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Numeral is a part of speech that expresses the meaning of quantity (number). Numerals answer the question “how many?”

Grammatical features of numerals:

1) numerals change according to cases (two, two, two, etc.);

2) numerals do not change according to numbers; exception: one, whose grammatical properties are similar to adjectives;

3) numerals do not have a gender category. Exception: one and a half, two, both (feminine - one and a half, two, both, and the general form for masculine and neuter gender is one and a half, two, both).At the word one 3 generic forms, like adjectives - one, one, one;

4) numerals do not have an animate/inanimate category; numerals two, both, three, four agree in animate/inanimate with masculine nouns ( I see three tables But three elephants);

5) when combined with nouns, numerals are in the form of the nominative case (for inanimate nouns - in the form of the accusative case) manage nouns requiring a singular or plural genitive form ( two tables, five trees). Forms singular only numerals are required one and a half, two, both, three, four. In oblique case forms, numerals agree with the nouns in case ( two tables, two tables, about two tables). The combination of a numeral with a noun is an indivisible member of a sentence.

Digits of numerals by composition.

Highlight:

1) simple, which are one word with one root (non-derivative): two, ten;

2) complex, which are one word with two or more roots: fifty, three hundred, six hundred;

3) compounds, consisting of several simple or complex numerals : twenty five, one hundred thirty two and a half.

The structure of compound numerals includes words from other parts of speech, which compensate for the absence of corresponding numerals. N., as part of the numeral two thousand one hundred word used thousand, which has the grammatical characteristics of a noun: categories of gender, animate/inanimate, number. But when the words thousand, million, billion, quarter, half and so on. are included in the numerals, they lose their functional independence and are not isolated from the structure of the compound numeral. The structure of compound numerals may include function words: eight With half.

Places of numerals by value.

There are cardinal and ordinal numbers.

Quantitative numerals denote abstract numbers ( five) and number of items ( five tables) and answer the question “how much?” Cardinal numbers are integers ( five), fractional ( five sevenths) and collective ( five).

Whole cardinal numbers stand for whole numbers or quantities. Whole cardinal numbers are combined with counting nouns, that is, with nouns that denote objects that can be counted in pieces.

Fractional cardinal numbers denote fractional numbers or quantities and are combined as with counting nouns ( two thirds of candy), and with uncountable nouns ( two thirds water), but cannot be combined with animate nouns.

Collective numbers denote the number of objects as a whole. Collective numbers include the words both, two, three, four, five, six, seven, etc.. Collective numbers have limited compatibility. They combine only with certain nouns:

1) with nouns that name male persons (two men); the numeral both is also combined with nouns denoting female persons (both women);

2) with nouns person, person, child (five people, persons, children);

3) with the names of baby animals (seven kids);

4) with nouns that have only plural forms (two sleighs). These nouns are combined mainly with the numerals two, three and four;

5) with nouns naming paired objects (two socks); two socks are two socks, and two socks are four socks, i.e. two pairs of socks;

6) with personal pronouns we, you, they (there weren’t two of them).

Ordinal numbers indicate the order of objects when counting (first, second, fifth, one hundred and twenty-fifth) and answer the question “which?”

The meaning of the numeral name, its morphological characteristics and syntactic function

Numeral - this is an independent part of speech that indicates the number and order of objects when counting and answers questions How many? which?

Initial form numeral name- nominative case form.

According to the expressed meaning and grammatical features numerals are divided into two groups: 1) quantitative (two, twelve, twenty two), 2) ordinal (second, twelfth, twenty-second). Quantitative numerals are divided into three grammatical categories: 1) numerals, denoting integers, 2) numerals, denoting fractional numbers, 3) collective.

numerals stand out: 1) simple (five, five, fifteen, twenty), 2) complex (fifty, fiftieth), 3) compound (one hundred fifteen, two hundred fifty-second, two fifths).

Numerals change according to cases, and ordinal ones also according to numbers and genders.

In a sentence names numerals more often act as a subject, predicate, definition, less often - as a nominal part compound predicate and circumstances. For example:

We - two lighted by a thunderstorm trunk,

Two flames midnight boron!

We - two flying in the night meteor,

Same fate, two-pronged arrow!

We - two horses whose bit is holding

One hand, - one sarcastic them spur;

Two eyes we are the only gaze,

One's dreams two reverent wing.

We are a grieving couple of two shadows

Over the marble of the divine tomb,

Where the ancient Beauty rests.

Two-voiced lips of common secrets,

To ourselves we are the only Sphinx both.

We - Two arms single cross.

(Vyach. Ivanov)

Quantitative numerals in combination with nouns they are one member of a sentence in the forms I.p. and V.p. In other cases they are different members offers. Wed: stood on the table three cups. - There were three cups missing on the table. The combination of an ordinal number with a noun is not one member of a sentence. For example: I love the evening light, and the first lights, and the pale sky, where the stars are not yet visible (V. Bryusov).

