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Schizoid type

First of all, let us note the core of the type that has already been discussed, the very nature of the connection "man - the outside world."

rod type- This inwardness, this is a weak, loose connection with the outside world.

The main thing that guides a person of this type is his inner world, the internal mechanisms of the psyche. And the outside world is much less important for schizoids. Schizoids, in comparison with other types, receive signals coming from the outside world very limitedly, they are tuned not to receive signals and not to be oriented to this outside world. Schizoids are types that are closed within themselves. Closed in their basis, in their structure.

Turning inward is the basic position for understanding the schizoid type. What follows from this position?

First of all, it is independent thinking. Schizoids are always independent in their thinking. However, this does not mean that schizoids are always high in their thinking, that they always rise to high levels of intelligence. Not at all. They have any level of intelligence, as in any other characterological type, from high to very low. This also does not mean that the thinking of the schizoid is necessarily creative; absolutely not.

But the thinking of the schizoid is always independent.

How to imagine it?

Schizoids almost do not accept ready-made positions, ready-made forms, ready-made ideas. That is, formally - they are very poorly trained. They do not simply remember what is called, taking on faith what is said to them. In a somewhat exaggerated form, it looks, for example, like this: if they are told that when crossing the street they should not look forward, but to the left and right, then they do not remember this as a given. They first check this position; they must understand why it is necessary to look to the right and to the left, when it is established, what it gives, when it is already established, whether there are cases when this rule should not be followed. And only after that they will accept this rule, after they understand, assimilate, realize to the depth the whole inner meaning of this provision, no matter how simple it may be.

The independence of thinking of schizoids does not necessarily make them non-conformal. They are also conformal. But even then they ... are so conformal (!), - because all the provisions have been verified and accepted by them. Verified, not just memorized! And this means that they are very stable and can be very conformal, unshakably conformal. But the same property - verification and independence - the property, as it were, of "Thomas the Unbeliever" - can also create non-conformity. Because they will accept something for themselves, but they don’t accept something, they don’t comprehend the need for such a position (for example, some kind of social rule, obligation, etc.). And then the set of representations they get is partially conformal, sometimes - strongly non-conformal - and they are very different from those around them. (This is already decided by the coloring of their emotional sphere, upbringing, intelligence level, direction of needs, etc.).

Thus, schizoids in the process of their development can develop as conformal people and as non-conformal people. But such an opportunity is given precisely by this property - the independence of thinking.

More often than not, they are non-conforming. Because, after all, the whole wide conformal set of ideas, recommendations (personal, social, - any) is collected from the practice of the social life of a given culture, which includes people with a wide variety of inclinations. The conformal set is, as it were, the sum of the assessments and positions of social life, and much of this set is not suitable for schizoids; they do not accept much, so more often they are formed non-conformal.

They are very conformable low levels intelligence, because they take centuries of selected forms of life of human society. They accept these positions, test them, and become unshakably conformal.

It can be very tentatively imagined as follows: the lower the level of intelligence of a schizoid, the more likely it is that he is conformal; and the higher the level of intelligence of the schizoid, the more likely it is that he is non-conformal.

And envy is all from the same property - from the independence of thinking. Schizoids are masters in their positions, ideas. To master them, they must test them - they take nothing for granted.

Depending on the same property - independence of thinking - on different levels Thinking in schizoids develops various tendencies that coexist and coexist in this type.

Schizoids are easier than other types to generalize in thinking; schizoids are characterized by generalization. And this generalization is the greater, the higher the level of intelligence.

Schizoids are a little specific. It develops again under the influence of the same property - independence of thinking, they are not delayed by the usual approaches. They easily bypass these approaches familiar to others and can approach the same phenomenon again and again from different angles. Therefore, they solve different problems in different ways.

