-Russian National Union and the faction of nationalists associated with it in the Third Duma. In 1909, the moderate-right faction merged with the national faction. The new Russian national faction (colloquially known as the “nationalists”), unlike the rightists, managed to position themselves in such a way that their votes, together with the Octobrists, formed a pro-government majority in the Duma, while the government had no need for right-wing votes. The right-wing deputies compensated for the insignificance of the votes of their faction during the voting by aggressive, provocative behavior, which even more turned the members of the faction into political pariahs.

Notes

Links

• Molodtsova M.S. Black Hundred Unions: in defense of the autocracy
• Molodtsova M.S. Black Hundreds in the fight against the revolutionary movement in 1905-1907. Lessons of the First Russian Revolution.
• Molodtsova M.S. Black Hundred Alliances in the Nets of Contradictions (1907-1913)
• Molodtsova M.S. Black Hundreds: leaving the political arena
• Lebedev S.V.
• Omelyanchuk I.V. The social composition of the Black Hundred parties at the beginning of the 20th century
• Alekseev I. E. Chuvash-Black Hundreds. "Staging" notes on the activities of the Chuvash departments of Russian right-monarchist organizations
• Stepanov S. A."The Black Hundred Terror of 1905-1907"
• Stepanov S. A. RUSSIAN CIVIL SOCIETY - OPRICHNA MONARCHY
• Ganelin R. Tsarism and the Black Hundreds
• Ganelin R. From the Black Hundreds to Fascism // Ad hominem. In memory of Nikolai Girenko. St. Petersburg: MAE RAN, 2005, p. 243-272
• Lebedev S.V. The ideology of right-wing radicalism at the beginning of the 20th century
• Krotov Ya. G. BLACK HUNDRED program "From a Christian point of view" from 07/07/2005 on Radio Liberty
• Vitukhnovskaya M. Black Hundred under the Finnish court Magazine "Neva" No. 10 2006
• Langer Jacob. CORRUPTION AND THE COUNTERREVOLUTION: THE RISE AND FALL OF THE BLACK HUNDRED
• Review of the book by S. A. Stepanov "Black Hundred" in the journal "People of the Book in the world of books"
• Razmolodin M. L. Conservative Foundations of Political Issues in the Ideology of the Black Hundreds (Russian) . Chronos website. archived
• Razmolodin M. L. Foreign issues in the ideology of the Black Hundreds (Russian) . Chronos website. Archived from the original on 15 May 2012. Retrieved 11 April 2012.
• Razmolodin M. L. Imperial problems in the ideology of the Black Hundred (Russian). Chronos website. Archived from the original on 15 May 2012. Retrieved 11 April 2012.
• Razmolodin M. L. Protection of the Christian tradition as the main function of the Black Hundred (Russian) . Chronos website. Archived from the original on 15 May 2012. Retrieved 11 April 2012.
• Razmolodin M. L. The Jewish Question in the Ideology of the Black Hundred (Russian). Chronos website. Archived from the original on 15 May 2012. Retrieved 11 April 2012.
• Razmolodin M. L. On the criteria for referring to the Black Hundreds segment (Russian). Chronos website. Archived from the original on 15 May 2012. Retrieved 11 April 2012.
• Razmolodin M. L. Some thoughts about the so-called. "Jewish pogroms" (Russian) . Chronos website. Archived from the original on 15 May 2012. Retrieved 11 April 2012.

Material from BLACKBERRY - site - Academic Wiki-encyclopedia on Jewish and Israeli topics

Not to be confused with the Black Hundreds - administrative units of the Russian Empire.

Black Hundreds- the collective name of representatives of conservative, anti-Semitic, monarchist, Orthodox circles who actively opposed the Russian Revolution of 1905. Initially, they called themselves “truly Russians”, “patriots” and “monarchists”, but then (through Gringmut) they quickly adapted this nickname, tracing its origin to the Nizhny Novgorod “black (grassroots) hundreds” of Kuzma Minin, who brought Russia out of the Time of Troubles .

The Black Hundred movement did not represent a single whole and was represented by various associations, such as, in particular, the Russian Monarchist Party, the Black Hundreds, the Union of the Russian People (Dubrovina), the Union of Michael the Archangel, etc. In 1905- In 1907, the term "Black Hundred" came into wide use in the meaning of ultra-right politicians and anti-Semites. In "Small explanatory dictionary Russian language "P. E. Stoyan (Pg., 1915) Black Hundreds or Black Hundreds -" Russian monarchist, conservative, ally».

