26.11.2019

Implementation of hereditary information. Genetic code (lesson development, presentation). What is the genetic code. Deciphering the human code

beauty

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lesson type - combined

Methods: partially exploratory, problematic presentation, explanatory and illustrative.

Target:

Formation in students complete system knowledge about wildlife, its systemic organization and evolution;

Ability to give a reasoned assessment of new information on biological issues;

Education of civic responsibility, independence, initiative

Tasks:

Educational: about biological systems (cell, organism, species, ecosystem); development history contemporary ideas about wildlife; outstanding discoveries in biological science; the role of biological science in shaping the modern natural-science picture of the world; methods scientific knowledge;

Development creative abilities in the process of studying the outstanding achievements of biology, included in the universal culture; complex and contradictory ways of developing modern scientific views, ideas, theories, concepts, various hypotheses (about the essence and origin of life, man) in the course of working with various sources of information;

Upbringing belief in the possibility of knowing wildlife, the need careful attitude To natural environment, own health; respect for the opinion of the opponent when discussing biological problems

Personal Outcomes of Learning Biology:

1. education of Russian civil identity: patriotism, love and respect for the Fatherland, a sense of pride in their homeland; awareness of one's ethnicity; assimilation of humanistic and traditional values of multinational Russian society; fostering a sense of responsibility and duty to the Motherland;

2. formation of a responsible attitude to learning, readiness and ability of students for self-development and self-education based on motivation for learning and cognition, conscious choice and building a further individual trajectory of education based on orientation in the world of professions and professional preferences, taking into account sustainable cognitive interests;

Meta-subject learning outcomes in biology:

1. the ability to independently determine the goals of their learning, set and formulate new tasks for themselves in their studies and cognitive activity, to develop the motives and interests of their cognitive activity;

2. mastering the components of research and project activities, including the ability to see the problem, raise questions, put forward hypotheses;

3. ability to work with different sources biological information: find biological information in various sources(textbook text, popular scientific literature, biological dictionaries and reference books), analyze and

evaluate information;

cognitive: selection of essential features of biological objects and processes; bringing evidence (argumentation) of human kinship with mammals; the relationship between man and the environment; dependence of human health on the state of the environment; the need to protect the environment; mastering the methods of biological science: observation and description of biological objects and processes; setting up biological experiments and explaining their results.

Regulatory: the ability to independently plan ways to achieve goals, including alternative ones, to consciously choose the most effective ways solving educational and cognitive problems; ability to organize educational cooperation and joint activities with the teacher and peers; work individually and in a group: find a common solution and resolve conflicts based on the coordination of positions and taking into account interests; formation and development of competence in the field of the use of information and communication technologies (hereinafter referred to as ICT competencies).

Communicative: the formation of communicative competence in communication and cooperation with peers, understanding the characteristics of gender socialization in adolescence, socially useful, educational, research, creative and other activities.

Technologies : Health saving, problematic, developmental education, group activities

Receptions: analysis, synthesis, conclusion, transfer of information from one type to another, generalization.

During the classes

What is the genetic code: general information

Tasks

Continue the formation of knowledge about the informational role in the cell nucleic acids, revealing the structural features of RNA molecules;

Characterize the types of RNA: transport, information, the structure of these molecules and functions in the cell.

To achieve "understanding and assimilation by students of the essence of the genetic code, its properties: specificity / universality; to deepen knowledge about RNA molecules.

Basic provisions

The most important event before biological evolution is the emergence of a genetic code in the form of a sequence of RNA codons, and then DNA, which turned out to be able to store information about the most successful combinations of amino acids in protein molecules.

The appearance of the first cell forms marked the beginning of biological evolution, initial stages which was characterized by the appearance of eukaryotic organisms, the sexual process and the emergence of the first multicellular organisms.

RNA - just like DNA, is a polymer, the monomer of which is nucleotides, only instead of thymine in RNA there is uracil, and together with deoxyribose - ribose.

RNA carries information about the sequence of amino acids in proteins, i.e., about the structure of proteins, from chromosomes to their place with participation in protein synthesis. There are several types of single-stranded RNA. Their names are determined by the performance or location.

Each amino acid in the kidney polypeptide corresponds to a combination of three nucleotides - a triplet.