So it turns out that at high levels of intelligence (or average, but closer to the highest) - these are people of very productive thinking, these are theorists, people with a theoretical mindset, with good generalization, with a peculiar approach to mental tasks. At high levels of intelligence, they are excellent thinkers. However, this depends not only on the independence of thought, but also on their main property, on turning inward, on a weak, unstable, loose contact with the outside world. After all, it follows precisely from this that they have little concrete material, concrete manifestations in life. And when they go for a big generalization, this begins to have an effect: they break away from the concrete expressions of those generalizations that are available to them. Therefore, they become somewhat formal. In this regard, these are people who are the most capable in the sciences, easily operating with formal ideas. These are excellent thinkers, since they do not need anything specific from the outside world for this; they are good at generalization and this is quite enough. But that is precisely why they are bad biologists (because they are poorly connected with the external concrete world).

schizoids are very good physicists, mathematicians, historians, excellent philosophers. As for the sciences of the biological direction (including even chemistry, biochemistry), it goes much worse for them. Because here everything must be confirmed by specific material, and it is difficult for them to obtain specific material, since they have no tendency to communicate with the outside world and their distinction between specific details is poor.

But sometimes, rising to the "tops of creative heights", to abstract, abstract levels, schizoids experience difficulties: contact with these higher levels begins to affect, as it were, with an "inflection" in the opposite direction - the lack of specificity reduces their orientation. Because the nearest external world, especially the human environment, the material processes of the surrounding human life are poorly accessible to them. They have such a poor command of specific forms and manifestations that it begins to create a gap, not providing their orientation and adaptation.

Hence the famous historical anecdotes about all these kinds of scientists who boil their watches while looking at an egg are born. Such manifestations are indeed inherent in them, although not in such an anecdotal form. They don't know much. (The fact that they operate well at abstract, abstract, higher levels of generalization applies only to those of them who have a high level of intelligence.)

At a low level of intelligence, the schizoid is simply straightforward. Theoretical generalizations are not provided by intelligence, but there is still not enough specificity (because schizoids with a low level of intelligence also have a bad connection with the world - it does not improve from the inaccessibility of the upper level). So it turns out: there is not enough specificity, and there is not enough flexibility to somehow connect the available specific data with each other and select everything necessary. Therefore, such schizoids are simply straightforward - these are "rhinos". They are straight forward and rigid.

And now, if you look at the type of schizoid with the eyes human environment, humanity, it turns out that this type includes both those who are called "oaks" and "stupid people", and those who make up the stratum of theorists of higher spiritual problems.

Moreover, the appearance of both those and others is very definite and very pronounced. Because, as we see, it depends on the same properties - poor communication with the outside world, lack of tendency and activity of channels of communication with it. Therefore, the level of complexity of thinking, the level of intelligence scatters them over the entire range: from creative theorists to dullards. None of them have a tendency to turn to outside world. They have a poor search, they process within themselves what they have, and almost never can get additional (even necessary for themselves) details. It is, as it were, either "spiritual blindness" or "internal short-sightedness." They do not want to look at the outside world, which they have as if in a fog.

Most schizoids, based on such a construction of thinking, are characterized by some peculiarity of judgments. Moreover, this originality, again, is located over the entire range - from a peculiar grasp of the very subtleties that are closed from others, the essence itself, some original hidden turn - and at the other pole - up to the fact that only the very essence is captured, which, according to compared with the general conformity, has lost all its volume.

The assessments of the schizoid are either very accurate and subtle, or straightforward and insufficiently colored (in the sense of emotionality and in the sense of the versatility of the phenomenon) - the essence is captured, but its different shades and facets are not captured, therefore the assessment is both correct and insufficient.

Schizoids are characterized by rigidity of control. It is related to the same. Schizoids control, rigidly check everything: their decisions, their own actions, the proposed material, information from the outside and sensory information. Literally, a measuring tool is superimposed on everything - everything is subjected to control, up to one's own behavior.

Thus, schizoids develop immobility of mental stereotypes. These are people of a very sustainable approach.

This does not mean that they do not assimilate other and additional ones. The set of these mental stereotypes increases, but they do not lose the former ones. Therefore, the schizoid is not changeable, but stable.

Now let's try to move from thinking to another level.