Lexico-grammatical categories of numerals

Based on their meaning and grammatical features, there are several types of numerals. The numeral system can be represented as a diagram:

Types of numerals by structure

According to the peculiarities of word formation in the composition numerals stand out: 1) simple (seven, seventh, seventeen, twenty), 2) complex (seventy, seventieth), 3) compound (one hundred and twenty, three hundred and fifty-three, six-fifths).

Numerals from “eleven” to “nineteen”, as well as “twenty”, “thirty” in modern Russian are simple: fifteen, fifteen, twenty, twenty.

The components can be quantitative numerals, denoting integers (thirty six, one thousand twenty five) fractional numbers (five sevenths, three eighths), mixed number (five point one two, seven point three eighths) and ordinal numerals (one hundred sixteenth, one thousand twenty-five).

Cardinal numbers

Cardinal numbers denote the number of whole units of counted objects or an abstract number (two, twenty-three, three-sevenths, six).

Cardinal numbers are divided into three grammatical categories: 1) numerals, denoting integers (five, twenty four), 2) numerals denoting fractional numbers, or fractional numerals (one second, three point five) 3) collective numbers (two, three).

Numerals denoting whole numbers

Quantitative numeral denoting whole numbers, the following grammatical features are characteristic.

1. All numerals change by case; This common feature numeral names: five, five, five, (o) five; one hundred twelve, one hundred twelve, one hundred twelve, (o) one hundred twelve.

2. Some numerals (one two) have genus forms. Numeral one has masculine, feminine and neuter forms: one table, one window, one book. Numeral two has two forms in the nominative case: the form two for masculine and neuter (two houses, two windows) and shape two For female (two hands, two candles).

3. Only numerals have singular and plural forms one: one table, one window, one book, one scissors. Moreover, the plural forms of the numeral one do not express the meaning of a set. When combined with nouns that have only a plural form (sleigh, scissors, trousers), conveys the idea of ​​the singularity of objects (one sleigh, one scissors, one trousers), and when combined with nouns having both number forms (table, friend, girl),- the idea of ​​limited objects (same tables, same friends, only girls). Form alone in such combinations is not a numeral, but a restrictive particle: alone = only only.

4. Cardinal numerals do not have an animate-inanimate category, but some numerals (one two three four) when combined with masculine nouns in the accusative case, they take the corresponding endings of the nominative or genitive cases. For example: I see one table- I see one rider, I see four tables- I see four horsemen.

5. Cardinal numbers can be consistent and controllable words. Numeral one agrees with the noun in gender, number and case (one book, one book, one book). All other numerals except numerals thousand, million, billion, in the nominative case controls the genitive case of the noun (two friends, eight tables), and in indirect cases they become a dependent word and agree with the corresponding noun in the case (two friends, eight tables).

6. When combined with numerals two three four nouns take the genitive singular form (two tables, three doors), and when combined with numerals five six and other nouns take the genitive plural form (five tables, six doors).

7. Numerals thousand, million, billion have the grammatical properties of nouns (i.e. they have a gender form, change in number and case) and behave like nouns in phrases: million inhabitants- millions of inhabitants; a million inhabitants, a million inhabitants, a million inhabitants, about a whole million inhabitants.

Declension of numerals denoting whole numbers

Declension cardinal numbers are characterized by a variety of forms and types.

1. Numeral one inflected as a pronoun this.

2. Numerals two three four form a special declension.

3. Numerals from five before twenty and numeral thirtybow down, as third nouns declination type door, night.

4. Numerals forty, ninety, one hundred at declination have only two forms: in the nominative and accusative cases - forty, ninety, one hundred, in other cases - forty, ninety, hundred.

5. For complex numerals from fifty before eighty at declination both parts change according to the model of the nouns of the third declination.

6. For complex numerals from two hundred before nine hundred at declination both parts also change, with the first part changing as the corresponding simple numeral, and the second part as a noun in plural.

7. Numeral thousand changes as a noun of the first declension, million, billion- as nouns of the 2nd declension.

Wed: thousand\- clouds\a\, thousands\and\- clouds\i\, thousand\e\- cloud\e\ etc.; million\ \ - bow\ \, million\a\- bow\a\And etc.

6. When declension of compound numerals every word changes.

Distinguishing between numerals denoting whole numbers and nouns

Doesn't apply to names numeral words pair, two, three, five, ten, dozen, hundred and the like. They are nouns because they have a gender, change in numbers and cases, and cannot be written in numbers.

The question of which part of speech to classify words in is ambiguously resolved in linguistics. thousand, million, billion, trillion, billion, because they also have signs numerals, and signs of nouns.

Fractional numbers

Fractional numbers are a type of quantitative and serve as a designation for a fractional number, for example: two-fifths of the squad, seven-tenths of the way, one and a half of the group.

In structure fractional numbers the first part (numerator) is a cardinal number (two, three, seven), and the second (denominator) is the form of the genitive case of the ordinal number (fifths, tenths, sevenths).

Fractional numbers can also denote a mixed number, for example: two point one two, three point five eighths.

The declension of a fractional number depends on its structure.