Draw students' attention to the structural features of the RNA molecules of viruses, emphasize their double-strandedness, in contrast to the single-stranded eukaryotic cells

1. Features of the structure of ribonucleic acids

2.Localization of nucleic acids in the cell

3. Participation of RNA in the implementation of genetic information

4.Genetic code

5. Code redundancy

6.Code specificity

In any cell and organism, all features of the anatomical, morphological and functional nature are determined by the structure of the proteins that are included in them. The hereditary property of an organism is the ability to synthesize certain proteins. In a DNA molecule, amino acids are located in a polypeptide chain, on which they depend biological signs. Each cell has its own sequence of nucleotides in the DNA polynucleotide chain. This is the genetic code of DNA. Through it, information about the synthesis of certain proteins is recorded.

A bit of history

The idea that perhaps a genetic code exists was formulated by J. Gamow and A. Down in the middle of the twentieth century. They described that the nucleotide sequence responsible for the synthesis of a particular amino acid contains at least three units. Later proved exact amount of three nucleotides (this is a unit of the genetic code), which is called a triplet or codon. There are sixty-four nucleotides in total, because the acid molecules, where protein or RNA synthesis occurs, consists of residues of four different nucleotides. -

What is the genetic code

The method of coding the protein sequence of amino acids due to the sequence of nucleotides is characteristic of all living cells and organisms. That's what the genetic code is. There are four nucleotides in DNA: adenine - A; guanine - G; cytosine - C; thymine - T. They are designated capital letters Latin or (in Russian literature) Russian. RNA also contains four nucleotides, but one of them differs from DNA: adenine - A; guanine - G; cytosine - C; uracil - U. All nucleotides line up in chains, and a double helix is obtained in DNA, and a single helix in RNA. Proteins are built on twenty amino acids, where they, located in a certain sequence, determine its biological properties.

Properties of the genetic code.

Tripletity. The unit of the genetic code consists of three letters, it is triplet. This means that the twenty existing amino acids are coded for by three specific nucleotides called codons or trilpets. There are sixty-four combinations that can be created from four nucleotides. This amount is more than enough to encode twenty amino acids. Degeneracy. Each amino acid corresponds to more than one codon, with the exception of methionine and tryptophan. Unambiguity. One codon codes for one amino acid. For example, in the gene of a healthy person with information about the beta target of hemoglobin, the triplet of GAG and GAA encodes glutamic acid. And everyone who has sickle cell anemia has one nucleotide replaced. Collinearity. The amino acid sequence always corresponds to the nucleotide sequence that the gene contains. The genetic code is continuous and compact, which means that it does not have "punctuation marks". That is, starting at a certain codon, there is a continuous reading. For example, AUGGUGTSUUAAAUGUG will be read as: AUG, GUG, CUU, AAU, GUG. But not AUG, UGG, and so on, or in any other way. Versatility. It is the same for absolutely all terrestrial organisms, from humans to fish, fungi and bacteria.

Table

Not all available amino acids are present in the presented table. Hydroxyproline, hydroxylysine, phosphoserine, iodo derivatives of tyrosine, cystine, and some others are absent, since they are derivatives of other amino acids encoded by mRNA and formed after protein modification as a result of translation. From the properties of the genetic code, it is known that one codon is able to code for one amino acid. The exception is the genetic code that performs additional functions and codes for valine and methionine. RNA, being at the beginning with a codon, attaches a t-RNA that carries formyl methion. Upon completion of the synthesis, it splits off itself and takes the formyl residue with it, transforming into a methionine residue. Thus, the above codons are the initiators of the synthesis of a chain of polypeptides. If they are not at the beginning, then they are no different from others. -

genetic information

This concept means a program of properties that is transmitted from ancestors. It is embedded in heredity as a genetic code. The genetic code of RNA (ribonucleic acids) is implemented during protein synthesis: informational i-RNA; transport t-RNA; ribosomal rRNA. Information is transmitted by direct communication (DNA-RNA-protein) and reverse (environment-protein-DNA). Organisms can receive, store, transfer it and use it most effectively. Being inherited, information determines the development of an organism. But due to interaction with the environment, the reaction of the latter is distorted, due to which evolution and development take place. Thus, the body is laid new information. -

The calculation of the laws of molecular biology and the discovery of the genetic code illustrated the need to combine genetics with Darwin's theory, on the basis of which a synthetic theory of evolution emerged - non-classical biology. Heredity, variability and natural selection Darwin are supplemented by genetically determined selection. Evolution is realized at the genetic level through random mutations and inheritance of the most valuable traits that are most adapted to environment.

