Research work where the rain comes from presentation. “Why is it raining? Study of scientific literature

Okulova Elena

The object of attention of my work was one of the natural phenomena - rain. Summer is coming, which means that most of the precipitation will fall in the form of rain. I watched the rain many times in the summer and I had questions that I tried to answer in my research work. I'm really wondering why it's raining? How does water rise to the sky to fall to earth as rain? Why is rain different? Is it necessary to rain? Are there dangerous rains?

In my research work, I set myself target: learn as much as possible about this natural phenomenon.

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MOU "Secondary School No. 3"

G. Krasnokamsk

Student 4 "B" class.

Head: Kondrashina A.A.

Teacher primary school.

Consultant: Okulova L.Yu.,

Mother

2010

1. Introduction

1. Research results and discussion.

1. What is rain?
2. How is it formed?
3. What are the rains?
4. Is it necessary to rain?

IV. Conclusion

I Introduction

The object of attention of my work was one of the natural phenomena - rain. Summer is coming, which means that most of the precipitation will fall in the form of rain. I watched the rain many times in the summer and I had questions that I tried to answer in my research work. I'm really wondering why it's raining? How does water rise to the sky to fall to earth as rain? Why is rain different? Is it necessary to rain? Are there dangerous rains?

In my research work, I set myself target : learn as much as possible about this natural phenomenon.

1. Description of the method of collecting material and methods of processing the collected material.

In order to learn more about the amazing natural phenomenon - rain, I had to turn to different sources mass media: dictionaries, TV, Internet, special literature. During the collection of material, I visited all the libraries in our microdistrict, remembered the properties of water, watched a special film about the types of rain. The most exciting for me were the experiments that I conducted with my parents at home.

The work was carried out according to plan :

1. What is rain?
2. How is it formed?
3. What are the rains?
4. What kind of rain should not be on Earth?
5. Is it necessary to rain?

III. Research results and discussion.

1. What is rain?

Rain - it is primarily water. Ozhegov's dictionary says that"Rain - this is atmospheric precipitation in the form of water drops, jets. And in Dahl's dictionary that"Rain is water in drops or jets from the clouds.

2. How is it formed?

1. And why it's raining?
2. As water rises to the sky to fall to earth as rain?

On the ground many oceans and seas, rivers and streams, lakes, ponds and puddles. The sun heats up the water. It evaporates, i.e. becomes a transparent and invisible vapor. This light steam, together with warm air, rises higher and higher from the earth - many kilometers up. It's always cold up there. The warm vapor at the top touches the cold air, and tiny droplets of water are formed from it, like dust. The droplets are still very small and light. Cold air drags them down, and warm air lifts them up again. So they scurry up and down above the ground until they merge into large drops.

But there are already so many drops that all together they turn into a large cloud. The wind picks up the clouds and blows them around the world. Clouds float above the earth until heavy drops, no longer able to hold on, rain down on the earth.

It's been raining. Until recently, there were puddles in the yard. But the sun came out and dried up the water. It again turned into steam in order to form a cloud high in the sky and spill on the earth as a blessed rain.

At home, we can observe the formation of rain. I spent this experience:

Required:

small saucepan

Metal cover

Gas stove

Water

Experience progress:

1. Pour water into a saucepan, ask an adult to put it on the stove.
2. When the water boils, cover the saucepan with a lid.

Result:

There are drops of water on the lid. Shake the lid and drops of "rain" fall.

This is because...

... that water vapor is released from boiling water. On cold lid it cools down and turns back into a liquid. This phenomenon is called condensation.

Conclusion:

3. What are the rains

The heaviest rain is called downpour. Showers fall from cumulonimbus clouds several kilometers thick. Such showers are very intense, but short-lived, like the life of these clouds themselves.

Raindrops fall to the ground at a speed of approximately -6.5 m/s (acceleration due to gravity, taking into account their friction with the air).

The smallest rain drizzle. Drizzle droplets are only 0.10-0.25 mm and fall from clouds with a ragged base, while large drizzle drops can form in clouds brought by a warm front.

Complimentary - in the form of rather large raindrops, sometimes lasting several days and falling out of the stratified rain clouds.

But there are, quite special, summer rains, short, cheerful. They go in an amazing way - from a clear sky, in the light bright sun! There are no clouds in the sky, only a light white haze hangs in the air.

This is water vapor. It fell into a cold stream of air low above the ground, turned into droplets of water, they began to quickly merge, grow heavier and fall to the ground in rare large drops.

It passes quickly, this rain. The sun is shining, and there is no more white haze in the air, it has spilled onto the ground"blind rain"- so for some reason they call this one summer rain without clouds.

Still sometimes, fine, summer rain is called"mushroom rain"

There are also autumn showers. They are called"wet rain".These rains are accompanied by strong winds, they are long, rainy.

Usually the amount of precipitation is measured in millimeters.

To get an idea of ​​what these numbers mean, know that when they say "100 mm of rain fell", it means that 40,451 liters of water fell on an area of ​​0.4 hectares.

4. What kind of rain should not be on Earth

But not all rains are beneficial. There are rains that should not be on earth. These are acid and radioactive rains. They appeared due to the economic activities of people, environmental pollution.

acid rain

There are many substances in nature, among them there are acids. Due to environmental pollution, acids began to form high in the sky. Often they fall to the ground along with the rain. This is the so-called acid rain. Plants and all living things suffer from them, many buildings deteriorate, including ancient monuments.

radioactive rain

Radioactive fallout is one of the most dangerous consequences of human pollution of the atmosphere. They are dust and droplets of atmospheric moisture containing radioactive atoms. Such atoms are formed during the test nuclear weapons or an accident at a nuclear power plant.

The heaviest particles from the radioactive dust cloud settle to the ground in the first hours or minutes after the explosion. The lighter ones stay in the atmosphere for a long time. They can be carried by the wind over long distances, sometimes over tens of thousands of kilometers. After long journey in the atmosphere, radioactive atoms, also called radionuclides, return to the surface of the earth along with snow, rain or fog.

radioactive dust settles on soil, As we fall into water bodies, it pollutes houses, enterprises, roads. It gets on the surface of plants, the skin of animals and humans.

Radionuclides that have come into contact with human skin can be washed off with water, but they penetrate into the body along with water, we drink, the air we breathe, the food we We we eat. Radioactive atoms emit a large number of energy in the form of electromagnetic waves and charged particles. Radiation destroys living cells, and above all their genetic apparatus, weakening the body's defense against various diseases.

Radioactive fallout, like other types of pollution caused by human activity, has now become an undesirable reality for many people in Russia. Knowledge of the problems generated by radioactive fallout makes it possible to improve the environmental safety of the population. This is especially important in areas affected by the accident at the Chernobyl nuclear power plant, and in other areas of our country with high radioactive contamination.

Every person should take care of their land!

5. Do you need rain?

What if it never rained?

If there were no rain, rivers, seas and lakes would dry up, grasses and trees would burn. This means that there would be no fish, birds, animals and humans. That's why you don't have to wrinkle your forehead and get angry when bad weather replaces clear weather and gray clouds begin to float across the clear sky. rain clouds. They carry moisture and work for us.

IV. Conclusion

Exploring this natural phenomenon, I came to the conclusion that rain is one of the amazing phenomena that exists in nature. Now I know why it rains, what kind of rains there are and that our planet really needs rain. Only people should monitor the ecology of the Earth and then dangerous rains will not fall.

She shared her research with the students in her class. I think that they became interested in my topic, they were interested in listening to my material.

V. List of references

1. Karagod S. "Encyclopedia of natural phenomena"

2. Ozhegov S.I., Shvedova N.Yu. "Explanatory dictionary of the Russian language" M., 1997

3. Tsvetkova I.V. "Ecology for primary classes". Development Academy 2007

4. I know the world: Ecology.; - M., 1999

research work "Rain"

Head: Kondrashina Anna Aleksandrovna, primary school teacher,

MOU "Secondary School No. 3", Krasnokamsk,

Prepared by: Okulova Lena, student of the 4th "B" class.

Title of work: "Rain".

Academic subject:natural history, grade 3, textbook "The world around us" Pleshakov A.A.

Subject: Water. Water properties.

Problem question:Is it true that rain, in order to fall to the ground, rises from the surface of the earth?

Research questions

1. What is rain?
2. How is it formed?
3. What are the rains?
4. What kind of rain should not be on Earth?
5. Is it necessary to rain?

Goal of the work:

1. learn as much as possible about this natural phenomenon.

The form of protection is a presentation.

Abstracts of work:

1. Summer is coming, which means that most of the precipitation will fall in the form of rain. I watched the rain many times in the summer and I had questions that I tried to answer in my research work. I'm really wondering why it's raining? How does water rise to the sky to fall to earth as rain? Why is rain different? Is it necessary to rain? Are there dangerous rains?
2. Water vapor, in contact with cold air, condenses and turns back into water. This is how rains come.
3. Rains are classified according to two main features: intensity and duration.
4. But not all rains are beneficial. There are rains that should not be on Earth. These are acid and radioactive rains. They appeared due to the economic activities of people, environmental pollution.
5. Rain is also good weather!