Declension of fractional numbers

With declension, all words that are parts change fractional numbers, in which the numerator is changed as the corresponding integer, and the denominator as a plural adjective:

IN fractional number with the first part one the second part agrees with it in gender and case (one eighth, one eighth, one eighth).

Numeral one and a half in the nominative and accusative cases it has two forms: one and a half- for masculine and neuter gender and one and a half- for the feminine gender. In all other cases this numeral has the form one and a half.

Numeral one and a half hundred, which denotes the whole, not fractional number, but is close in structure, has only two forms: in the nominative and accusative cases - the indicated form, and in all other cases - the form one and a half hundred.

Collective numbers

Collective numbers - this is a semantic type of cardinal numerals, used mainly in colloquial speech.

Part collective numerals includes nine words: two, three, four, five, six, seven, eight, nine, ten.

Some scientists consider numerals and classify collective words as both And both. About the words both, both There is no consensus in science. Some linguists consider them demonstrative pronouns in the meaning of “both”, while others attribute them to collective numeral on the grounds that they are close in meaning to the numeral “two”. For example: You and I are the only ones close, we are both going east (3. Gippius).

Feature collective numerals is that they can be combined with a rather limited range of nouns: 1) with nouns denoting the names of male persons (three men, four students, five soldiers); 2) with nouns children, people, as well as with nouns denoting the names of baby animals (four children, seven kids, three hares); 3) with nouns that have only a plural form and denote the names of paired or composite objects (two sleighs, four gates, seven days).

At animate nouns in oblique cases collective numerals can be replaced by numerals denoting an integer, for example: three children- three children, seven soldiers- seven soldiers. Numeral both when combined with nouns in the accusative case, it takes the corresponding endings of the nominative or genitive cases: I see both tables- I see both horsemen, I see both books- I see both sisters.

Nouns that name female persons or animals cannot be combined with collective numerals. In such cases, combinations with numerals denoting integers are used: three sisters, eight sheep, two bears.

Collective numbers often appear in sentences independently, without nouns. For example:

Three standing in front of the crowd,

They called her along.

(V. Bryusov)

Declension of collective numerals

Collective numbers in indirect cases they have the endings of full plural adjectives:

Numeral both has common forms for the masculine and neuter genders and special ones for the feminine gender.

Ordinals

Ordinals indicate the order of objects when counting, for example: seventh day, fifteenth page. They agree with nouns in gender, number and case and have case endings qualitative and relative adjectives, for example: sixth day, sixth page, sixth place, sixth day.

By structure ordinals can be: 1) simple (first, tenth), 2) complex (fiftieth, two hundredth), 3) compound (twenty-five, two thousand and seven).

Ordinals are formed from the stems of the corresponding cardinal numbers by adding the endings of full adjectives: nine- ninth, fifty- fiftieth, two hundred- two hundred, eighty seven- eighty seven, two hundred seventy five- two hundred and seventy-five.

Numerals first And second in relation to numerals one And two have a suppletive* character (i.e. they receive other bases). In numerals fortieth And thousandth word-forming suffixes of adjectives are highlighted -oe- And -n-.

In the text ordinal number“second” can be replaced by the pronoun “other”, for example:

First exclaimed: “Brothers, Let us destroy palaces and chambers!” Another exclaimed: “Brothers, Let us destroy the entire decrepit city!” (V. Bryusov)

Declension of ordinal numbers

When declension of simple and complex ordinal numbers, the change occurs according to the adjective model:

* Supplemental forms are forms of the same word formed from different roots or stems. Human- People. Take- take. Speak- say. Few- less. Bad- worse. I- me.

At declination compound ordinal numbers only changes the last word:

Morphological analysis of the numeral name includes the identification of three main permanent signs(category by meaning, morphological structure, features of declension) and two non-constant ones (gender, case and number, if any). Compared to other parts of speech, the numeral for morphological analysis It is rarely offered at school. This is due to the specifics of the language material (excerpts from artistic, journalistic texts).

1. Cardinal numbers indicate the number of objects when counting ( two tables, one hundred rubles) or abstract number ( two, one hundred) and answer the question how much?

2. Cardinal numbers change according to cases.

Cardinal numbers have no gender or number.

Wed: three people, three windows, three banks.

Exception are made up of the numerals one and two.

The numeral one changes according to gender and number, like an adjective.

One pear, one lemon, one apple, one cream.

The numerals two and one and a half have two generic forms:

• masculine and neuter gender - two, one and a half;

  Two tables, two windows, a day and a half.

  feminine - two, one and a half.

  Two paintings, one and a half baskets.

3. Declension of numerals:

declension of numerals one two three four resembles the declension of adjectives;

numerals from five to twenty and thirty are declined as nouns of the third declension (for example, as the noun steppe);

The numerals forty, ninety and one hundred have only two forms in declension:

nominative case and accusative case - forty, ninety, one hundred,
other cases - forty, ninety, hundred;

when declension of complex cardinal numbers 5-80, 200-900, each part of the word changes, although they are written in one word ( fifty - fifty). Moreover, the second part of the numerals 200-900 has archaic endings that do not coincide with the endings of the independent numeral one hundred;

Wed: one hundred rubles - three hundred rubles; no one hundred rubles - no three hundred□ rubles, one hundred rubles - no three hundred rubles.

in compound cardinal numbers all words and all parts of compound words are declined.