Deciphering the human code

In the nineties, the Human Genome Project was launched, as a result of which, in the 2000s, fragments of the genome containing 99.99% of human genes were discovered. Fragments that are not involved in protein synthesis and are not encoded remained unknown. Their role is still unknown.

Last discovered in 2006, chromosome 1 is the longest in the genome. More than three hundred and fifty diseases, including cancer, appear as a result of disorders and mutations in it. The role of such research can hardly be overestimated. When they discovered what the genetic code is, it became known what patterns development occurs, how the morphological structure, the psyche, predisposition to certain diseases, metabolism and vices of individuals are formed.

Issues for discussion

What is the hereditary material in some viruses that do not contain DNA? How is the implementation of hereditary information in them?

What are the properties of the genetic code?

What are the ways of transmission of hereditary information in biological systems?

What is the essence of the process of transferring hereditary information from generation to generation and from the nucleus to the cytoplasm, to the site of protein synthesis?

Geneticcode. Transcription

Genes, DNAAndchromosomes

Whatsuchgenes?

Presentation Hosting

Lesson in general biology.

Topic: “DNA is a carrier hereditary information.

Genetic code".

The purpose of the lesson : to consolidate knowledge about the structure of DNA and RNA, to study the concept of a gene, the genetic code, its properties.

Equipment: table “Structure animal cell”, “Proteins”, DNA model, multimedia installation,presentation in power point.

During the classes

1. Org. moment …………………………………………………………………… 1-2 min.

2. Main part: …………………………………………………………….... 30 min.

2.1 Repetition of the previously studied: ………………………………………….…. 12 min

2.2 Learning new material: ……………………………….………………… 18 min

3. Fixing …………………………………………………………………….8 min

2.1. Repetition of previously learned

Questions for students:

What are proteins?
What are the monomers of all natural proteins? (20 amino acids).
What are the functions of proteins? (Name the structural features of nucleic acids)
Remember where DNA molecules are found in plant and animal cells?
What is complementarity?
Name the types of RNA.

2.2. Learning new material

All properties of any organism are determined by its protein composition. Moreover, the structure of each protein is determined by the sequence of amino acid residues. Consequently, as a result, hereditary information, which is transmitted from generation to generation, must contain information about the primary structure of proteins.

genetic information- this is information about the structure of all proteins of the body enclosed in DNA molecules.

Gene - This is a section of a DNA molecule that encodes the primary structure of one polypeptide chain. DNA contains information about the primary structure of a protein.

Genetic code- a set of combinations of three nucleotides encoding 20 types of amino acids that make up proteins.

Properties of the genetic code:

triplet code. Each AA (amino acid) corresponds to a section of the DNA chain, and, accordingly, an mRNA of three adjacent nucleotides. At present, the genetic code has been completely deciphered and a map has been compiled, that is, it is known which triplets correspond to one or another amino acid out of 20 that make up proteins.
The code is unambiguous. Each codon codes for only one AK.
The code is redundant (specific). This means that each AA is coded for by more than one codon (with the exception of methionine and tryptophan). DNA is made up of 4 different types nucleotides, and the smallest structural unit of a gene is a triplet of nucleotides. Therefore, the number of possible combinations is 43 = 64. There are only 20 different amino acids. Thus, there are more than enough different triplets of nucleotides to encode all amino acids.
The code does not overlap. Any nucleotide can be part of only one triplet.
There are “punctuation marks” between genes. Of the 64 triplets - U-A-A, U-A-G, U-G-A do not encode AK (consider the table of the genetic code in the textbook). These triplets are signals for the end of polypeptide chain synthesis. The need for these triplets is explained by the fact that in some cases several polypeptide chains are synthesized on mRNA, and these triplets are used to separate them from each other.
The code is universal. The genetic code is the same for all living organisms living on Earth.

3. Fixing:

Do the exercises in the workbook. (Workbook to the textbooks Zakharova V.B., Sukhova T.S. and etc.)

Homework.§ 2.10 p. 73–75, textbook by V. B. Zakharov, S. G. Mamontov, N. I. Sonina, E. T. Zakharova Grade 10 “Biology. General biology", lesson summary.