« Average comprehensive school No. 6"

Regional Correspondence Competition of Research Works and Creative Projects of Junior School Students

"First Steps in Science"

CityKorsakov

School No.6

Class _2-b

Direction:natural science

RESEARCH

Subject: " Why is it raining? »

Content

Introduction.

The object of attention of my work was one of the natural phenomena - rain. Summer is coming, which means that most of the precipitation will fall in the form of rain. I watched the rain many times and I had questions that I tried to answer in my research work. I'm really wondering why it's raining? How does water rise to the sky to fall to earth as rain?

Purpose of the study:

Find out why it's raining

Research objectives:

1. Get acquainted with the primary sources about the rain (the bible).

2. Analyze scientific literature about rain as a natural phenomenon.

3. Get to know the types of rain and interesting facts about the rain.

4. Verify the information obtained by conducting an experiment on the formation of rain.

5. Make a conclusion.

Object of study: rain.

Subject of study: water cycle in nature.

Research base: 2nd grade student Mikhail Davydov, his mother.

Research hypothesis.

Suppose it's raining because clouds are made of water.

Research methods.

2. Analyze the scientific literature.

3. Conduct experiments.

4.Compare the result.

1. Primary source about rain.

The Bible tells the story of a flood. God punished people for their sins by sending a flood to the earth. It rained continuously from the sky for forty days. Water flooded the earth and all living things died. Then the rain stopped, the water receded and life resumed.

2. Poll.

I asked the question: "Why is it raining?" different people and received the following responses:

Dad - rain comes from above, because water accumulates at the top;

Mother - the rain comes from the clouds; it can be different - mushroom, downpour, drizzle, ice;

Grandmother - rain is a type of precipitation; usually happens in the warm season; autumn is especially strong, torrential.

Not having received the necessary information, I turned to the scientific literature.

3. Study of scientific literature

A) Explanatory dictionaries give the following definitions of the word RAIN:

• 
  Atmospheric precipitation in the form of water drops, jets. (Ozhegov's dictionary);
• 
  Water in drops or streams from clouds. (Dal's dictionary);
• 
  One of the types precipitation, is formed as a result of condensation into drops of water vapor that saturates the air, falls from the so-called rain clouds or dark gray clouds without a definite outline (Brockhaus and Efron dictionary).

There are many oceans, seas, rivers, streams, lakes, ponds and puddles on earth. The sun heats up the water. It evaporates, that is, it becomes a transparent and invisible vapor. This light steam, together with warm air rising from the ground higher and higher. It's always cold up there. The warm vapor at the top touches the cold air and tiny droplets of water are formed from it, like dust. When there are a lot of drops, they turn into a large cloud. The wind picks up the clouds and blows them around the world. Clouds float above the earth until heavy drops rain down on the earth.

It's been raining. The sun came out and dried up the water. She again turned into steam to form a cloud high in the sky and rain down on the earth.

This natural phenomenon is called the water cycle.

If the water cycle ceased, there would be no precipitation, rivers and lakes would dry up, underground sources would dry up. In other words, on land would disappear fresh water and with it life.
Under the influence of solar energy, liquid water and ice evaporate, turning into water vapor. Clouds form from water vapor in the atmosphere. Winds carry clouds over the oceans and from the oceans to the land. Due to the action of gravity, precipitation falls from the clouds, which feed rivers, lakes, glaciers, and moisten the soil. Under its influence, water flows from higher places to lower places, returning in rivers and streams back to the ocean. Part of the moisture that has fallen on the surface seeps deep into the earth, replenishing groundwater.

This is how the eternal cycle of water in nature takes place. It connects all parts of the hydrosphere into a single whole. Thanks to him, the reserves of various types of natural waters are constantly updated. At the same time, a complete exchange of water in rivers occurs in just 19 days, in swamps - in 5 years, and in lakes - in 17 years. The longest - for 10,000 years - water lingers in glaciers.

Conclusion: The water cycle not only unites the hydrosphere, but also ensures its relationship with the lithosphere, atmosphere, flora and fauna.

4. It turns out that rains are different:

Pouring

Oblique (skew)

Sitnichek (light rain, like from a sieve)

5. Interesting facts about rain.

In Portugal, rain is a good excuse not to go to work.

In the city of Para, residents compare their watches by the rain, as It rains every day at the same time.

You can't scare the inhabitants of Uganda with thunder, because in the country it rains with a thunderstorm 250 times a year.

A person can remain completely dry in the rain if he is in the desert. In fact, there are rains in the desert, but it is impossible to know about the rain, because. droplets simply do not reach the ground, evaporating under the influence of hot air.

In 1940, in the city of Meshchery (Russia), with the first drops of rain, silver coins from the time of Ivan the Terrible fell down.

In 1954 over English city Birmingham has been raining frogs. In 1973, such rain fell in France, and in 1974 in Turkmenistan.

In August 1963, near the village of Deinau, it rained from small frogs, and after 2 years from small fish and frogs.

In 1818 and 1847 a rare rain of spiders fell at Cahors in the south of France.

In 1954, blue rain fell in the USA in the city of Davenport and painted the city blue.

6.Practical study

To observe the formation of rain, I conducted the following experiment at home:

for this I needed:

pot; glass cover; plate; water.

The course of experience No. 1:

I pour water into a pot, ask adults to put it on the stove and wait together for the water to boil.

First we observe - the water boils, and the resulting steam rises and dissipates.

Conclusion: When exposed to high temperatures, water turns into a gaseous state, this phenomenon is called evaporation.

The course of experience No. 2:

When the water boils, cover the pot with a lid.

When the pan was covered with a glass lid, water drops formed on the lid. As they accumulated, they increased and fell back into the water. Water vapor is released from boiling water. On a cold lid, it cools down and again turns into a liquid. This phenomenon is called condensation.

Conclusion: Water vapor, in contact with cold air, condenses and turns back into water.

Conclusion.

Based on the analysis of the studied literature and the experience, I saw that water goes through two states: liquid, water vapor, rising up, comes into contact with cold air, condenses into small and light droplets of moisture, from which a cloud is obtained. That is, the cloud is made of water. The number of droplets increases, they turn into large and heavy drops, which rain down. The hypothesis was confirmed.

Bibliography:

"The water cycle in nature"

http://scienceland.info/

Illustrated Encyclopedic Dictionary Friedrich-Arnold Brockhaus, Ilya Efron, OOO "Publishing House" Eksmo "2010 Moscow

Encyclopedia of junior schoolchildren 1 - 4 cells. Bezkorovainaya E.V. etc. LLC "Publishing House" Eksmo "2014 Moscow

My first sacred story in stories for children by P.N. Vozdvizhensky Wolf St. Petersburg - Moscow 1899 (Region Tselishchev Gennady Dmitrievich, 1991)

Children's Bible. Bible Stories in PicturesB.Arapovich, V.Mattelmyaki Russian Bible Society, Moscow 1993

Application:

1. Video on electronic media.

2. Presentation of the project on electronic media.

I chose this topic because - page number 1/1

Introduction

I chose this topic because:

Firstly, I considered it very interesting and entertaining, not only for myself, but also for others.

Secondly, I would like to discover new facts from the lives of my favorite writers.

Thirdly, to get the opportunity to look at the images from different angles, to understand what the author was thinking about when creating this image.

Fourthly, my desire is to feel the enormous tension of creative searches, which was created by St. Petersburg itself, which confronted the consciousness of Russian writers with issues of world development, forcing Russian artistic thought to work with unprecedented sharpness and depth.

Fifthly, St. Petersburg in my eyes is a fairy tale that exists in real world. I've never been lucky enough to be there in my life. beautiful city- I have to visit the homeland of great poets, writers, critics, artists in the summer, which I look forward to.

I noticed the relevance of this topic in society. In our large current environment, there is a need for high feelings. The cultural capital of our country, as is known and generally recognized, is the city of St. Petersburg. But just a few years ago, I did not feel that this great city was so in demand among people, I did not see a response, a gleam in the eyes of my peers, discussing someone's next visit to this city. Over time, I realized that some people, traveling to the "City of Petrov" do not realize all the greatness and genius of the city, the monumentality of buildings and the restrained cry of history. Therefore, having studied the images of St. Petersburg through the prism of the works of great writers, people themselves will be able to feel the atmosphere of that time, and understand how important it is to know.