Five hundred forty six - about five hundred forty six.

4. Examples of declension of numerals:

Numeral ONE

Simple and complex numbers

Note!

1) In the nominative and accusative cases, numerals from 5 to 20 and 30 are written with ь at the end of the word.

Five, fifteen, thirty.

Numerals from 50 to 80 and from 500 to 900 - with ь in the middle of the word.

Fifty, six hundred, nine hundred.

2) In the middle of numerals: fifteen, sixteen, seventeen, eighteen, nineteen- b is not written.

3) The word eleven is written with a double consonant.

5. When combined with nouns, numerals either control the nouns or agree with the nouns:

if the numeral is in the nominative case (or in a similar accusative case), then the numeral controls the genitive case of the noun ( two tables, five books), and with numerals two three four, as well as compound numerals ending in two three four, the noun is singular ( two windows, twenty two windows), for all other numerals - in the plural ( five windows, fifty windows, fifty five windows);

if the numeral is in any other case, then the main word is the noun, the numeral agrees with it.

Wed: there are no five windows; to five windows, five windows, about five windows.

Note!

1) Words thousand, million, billion are classified differently by linguists. Some call them numerals, others call them nouns with the meaning of number. In any case, it should be remembered that these words, in their morphological and syntactic features coincide with nouns.

Thousand - refers to the feminine gender and is declined as a noun of the 1st declension: no thousand, with a thousand.

Million, billion- words are masculine and declined as nouns of the 2nd declension: no million, with a million.

2) Words thousand, million, billion, like nouns, always govern the genitive form of the dependent noun, regardless of its own case.

Compare: a thousand rubles, no thousand rubles, with a thousand rubles, about a thousand rubles.

However, if these words are included in compound numerals, then there are general rules compatibility of numerals with nouns.

There is no thousand five rubles, to one thousand five rubles, with one thousand five rubles, about one thousand five rubles.

B) Collective numbers

1. Collective numbers designate a certain number of objects as one whole.

Two, three, five.

In modern Russian, collective numerals can denote the number of objects as a whole in the range from two to ten. They are formed from cardinal numbers using the suffixes -оj- ( two → two, three → three) and -er- ( four → four, five → five, six → six, seven → seven, eight → eight, nine → nine, ten → ten).

The word both (both) is characterized differently in different manuals. Some linguists classify them as numeral pronouns; other researchers - to collective numerals.

2. Collective numerals (except for the word both) can be combined with a limited group of words:

with nouns that have only a plural form;

Two forceps, two scissors.

with nouns children, guys, people;

Two children, three boys.

with nouns denoting male persons;

Two friends.

with nouns denoting young animals;

Two kittens.

with personal pronouns.

There were three of us.

3. Collective numerals are declined like plural adjectives:

4. The word both changes according to gender: both are masculine and neuter (there is no form wallpaper!), both are feminine. The declension of this word resembles the declension of plural adjectives, with the masculine/neuter and feminine forms having different stems in oblique cases.

B) Ordinal numbers

1. Ordinals indicate the serial number of objects when counting, that is, ordinal numbers, indicating the serial number of an object, indicate one item.

First day, fifteenth day.

2. Ordinal numbers are formed from cardinal numbers, except for such ordinal numbers as first second.

Five → fifth, thirty → thirty.

3. Ordinal numbers, like full adjectives, change according to numbers, genders (singular) and cases.

First, first, first, first.

Their declension coincides with the declension of adjectives. This is why some linguists include ordinal numbers in adjectives.

Wed: the first is new, the first is new.

4. When declension of compound ordinal numerals, only the last word is changed (unlike the declension of compound cardinal numerals, where each word is changed).

One thousand nine hundred and forty-five - in one thousand nine hundred and forty-five; two thousand and three - from two thousand and three.

D) Fractional numbers

1. Fractional numbers They don't call whole numbers.

Two thirds, five tenths.

In meaning, fractional numerals are adjacent to cardinal numerals.

2. In composition, fractional numbers, except for the words one and a half, one and a half hundred, consist of a cardinal number (numerator of the fraction) and an ordinal number in the plural (denominator of the fraction).

Six seventeenths, three fifths.

Fractional numbers can include the nouns zero and integer. This mixed numerals.

Zero point five.

3. The numeral one and a half changes according to gender:

one and a half - masculine and neuter gender;

One and a half days, one and a half apples.

one and a half is feminine.

One and a half bottles.

The numerals one and a half (one and a half), one and a half hundred have only two case forms in declension:

nominative and accusative cases - one and a half, one and a half, one and a half hundred;
other cases - one and a half, one and a half hundred.

According to the semantic features, grammatical properties and nature of use, the following categories of numerals are distinguished: 1) quantitative, 2) collective, 3) fractional, 4) indefinite-quantitative, 5) ordinal. The first four digits of numerals denote an abstract quantity, the last row - the order of objects by counting.