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Slides captions:

Topic: “DNA is a carrier of hereditary information. Genetic code"

Structural Catalytic (B-enzymes) Regulatory (B-hormones) Contractile Transport Protective Reserve Energy Function

The structure of NK RNA ________________________________ DNA Nitrogenous base (A, G, C, U) FA residue Carbohydrate - ribose Nitrogenous Base (A, G, C, T) Carbohydrate - deoxyribose FA residue

In the chromosomes of the nucleus

Complementarity is the spatial complementarity of molecules or their parts, leading to the formation of hydrogen bonds. Complementary structures fit together like a “key with a lock” (A + T) + (G + C) \u003d 100%

Genetic information is information about the structure of all body proteins contained in DNA molecules 1 gene \u003d 1 protein molecule

Types of RNA There are several types of RNA in the cell. All of them are involved in protein synthesis. Transfer RNAs (tRNAs) are the smallest RNAs. They bind AA and transport them to the site of protein synthesis. Messenger RNA (i-RNA) - they are 10 times larger than tRNA. Their function is to carry information about protein structure from DNA to the site of protein synthesis. Ribosomal RNA (r-RNA) - have largest dimensions molecules that make up ribosomes.

A gene is a section of a DNA molecule that encodes the primary structure of one polypeptide chain. The genetic code is a set of combinations of three nucleotides that encode 20 types of amino acids that make up proteins.

One amino acid is coded for by three nucleotides (one codon). ACT ACC GAT Triplet, codon gene AK1 AK2 AK3 protein Properties of the genetic code: Code triplet. Each AK corresponds to a section of the DNA chain, and, accordingly, to an mRNA of three adjacent nucleotides.

The code is unambiguous. Each codon codes for only one AK. The code is redundant. This means that each AA is coded for by more than one codon (with the exception of methionine and tryptophan). The code is non-overlapping. Any nucleotide can be part of only one triplet. There are "punctuation marks" (polarity) between genes. Of the 64 triplets - U-A-A, U-A-G, U-G-A do not encode AK. The code is universal. The genetic code is the same for all living organisms living on Earth.

Homework Lesson summary Prepare a message: "The genetic code."

Problem solving 1) Using the table of the DNA genetic code, determine which AAs are encoded by triplets: CAT, TTT, GAT. 2) Using the table of the genetic code, draw a section of DNA that encodes information about the following sequence of amino acids in a protein: - alanine - arginine - valine - glycine - lysine.

LESSON PLAN

in biology

Formation of i-RNA on the DNA template.

Genetic code.

Prepared and conducted

biology teacher

GBOU SO SPO "Perelyubsky Agricultural College"

Discipline: Biology

Specialty: "Agronomy"

Course: 1

Group: 10

Date: 28.11.2013

Topic: Formation of i-RNA on the DNA template. Genetic code. (Slide 1)

Lesson objectives

Didactic:

-to give an idea of the formation of i-RNA according to the DNA matrix, to teach how to use the table of the genetic code.

Educational:

- professional orientation;

- education of consciousness;

- formation of universal values;

Developing:

- development of cognitive activity;

-development of attention, memory, imagination, will;

-development of logical thinking;

Type of lesson: lesson

Lesson type: combined

Class methods: - informational - developing (explanation, clarification, story, conversation

- visual

- practical (exercises)

Equipment and methodological support of the lesson: (using electronic resources, Internet resources, educational computer programs, etc.)

The student must:

Know: how mRNA is formed from the DNA template

Be able to: use the table of the genetic code

Literature: Biology: textbook for educational institutions early and avg. prof. education /, : ed. - M .: publishing center "Academy", 2012.

Lesson progress

Org. Moment: Verification homework: (Slide 2)

1. What is called hereditary information?

1. What is material carrier hereditary information?

3. What is called a genome?

4. What is called genetic information?

5. How do you understand the phrase: “DNA molecules are templates for protein synthesis?”

6. What principle underlies the doubling of the DNA molecule?

3. The message of the topic, the purpose of the tasks of the lesson.

4. Explanation of the new material:

Transcription. Ribosomes, sites of protein synthesis, receive an information carrier from the nucleus that can pass through the pores of the nuclear envelope. Messenger RNA (mRNA) is such an intermediary. (Slide 3) This is a single-stranded molecule complementary to one strand of the DNA molecule. A special enzyme - RNA polymerase, moving along DNA, selects nucleotides according to the principle of complementarity and combines them into a single chain. If there is thymine in the DNA strand, then the polymerase includes adenine in the mRNA chain; if there is guanine, it includes cytosine; if there is adenine in the DNA, it includes uracil (thymine is not included in RNA). (Slide 4) The process of mRNA formation is called transcription (from Latin "transcription" - rewriting).