St. Petersburg has a huge cultural history, which explains why this city during its cultural dawn inspired a wide variety of writers, artists, poets, philosophers and many other creative figures. And even today this amazing city does not lose ground and still remains the epicenter of the sights of our country and inspires people to create works of art. For example: someone was inspired by the pristine and incredibly beautiful nature, someone was the beauties of the city, perhaps some were inspired by people and the environment, and someone visited the Muse from the impression of fun unbridled balls ... You can continue very for a long time. After all, inspiration was in everything, but for each it is different. But for one of the greatest poets of the 18th century - Alexander Sergeevich Pushkin - Petersburg was the city of his friends and associates, a symbol of the greatness of Russia. It is these criteria of Pushkin's perception of Petersburg that explain such different images of the city in the writer's work. A writer no less brilliant than Pushkin - Nikolai Vasilyevich Gogol - considered Petersburg to be the temple of the human soul. In this magnificent city, he wrote, as I see it, his best works. In St. Petersburg, he met Pushkin and became famous for his first masterpieces. In this city, the two greatest pinnacles of Russian literature flourished and amazed society, without which, to this day, humanity would not have been so developed in the field of feelings and perceptions of beauty.

In my work, I would like to consider a topic that is relevant in my opinion: Images of St. Petersburg in the work of A.S. Pushkin and N.V. Gogol. The purpose of my work: to consider in detail the images of St. Petersburg from the side of A.S. Pushkin and N.V. Gogol, based on some works and the personal attitude of the writers, and comparing them, note the similarities and differences. To analyze how the metamorphoses of St. Petersburg develop in the works of A.S. Pushkin and N.V. Gogol. See the relationship of the authors to the city and people. Try to discover new aspects of this topic, relying on rare facts. Completely immerse yourself in the meaning of this or that image and understand why the author presents the city in this light.

Pushkin's Metamorphoses of Petersburg.

A.S. Pushkin has a huge number of poems and works in the form of prose about St. Petersburg. But in my work, I would like to consider, in my opinion, impeccable works. These are the novel "Eugene Onegin", the stories "The Stationmaster" and "The Queen of Spades" and the poem " Bronze Horseman».

Petersburg in the novel "Eugene Onegin"

Consider the images of St. Petersburg in the novel "Eugene Onegin". Here we see how the rich Russian geography is depicted - from the faces of the provinces to the secular townspeople - vivid pictures drawn by Pushkin's precise and easy word. Here and St. Petersburg, and the village, and the noble estate. And above all the descriptions on the highest level stands the unforgettable image of St. Petersburg - sung by many poets and prose writers. In Pushkin's works, this is not just a city - "Peter's creation" - reproduced as the place where his characters live, but a separate hero endowed with character, face, habits, smells and sounds. It turns out that the city in the eyes of the author becomes the direct hero of the novel, which can influence the turn of events.

In the novel by A.S. Pushkin "Eugene Onegin" different aspects of human culture, soul, character, lifestyle of that time are displayed. A time when lovers wrote letters to each other and were afraid to look into their eyes, when only people of high rank received a good education, when life was a vacation for the secular part of society.

And already at the end of the first chapter, the image of St. Petersburg appears before the reader in the pictures of everyday life: its restless Petersburg comes to life under the drumming of the military, pedlars rush, “chimney smoke rises like a pillar of blue ...”, the baker “neat German” opens his shop. Pushkin involuntarily admires St. Petersburg, for each phenomenon he finds beautiful words, like an artist - paints. For example: "... the night sky above the Neva is transparent and bright", "We silently reveled in the breath of the supportive night." The Neva, the restless St. Petersburg river, "chained in granite", and loving words have been found for it.

Places about which the poet found so much beautiful words are well known to him. Each of the favorite places is associated for the author with something pleasant. Undoubtedly, St. Petersburg evokes pleasant sensations and emotions in the author, which strongly prevail over sorrowful ones. And yet here, in cold Petersburg, the poet dreams of another sea - warm, free, "Where I suffered, where I loved, Where I buried my heart." “I am wandering over the sea, waiting for the weather, Manyu sails the ships ...” - the author writes about himself from the banks of the Neva. Singing the hymn to the bright, noisy, beautiful Petersburg, Pushkin recalls other places. The plot begins and ends in St. Petersburg, he is assigned a pivotal role in the composition. St. Petersburg is a city predominantly associated with the protagonist of the novel, Onegin.

The first chapter recreates the life and customs of the St. Petersburg nobility. The prevailing motives are novelty, fashion, modernity: “Here is my Onegin at large, cut in the latest fashion.” In the hero’s office: “amber on the pipes of the Constantinople, porcelain and bronze on the table, perfume in faceted crystal.” The St. Petersburg nobility is characterized by vanity, tinsel: "it's no wonder to be in time everywhere." Every day of the protagonist: Eugene Onegin begins and ends the same way: “He used to be still in bed: They carry notes to him, What? Invitations? In fact, the Three Houses are calling for the evening ... ”In this society, honor and public opinion are above all, which creates a special type of behavior. "And so public opinion! Spring of honor, our idol! And this is what the world revolves on!

The second time we see Petersburg is in the eighth chapter of the novel. Here, satire and sarcasm in relation to secular society sound sharper, the psychological difference between Onegin and the “empty” world is more significant. Tatyana is now a prominent figure in aristocratic society. Everything worthy and beautiful that is in secular society is concentrated in Tatyana. Placing the heroes of his novel against the backdrop of St. Petersburg and the Russian countryside, Pushkin, creating a kind of encyclopedia of Russian life, could not help but bring his heroine to Moscow, and there is a pattern in this. Pushkin could not ignore such a precious significance for the whole of Russian life as Moscow.

In the novel, Alexander Sergeevich tells about his best feelings about St. Petersburg. "Eugene Onegin" was written by the author in the period from May 9, 1823 to October 5, 1831, which falls on the period of the highest flowering of Pushkin's work as a poet. I believe that the novel is the best embodiment of St. Petersburg at all times.

Petersburg in the story "The Stationmaster"

The Stationmaster is part of the Belkin Tales series. The events of the protagonist take place in St. Petersburg. Petersburg is presented in the story in social and moral contrast - on the outskirts, in the Izmailovsky regiment, the poor and offended Vyrin lived, in the center, in an expensive hotel, the rich officer Minsky lived.

When Vyrin opened the bundle and saw the money - payment for Dunya, Vyrin threw it to the ground in bitterness and anger and stamped it with his heel. After walking a few steps, he stopped and decided to return for the money, but they were gone. “A well-dressed young man, seeing him, ran to the cab, sat down hurriedly and shouted: “Let's go!”. It is no coincidence that the action was moved to the streets of the central part of St. Petersburg - now in it, the city, the forces emanating from the offenders living in the center of the capital and defining its face were focused. The reputation of Minsky, a respectable, rich, noble nobleman, turned out to be false.

In this story, Petersburg appears to the reader in the form of a kind of evil and cold city, where everyone thinks only about money, where everyone is a stranger to each other. Cruel city. He is cruel to the main character. Lonely people live there, who have forgotten what warmth and love are. The social life and customs of Pushkin's Petersburg can be regarded as historical evidence of that era.

The image of St. Petersburg in the poem "The Bronze Horseman"

The poem "The Bronze Horseman" is a living figurative organism that does not tolerate unambiguous interpretations. The poem opens with an "Introduction", in which the image of the city occupies a dominant place, it is written in formal style. In its style, it differs sharply from the style of all other parts of the poem. Therefore, it is often perceived as an independent work. It differs from the narrative parts of the poem, first of all, by its solemnly jubilant tone. "Introduction" is often called a hymn to the great city. All other depictions of Petersburg - be it the Petersburg of Gogol, Nekrasov or Dostoevsky - are often compared with the Petersburg of the "Introduction" to Pushkin's poem "The Bronze Horseman".

The whole interest lies in the fact that a city was created that is necessary for Russia, a city for people, a city that gives back the good laid in it by its builders. The poet in the work with unprecedented strength and courage shows the historically natural contradictions of life in all their nakedness. In the poem, in a generalized figurative form, two forces are opposed - the state, personified in Peter I (and then in the symbolic image of a revived monument, the Bronze Horseman), and a person in his personal, private interests and experiences. Therefore, the author often intrudes into the description of St. Petersburg with an expression of his love for him:

“I love you, Petra creation.

I love your strict slender look,

Neva, sovereign current,

Its coastal granite ... "

In the future, the description opens up more and more new sides of the city to the reader. A glorious city appears before us: the new capital of mighty Russia, which the poet loves. And he captivates the reader with his commitment to the places of St. Petersburg dear to him. The poet sees "the sleeping masses of deserted streets", hears "the hiss of foamy glasses", but there are no people on the streets, just as there are no their faces against the background of glasses. In the first part, the appearance of St. Petersburg changes, it is no longer a magnificent "young city", but a "gloomy St. Petersburg". The city turns into a fortress besieged by the Neva. The trouble comes as if from within, the city itself takes itself by storm; everything that was unworthy of the image comes out, hidden behind the description of splendor:

"Trays under a wet veil,

Fragments of huts, logs, roofs,

thrifty commodity,

Relics of pale poverty,

Storm-blown bridges

Coffins from a blurry cemetery"

Speaking about the flood, Pushkin very vividly described the raging Neva:

"Siege! attack! evil waves,

Like thieves climbing through the windows. Cherny

With a running start, glass is smashed astern.