Cardinal numerals include numerals that denote in whole units an abstract number (ten divided by two) or a specific quantity homogeneous objects(six books).

Based on the nature of their formation, cardinal numbers are divided into three groups:

1) simple ones, which include numerals with one non-derivative base equal to the root (two, three, one hundred, etc.);

2) complex (derivatives) are numerals whose base is derivative and consists of a simple numeral and a suffix or two simple bases (thirteen, thirty, three hundred, etc.);

3) compound - combinations of several numerals (one hundred twenty-one, etc.).

Simple numerals represent a historically stable, basic lexical fund of numerals, which is the word-formation base for all other numerals. Complex numerals from 11 to 79 arose by merging combinations of simple numerals from 1 to 9 and “on ten” (i.e., over ten; ten is a form of the ancient local case), and the numerals twenty, thirty - from combinations “two tens” “three ten” (ten is the form of the p. double number). These numerals are interpreted as formed by the suffixes -eleven and -dzen. Numerals of the type fifty - eighty represent the fusion of simple numerals with the archaic form ten (gender plural of the numeral ten), and the numeral ninety is thought of as “nine to one hundred.” The numerals two hundred, three hundred, four hundred and one and a half hundred were formed by merging the combinations two сът (im. p. double part), three hundred (no. p. plural), etc. The numerals five hundred - nine hundred are combinations of simple numerals and the genitive plural of the numeral one hundred. Compound cardinal numerals are formed from a combination of simple and complex numerals, following in a certain order (one thousand three hundred twenty-six).

Morphological features of cardinal numbers associated with their lexical meaning. Cardinal numerals are not characterized by the category of number, since they lexically express the meaning of a number; The category of gender is also absent from cardinal numerals, since they are devoid of objective meaning. Due to the absence of the categories of gender and number, cardinal numerals are morphologically different from nouns.

Among cardinal numerals, the following words stand out morphologically: one (one, one), two (two), thousand, million, billion, etc.

The numeral one has features characteristic of an adjective: it changes by gender (one, one, one) and cases (one, one, one). The plural form one is used in special cases(see below).

The numeral two has a gender category: two when combined with masculine and neuter nouns (two days, two windows) and two when combined with feminine nouns (two nights).

Numerals thousand, million, billion, etc. have everything grammatical features nouns (gender, number, declension) are also used in the meaning of countable nouns (cf. a thousand apologies, a million torments). In the meaning of numerals, these words differ from nouns.

The numerals thousand, million, billion in the number system are unique designations of the corresponding numbers and are replaced graphically (in writing) by equivalent numbers (a thousand people - 1000 people); are included in composite numerals as equal members (one million thousand rubles); outside of combination with nouns they serve as names of abstract numbers; have the corresponding ordinal numbers (one is the first, a thousand is the thousandth, million is the millionth); cannot be determined qualitative adjectives, but are themselves used as quantitative determiners with a noun denoting single objects (one ruble, a million rubles, etc.).

The morphological features of the cardinal numerals thousand, million, billion appear clearly when comparing these numerals with the corresponding counting nouns. In contrast to numerals, countable nouns (three, four, heels, etc.) are not included in the counting system (cf. three - three, four - four, etc.); cannot be conveyed graphically, in numbers (cf.: 10 apples - less than a dozen apples); do not act as members of compound numerals; in isolated use they have an objective meaning (cf.: Here is a troika rushing); are derived from the corresponding numerals (cf.: ten - ten, hundred - one hundred, etc.). Countable nouns can be determined by adjectives and control the genitive case of nouns; in all cases, their use as quantitative determiners is limited by the lexical meaning of the nouns (cf.: the last ten notebooks, but you cannot say “ten days”).

The word one, in addition to the meaning of a cardinal number (one kilometer, one ton, etc.), can have the following meanings: 1) a noun (One in the field is not a warrior); 2) adjective pronouns (He and I graduated from the same (“same”) institute); 3) indefinite pronoun(We met in the same (“some”) house); 4) a restrictive particle with the meaning “only”, “only” (Rhymes are just fun for you) (P.). The form one in the meaning of a numeral is used in combination with nouns that have only a plural form (one scissors, one day, etc.). In combinations with words that have singular. and many more number, form alone have the meaning of a restrictive particle or an indefinite pronoun: He has only mice in his pantries (A.N.T.); Some scientists agree, others disagree. With words denoting paired objects, the form alone appears in both the first and second of the indicated meanings: I have one (numeral) gloves and one muffler; There are only (a particle of) gloves in the pocket, but no muffler.

The cardinal numerals two and one and a half have gender differences only in the form of the nominative and accusative case (two sheets, two pages; one and a half days, one and a half weeks).