In length, each of the mRNA molecules is hundreds of times shorter than DNA. Messenger RNA is not a copy of the entire DNA molecule, but only part of it, one gene or a group of adjacent genes that carry information about the structure of proteins necessary to perform one function.

(Slide 5) At the beginning of each group of genes is a kind of landing site for RNA polymerase - a promoter. This is a specific sequence of DNA nucleotides that the enzyme "recognizes" due to chemical affinity. Only by attaching to the promoter, RNA polymerase is able to start mRNA synthesis. At the end of a group of genes, the enzyme encounters a signal (a certain sequence of nucleotides), which means the end of rewriting. The finished mRNA departs from the DNA, leaves the nucleus and goes to the site of protein synthesis - the ribosome, located in the cytoplasm of the cell.

(Slide 6) In a cell, genetic information is transmitted through transcription from DNA to protein:

DNA → mRNA → protein

Genetic code and its properties. The genetic information contained in DNA and mRNA is contained in the sequence of nucleotides in molecules. How does mRNA encode (encode) the primary structure of proteins, i.e., the order in which amino acids are arranged in them? The essence of the code is that the sequence of nucleotides in mRNA determines the sequence of amino acids in proteins. This code is called genetic, its decoding is one of the great achievements of science. (Slide 7) The carrier of genetic information is DNA, but since mRNA, a copy of one of the DNA strands, is directly involved in protein synthesis, the genetic code is written in the "language" of RNA.

triplet code. RNA consists of 4 nucleotides: A, G, C, U. If one amino acid is designated by one nucleotide, then only 4 amino acids can be encoded, while there are 20 of them and all of them are used in protein synthesis. A two-letter code would encode 16 amino acids (out of 4 nucleotides, 16 different combinations can be made, each of which has 2 nucleotides).

(Slide 8) In nature, there is a three-letter, or triplet, code. This means that each of the 20 amino acids is encrypted with a sequence of 3 nucleotides, i.e., a triplet, which is called a codon. From 4 nucleotides, 64 different combinations can be created, 3 nucleotides each (43=64). This is more than enough to encode 20 amino acids, and it would seem that 44 triplets are superfluous. However, it is not. Almost every amino acid is encoded by more than one codon (from 2 to 6). This can be seen from the table of the genetic code.

The code is unambiguous. Each triplet codes for only one amino acid. Everyone has healthy people in the gene carrying information about one of the hemoglobin chains, the GAA or GAG triplet, which is in sixth place, encodes glutamic acid. In sickle cell patients, the second nucleotide in this triplet is replaced by U. As can be seen from the table of the genetic code, the GUA or GUG triplets that are formed in this case encode the amino acid valine. What this replacement leads to, you know from the previous paragraph.

There are punctuation marks between genes. Each gene codes for one polypeptide chain. Since in some cases mRNA is a copy of several genes, they must be separated from each other. Therefore, in the genetic code there are three special triplets (UAA, UAG, UGA), each of which indicates the cessation of the synthesis of one polypeptide chain. Thus, these triplets act as punctuation marks. They are at the end of every gene.

There are no punctuation marks inside the gene. Since the genetic code is similar to a language, let's analyze this property of it using the example of such a phrase composed of triplets:

(Slide 9) once upon a time the cat was quiet, that cat was kind to me

The meaning of the written is clear, despite the lack of punctuation marks. If we remove one letter in the first word (one nucleotide in the gene), but we also read in triplets of letters, then we get nonsense:

(slide 10)

Nonsense also occurs when one or two nucleotides are dropped from a gene. The protein that is read from such a "spoiled" gene will have nothing to do with the protein that was encoded by the normal gene. Therefore, the gene in the DNA chain has a strictly fixed start of reading.

The code is universal. The code is the same for all creatures living on Earth. In bacteria and fungi, grasses and mosses, ants and frogs, perches and pelicans, turtles, horses and humans, the same triplets code for the same amino acids.

Consolidation, repetition of acquired knowledge:

Task 1. Using the table of genetic DNA, determine which amino acids are encoded by triplets: CAT, TTT, GAT. (Slide 11)

TsAT, TTT, GAT

Find the corresponding amino acids.

A) According to the principle of complementarity, we carry out transcription - the rewriting of a given structure of a DNA chain into mRNA.