The social basis of these organizations was made up of heterogeneous elements: landlords, representatives of the clergy, the large and small urban bourgeoisie, merchants, peasants, workers, philistines, artisans, police officers, who advocated the preservation of the inviolability of the autocracy on the basis of the Uvarov formula "Orthodoxy, Autocracy, Nationality." The period of particular activity of the Black Hundreds fell on the interval from 1905 to 1914, when they carried out raids (with unofficial government approval) against various revolutionary groups and pogroms, including against Jews.

Ideology

Part of the Black Hundred movement emerged from the popular sobriety movement. Teetotalism was never denied by Black Hundred organizations (moreover, it was assumed that moderate beer consumption was an alternative to vodka poisoning), moreover, some Black Hundred cells were formalized as sobriety societies, tea houses and readings for the people.

In the field of economics, the Black Hundreds advocated a multi-structural structure. Part of the Black Hundreds economists proposed to abandon the commodity support of the ruble.

It should be noted that the constructive part of the Black Hundred ideas (meaning both the programs of organizations and topics discussed by the Black Hundred press) assumed a conservative social structure (there were significant disputes over the admissibility of parliamentarism and representative institutions in general in an autocratic monarchy), and some curbing of excesses capitalism, as well as strengthening social solidarity, a form of direct democracy.

Story

• The Black Hundreds trace their origins to the lower Nizhny Novgorod militia of the Time of Troubles, led by Kuzma Minin, who "stand for the house of the Blessed Virgin Mary and the Orthodox Christian faith, took up arms against the destroyers of the Russian land for the sake of saving the faith of the father and the fatherland from perdition."
• The Black Hundred movement came out at the beginning of the 20th century under the slogans of defending the Russian Empire and its traditional values ​​of "Orthodoxy, autocracy, nationality."

The first organization of the Black Hundreds was the Russian Assembly, established in 1900.

Government subsidies were a significant source of funding for the Black Hundreds. Subsidizing was carried out from the funds of the Ministry of Internal Affairs, in order to be able to control the policy of the Black Hundreds unions. At the same time, the Black Hundred movements also collected private donations.

The "Black Hundred" of 1905-1917, according to a number of sources, included clergymen who were later canonized as Orthodox saints: Archpriest John of Kronstadt, Metropolitan Tikhon Bellavin (future patriarch), Metropolitan Vladimir of Kiev (Bogoyavlensky), Archbishop Andronik (Nikolsky), future ROCOR First Hierarch Metropolitan Anthony (Khrapovitsky) of Kiev and Galicia, Archpriest John Vostorgov, no less than 500 New Martyrs and Confessors of Russia. Of the well-known lay people - the wife and daughter of Dostoevsky.

Doctor of Philosophical Sciences, Professor Sergey Lebedev: “Modern right-wingers ... like to increase this already long list by including those figures of Russian culture who were not formally members of the Black Hundred unions, but did not hide their right-wing views. These include, in particular, the great D. I. Mendeleev, the artist V. M. Vasnetsov, the philosopher V. V. Rozanov ... "

The Black Hundred of 1905-1917 are several large and small monarchical organizations: the Union of the Russian People, the Union of Michael the Archangel, the Russian Monarchist Party, the Union of Russian People, the Union for the Fight against Sedition, the Council united nobility", "Russian Assembly" and others.

The Black Hundreds movement at various times published the newspapers Russkoe Znamya, Pochaevsky leaflet, Kolokol, Groza, Veche. Black Hundred ideas were also preached in the major newspapers Moskovskiye Vedomosti, Kievlyanin, Grazhdanin, Svet.

Among the leaders of the Black Hundred movement, Alexander Dubrovin, Vladimir Purishkevich, Nikolai Markov, Prince M.K. Shakhovskoy stood out.

In October 1906, various Black Hundred organizations held a congress in Moscow, where the Main Council was elected and an association was proclaimed under the roof of the United Russian People organization. The merger did not actually happen, and a year later the organization ceased to exist.

After the February Revolution of 1917, Black Hundred organizations were banned and partly remained underground. During civil war many prominent leaders of the Black Hundreds joined the White movement, and in emigration they loudly criticized emigrant activities. Some prominent Black Hundreds eventually joined various nationalist organizations.