The words both (masculine and neuter) and both (feminine) have gender forms, which makes them similar to adjectives. The meaning of the word both and both is close to the cardinal numerals two and two, denoting the same quantity. However, the main meaning of the word both (both) is not a designation of quantity, but only an indication of quantity - “both that and that,” which brings this word closer to the pronoun and excludes the synonymous relations both (both) and two (two). The words both and both are not included in the counting system, are not members of compound numerals, and do not have corresponding ordinal numbers. The classification of the word both (both) as a collective numeral is conditional due to the following features of these words: 1) the presence of gender (cf. two, three - both, both), 2) the control of a noun in the form of gender. singular (cf.: two boys, but both boys), 3) incompatibility with nouns used only in the plural (cf. two scissors), but one cannot say “both (both) scissors”, 4) lack of a corresponding quantitative numeral (cf.: two boys - two boys, but only - both boys).

The category of animate and inanimate is morphologically expressed only in the numerals two, three, four: with these numerals in combination with nouns denoting animate objects, the accusative case coincides in form with the genitive case (cf.: brought three chairs - brought three puppies).

The numeral one (one, one) is declined as the pronoun this (this, this).

The numerals two, three, four have peculiar endings in the nominative and instrumental cases (two, three, four - two, three, four) and similar endings of the numeral one in the genitive, dative and prepositional cases (one, one, one - two, three, four; two, three, four; about two, three, four).

Numerals from five to twenty (inclusive) and thirty are declined as nouns of the third declension. These numerals, with the exception of words from eleven to nineteen, have an accent on the ending; eleven - nineteen - based. In revolutions like five five, six six, the old accent on the base is retained. The variant form of the instrumental case eight goes out of use, only the eight form is retained.

The numerals forty, ninety, one hundred have only two case forms: nominative and accusative cases (forty, ninety, one hundred) and other cases (forty, ninety, hundred).

Note. In Old Russian, the words forty, ninety, one hundred were declined as nouns. Remains of this phenomenon are found in the literature of the 18th and 19th centuries: A man’s courtyard with a garden stood in a hundred yards (Radishchev); In the village of Mostakh (one hundred and forty versts from Samara) there was a fire near the hut where Pugachev (P.) spent the night; They say they receive one hundred thousand in income (Aks.).

The numerals fifty - eighty change both the first and second parts when declining. The second part of these numerals has the forms of the numeral ten (name - vin. - fifty, gen.-dat.-pr. - fifty, tv. - fifty).

The numerals two hundred, three hundred, four hundred in oblique cases take plural forms and change in both parts (two hundred, two hundred, two hundred, two hundred).

Numerals five hundred - nine hundred: the first part of these numerals (five - nine-) is declined like a third declension noun, and the second is distinguished by its peculiar endings: five hundred, five hundred, five hundred, five hundred, five hundred, five hundred.

The numerals thousand, million, billion are declined as corresponding nouns. The following variant forms are acceptable: (one) thousand and thousand.

In composite cardinal numerals, each of the components of the numeral changes with declension: to two thousand five hundred sixty-seven.

The numeral one (one, one) agrees with the noun in gender, number and case (cf.: one day, one day, one week, etc.).

The numerals two, three, four in the form of the nominative-accusative case control the singular genitive case form of inanimate nouns and are consistent with the plural genitive case form of animate nouns (cf. lost two days - lost two comrades); in other cases these numerals agree with plural nouns (two tables, two tables, on two tables).

Compound numerals ending in two, three, four always have the accusative case form, which coincides with the nominative case form (cf.: twenty-two - three - four representatives must be chosen). The named compound numerals cannot be combined with nouns used only in the plural; in such cases synonymous expressions are used (twenty-two pieces of sleigh).

Substantivized masculine and neuter adjectives in combination with the numerals two, three, four are used in the genitive plural form (cf.: two on duty, three insects), and substantivized feminine adjectives are used in the genitive or nominative-accusative plural form ( cf.: two commas - two commas, etc.).

Numerals, starting from five onwards, in the nominative-accusative case are combined with nouns according to the method of control, and in other cases - according to the method of agreement, and nouns in such combinations have a plural form (five students, one hundred steps, five students, one hundred steps ).

The word thousand in indirect cases can be combined with nouns (cf.: to a thousand rubles - to a thousand rubles). The words million, billion in all cases control nouns in genitive case plural (million, million, millions of inhabitants). When used in the plural, the words thousand, million, billion have the meaning of countable nouns and therefore in all cases they control the genitive plural (about thousands, millions of inhabitants).

An adjective-definition to a noun in combination with the numerals two, three, four is used in the genitive plural form for masculine and neuter nouns: Two red lanterns... become brighter (M. G.); Rodion saw two bright windows (Maltsev). Definitions expressed by the words last, first, second, each, other in combinations of the indicated type are used in the nominative-accusative plural form and usually appear before the numeral (the last two exams, the first two steps, every two hours, etc.) . With feminine nouns, adjectives can be used both in the nominative-accusative form and in the genitive plural form: Three cheerful nags clicked their horseshoes on the small rubble (Cat.); Finally, only four purple gummies remained in the empty bowl (Cat.). The first form is more common.

The numerals one, thousand, million, billion in a quantitative-nominal combination are, as a rule, prepositive (one day, a thousand kilograms, a million rubles, etc.); other numerals, when used postpositively, denote not an exact, but an approximate amount (cf.: ten kilometers - ten kilometers).