In contact with people, schizoids turn out to be convincingly stubborn in their positions, statements, theories. It is extremely difficult to convince them. The schizoid does not give up until a series of thunderous blows follows the same position, a huge number of arguments are given. All these arguments are checked, controlled, weighed. Everything continues to be tested; other ways of reasoning are offered ... And only when the schizoid is completely convinced (and it takes a huge amount of time and a powerful, unrelenting pressure is needed) - he finally gives up his position, changes it or takes a different position.

This is completely opposite to the behavior of an hysteroid, which does not cost anything to convince by presenting him with one argument, but rather emotionally colored. The hysteroid instantly renounces his conviction or position, but, having refused, he does not admit it (although he internally refused a long time ago, outwardly he continues to assert the same thing - “honor of uniform”! ..). Schizoids are the opposite: it is extremely difficult to convince them, however, if they are convinced, they immediately announce it.

The same can be said about the behavior of schizoids - they never "cover up". In terms of behavior, these are sincere people. They renounce their old (outdated) position publicly.

Schizoids are stubborn not in behavior, but in thinking. What is their inner world, so it is declared - if it is declared at all.

Another feature of the schizoid is the difficulty of deviating from the topic. The schizoid clings to the topic of his thoughts, to the topic of a conversation or dialogue (if it is a dialogue), and independent work, one on one with yourself. And he does not allow himself to be led away from this direction. This is easy to see in external forms. For example, characterologically it is very easy to distinguish some article in any field of science written by a schizoid. The article of the schizoid is always built directly, link by link, along the main path of reasoning. You can see this in literature as well. Deviations, returns, with a change of place and time - are not typical for schizoids. The same is true in conversation. When talking with a schizoid, you can say: "... But, by the way, it happens that ...". The schizoid will stop you and say that you are still talking about the main thing, and not about the details, even if they are related to the main topic of the conversation. This will be discussed later. And if he does not say, he will not answer - he will remain silent only for reasons of good breeding.

Contact with schizoids is always difficult. Because contact with a person or a group of people requires an appeal to these people, and the schizoid is turned to himself. But schizoids are not egocentric. If hysteroids are turned to contemplation of their properties, qualities, their behavior, position, then schizoids are turned to the content of their inner world, to topics, phenomena, phenomena that interest them, and not to their personality. And turning to people is difficult for them.

The contact of the schizoid is determined by the situation and necessity, and not by the need of the schizoid himself.

The contact of the schizoid is selective (if there is an opportunity to choose). If the need suggests that you need to communicate with people of a certain profession, certain occupations, and there is a choice - the schizoid chooses; there is no opportunity - communicates with those with whom it is necessary.

I would like to emphasize once again that in order to understand many characterological properties of any type (and especially such as a schizoid), one must remember and rely on the representation of a system, an integral characterological system. Those. individual features, properties are not adjacent, but are coordinated into a system.

Consider, for example, the schizoid way of thinking. And now let's imagine what the schizoid's criteria for determining a person are at any given moment. First, they are not specific enough; secondly, they, like judgments, are peculiar; thirdly, schizoids are people with tight control, skipping minimal emotional overlays. The schizoid is not turned to the person, he does it by force. Therefore, the degree of penetration and trapping of a person in a schizoid is very weak.

Schizoids are people with a very weak degree of empathy, their orientation is strictly mental, and the set of criteria is not specific enough. Therefore, they grasp a person in a situation of communication with him somewhat formally. The schizoid does not take into account some informal colors and turns, does not capture human tendencies. And, of course, in doing so, it often encounters dissatisfaction, cases of misunderstanding. There is a mutual tension in the contact. The schizoid often misunderstands the mood of a person in contact, his desire, fear, ability to respond to signals. Same for tempo. joint activities. The schizoid works at his own pace, not catching and not taking into account someone else's - he does not know how.

And since the schizoids do not know how to capture the shades of the situation and the possibilities of the contact partner, their assessments, the criteria for assessments, although completely correct, are insufficient. Therefore, from the very beginning, contact is difficult for him and for his partners in contact. Then, to this is added the fact that schizoids unexpectedly encounter protest, alienation, coldness. This can already cause tension before the upcoming contact. Schizoids know that their contact is incomplete, therefore they always tense up (contact is undesirable for them), but they do not blame people for this, they do not treat people worse because of this.