The activity of the Black Hundred movement and its role in the pogroms

Contrary to popular belief, not all pogroms were prepared by the Black Hundred organizations, which were still very small in 1905-1907. Nevertheless, Black Hundred organizations were most active in regions with a mixed population - in Ukraine, in Belarus and in 15 provinces of the "Pale of Jewish Settlement", where more than half of all members of the Union of the Russian People and other Black Hundred organizations were concentrated. As the activities of the Black Hundred organizations unfolded, the wave of pogroms began to subside rather, as many prominent figures of this movement pointed out.

These small organizations were nevertheless able to create the appearance of popular support for official policy. So, shortly before the February Revolution, when the chairman of the IV State Duma M. V. Rodzianko tried to draw the tsar’s attention to the growing discontent in the country, Nicholas II showed him a large bundle of telegrams from the Black Hundreds and objected: “This is not true. I also have my own awareness. Here are the expressions of popular feelings that I receive daily: they express love for the tsar.

Terror against the "black hundred"

The radical socialist parties launched a campaign of terror against the Black Hundreds. The leader of the Social Democrats V.I. Lenin wrote in 1905

On behalf of the St. Petersburg Committee of the RSDLP, an armed attack was carried out on the Tver tea house, where the workers of the Nevsky Shipbuilding Plant, who were members of the Union of the Russian People, gathered. First, two bombs were thrown by the Bolshevik militants, and then those running out of the teahouse were shot from revolvers. The Bolsheviks killed 2 and wounded 15 workers.

Modern Black Hundreds

The revival of the Black Hundred movement is observed at the end and after perestroika. So in 1992, a member of the national-patriotic front "Memory" Shtilmark organized the newspaper "Black Hundred", at the same time his group "Black Hundred" separated from the society "Memory". Since 2003, Pravoslavny Nabat has been the main publication of the Black Hundred movement led by Shtilmark. The Black Hundreds include the Union of the Russian People recreated in 2005, the Pravoslavnaya Rus newspaper, Orthodox organizations led by Mikhail Nazarov, founded by Konstantin Kinchev among fans of the AlisA group

Black Hundreds

"Black Hundreds" - members of patriotic organizations in Russia 1905-1917, who also spoke from the standpoint of monarchism, great-power chauvinism and anti-Semitism, who established a regime of terror against the rebels, participated in the dispersal of demonstrations, rallies, meetings, carried out Jewish pogroms, supported the government. At first glance, it is rather difficult to understand the Black Hundreds movement - it was represented by various parties, which did not always act as a united front. However, if you focus on the main thing, you can identify the main directions of development of the Black Hundreds movement.

The first monarchical organization can be considered the Russian Assembly, organized in 1900 (except for the short-lived underground organization Russian squad). However, the basis of the Black Hundred movement is the organization "Union of the Russian People" that arose in 1905, headed by Dubrovin. In 1908, Purishkevich disagreed with Dubrovin and left the RNC, forming his own Union of Michael the Archangel. In 1912, a second split occurred in the Union of the Russian People, this time a confrontation arose between Dubrovin and Markov. At the same time, Dubrovin leaves the Union, forming his own far-right All-Russian Dubrovinskaya “Union of the Russian People”.

Thus, the three main leaders of the monarchists come to the fore - Dubrovin (VDSRN), Purishkevich (SMA) and Markov (SRN).

You can also highlight the Russian Monarchist Union. But the members of the party were exclusively nobles and Orthodox clergy, so the party was small and of no particular interest. Moreover, it split and part of it went to Purishkevich.

Now let's take a closer look at the Black Hundred movement...

Black Hundred Movement

S. Yu. Witte spoke of the Black Hundred in the following way:

This party is fundamentally patriotic... But it is spontaneously patriotic, it is based not on reason and nobility, but on passions. Most of its leaders are political crooks, people who are dirty in thoughts and feelings, do not have a single viable and honest political idea and direct all their efforts to inciting the lowest passions of the wild, dark crowd. This party, being under the wings of a double-headed eagle, can cause terrible pogroms and upheavals, but it can create nothing but negative things. It is a wild, nihilistic patriotism, nourished by lies, slander and deceit, and is the party of wild and cowardly despair, but it does not contain courageous and farsighted creation. It consists of a dark, wild mass, leaders - political villains, secret accomplices from courtiers and various, mostly titled nobles, whose entire well-being is connected with lawlessness, who seek salvation in lawlessness and whose slogan is: “we are not for the people, but the people for the good our womb." To the honor of the nobles, these secret Black Hundreds make up an insignificant minority of the noble Russian nobility. These are the degenerates of the nobility, cherished by handouts (albeit millions) from the royal tables. And the poor Sovereign dreams, relying on this party, to restore the greatness of Russia. Poor sovereign... (Quoted by: S.Yu. Witte. Petrograd, 1923, p. 223.)