Combinations of cardinal numbers with the preposition po in distributive meaning have the following options:

a) with the preposition po in the dative case the following numerals are used: one, thousand, million, billion (one word at a time, one thousand, one million rubles each); numerals from five to twenty and designations of tens (thirty, sixty, seventy, eighty); indefinite quantitative words (for many years, for a few means, for several years) and, finally, nouns with the first part half- (for half a loaf, for half a mile, etc.);

b) with the preposition po in the accusative case, the numerals two, three, four, one hundred, two hundred, three hundred, four hundred, two - ten (two (two), three, four sheets each; two hundred, three hundred, four hundred sheets each; two each) are used - ten students); nouns with the first part half- (half a dozen, fifty, half a mile, half a loaf);

c) the preposition according is especially combined with numerals ending in -sot (five hundred, nine hundred rounds each).

Numerals two, three, four, five, six, seven, eight, nine, ten, etc. are allocated to a special category collective numerals. In modern Russian, collective numerals represent a vestigial, closed and non-productive group of words.

The term “collective numerals” is conditional, since these numerals differ from quantitative ones not by their collective meaning, but by an indication of the person, which determines their substantivization (cf.: two workers - two workers; two entered).

Collective numerals are formed from cardinal numbers: two, three using the suffix j(e); four, etc. - using the suffix -er(o).

Like cardinal numerals, collective numerals have no gender or number; in their declension, two forms are contrasted - nominative-accusative and other cases; in conjunction with nouns in the nominative-accusative case they represent indecomposable combinations.

The collective numerals two, three are declined as full adjectives of the soft version in the plural (two, two, two, two); other collective numerals - as fixed adjectives (four, four, four, four). The emphasis in indirect cases of collective numerals always falls on the ending.

Collective numerals differ from quantitative numerals in their narrower use, since they are combined with a limited range of nouns:

1) the numerals two, three, four are the only possible ones as counting definitions for nouns used only in the plural: two gates, three days, four tongs;

2) collective numerals are used in combination with nouns children, people, person (meaning “person”): three children, people, strangers, as well as with nouns like guys, wolf cubs, etc.: four guys, wolf cubs (the latter in colloquial speech);

3) the use of collective numerals is limited by the style of speech: in official speech, cardinal numerals are preferred: Four engineers are required for the job (and not “four engineers”).

Collective numbers do not go together:

1) with feminine nouns, as well as names of female persons and substantivized feminine adjectives: three pages (and not “three pages”), four sisters (and not “four sisters”), two commas (and not “two commas ");

2) with masculine nouns, which are names of animals and birds: three bulls, three eagles (and not “three bulls, eagles”).

As a variant form of cardinal numerals, the use of collective numerals is permissible for nouns with the meaning:

1) males: four students and four students;

2) single items that have only a plural number (except for two, three, four): five scissors and five scissors;

3) with personal pronouns we, you, they: there were four of them, they invited four of us, in indirect cases combinations with cardinal numerals are more common: with them four, with them four.

Nouns - names of objects considered to be pairs can denote single objects (two gloves) and pairs (two gloves).

The collective numerals two, three, four in the nominative-accusative case control the genitive case of the plural of nouns (cf.: four boys and four boys), and in other cases they agree with the nouns in the case (cf.: three children - three children).

Collective numerals are little used with nouns in indirect cases and are replaced by indirect cases of the corresponding cardinal numerals (two students and two students, but more often - two students, not two students). This replacement is common for nouns used only in the plural and combined with collective numerals (cf. two days - for two days).

When used in isolation, without connection with nouns, collective numerals are designations of both male and female persons: Seven do not wait for one.

Collective numbers are always prepositive, i.e. are used before nouns.

Fractional numerals denote fractional quantities, i.e. quantities of certain parts of a unit, and represent the combination of them. case of cardinal number (number of parts - numerator of a fraction) with gender. plural case or nominative case singular feminine ordinal number (the name of the parts is the denominator of the fraction), for example three fifths, twenty-one hundredths. In the structure of fractional numbers, the names of the parts (three-fifths, one-hundredth) are devoid of ordinal meaning and are substantivized ordinal numbers.

The declension of fractional numerals is expressed in the change of all constituent fractional numerals of words: fifty-five hundredths.

Syntactically, fractional numbers are distinguished by the following features:

1) act as a quantitative definition not only with nouns denoting individual objects, but also with collective and material nouns, for example: one fifth of students; three-sevenths butter;

2) are combined with nouns always according to the method of control, and the noun is used both in the singular and in the plural (cf. three-quarters of a room, one-sixth of a day);

3) with a mixed number, the noun is governed by a fraction and is placed in the singular genitive case, for example: 10 2/3 hectares (ten and two thirds hectares).