Likewise, the forms external manifestations schizoids, for example, speech. They use emotionally colored vocabulary less than people of other types; they use more generalized concepts, and their speech becomes less intelligible. But this is precisely what schizoids control poorly. To take someone else's point of view, look at yourself from the outside, listen to yourself, schizoids do not know how. But they know the consequences of this (they know that they are often misunderstood or misunderstood). Sometimes they get angry at this, change terminology, words, but everything remains at the same level - and schizoids get annoyed when they are forced to repeat, it offends them.

If such people also have some kind of internal difficulties, if there have been such episodes in their lives more than once, then such schizoids become sensitive.

At this time, the schizoid already had a need to relieve the existing tension, especially that arising in communication with people, but there are not enough funds for this, and it is not possible to relieve tension. Therefore, every failure, every miss has a particularly strong effect - on self-esteem, on well-being, on the coloring of mood. These are the same sensitive schizoids who are wary of a miss, catch it, are afraid and are very painfully worried. On this basis, they become vulnerable, close ...

There are cases (not even among sensitive schizoids) that outwardly look like unexpected, sudden, as if unjustified - the contact suddenly breaks completely unexpectedly, breaks, the schizoid repels a person of close communication, loses him and does not forgive him for something ... Outwardly, this gives the impression of eccentricity, unreasonable, spontaneous act.

In fact, this is not at all the case. Usually this happens against the backdrop of a very deep contact. The deeper the contact, the more reason to believe and fear that it will be hit and broken. Because schizoids are not capable of what Conrad calls the "Copernican turn" - to get out of their position and look at themselves from the side, so that later, returning to their position, to know how people see you, to look at themselves as "strangers » eyes. This turn, which the hysteroids are excellent at (in some position they are able to adapt), is almost impossible for schizoids.

Therefore, the more trust, the deeper the contact, the more such a schizoid ascribes to his close friend his own views, his own properties and his own reactions. He accepts loved one almost like himself and therefore expects a complete match. He believes that you, his friend, should respond to some event, appeal, request in the same way as he does. And the person suddenly reacts differently. Although he loves, is attached, understands a friend - a schizoid, but all the same - after all, he also has some of his own twists and turns.

The schizoid perceives this discrepancy as a betrayal - and does not forgive it.

Therefore, we must remember that this deep, unmetered contact is a very dangerous thing. And if such a schizoid has one friend, to whom he becomes attached deeper and deeper, literally "grows into" him, then the greater the danger that he will lose him, that their relationship will break.

Some parents and caregivers rejoice that a withdrawn, lonely child finds a close friend. But at the same time, we must not forget that the greater the danger that the teenager will push him away, not forgiving him some simple discrepancy. The deeper the contact, the more threatening it is.

In general, schizoids make friends hard and slowly, but keep them for a long time; their contact is stable, though narrow.

Schizoids are loyal, albeit stubborn people. Usually they are tolerant, do not impose anything. They are ready to join in the fate of a person, ready to help him, to promote. But they do it not always well, not always on time - they are clumsy. It happens that in situations of subtle, emotionally volatile, they reach the position of "an elephant in a china shop" - causing harm, wanting to benefit.

Therefore, in their behavior they are inconvenient, clumsy - they miss. Often for this they are accused of stupidity. But this is unfair - this is not stupidity, but a lack of flexibility and subtlety, and sometimes a misunderstanding from a lack of specificity.

They are unique, not stupid. They miss something, but they capture the main thing perfectly. Usually they give people extremely correct characteristics, although (and almost always) incomplete ones. They perfectly grasp the essence of a person, but do not know many of his traits and manifestations.

Now back to one of the main provisions.