DNA: C-A-T-T-T-T-G-A-T

mRNA: G-U-A-A-A-A-C-U-A

B) we break the chain of i-RNA into triplet codons and, using the table of the genetic code, we find which amino acids are encoded by these triplets: valine, lysine, leucine.

Task 2. Using the table of the genetic code, build a DNA segment that encodes information about the following sequence of amino acids in a protein: - alanine - arginine-valine-glycine-lysine. (Slide 12)

Ala-arg-val-gli-liz-

Build the corresponding section of DNA

A) using the genetic code, we will build a chain of mRNA:

G-C-U-C-G-U-G-U-U-G-U-U-A-A-A

B) according to the principle of complementarity, we will construct the corresponding DNA section:

i-RNA: G-C-U-C-G-U-G-U-U-G-U-U-A-A-A

DNA: C-G-A-G-C-A-C-A-A-C-A-A-T-T-T

Answer: C-G-A-G-C-A-C-A-A-C-A-A-T-T-T

Summing up: Homework: abstract, solve the problem (Slide 13)

Task: Using the table of the genetic code, draw a section of DNA that encodes information about the following sequence of amino acids in a protein: - arginine - tryptophan - tyrosine - histidine - phenylalanine -.

In this lesson, we will learn about the importance of protein biosynthesis for living organisms, about the two stages of protein biosynthesis in a cell, transcription and translation, and show how the nucleotide sequence in DNA encodes the amino acid sequence in a polypeptide. We will also characterize the genetic code and its main properties from the standpoint of the unity of origin of all living organisms on the Earth, consider the features of transcription in eukaryotes.

Transcription- the mechanism by which the sequence of bases in one of the chains of the DNA molecule is "rewritten" into the complementary sequence of mRNA bases.

Transcription requires the presence of the enzyme RNA polymerase. Since many genes can be located in one DNA molecule, it is very important that RNA polymerase starts the synthesis of messenger RNA from a strictly defined place in DNA, otherwise information about a protein that does not exist in nature (not needed by the cell) will be recorded in the mRNA structure. Therefore, at the beginning of each gene there is a special specific sequence of nucleotides called promoter(see Fig. 7). RNA polymerase "recognizes" the promoter, interacts with it and, thus, starts the synthesis of the mRNA chain from the right place. The enzyme continues to synthesize mRNA, adding new nucleotides to it, until it reaches the next “punctuation mark” in the DNA molecule - terminator. This is a nucleotide sequence indicating that mRNA synthesis must be stopped.

Rice. 7. Synthesis of mRNA

In prokaryotes, synthesized mRNA molecules can immediately interact with ribosomes and participate in protein synthesis. In eukaryotes, mRNA first interacts with nuclear proteins and enters the cytoplasm through nuclear pores, where it interacts with ribosomes, and protein biosynthesis occurs.

Bacterial ribosomes are different from eukaryotic ribosomes. They are smaller and contain a simpler set of proteins. This is widely used in clinical practice, since there are antibiotics that selectively interact with prokaryotic ribosome proteins, but have no effect on eukaryotic proteins. In this case, the bacteria either die, or their growth and development stops.

There are antibiotics that selectively affect one of the steps in protein synthesis, such as transcription. These include rifamycins, which are produced by actinomycetes of the genus Streptomyces. Rifampicin is the best antibiotic in this class.

Bibliography

Kamensky A.A., Kriksunov E.A., Pasechnik V.V. General biology 10-11 class Bustard, 2005.
Biology. Grade 10. General biology. Basic level / P.V. Izhevsky, O.A. Kornilova, T.E. Loshchilin and others - 2nd ed., revised. - Ventana-Graf, 2010. - 224 pages.
Belyaev D.K. Biology 10-11 class. General biology. A basic level of. - 11th ed., stereotype. - M.: Education, 2012. - 304 p.
Agafonova I.B., Zakharova E.T., Sivoglazov V.I. Biology 10-11 class. General biology. A basic level of. - 6th ed., add. - Bustard, 2010. - 384 p.

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Homework

Questions 1, 2 at the end of paragraph 26 (p. 101) Kamensky A.A., Kriksunov E.A., Pasechnik V.V. "General biology", grade 10-11 ()
What is the role of the enzyme RNA polymerase in the process of mRNA synthesis?
What is a promoter and what is its role in mRNA synthesis?
What is a terminator and what is its role in mRNA synthesis?
What is further fate synthesized mRNA in prokaryotes and eukaryotes?