Trays under a wet veil,

Fragments of huts, logs, roofs,

thrifty commodity,

Relics of pale poverty,

Storm-blown bridges

A coffin from a blurry cemetery

Float through the streets!

Alas! everything perishes: shelter and food!”

And only after such a dead calm, the city comes to life: "is crowded in heaps" on the banks of the Neva, which is correlated with human fuss "like a sick person in his restless bed", then rushes "to the sea against the storm", "send ... like a petitioner at the door."

The entire first part is a picture of a national disaster, and it is at this moment that the figure of the “idol on a bronze horse” appears for the first time, which is imperturbable, unlike the living king, powerless to resist the elements.

The poem glorifies: "great thoughts" of Peter, his creation - "the city of Petrov, "the midnight countries of beauty and wonder", the new capital of the Russian state, built at the mouth of the Neva, "under the sea", "on the mossy, marshy shores", the economy " here, on their new waves, all the flags will visit us" and to establish a cultural connection with Europe, "here we are destined to cut a window to Europe with nature."

Petersburg appears as a stronghold of Russian autocracy, as a center of autocracy. The capital of Russia, created by the people, has turned into a hostile force for itself and for the individual. Pushkin, as it were, emphasizes that a city that did not arise gradually, did not grow out of the countryside, like the vast majority of other cities, but was forcibly built on this site in spite of the smooth flow of history, if it stands, then its inhabitants will have to pay for the fact that the founder practically went against the laws of nature. In the center of the city there is a monument to its founder, and Petersburg itself is a huge monument to the personality of Peter; and the contradictions of the city reflect those of its founder. Pushkin vividly describes the daily concerns of citizens of different classes.

“... And St. Petersburg is restless

Already forced by the drum.

The merchant gets up, the peddler goes,

A cabman is pulling to the stock exchange,

Austinka is in a hurry with a jug,

Beneath it, the morning snow crunches.

I woke up in the morning with a pleasant noise.

The shutters are open; pipe smoke

A column rises blue,

And a baker, a neat German,

In a paper cap, more than once

I have already opened my vasisdas.”

Petersburg here is a deeply symbolic monument to the fruitfulness of the unity of millions of people. All the images here are multi-valued, symbolic. The poet explains history and modernity through a capacious and symbolic image of St. Petersburg.

I believe that The Bronze Horseman is the most mysterious work of A.S. Pushkin. The work has a historical foundation. And the images of St. Petersburg come precisely from history. The theme of the reign of Peter is touched upon in the Work. The author talks about the city, presenting it in images. There is also an incredibly beautiful symbolism here. The totality of all the qualities of the work gives the first impression of a fairy tale, but if you think about the meaning and know the history, then the work can be considered a historical poem.

Petersburg and The Queen of Spades

The Queen of Spades was written in the Boldin autumn of 1833. Based on a mystical story. Pushkin poeticizes and glorifies not only St. Petersburg - the city, but also life and class relations in the city itself. The descriptions of the streets and parts of the city are so accurate that following them, one can find those places or houses where, by the will of the author, his characters turn out to be. Squares, gardens, boulevards and streets were imprinted in the works of Pushkin. Under the layers of restructuring that befell the Golitsina mansion, one can guess the "house of the old architecture" in one of the main streets of St. Petersburg.

There are a lot of crazy people in the capital. It is difficult to call the life of the old countess who has lost her mind and Lizaveta Ivanovna, who is tormented by her, a normal life. Young nobles - officers also play cards all night long or dance until the morning ... The life of the capital's aristocracy is empty and meaningless. In The Queen of Spades, a new image of St. Petersburg was created for the first time in literature. The capital of the empire is a city of absurd life, a city of fantastic events, incidents, dehumanizing people, disfiguring their feelings, desires, thoughts, their lives. The blind and wild power of the city over man is explained by Pushkin.

The plot may seem exaggeratedly tragic, but in fact Pushkin did not exaggerate at all. There is a well-known example of a sensational story in St. Petersburg in 1802, when Prince A.N. Golitsin, the famous spendthrift and gambler, lost his wife, Princess Maria Grigorievna, to the Moscow gentleman L.K. Razumovsky. If the same plots appear in literature and in life, it means that some mechanism has been introduced that limits the variety of possible actions. Pushkin himself was a card player, so he saw from the inside the psychology of the game, its whirlpool, calculation, excitement. Petersburg gave Pushkin a lot of life stories about chance.

The idea of ​​the illusory existence of the city of madness, falsehood and violent hostility to man receives its final form in the last reflections of the hero: he is tormented by one completely meaningless question: “Here they all rush and rush about, but who knows, maybe all this is someone’s dream , and not a single person here is real, true, not a single deed is real? Someone will suddenly wake up, who is dreaming of all this, and everything will suddenly disappear.

The ambiguity of figurative symbols made it possible to understand special character fantasy of this city, the reasons for the hostility of the capital of the empire to man, the meaning of madness, absurdity, the illusory life of people in this offending city, city, falsehood and lies. But symbolic images are inherent not only in the sphere of life of the ancient nobility, the aristocracy is worth two, - Paris and St. Petersburg. The basis of the poetics of the story is precisely symbolic images.

In the story "Queen of Spades", in my opinion, fake Petersburg is described, the theme of human lies and excitement is touched upon. Pushkin tells about the spiritually low mentality of people of high ranks. Each hero has a symbol of one or another image of St. Petersburg. The writer is annoyed by such people, and in order to give his thoughts a “zest”, he uses various images of people and symbols. It takes a genius to veil everything in such a form.

Conclusion throughout the chapter: Alexander Sergeevich Pushkin raised Petersburg very highly. He considered this city his homeland, although he was born in Moscow. He loved his city with all his broad soul, which is confirmed by his poems. But at the same time, he quite realistically assesses the inhabitants, society, culture and knows history. He describes his reflections on the history of Petrograd in the poem "The Bronze Horseman". Absolutely all bright and warm feelings, the writer lays out in the novel "Eugene Onegin". The antithesis for the novel is the story "The Stationmaster". And of course, any, even the most fabulous city is not without sins, this is described in the story "Queen of Spades". At different times, Pushkin describes Petersburg in different ways, his thoughts change as his life in it changes.

Petersburg Gogol

Gogol spent a significant part of his life in St. Petersburg. This could not but be reflected in his works. In very many of them there is an image of St. Petersburg. Gogol even wrote a whole cycle of St. Petersburg stories. Actually, I want to start with him. I will add to the work: the stories "Nevsky Prospekt", "The Nose", "The Overcoat", "The Night Before Christmas" (from the cycle: "Evenings on a Farm near Dikanka" and the play "The Government Inspector".

Images of Petersburg stories

Unlike Pushkin, who had known the new Russian capital since his teenage years, Gogol first saw Petersburg as an adult. The author shares with us his first impressions of the northern capital: “... Petersburg seemed to me not at all what I thought, I imagined it more beautiful, more magnificent ...” The writer describes the areas where he once happened to live.

"Nevsky Avenue"

The theme of Nevsky Prospekt opens the first of the "Petersburg Tales"; pages devoted to the main street of the city play the role of a prologue to the cycle as a whole. The author pronounces an ironic hymn to Nevsky Prospekt, where “it smells of one festivity”, where “greed, self-interest and need are expressed in walking and flying in karsts and on droshkys” and a quick “phantasmagoria takes place in just one day”. Nevsky Prospekt is just a beautiful reason for a strange, fantastic, half-mad city, the essence of which is revealed in the plots and characters of Petersburg Tales. In Everyday life Petersburg, Gogol notes fantastic, absurd and comical features, and in the souls of the townspeople - a combination of the ugly, touching and funny.

The appearance of the city is not only a background that sets off the events taking place in it, it is revealed in its social quality, shown in sharp and irreconcilable contrasts. Conveying these contrasts, Gogol paints Petersburg either in pathetic-romantic tones, or in its everyday "physiology", in its cruel everyday life, a humble and miserable life, which is the lot of the poor. Nevsky Prospekt is a mirror of the capital, reflecting its contrasts. Behind the brilliant splendor of Nevsky Prospekt, the other side of life, its ugly and painful sides, is even stronger and more tragic.

Nevsky Prospekt is an "exhibition", a place for showing all this arrogant, vulgar, hypocritical, which distinguishes the owners of rank and wealth. After twenty o'clock, those who are distinguished by the "nobility of their occupations and habits" appear on Nevsky Prospekt. For example: one shows a smart frock coat with the best beaver, the other shows a beautiful Greek nose, the third wears excellent sideburns, the fourth a pair of pretty eyes and an amazing hat, the fifth shows a ring with a talisman on a smart little finger, the sixth shows a leg in a charming shoe, the seventh tie, exciting surprise, the eighth - a mustache, plunging into amazement. “The best works of a man” are only his external signs - his clothes and features of his appearance: a dandy frock coat, a Greek nose, excellent sideburns, a mustache, a tie that plunges one into surprise. Behind all this there is no man, his inner content - or rather, the man here is exhausted by these external, ostentatious features. The brilliance and splendor of Nevsky Prospekt is only an appearance, only a lie and falsehood. Behind his ceremonial appearance lies the tragic fate of a modest worker. For Gogol, the “illusion” and falsity of Nevsky Prospekt express the very reality of social relations, the discrepancy between external splendor and inner emptiness and inhumanity. That is why images are so frequent in the story, emphasizing this illusiveness, the elusiveness of Nevsky Prospekt: ​​evening lighting, artificial light from lamps give everything "some kind of tempting, wonderful light."