Since the schizoid is not turned to the outside world, he does not have other ways and forms of contact (after all, contact can be not only speech, but also motor, facial, intonation). All other (except speech) methods of contact are poorly provided for them. The schizoid has poor expressive motor skills, although this does not prevent them from having very good fine motor skills - good and accurate. They have a beautiful hand, they are accurate in execution, they are usually good masters - designers. Worse than epileptoids because they are idiosyncratic and lack small automated movements and are not pedantic. They have sedentary facial expressions; mimic muscles do not work for expressiveness.

Failure means of expression also works on inferiority contact schizoids. In addition, they express only their general feelings in words, and sometimes they do not express them at all, since they do not have the need to “pour out”. They do not show activity in the conversation, they speak more if necessary, answer questions without asking them.

And when a person needs, for example, sympathy, understanding, empathy, the schizoid can understand, and sympathize, and even empathize, but cannot express it. Therefore, they are considered insensitive, cold.

Schizoids are emotionally adequate and often grasp a person's mood very well. But they do not know how to adjust to someone else's mood, and they are not trusted in this regard. In addition, since these are people of tight control, they do not allow themselves this, even verbally. Because emotions, experiences should not take a leading place (so they think). First of all - logic, first of all - truth and meaning. It is important to find a way out, it is important to help a person. Think, think...

In superficial contacts, this is very disturbing, but in deep ones one must imagine and understand all this, so that even close people do not make mistakes, understand that the schizoid is not insensitive. If you can help, then the schizoid will do the maximum, and express - the minimum. Many do not understand this.

But, true, schizoids are not as superficially sensitive as hysteroids or psychasthenics, who literally feel every slightest breath of mood. Schizoids feel the main thing, and when they feel it, they instantly take a rational direction - not to worry, deepening, but to do something, look for how to correct the situation. And they try to correct - from their point of view, their internal movement, often not falling into the tone of the one for whom they, in fact, act. Therefore, with the best intentions and activity, they sometimes receive a very decisive rebuff, and the rebuff is completely undeserved.

This, in turn, turns them away from contact, because they expect failures in advance, they are afraid of them; this also increases the tension of the contact. The schizoid is always waiting for misfires that are not dependent on them.

This gives rise to an unwillingness to come too close in advance. The contact of the schizoid is always a little bit distant.

In the area of ​​contact, these features of the schizoid create ambitency. On the one hand, they, following the path of rationality, want contacts; on the other hand, they are always afraid of them, because emotional contact is always unpleasant for them. Sometimes this characteristic The schizoid is also noticeable externally, and it is difficult to catch whether such a schizoid person is reaching out to you or repelling you.

In contact, in speech, schizoids avoid precise formulations. This is generated by the fact that from the very beginning, having the experience of being misunderstood by others, they are afraid to pronounce the wording in the form in which they are accurate for themselves. Internally, schizoids are fully aware of the accuracy of the wording, but they spoil it, trying (and not being able) to adapt to their interlocutors. Schizoids very rarely can accurately orient themselves in a situation. At the same time, they very accurately grasp the meaning of the situation, its place in a number of other situations, other events. But they miss the details of the situation. This leads to the fact that they well determine the causes of the situation, its nature, its structure, but very poorly predict the dynamics, do not take into account what turns are possible in it. And in contact with people, the prognosis is often more important than the causes.

The next turns of the situation are not available to schizoids, but for longer periods they succeed better than others.

The same tendency to generalization is to blame for these failures: schizoids take the level a little higher than necessary, skipping what is nearby. After all, there may be delays, interventions of some extraneous factors that change the rhythm and course of the situation. Their something schizoids and do not take into account.

Schizoids know and control their similar tension, inaccuracy, but they treat it differently - depending on their emotional reactivity, sensitivity, more or less high. Sometimes they experience their failures very painfully, sometimes they get used to, agree with this situation; they live like that - they have no other attitude in the environment.

The higher the intelligence of the schizoid, the less, the weaker his discomfort. At low levels of intelligence, the discomfort is greater, more painful. Because the higher the intellect, the more turns leading schizoids to tolerance, the wider the range of their other interests, the more distractions, the more ways to get not into contact with people, but into theoretical plans of activity.