Numerals one and a half, one and a half, one and a half hundred

The numerals one and a half, one and a half, one and a half hundred are designations of quantities consisting of a whole and its half. The derivation of these words (from “pol vtor”, “pol vtory”, “pol vtor hundred”) is currently not recognized. The named numerals are combined only with nouns that are the names of individual objects, countable in both whole and fractional units (hour, meter, etc.). The numeral one and a half is used with masculine and neuter nouns (one and a half days, one and a half logs), the numeral one and a half is used with feminine nouns (one and a half weeks). The declension of the numerals one and a half, one and a half, one and a half hundred is limited to only two case forms: one and a half, one and a half, one and a half hundred for the nominative-accusative case and one and a half and one and a half hundred for all indirect cases without gender differences.

Indefinite words

The group of words with the meaning of an indefinite quantity (large or small) can also be classified as indefinite quantitative numerals: a lot, a little, a little, a lot, so many and several.

The uncertainty in the designation of quantity semantically distinguishes the listed words from numerals, which are precise quantitative qualifiers of nouns (cf.: five workers - many, several workers).

Indefinite quantitative words a lot, a little, a little, a lot are characterized by a specific use and have forms that are not characteristic of numerals. Unlike quantitative numerals, the words a lot, a little, a little, a lot can be combined as quantitative definitions with abstract nouns (a lot of joy), with substantivized adjectives of an abstract meaning (little pleasant); can be qualified by adverbs of degree (very many). The use of cardinal numerals in the indicated combinations is impossible. The words a lot, a little, a little, a lot have forms comparative degree(more, less), subjective assessment (a little) and are not inclined.

The semantics and grammatical features of indefinite-quantitative words bring them closer to adverbs (cf.: works a lot, reads little).

Indefinite-quantitative words are so much, somewhat close to numerals in the way they are combined with nouns (cf.: five questions, five questions - several questions, several questions) and declension (cf.: two - several). However, there are several generalized pronominal semantics (an indication of a number, not a designation of a number), as many as contribute to the classification of these words as indefinite, demonstrative and interrogative-relative pronouns.

Numbered nouns also function as indefinite-quantitative words (a lot of money, a lot of people, a lot of trouble, a lot of questions, etc.).

Ordinals

Ordinal numbers are words that denote the order of homogeneous objects when counting them (first ticket, third question, etc.). Ordinal numbers, like adjectives, act as definitions of nouns and agree with them in gender, number and case.

The inclusion of these words in the category of numerals is traditional and is based solely on the close word-formation and semantic connection of ordinal numbers with cardinal numbers (cf. five - fifth, one hundred - hundredth, etc.).

Note. There is another approach to words with an ordinal meaning: they are classified according to formal grammatical characteristics as ordinal relative adjectives (see, for example: V.V. Vinogradov, Russian language. M., 1972. P. 192, as well as a number of textbooks for universities).

The proximity of ordinal numbers to cardinal numbers is also reflected in the use of cardinal numbers in the meaning of ordinal numbers, for example, when designating addresses: house twenty-eight, apartment twelve instead of house twenty-eight, apartment twelve.

The structure of composite ordinal numbers, representing several grammatically unrelated names (cf. one thousand one hundred and thirty-five), does not find a broad correspondence in the formation of adjectives and is specific to ordinal numbers.

Ordinal numbers have a number of grammatical properties common to adjectives:

1) the system of declension of ordinal words and adjectives is uniform (cf.: second, second, etc. - new, new, etc.);

2) the formation and morphological structure of ordinal words and adjectives do not differ (cf.: thousand and month, fiftieth and pentagonal);

3) when used, some ordinal numbers acquire a qualitative meaning, usually determined phraseologically (cf. first violin, in the background, in third hands, etc.).

When declension of composite ordinal numerals remains unchanged, all components of numerals that have the form of cardinals remain unchanged, and the last one changes, which has the form of an ordinal and agrees with the noun, for example: in one thousand nine hundred and sixty-one.

19. Pronoun as a part of speech in the SRL. Specificity of meaning and function. Classes of pronouns, their meanings and grammatical features. Declension of pronouns. History of personal pronouns in Russian.

Pronouns- these are words that indicate an object, sign, quantity or circumstance, but do not name them.

The initial form of the pronoun is the form im.p., singular, m.r.: my, our, which, which.

In some cases, the pronoun does not change in number or has neither number nor gender; the initial form is im.p.: I, you, we, you, who, what, anyone. In such cases, it should be noted that initial form no, and name the first word form of the existing paradigm.

Main functions pronouns – deictic, anaphoric, quantifier and substitution.

1. Deictic(Greek deixis - indication) the function is manifested in the correlation of what is being said with the conditions of the speech act and its participants (I am the speaker, you are the listener, your is the one belonging to you).

2. Anaphoric(Greek reference) function - correlation of elements of a given statement with other parts of the text (such - similar to that, which has already been mentioned, the other is not the one that was mentioned).

3. Quantifier function - correlating a name with various classes of objects and their characteristics: with a class of objects or characteristics about which the speaker would like to receive information (who? which?)

5) The substitution function of pronouns also appears in the flow of speech - the use of pronouns instead of names - nouns, adjectives, numerals, as well as adverbs in order to avoid repetitions.

In a sentence, pronouns act as main or secondary members of the sentence: I don’t know what his plan is now, although we talked about it once.