"Nose"

"Overcoat"

Petersburg is depicted somewhat differently in the story "The Overcoat". This is a city where "little people" disappear without a trace. At the same time, there are streets in it, where it is bright at night, as during the day, with generals living on them, and streets where slops are poured directly from the windows, the shoes live here. Gogol depicted the transition from one street to another through their lighting and overcoats of officials: if on the poor streets the lighting is “skinny” and a collar on a marten overcoat is rare, then the closer to wealthy areas, the brighter the light of lanterns becomes and the more often beaver collars come across. The Overcoat describes the free time of petty officials and other poor people. So, some went to the theater or to the street, others to the evening, and still others to some other official to play cards and drink tea. Yards and "all kinds" of people sat in the evenings in small shops, spending time chatting and gossip. Gogol talks about all this in opposition to Akaky Akakievich, for whom all the entertainment consisted in copying papers. Rich people also go to the theater, walk the streets, play cards, only they buy tickets more expensive, dress better and, playing cards, drink not only tea, but also champagne.

In The Overcoat, the image of St. Petersburg is created by describing dirty streets, damp courtyards, shabby apartments, fetid staircases, “permeated through and through by that“ alcoholic smell that eats the eyes, ”gray nondescript houses, from the windows of which slops pour out.

Elements in Gogol also play important role in revealing the image of St. Petersburg: winter continues almost all year round, blowing constant wind, chilling, fantastic, incessant cold binds everything. In Gogol, the subjective sensation turns into an objective reality, time seems to stop, and the cold begins to be perceived as an enduring state of St. Petersburg. Something similar happens with the wind, which, "according to Petersburg custom", blows at once "from all directions." This philosophy of general indifference, indifference to a person, the power of money and ranks that reign in St. Petersburg, turn people into "small" and inconspicuous, doom them to gray life and death. Petersburg makes people morally crippled, and then kills them. For Gogol, Petersburg is a city of crimes, violence, darkness, a city of hell, where human life means nothing at all. This city is like a nightmare.

"The Night Before Christmas" (from the cycle: "Evenings on a farm near Dikanka")

One of the first works by Gogol, in which there is an image of St. Petersburg, is the story "The Night Before Christmas", included in the cycle "Evenings on a Farm near Dikanka". Let's analyze the image: Petersburg is described in the spirit of folk tale. Petersburg appears before us as a beautiful, fabulous city, where the majestic and powerful Empress lives. It seems that the image of St. Petersburg is based on the faith of the people in a kind, just tsar. But still, in the image of St. Petersburg there are some signs of something unnatural. In "Night ..." Petersburg is not yet a city of hell, but a fantastic city alien to Vakula. Vakula, having flown in on the line, having seen both sorcerers, and sorceresses, and evil spirits along the way, once in Petersburg, is very surprised. For him, St. Petersburg is a city where all wishes can come true. Everything is unusual and new for him: “... knock, thunder, shine; four-storied walls pile up on both sides, the sound of a horse's hooves, the sound of a wheel ... houses grew ... bridges trembled; carriages flew, cabbies shouted. There are motifs of disorderly movement, chaos. It is characteristic that the devil feels quite natural in Petersburg. Gogol shows the city through sounds and light. In this fairy-tale world, it seems to Vakula that even houses come to life and look at him from all sides. Perhaps Gogol himself experienced similar impressions when he first arrived in St. Petersburg. About the unusually bright light that came from the lanterns, Vakula says: “My God, what a light! We don't get that much light during the day." The palace here is simply fabulous. All the things in it are amazing: the staircase, the painting, and even the locks. The people in the palace are also fabulous: all in satin dresses or golden uniforms. Vakula sees one gleam and nothing else. In The Night Before Christmas, Petersburg is bright, dazzling, deafening and incredible in every way.

"Inspector"

Petersburg looks completely different in the comedy The Inspector General. Here it is much more real. It does not have that fabulousness that is present in The Night Before Christmas, it is almost a real city in which rank and money decide everything. In The Inspector General we meet two stories about Petersburg - Osip and Khlestakov. In the first case, this is a story about normal Petersburg, which is seen by a servant of a petty official. He does not describe any incredible luxury, but talks about the real entertainments available to him and his master: theaters, dancing dogs and cab rides. Well, what he likes most of all is that all people talk very politely: “Habbery, damn it, treatment!” Khlestakov draws a completely different Petersburg for us. This is no longer Petersburg with merchants and dancing dogs, but Petersburg with servility and unimaginable luxury. This is Petersburg of the dreams of a petty official who wants to become a general and live in grand style. If at first he simply assigns himself a higher rank, then at the end of his story he is already practically a field marshal, and his exaggerations reach truly incredible proportions: soup that arrived on a steamer from Paris, a seven-hundred-ruble watermelon. In general, Petersburg in Khlestakov's dreams is a city where he has a lot of money and a high rank, so he lives in luxury and everyone fears and reveres him. The hero is so lied that he himself no longer realizes where the truth is, and where his endless lie is. He is no longer in this world, but somewhere in the bowels of his dreams and lies. Trying to be like secular trendsetters in everything, provincials lose their true face, so their behavior looks unnatural and somewhat ridiculous. Gogol ridicules this vicious feature not only of the provinces, but also of both capitals, since both the image of St. Petersburg and Moscow were equal in everything to the standard of Western European life and, thereby, also lost their national roots.

The county town described in The Government Inspector is a collective image, it is the whole of Russia in miniature. In terms of the abundance of all sorts of abuses here, it cannot be called real, but at the same time it is typical. Gogol managed to display in a relatively small work all aspects of Russian life in the 30s of the 19th century, all its pressing problems. On the pages of comedy, the author brought all sections of the urban population. This is the bureaucracy, and the merchants, and the bourgeoisie, and urban landlords. The only thing missing here is the army and the clergy, who were not subordinate to the city authorities.

MBOU Losevskaya secondary school No. 1

RESEARCH WORK

Two people standing side by side see each their own rainbow! Because at every moment the rainbow is formed by the refraction of the sun's rays in new and new drops. Raindrops are falling. The place of the fallen drop is occupied by another and manages to send its colored rays into the rainbow, followed by the next one, and so on.

Prepared by: Stezhkina Anastasia, 8th grade student (297-484-170)

Scientific adviser: Zaporozhtseva Olga Ivanovna (physics teacher) 9289-089-552)

With. Losevo 2015

1. Introduction ………………………………………………………………………………………………….3

2. What is a rainbow, history of research ……………………………………………………………….4

3.Rainbow in mythology and religion …………………………………………………………………………….5

4. Research history …………………………………………………………………………………..6

5.Physics of the rainbow ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

5.1. Where does the rainbow come from? Observation conditions ……………………………………………….7

5.2.Why does the rainbow have the shape of an arc …………………………………………………………………..8

5.3. Rainbow coloring and secondary rainbow ……………………………………………………………..10

5.4. The reason for the rainbow is the refraction and dispersion of light ……………………………………………….11

11

5.4.2. "Newton" in a drop ……………………………………………………………………………….11

5.4.3. Scheme of rainbow formation ……………………………………………………………………...11

6. Unusual rainbows ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

7.Rainbow and associated terms …………………………………………………………………...15

8. Conclusion …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 8. 8. Conclusion……………………………………………… 16

9. Literature used ……………………………………………………………………………...17

1. INTRODUCTION

Once, being in nature (on a hike), we observed a rather beautiful phenomenon - a rainbow. The beauty of what we saw simply fascinated us, although it was not the first time we saw a rainbow. This time she was extraordinarily juicy, big, and that made her seem even more beautiful. And after a while, behind the first rainbow, a second appeared. This is what amazed us. We immediately had quite a lot of surveys, which we later formulated in our project.

Project goals:

Understand how a rainbow is formed.

Why does it always form at the same angle?

Why is the rainbow shaped like an arc?

Rainbow: main and side. What is the difference?

Why is the name of Isaac Newton associated with the rainbow in the scientific world?

And so our research began.

2.WHAT IS A RAINBOW

A rainbow is not an object at all, but an optical phenomenon. This phenomenon occurs due to the refraction of light rays in drops of water, and all this only during rain. That is, a rainbow is not an object, but just a play of light. But what beautiful game, need to say!

In fact, the arc familiar to the human eye is only a part of a multi-colored circle. In its entirety, this natural phenomenon can only be seen from the aircraft, and even then only with a sufficient degree of observation.