Schizoids are the only type that has surface and depth. The hysteroid, psychasthenic and epileptoid look exactly the same from the surface to the very depths. Analyzing the characteristics of people of these types, we seem to remove layer by layer, but we find under each layer, in each next, deeper layer, all the same, only more understandable mechanisms.

But the schizoid is a completely different type in structure. Cases of coincidence of surface and depth are rare for him.

Schizoids are closed in contact, peculiar in thinking, therefore they always have a shell that fences them off from the outside world.

This does not at all mean intentional secrecy and fear (such cases do happen, but they are not typical). And a coincidence (on the surface, in behavior - the same as in depth) - for a schizoid is the rarest option.

Sometimes there is a polar variant - one thing on the surface, and completely opposite in the depth. For example, a person adapts to live as an executive, reasonable, fair, rather dry person ... This is how those around him know (on the surface). And in the depths of his soul, he can be a person with great humor, emotionally very sensitive to beauty, gentle, soft, with interests not of a technician - an administrator (as others know him), but internally he can be a passionate musician, poet, etc. This is his inner world, he lives with it, but he does not have the need to show it to someone, to tell it - after all, schizoids are not demonstrative at all.

Sometimes this is expressed in formalized hobbies - remember the same physicists who are almost entirely quite talented poets or humorists (the collection "Physicists are joking"!). They don’t go to any magazines, they don’t offer their poems to anyone, they even read to friends very rarely. And so it remains as long as people manage to somehow get to the bottom of it themselves.

Another option is just a discrepancy: on the surface, the schizoid is one person, but inside, at depth, it is not polar, not opposite, but different. Suppose the same person - outwardly dryish, rational administrator - may turn out to be a little bit an adventurer, a hunter, an athlete in the depths. It's not an opposite, it's just a mismatch.

Another option is the zero depth option. This is formalized in such peculiar formations as, for example, collecting. But collecting is special.

Usually collecting, ie. collectibles are a symbolic thing. A person who collects, for example, stamps, is interested in geography, history, ethnography... This is some kind of area of ​​knowledge, science, and some way to them. Stamps are a representation of some direction of human life (albeit in a distant time), life is not actually social, but historical. Other people collect, for example, butterflies, gems, stones. These are, in essence, people of art, biologists who collect, for example, symbols of creative products.

Along with this, there are collectors who collect things that are not symbols at all (not symbolizing anything). For example, broken knives are not knives of a certain era, or of certain applications. A break is not a representation of any areas of life and thought. Either these are plugs, plugs, any wall inscriptions, announcements (“entrance is nearby”, “puppy is missing”, etc.)

Such "collecting" is one of the most common identification marks of an "empty" schizoid,

Such people know and remember the rules of behavior, social activities. If necessary, they are carried out, but they are never interested in them. This is what emotionally cold people are. They are indifferent, their conscience is always inactive and calm. In the same way (only thinking and "estimating") they form a family - they get married, get married.

In the same way, a woman brings up her children - she does everything for them that is necessary, but she never provides the child with real spiritual warmth. Because I'm not emotionally interested in it at all. (This is not a passionate woman-mother.) Simple - knows how to think, does as it is required, but skipping cases where sensitivity is needed, does not give preference to any of the people. Such people do not actively interfere in the course of events around them, they interfere only when they see that it is necessary to intervene, because “this is how decent people act”, “this is how it is supposed to”. It is not decency itself that “works”, but only knowledge about it.

All of these options are based on different mechanisms.

For example, people are very reserved, but very emotional; close to sensitive, most often give polarity.

The divergent variant is given by people who are not very sensitive, but very reserved.

Coincidence is the most frequent option for people with the least degree of isolation. These are schizoids who find it easiest to turn to the outside world, to the environment. However, this is a relatively rare case.

Finally, there is one more case of this phenomenon - the presence of a special (special) depth covered by the polar surface. These are the so-called reserves - oases. These reserves are usually protected.

Schizoids, who have such an oasis in their depths, something the most precious, intimate - these are just people who are afraid and do not really like it when they "crawl into their souls." They do not open anything, they resist, they try to hide just the most precious thing for themselves.