The Black Hundreds (from the old Russian “black hundred” - the taxed townspeople, which was divided into hundreds, which were military-administrative units.) - members of Russian right-wing Christian, monarchist and anti-Semitic organizations. The term "Black Hundred" came into wide use in the meaning of far-right politicians and anti-Semites. In the “Small Explanatory Dictionary of the Russian Language” by P. E. Stoyan (Pg., 1915), a Black Hundred or Black Hundred is “a Russian monarchist, conservative, ally.” In contrast to democratic institutions, the Black Hundreds put forward the principle of absolute, individual power. In their opinion, Russia had three enemies that should be fought against - a foreigner, an intellectual and a dissident, in an inseparable perception.

Part of the Black Hundred movement arose out of a spontaneous popular movement for sobriety. Teetotalism was never denied by the Black Hundreds organizations (moreover, it was assumed that moderate beer consumption was an alternative to vodka poisoning), moreover, some of the Black Hundreds cells were formalized as sobriety societies, tea and reading societies for the people, and even beer houses.

The Black Hundreds did not propose a program of direct action, except to "beat the Jews, revolutionaries, liberals, intellectuals." That's why Russian peasantry, which had little contact with these categories, turned out to be little affected by the Black Hundred movement.

The main stake of the Black Hundreds on inciting ideological and ethnic hatred resulted in pogroms that took place in Russia, however, even before the deployment of the Black Hundreds as such. The Russian intelligentsia could not always avoid the blow that fell on the "enemies of Russia", and intellectuals could be beaten and killed in the streets, sometimes on an equal footing with Jews, despite the fact that a significant part of the organizers of the movement were conservative intellectuals.

Contrary to popular belief, not all pogroms were prepared by the Black Hundred organizations, which were still very small in 1905-1907. Nevertheless, Black Hundred organizations were most active in regions with a mixed population - in Ukraine, in Belarus and in 15 provinces of the "Pale of Jewish Settlement", where more than half of all members of the "Union of the Russian People" and other Black Hundred organizations were concentrated. As the activities of the Black Hundred organizations unfolded, the wave of pogroms began to subside rather, as many prominent figures of this movement pointed out.

Government subsidies were a significant source of funding for the Black Hundreds. Subsidizing was carried out from the funds of the Ministry of Internal Affairs, in order to be able to control the policy of the Black Hundreds unions. At the same time, the Black Hundred movements also collected private donations.

According to a number of sources, the Black Hundred of 1905-1917 included clergymen who were later canonized as Orthodox saints: Archpriest John of Kronstadt, Metropolitan Tikhon Bellavin (future patriarch), Metropolitan Vladimir of Kiev (Bogoyavlensky), Archbishop Andronik (Nikolsky), future ROCOR First Hierarch Metropolitan of Kiev and Galicia Anthony (Khrapovitsky), Archpriest John Vostorgov, no less than 500 New Martyrs and Confessors of Russia. Of the famous lay people - the captain of the cruiser "Varyag" Rudnev, the artist Viktor Vasnetsov, Michurin, Mendeleev, Dostoevsky's wife and daughter ...

The Black Hundreds movement at various times published the newspapers Russkoe Znamya, Pochaevsky leaflet, Kolokol, Groza, Veche. Black Hundred ideas were also preached in the major newspapers Moskovskie Vedomosti, Kievlyanin, Grazhdanin, and Svet.

Among the leaders of the Black Hundred movement, Alexander Dubrovin, Vladimir Purishkevich, Nikolai Markov, Prince M.K. Shakhovskoy stood out. In October 1906, various Black Hundred organizations held a congress in Moscow, where the Main Council was elected and an association was proclaimed under the roof of the United Russian People organization. The merger did not actually happen, and a year later the organization ceased to exist.

It should be noted that the constructive part of the Black Hundred ideas (meaning both the programs of organizations and topics discussed by the Black Hundred press) assumed a conservative social structure (there were significant disputes over the admissibility of parliamentarism and representative institutions in general in the Autocratic Monarchy), and some curbing of excesses capitalism, as well as the strengthening of social solidarity, a form of direct democracy, which organically received its further development in fascism.