The first studies of the shape of the rainbow were carried out in the 17th century by the French philosopher and mathematician René Descartes. For this, the scientist used a glass ball filled with water, which made it possible to imagine how the sun's ray is reflected in a raindrop, refracted and thereby becoming visible.

To remember the sequence of colors in the rainbow (or spectrum), there are special simple phrases - in them the first letters correspond to the first letters of the color names:

• How once Zhakk - Z vonar Head C broke the Lantern.
• Every hunter Wishes to know Where is the Pheasant.

Memorize them - and you can easily draw a rainbow at any time!

The first to explain the nature of the rainbow was Aristotle . He determined that "a rainbow is an optical phenomenon, not a material object."

An elementary explanation of the phenomenon of the rainbow was given as early as 1611 by A. de Dominy in his work "De Radiis Visus et Lucis", then developed by Descartes ("Les météores", 1637) and fully developed by Newton in his "Optics" (1750) .

The rainbow from one drop is weak, and in nature it cannot be seen separately, since there are many drops in the curtain of rain. The rainbow that we see in the sky is formed by myriads of drops. Each drop creates a series of nested colored funnels (or cones). But from a single drop, only one colored ray enters the rainbow. The eye of the observer is common point, in which colored rays from many drops intersect. For example, all the red rays that come out of different drops, but at the same angle and hit the observer's eye, form a red arc of the rainbow. All orange and other colored rays also form arcs. Therefore, the rainbow is round.

3. RAINBOW IN MYTHOLOGY AND RELIGION

People have long thought about the nature of this most beautiful natural phenomenon. Humanity has associated the rainbow with many beliefs and legends. In ancient Greek mythology, for example, a rainbow is the road between heaven and earth, along which the messenger between the world of the gods and the world of people, Irida, walked. In China, it was believed that the rainbow is a heavenly dragon, the union of Heaven and Earth. In Slavic myths and legends, a rainbow was considered a magical heavenly bridge thrown from heaven to earth, a road along which angels descend from heaven to draw water from rivers. They pour this water into the clouds and from there it falls as life-giving rain.

Superstitious people believed that the rainbow is a bad sign. They believed that the souls of the dead pass into the other world along the rainbow, and if a rainbow appeared, this means someone's imminent death.

The rainbow also appears in many folk omens associated with weather forecasting. For example, a high and steep rainbow portends good weather, while a low and flat one portends bad weather.

Of course, since ancient times, people have tried to explain the rainbow. In Africa, for example, it was believed that the rainbow is huge snake, which periodically crawls out of oblivion to perform its dark deeds. However, intelligible explanations regarding this optical miracle could only be given towards the end of the seventeenth century. Then the famous Rene Descartes lived little by little. It was he who was the first to be able to simulate the refraction of rays in a water drop. In his research, Descartes used a glass ball filled with water. However, until the end, he could not explain the secret of the rainbow. But Newton, who replaced this very ball with a prism, managed to decompose a beam of light into a spectrum.

SUMMARY:

• IN Scandinavian mythologyrainbow is a bridgeBifrost connecting Midgard(human world) and Asgard (world of the gods).
• In ancient Indianmythology- onion Indra god of thunder and lightning.
• IN ancient Greek mythology- road irides , messengers between the worlds of gods and people.
• By SlavicIt is believed that a rainbow, like a snake, drinks water from lakes, rivers and seas, which then rains.
• Irish leprechaunhides a pot of gold in the place where the rainbow touched the ground.
• By Chuvash According to popular beliefs, if you pass through a rainbow, you can change gender.
• IN biblerainbow came afterglobal flood as a symbol of the forgiveness of mankind, and is a symbol of the union (in Hebrew - Brit) of God and mankind (in the person of Noah) that the flood will never happen again. (Hebrew chapter)

4.HISTORY OF RAINBOW RESEARCH

Persian astronomerQutb al-Din al-Shirazi(1236-1311), and possibly his studentKamal al-din al-Farisi (1260-1320), apparently, was the first who gave a fairly accurate explanation of the phenomenon.

The general physical picture of the rainbow has been described in1611Mark Antony de Dominis in De radiis visus et lucis in vitris perspectivis et iride. On the basis of experimental observations, he came to the conclusion that a rainbow is obtained as a result of reflection from the inner surface of a rain drop and double refraction - when entering the drop and exiting it.

Rene Descartesgave a fuller explanation of the rainbow inyear in his work "Meteors" in the chapter "On the Rainbow".

Although the multicolor spectrum of the rainbow is continuous,traditions it has 7 colors. It is believed that the first chose the number 7Isaac Newton, for which the numberhad a specialsymbolic value (according to Pythagorean, theological or numerological considerations). Moreover, initially he distinguished only five colors - red, yellow, green, blue and violet, which he wrote about in his Optics. But later, trying to create a correspondence between the number of colors of the spectrum and the number of fundamental tones of the musical scale, Newton added to the five listed two more colors of the spectrum.

5. RAINBOW PHYSICS

5.1. Where does the rainbow come from? Observation conditions

Rainbows can only be seen before or after rain. And only if, simultaneously with the rain, the sun breaks through the clouds, when the sun illuminates the veil of falling rain and the observer is between the sun and the rain. What is happening? The rays of the sun pass through the raindrops. And each such droplet works like a prism. That is, it decomposes the white light of the Sun into its components - the rays of red, orange, yellow, green, deep, blue and purple. Moreover, the droplets deflect light in different ways. different colors, as a result of which white light decomposes into a multi-colored band, which is called spectrum.

You can only see a rainbow if you are directly between the sun (it should be behind you) and the rain (it should be in front of you). Otherwise, you won't see the rainbow!

Sometimes, very rarely, a rainbow is observed under the same conditions and when a rain cloud is illuminated by the moon. The same phenomenon of a rainbow is sometimes noticed when the sun illuminates water dust that is carried in the air near a fountain or waterfall. When the sun is covered with light clouds, the first rainbow sometimes seems completely uncolored and appears as a whitish arc, lighter than the background of the sky; such a rainbow is called white.

Observations of the phenomenon of the rainbow have shown that its arcs represent regular parts of circles, the center of which always lies on a line passing through the head of the observer and the sun; since in this way the center of the rainbow lies below the horizon with a high sun, the observer sees only a small part of the arc; at sunset and sunrise, when the sun is on the horizon, the rainbow appears as a half-arc of a circle. From the very top high mountains, from a balloon you can see the rainbow in the form of most of the arc of a circle, since under these conditions the center of the rainbow is located above the visible horizon.

CONCLUSION: A rainbow appears only when suitable conditions are created for this. Sunlight should shine at your back, and raindrops should fall somewhere ahead. (Because a rainbow needs a bright sunlight, this means that the downpour has already gone further or even passed by, and you are facing it.)

5.2. Why is the rainbow shaped like an arc.

Why is the rainbow semicircular? People have been asking this question for a long time. In some African myths, a rainbow is a snake that encircles the Earth in a ring. But now we know that a rainbow is an optical phenomenon - the result of the refraction of light rays in water droplets during rain. But why do we see the rainbow in the form of an arc, and not, for example, in the form of a vertical colored stripe?

Here the law of optical refraction comes into force, in which the beam, passing through a raindrop located in a certain position in space, undergoes 42-fold refraction and becomes visible to the human eye precisely in the form of a circle. Here is just a part of this circle you are accustomed to observe.

The shape of a rainbow is determined by the shape of the water droplets in which sunlight is refracted. And water droplets are more or less spherical (round). Passing through the drop and being refracted in it, a beam of white sunlight is transformed into a series of colored funnels inserted one into the other, facing the observer. The outer funnel is red, orange is inserted into it, yellow, then comes green, etc., ending with the inner violet. Thus, each individual drop forms a whole rainbow.

Of course, the rainbow from one drop is weak, and in nature it is impossible to see it separately, since there are many drops in the curtain of rain. The rainbow that we see in the sky is formed by myriads of drops. Each drop creates a series of nested colored funnels (or cones). But from a single drop, only one colored ray enters the rainbow. The observer's eye is a common point at which colored rays from many drops intersect. For example, all the red rays that come out of different drops, but at the same angle and hit the observer's eye, form a red arc of the rainbow. All orange and other colored rays also form arcs. Therefore, the rainbow is round.

The rainbow is a huge curved spectrum. To an observer on the ground, a rainbow usually looks like an arc - part of a circle, and the higher the observer is, the fuller the rainbow. From a mountain or an airplane, you can also see the full circle!

It is interesting to note that two people standing side by side and observing a rainbow see it each in their own way! All this is due to the fact that at every single moment of viewing, a rainbow is constantly formed in new drops of water. That is, one drop falls, and another appears instead. Also, the appearance and color of the rainbow depends on the size of the water droplets. The larger the raindrops, the brighter the rainbow will be. The most intense color in the rainbow is red. If the drops are small, then the rainbow will be wider with a pronounced orange color on the edge. I must say that we perceive the longest wavelength of light as red, and the shortest - as violet. This applies not only to cases of observing the rainbow, but in general to everything and everyone. That is, you can now smart look comment on the condition, size and color of the rainbow, as well as all other objects visible to the human eye.