Emotional reserves are very sensitive places, they are literally the "Achilles' heel" of a person. And if you hit her, the schizoid may die. And it turns out that a person who, in general, is not very secretive (in other areas he allows himself to be questioned quite calmly), in the area of ​​​​an emotional reserve will do his best to defend and defend the inviolability of his reserve. These are cases of great uneven distribution of emotions.

These people in contact are really cold, not just unable to express, but truly cold, reacting badly to everything except this emotional reserve. There they are passionate. All the emotion they have is thrown there and therefore encapsulated. It is this type of people that is most often to blame for the origin of the legend of the "emotional coldness of schizoids."

From a suicidological point of view, this is just the threatened “Achilles heel” of a person.

When a blow hits such an emotional reserve, it is suicide, and suicide is usually completed! It's a complete collapse - on later life there are not enough emotions (she is not emotionally secured) - all ties are torn. As for the rest, they are stable people, not fragile, enduring significant blows in other areas, opposing them without much reaction.

For example, it could be a person who suffered a big professional failure, he had to change his specialization, maybe he lost his authority… Nothing. He recovered. I got a little sad and again sat down at the sources of my information, learned and took a new direction of activity. Slowly and quietly, not paying attention to anyone, he climbed out of the failure. There was no reactive state, there was only some period of gloom - the person turned out to be persistent. He also had periods of severe material shortcomings, illnesses - he withstood everything. And nothing affected his self-esteem.

But his hobby, his reserve is that he is an amateur artist. He makes miniatures, sits, works on them, shutting himself up, and gets great pleasure from his miniatures. He does not reveal this to anyone, except perhaps to his wife, if he loves her very much ... And now, due to some condition (maybe a disease that has not left, in general, serious consequences), he is deprived of the opportunity to engage in this very dear, hidden from all activities. This is a blow that he cannot resist. This is - most often - suicide, or going into alcoholism (and in this case - with a very rapid decay).

On what side are these people most vulnerable, fragile in relation to the occurrence of mental pathology?

Due to their duality, they - if it is due to the situation - seek contact and, at the same time, anticipating failure and understanding its possibility, they repel contact with fear and resentment. In addition, these are people who constantly control themselves, evaluate not only their behavior, but also their thoughts, assessments, experiences.

If, with this strict self-control, a person develops some kind of tendency, some kind of feeling, thought with which he is dissatisfied, would not like to allow their existence in himself, then he acquires, as it were, an enemy within himself. When such a process of rigid self-control is deep and strong, one can afford to imagine the situation as if in the form of two different people in the same person. If one of them feels something, and the other registers this feeling, then the experience itself immediately pales, sometimes even fades away (since there are not two people, but both positions inside the psyche of one person!).

Try to observe, going to the mirror, how you look at the moment of anger, shame ... This will never succeed. Precisely because the very act of awareness (“I am angry ... I am ashamed at the moment ...”) suppresses the experience. And in the mirror you will see ... only attention!

Therefore, people in whom such a division of internal tendencies goes deep, in adverse situations of development and life, gradually become emotionally impoverished, unreactive, lose emotional resonance - sometimes to the point of losing orientation in the situation (especially if these situations are emotionally significant).

We must also understand that this second, “controlling” person does not always “behave” calmly and only gives assessments of what is happening and being experienced. Often he actively protests, hinders, despises, makes you ashamed ... Inside the psyche of the schizoid, a struggle of tendencies begins, reaching very high degrees voltage. In addition, a person becomes dual not only in one-time sensations, but also in assessments and in his motivation. One "half" craves what is disgusting to the other, one hates what the other loves, one of these " inner people”(of which C.G. Jung writes a lot, analyzing them!) thinks what seems to another to be stupidity, nonsense. These two different tendencies, as it were, shape two different people in one person (for example, one of them is a timid, sensitive aesthete, the other is a rational entrepreneur; one is a romantic or a mystic, the other is a cynic and a mocker ...) Such two "persons" cannot get along peacefully; one always wants to get rid of the other. Such ambivalent people are restless, always tense and anxious; in everyday life they are called "nervous".