Two people standing side by side see each their own rainbow! Because at every moment the rainbow is formed by the refraction of the sun's rays in new and new drops. Raindrops are falling. The place of the fallen drop is occupied by another and manages to send its colored rays to the rainbow, followed by the next one, and so on.

The type of rainbow also depends on the shape of the drops. When falling in the air, large drops are flattened and lose their sphericity. The stronger the flattening of the droplets, the smaller the radius of the rainbow they form.

In fact, a rainbow is not a semicircle, but a circle. It’s just that we don’t see it in full, because the center of the rainbow circle lies on the same line as our eyes. For example, from an airplane you can see a full, round rainbow, although this is extremely rare, because on airplanes they usually look at beautiful neighbors, or eat hamburgers while playing AngryBirds. So why is the rainbow shaped like a semicircle? All this is because the raindrops that form a rainbow are clumps of water with a rounded surface. The light coming out of this very drop reflects its surface. That's the whole secret.

CONCLUSION: The type of rainbow also depends on the shape of the drops. When falling in the air, large drops are flattened and lose their sphericity. The stronger the flattening of the droplets, the smaller the radius of the rainbow they form. The arc of the rainbow is just a segment of the circle of light, in the center of the viewing sector of which is the observer, that is, you. And the higher you stand, the more complete the rainbow will be

The type of rainbow - the width of the arcs, the presence, location and brightness of individual color tones, the position of additional arcs - is very dependent on the size of the raindrops. The larger the raindrops, the narrower and brighter the rainbow is. Characteristic of large drops is the presence of saturated red color in the main rainbow. Numerous additional arcs also have bright colors and directly, without gaps, adjoin the main rainbows. The smaller the droplets, the wider and faded the rainbow with an orange or yellow edge. Additional arcs are further apart both from each other and from the main rainbows. Thus, by the appearance of the rainbow, one can approximately estimate the size of the raindrops that formed this rainbow.

5.3 Rainbow coloration and secondary rainbow

The color of the rainbow ring is caused by the refraction of sunlight in spherical raindrops, their reflection from the surface of the drops, as well as diffraction (from Latin diffractus - broken) and interference (from Latin inter - mutually and ferio - hit) reflected rays of different wavelengths.

Sometimes you can see another, less bright rainbow around the first one. This is a secondary rainbow in which the light is reflected twice in the drop. In the secondary rainbow, the “inverted” order of colors is purple on the outside, and red on the inside:

The inner, most often visible arc is colored red from the outer edge, purple from the inner; between them in the usual order of the solar spectrum are the colors: (red), orange, yellow, green, blue and violet. The second, less frequently observed arc lies above the first, is usually more weakly colored, and the order of the colors in it is reversed. The part of the firmament inside the first arc usually appears very bright, the part of the firmament above the second arc appears less bright, while the annular space between the arcs appears dark. Sometimes, in addition to these two main elements of the rainbow, additional arcs are observed, representing faint colored fuzzy bands bordering the upper part of the inner edge of the first rainbow and less often the upper part. outer edge second rainbow

Sometimes you can see another, less bright rainbow around the first one. This is a secondary rainbow in which the light is reflected twice in the drop. In the secondary rainbow, the "inverted" order of colors - outside isvioletand red inside. The angular radius of the secondary rainbow is 50-53°. The sky between two rainbows usually has a noticeably darker hue.

In the mountains and other places where the air is very clean, you can observe the third rainbow (angular radius of the order of 60 °).

Blurring and blurring of the colors of the rainbow is explained by the fact that the source of illumination is not a point, but the whole surface - the sun, and that separate sharper rainbows formed by individual points of the sun are superimposed on each other. If the sun shines through a veil of thin clouds, then the luminous source is a cloud surrounding the sun for 2-3 ° and the individual colored bands are so superimposed on each other that the eye no longer distinguishes colors, but sees only a colorless light arc - white rainbow.

Since raindrops increase as they approach the earth, additional rainbows can be clearly visible only when light is refracted and reflected in high layers of the rain veil, that is, at a low sun height and only at the upper parts of the first and second rainbows. A complete theory of the white rainbow was given by Pertner in 1897. The question has often been raised whether different observers see the same rainbow and whether a rainbow seen in the still mirror of a large water reservoir represents a reflection of a directly observed rainbow.

CONCLUSION: A rainbow occurs when the sunlight experiencing refractionin droplets of water falling slowly intoair . These droplets deflect light differently different colors , resulting inwhitelight breaks down intorange . It seems to us that from space along concentriccircles (arcs ) emits a multi-colored glow. In this case, the source of bright light is always located behind the back of the observer. Later it was measured thatRed lightdeviates by 137degrees 30 minutes and violet at 139°20')

5.4. The reason for the rainbow is the refraction and dispersion of light

Quite simply: Simply put, the appearance of a rainbow can be deduced from the following formula: light is refracted as it passes through raindrops. And it refracts because water has a higher density than air. White color, as you know, consists of seven primary colors. It is quite clear that all colors have different wavelengths. And this is where the whole secret lies. When a sunbeam passes through a drop of water, it refracts each wave differently.

And now in more detail.

5.4.1. EXPERIMENTS OF NEWTON

Newton, when improving optical instruments, noticed that the image was painted at the edges in an iridescent color. He was interested in this phenomenon. He began to explore it in more detail. Ordinary white light was passed through the prism, and a spectrum similar to the colors of the rainbow could be observed on the screen. At first, Newton thought that it was the prism that colored the white. As a result of numerous experiments, it was possible to find out that the prism does not color, but decomposes the white color into a spectrum.

CONCLUSION: rays of different colors come out of the prism at different angles.

5.4.2. "NEWTON" IN DROPS

When passing through raindrops, light is refracted (bent to the side) because water has a higher density than air. It is known that the white color consists of seven primary colors - red, orange, yellow, green, blue, indigo and violet. These colors have different wavelengths, and the drop refracts each wave to a different degree as the sun's ray passes through it. Thus, the waves are of different lengths and, therefore, the colors come out of the drop already in slightly different directions. What was at first a single beam of rays has now disintegrated into its natural colors, each traveling its own path.

Colored rays, hitting the inner wall of the drop and bending even more, can even go out through the same side as they entered. And as a result, you see how the rainbow scattered its colors across the sky in an arc.

Each drop reflects all colors. But from your fixed position on earth, you only perceive certain colors from certain drops. The droplets reflect red and orange colors most clearly, so they reach your eyes from the topmost droplets. Blues and violets are less reflective, so you see them from the droplets a little lower. Yellow and green reflect the drops that are in the middle. Put all the colors together and you have a rainbow.

5.4.3 RAINBOW FORMATION SCHEME

1) spherical a drop ,

2) internal reflection,

3) primary rainbow,

4) refraction ,

5) secondary rainbow,

6) an incoming beam of light,

7) the course of the rays during the formation of the primary rainbow,

8) the course of rays during the formation of a secondary rainbow,

9) observer, 10-12) region of rainbow formation.

Most often observedprimary rainbowwhere light undergoes one internal reflection. The path of the rays is shown in the figure at the top right. In the primordial rainbowRed colorlocated outside the arc, its cornerradius is 40-42°.

PHYSICAL EXPLANATION

Observations over the rainbow have shown that the angle formed by two lines mentally drawn from the observer's eyes to the center of the arc of the rainbow and to its circumference, or the angular radius of the rainbow, is an approximately constant value and equal to about 41 ° for the first rainbow, 52 ° for the second. An elementary explanation of the phenomenon of the rainbow was given as early as 1611 by A. de Dominy in his work "De Radiis Visus et Lucis", then developed by Descartes ("Les météores", 1637) and fully developed by Newton in his "Optics" (1750) . According to this explanation, the phenomenon of the rainbow occurs due to the refraction and total internal reflection (see Dioptric) of the sun's rays in raindrops. If a ray SA falls on a spherical drop of liquid, then (Fig. 1), having undergone refraction in the direction AB, it can be reflected from the back surface of the drop in the direction BC and exit, again being refracted, in the direction CD.

The beam, which otherwise fell on the drop, can, however, at point C (Fig. 2) be reflected a second time along CD and exit, refracted, in the direction DE.

If not one ray, but a whole beam of parallel rays falls on the drop, then, as is proved in optics, all the rays that have undergone one internal reflection in the water drop will emerge from the drop in the form of a diverging cone of rays (Fig. 3), the axis of which is located along in the direction of the incident rays. In fact, the beam of rays emerging from the drop does not represent a regular cone, and even all the rays that make it up do not intersect at one point, only for simplicity in the following drawings these beams are taken as regular cones with a vertex in the center of the drop

The angle of the opening of the cone depends on the refractive index (see Dioptric) of the liquid, and since the refractive index for rays of different colors (of different wavelengths) that make up the white sunbeam is not the same, the angle of the opening of the cone will be different for rays of different colors, namely for purple will be less than red. As a result, the cone will be bordered by a colored rainbow edge, red from the outside, purple inside, and if the drop is water, then half of the corner hole of the cone SOR for red it will be about 42 °, for purple ( SOV ) 40.5°. A study of the distribution of light inside the cone shows that almost all the light is concentrated in this colored border of the cone and is extremely weak in its central parts; thus, we can only consider the bright colored shell of the cone, since all its internal rays are too weak to be perceived by sight.

A similar study of rays reflected twice in a drop of water will show us that they will emerge in the same conical iris. V"R" (Fig. 3), but red from the inner edge, purple from the outer, and for a water drop, half of the corner hole of the second cone will be equal to 50 ° for red ( SOR" ) and 54° for the purple edge ( SOV) .

Imagine now that the observer whose eye is at the point ABOUT (fig. 4), looking at a row of vertical raindrops A, B, C, D, E... , illuminated by parallel rays of the sun going in the direction SA, SB, SC etc.; let all these drops be located in a plane passing through the eye of the observer and the sun; each such drop will, according to the previous one, emit two conical light shells, the common axis of which will be the sunbeam falling on the drop.

Let the drop located so that one of the rays forming the inner shell of the first (inner) cone, when continued, will pass through the eye of the observer; then the observer will see IN purple dot. A little higher than a drop IN drop C will be located such that the beam coming from the outer surface of the shell of the first cone will enter the eye and give it the impression of a red dot in WITH ; drops intermediate between B and C will give the eye the impression of dots of blue, green, yellow and orange. In sum, the eye will see in this plane a vertical rainbow line with a violet end at the bottom and a red one at the top; if we go through Oh and the sun line SO, then the angle formed by it with the line OV , will be equal to the half-hole of the first cone for violet rays, i.e. 40.5 °, and the angle KOS will be equal to the half-opening of the first cone for red rays, i.e. 42 °. If you turn the corner KOV around OK then OV will describe a conical surface and each drop lying on the circle of intersection of this surface with a rain veil will give the impression of a bright purple point, and all the points together will give a purple arc of a circle centered at TO ; in the same way, red and intermediate arcs are formed, and in total the eye will receive the impression of a light rainbow arc, purple inside, red outside - first rainbow.

Applying the same reasoning to the second outer light cone shell emitted by drops and formed by solar rays reflected twice in a drop, we obtain a wider second concentric rainbow with cfu angle, equal for the inner red edge - 50 °, and for the outer purple - 54 °. Due to the double reflection of light in the drops that give this second rainbow, it will be much less bright than the first. Drops D, lying between C and E, they do not emit light at all into the eye, and therefore the space between the two rainbows will appear dark; from the drops below B and above E, white rays will enter the eye, emanating from the central parts of the cones and therefore very weak; this explains why the space under the first and above the second rainbow seems to us dimly lit.

CONCLUSION: The elementary theory of the rainbow clearly indicates that different observers see rainbows formed by different raindrops, i.e., different rainbows, and that the apparent reflection of a rainbow is that rainbow that an observer placed under a reflecting surface at such a distance down from it would see on which he is above her. Observed in rare cases, especially at sea, intersecting eccentric rainbows are explained by the reflection of light from the water surface behind the observer and the appearance, thus, of two sources of light (the sun and its reflection), each giving its own rainbow.

6. UNUSUAL RAINBOWS

On a bright moonlit night, you can see a pale rainbow fromMoon. However, the humancircle .

A simple rainbow-arc is usually observed, but under certain circumstances you can see a double rainbow, and from an airplane - an inverted or even annular one.

rainbow in the forest rainbow from the plane

rainbow in the clouds rainbow over the sea

We are accustomed to seeing the rainbow as an arc. In fact, this arc is only part of a multi-colored circle. In its entirety, this natural phenomenon can only be observed at high altitude, for example, from an airplane.

There is such a group optical phenomena called the halo. They are caused by the refraction of light rays by tiny ice crystals in cirrus clouds and mists. Most often, halos form around the Sun or Moon. Here is an example of such a phenomenon - a spherical rainbow around the Sun: 8. CONCLUSION

Research completed. Rainbow - the arc is "decomposed" into seven colors - the spectrum. All questions have been answered. I was very interested in doing this research. I learned a lot about this beautiful phenomenon. When I described the double rainbow, I really wanted to observe this phenomenon myself, and not see it in the pictures. And I'm lucky. Recently, after a rain, I was lucky enough to observe a double rainbow. This is an even more beautiful bewitching phenomenon. Before, I didn’t even suspect what was the reason for the appearance of the rainbow, why its colors are arranged exactly in a certain order ... When I studied this phenomenon more similarly, it even seemed to me that I began to observe it more often, and most importantly, I began to UNDERSTAND this wonderful phenomenon .

9. USED LITERATURE

1.Internet materials have been widely used

2.physics for grade 11

3.physical encyclopedia

Pedagogical project in the middle group "Why is it raining"

Position: educator

Place of work: MOU kindergarten № 199

PROJECT MATRIX "Why it rains"

About the project:

Type
: research, subgroup (5 people) short-term: 2 weeks
Objective of the project:
expand children's understanding of the causes of rain
Project tasks:
- to teach a child to understand the relationship of phenomena in nature (sun-part-cloud-rain) - to expand knowledge about the properties of water, its various states (liquid, gaseous, solid) - the formation of the prerequisites for search activity, the creation of the necessary conditions for this with the help of an adult, and then independently - involving parents in participating in joint activities.
Project relevance
The propensity for research is characteristic of all children without exception. The child strives for knowledge, and the assimilation itself occurs through numerous “why”, “how”, “why”. Children at preschool age are characterized by learning ability, the strength and depth of emotions and impressions, because everything that is learned during this period turns out to be especially strong and serves as the basis for further learning and personal development. Subject-research activity develops and consolidates the cognitive attitude of the child to the world around him. One of the objects of attention of children in the group was such a natural phenomenon as rain. This was the reason for creating this project.

Expected Result:
- children will acquire knowledge and ideas about a natural phenomenon - rain - they will learn the concept of "water cycle in nature" - interest in research activities- knowledge about the various states of water will expand - learn how to conduct simple experiments with parents, and then independently - they will learn to plan the stages of their actions, analyze and draw conclusions
Equipment:
for experimentation: a kettle with boiling water, glass, cotton pads, a saucer. for practical activities: a fairy tale about the “Droplet” by Maria Shkurina, a poem for a physical education minute “Rain”, a fairy tale by Gianni Rodari “The Sun and a Cloud”. for artistic creativity: Gouache, pencil, A4 sheet, brushes, napkins.

Stages:
The project implementation is designed for 2 weeks № Stages Goal Timeframe 1. Preparatory and design identification of the problem - why is it raining? - develop a project plan, involve parents in joint activities - determine the goals and objectives of the project - collect material on this topic (use of a dictionary, specialized literature, the Internet) - prepare equipment and create conditions for conducting experiments at home 08.10.14-13.10. 14 2. Practical - observing the rain - looking at pictures and illustrations about natural phenomena - Conducting a physical training minute "Rain" and learning the poem of the same name. - reading the fairy tale "The Sun and the Cloud" by Gianni Rodari - Reading the fairy tale "The Journey of a Droplet" by Maria Shkurina. - Drawing “It will rain soon” - Conducting an experiment in a group (cotton wool, water) - Conducting an experiment with parents (teapot, glass) - Creating a poster "The water cycle in nature" 13.10.14-20.10.14 results and evaluate them; View videos with experiments recorded in the group and at home. 20.10.14.- 22.10.14.

Analysis emotional state children involved in the project.
Children's interest in research activities increased, they were very surprised by the result of experimentation. Throughout the implementation of the project, all participants had a positive emotional mood; Children were happy to participate in various types of joint activities. The most joyful and long-awaited stage for children was watching videos with experiments made in the group, as well as at home.

Conclusions:
As a result of the work carried out with children, the goal set earlier was achieved. Children acquired knowledge and ideas about rain, learned the concept of “water cycle in nature”, expanded knowledge about the various states of water (learned that steam, ice, snow are also water), learned to conduct simple experiments, enriched the subject-developing environment of the group (in "center of knowledge" appeared a poster "the water cycle in nature").

Bibliography:
1. Journal "Educator of the preschool educational institution" No. 6, 2013 2. I. E, Kulikovskaya, N. N. Sovgir, Children's experimentation, 2003 3. G. P. Tugusheva, A. E. Chistyakova Experimental activity of middle and preschool age, 2007 4. Gianni Rodari. Tales 5. The Tale of a Little Droplet 6. Bondarenko T.M. “Ecological activities with children 6-7 years old”. 7. Gorkova L.G., Kochergina A.V., Obukhova L.A. "Scenarios for classes on environmental education of preschoolers." M.; WAKO, 2005