Of course, not always both tendencies are expressed equally strongly, but in its lesser severity this case is quite frequent.

These two "halves" may represent the "depth" and "surface" of the psyche. Or the change of these “faces” occurs according to the situation, revealing one or the other tendency of a person (which is also analyzed in detail by Jung). Or these trends are distributed across different areas of human activity.

So, for example, a person can be helpless and timid, subordinate - in a family setting, but confident, successful, proud administrator in his professional activities. This is how familiar "two-faced" people are formed, whom, for example, their work environment, their colleagues do not recognize, accidentally seeing in a private, intimate life.

Schizoids of a high intellectual level, or those with some kind of creative inclinations, are usually people of an idea (creative, political, social ...).

From such schizoids, again, the well-known types of so-called fanatics are obtained. And then they have one fairly stable characteristic: they are people of high attitudes - fearless, disinterested, capable of self-sacrifice ... Although there are also reverse cases- stubbornness, cruelty in their state, professional, social life, in the sphere of their ideas. But in privacy they are all inattentive, unceremonious and cold.

Try to trace such examples on the material of historical figures well known to us, remember many of the most talented artists - painters. Their wives were unhappy all their lives, their parents watched their rise and fame almost always from a distance, never being invited to participate in people's lives. The vanity of their closest friends or mistresses (lovers) has always suffered crushing blows. In their personal lives, they were unbearable. This, by the way, forces not very experienced biographers to make efforts to somehow explain or gloss over these manifestations: it seems strange - how can a person who so unusually subtly understand the beauty and depths of life, a person from those who hold the history of human culture , could treat his loved ones so barbarously! This should not be explained or hidden - this is a natural, characterological, typological phenomenon, and there is, in fact, nothing to be surprised at here.

It is curious and simple in this regard to trace the phenomenon on the example of two figures of the same time, acting in the same situation: Marat and Robespierre. Energetic, enterprising, always successful in fast-paced operations, a brilliant ally and leader - Robespierre - was cruel to a level that we would call fascist, if it were possible to apply a term that did not exist at that time to those times. Robespierre had a fascist appearance. It was a deep schizoid.

Next to him, Marat, nicknamed "the friend of the people", did not at all resemble him in appearance. His actions were emotional, first of all - passionate, therefore never reasonable, improvident. He behaved defiantly, theatrically, producing an effect. According to the characterological type, he was not at all a schizoid, but a rather pronounced hysteroid.

Some schizoids with varying degrees of severity of such a duality of the psyche are threatened with increasing loads and adverse life circumstances - mental illness in the form of reactive depressions (primarily and most often - apathetic and anhedonic), reactive psychoses, affective psychoses, neuroses (primarily - neurosis obsessive states), inferiority complexes or inflated self-esteem, with frequent facilitated formation of overvalued ideas.

In conclusion, we list a few characteristic of schizoids, not basic, not necessarily pronounced, but permanent signs their mental activity. This already requires special reflection, deep reflection. It's in numerous studies and observations have been clarified and verified, so that it can just be sort of taken into account.

The volitional manifestations of schizoids are almost never "average", changeable - either they are stable, long-lasting, to the point of complete "ironness", or - lack of will, lack of activity and perseverance, lack of initiative (distancing).

In thinking - an objective setting, not always feasible due to an inferior realistic orientation.

At work - a sense of duty (not always correctly understood) and an uneven social orientation(fixed social attitude or lack of interest in social life are also extremes).

Often - creative talent, or, at least, its elements.

Attention - with excellent concentration, but poor distribution.

Short chains of associations - the whole associative process flows in jerks.

Rigidity of judgments, beliefs, experiences.

Efficiency is uniform, more often - high.

Individual mental pace is high.

Fatigue is sudden.

The volume of perception is narrow.

Switching is difficult.

Representations - often persevering (not changing, or changing slowly).

The form is perceived much better than the color (this should be especially taken into account in pedagogy, when working with children of a schizoid warehouse at school, in the learning process).

Attitude: