13.06.2019

Cultivation and processing of buckwheat. Buckwheat production technology Results and discussion

The invention relates to the processing of cereal crops into cereals and can be used in the production of buckwheat. The processing of grain is carried out without division into fractions, and after hydrothermal treatment during tempering, the grain is dried to a moisture content of 15.5-18%. Peeling is carried out with a centrifugal peeler at a speed of grain impact on a fixed barrier of 55-58 m/s. After separating the groats from the middlings, they are dried to a storage moisture content of 13%. EFFECT: invention makes it possible to improve the technological process and reduce energy consumption for heat treatment. 1 ill.

The invention relates to the processing of cereal crops into cereals and can be used in the production of buckwheat. A known method for the production of cereals (see A.S. USSR N 652964, B 02 B 1/00), including the cleaning of grain from impurities, preliminary and final sorting into fractions, fractional peeling, sieve separation and separation of cereals from unshelled grain, the direction of the latter for repeated peeling, aspiration separation of cereals and grain sacking. Moreover, by aspiration separation, the groats are subjected to stratification into light and heavy fractions, the kernel is sorted from the latter, aimed at slaughtering, and the rest of the heavy and light fractions are separated according to elastic and fractional properties to isolate the rest of the kernel. The disadvantage of the known technical solution is the complexity technological process processing. A known method of processing buckwheat grain into cereals (see AS USSR N 852343, B 02 B 1/00), including cleaning it from impurities, hydrothermal treatment, drying and cooling of the grain. Moreover, before the hydrothermal treatment, the grain is subjected to heating by passing an air jet at a temperature of 73-85 o C for 12-18 minutes through a layer of grain, and the hydrothermal treatment of the grain is carried out with saturated steam at a pressure of 0.2-0.3 MPa for 2, 8 - 4 min. The disadvantage of the known technical solution is the complexity of the processing process. The closest in technical essence is a method for the production of buckwheat (see A.S. USSR N 543405, B 02 B 1/00, including cleaning and peeling grain unsorted in size into fractions, separation on cellular sorting tables after preliminary removal of the shell, flour and crushed grain, and to improve the quality and grade of cereals, sequential multiple peeling of unsorted grains is carried out, and in the area following after peeling, the upper gatherings obtained after grain sorting fall, and the extraction of cereals is carried out sequentially in several stages by sorting the enriched mixture obtained from the lower descents after separating, while the upper descent obtained after sorting is sent for control, and the lower descent of the last stage for separating into the first sorting zone.The disadvantage of the known technical solution is the complexity of the technological process and the high energy consumption for processing. and reduction of energy costs for processing. The set technical problem is solved as follows. A method for processing buckwheat grain into groats, including cleaning it from impurities, hydrothermal treatment, conditioning and drying of grain, peeling, separating groats, and to solve the set technical problem, grain processing is carried out without dividing into fractions and after hydrothermal treatment during tempering, the grain is dried to 15, 5-18%, and peeling is carried out by centrifugal peeling at a speed of impact on a fixed barrier of 55-58 m/s. This technical solution provides peeling of grain without the use of emery wheels, the use of which contaminates the product with emery dust. In addition, when processing buckwheat, there is an increased consumption of emery wheels, which increases the cost of making buckwheat. The use of centrifugal peeling makes it possible to process grain without dividing it into fractions by size, which greatly simplifies the process of grain processing and reduces the amount of equipment in the production line. In order to ensure the process of centrifugal peeling, a certain speed of grain impact on a fixed barrier is necessary. The conducted studies have established: for a rational grain moisture content of 15.5-18%, the impact velocity should be in the range of 55-58 m/s, while achieving a rational degree of peeling, minimal injury to buckwheat grains. When groats are separated from the middlings, they are dried to a storage moisture content of 13%. This technical solution ensures, at minimal cost, the final drying of cereals to a moisture content that ensures the safety of the product and taste qualities. At the same time, all outputs of the peeling process are not subjected to the process of drying, which reduces the consumption of electricity for the production of buckwheat. An example of a method for processing buckwheat grain into groats is shown in circuit diagram(see drawing). The technological line includes a receiving hopper 1 for receiving raw materials, the first transport 2 for feeding raw materials into the hopper 3 above the seed cleaning machine 4 with a trier 5. The cleaned grain is fed by the second conveyor 6 to the hopper 7 of the hydrothermal treatment department, where units 8 and 9 are installed for steaming buckwheat. After steaming, the grain is subjected to softening and drying in the softener 10. The separated grain is fed by the third conveyor 11 to the centrifugal peeler 12. After peeling, the middlings are fed to the seed cleaning machine 13, where the husk is separated from the grain kernel. Grain kernels - groats are fed by the fourth conveyor 14 into the 15 groats bin, then to the 16 and 17 vertical dryers, and the finished groats are packed by the 18 groats packing unit. hopper 21. In the battery cyclone 22, flour is separated, which is dispensed through the hopper 24. For dust separation, the production line is equipped with a fan 25, which has a pipeline 26 with dust separation equipment. An example of a method for processing buckwheat grain into groats. Raw buckwheat grain enters the receiving hopper 1 and is loaded into the hopper 3 by the first conveyor 2. The seed cleaning machine 4 with the trier 5 cleans the grain from dust, earth, weed seeds and stone by known technological operations. The cleaned grain is fed by the second conveyor 6 to the hopper 7 to the hydrothermal treatment department, where two units 8 and 9 of buckwheat steaming are installed. Steaming of buckwheat is carried out with water vapor using well-known technological methods. And to save steam, two units 8 and 9 are used and steaming is carried out in two stages. For example, steam from unit 8 after treatment for a certain time (according to hydrothermal treatment technology) is transferred to unit 9, using the remaining heat for the primary heating of the grain in unit 9. Then the grain in unit 9 is subjected to final processing with fresh steam (also according to the developed heat treatment technology). After processing the grain in unit 9, the spent primary steam is fed into unit 8, by this time filled with a new portion of grain. The grain processed in two stages from unit 9 is delivered to the softener 10. Unit 9 is loaded with a new portion of grain, and the double cycle of hydrothermal treatment is repeated. The above processes are known and are carried out by known techniques. Further processing buckwheat grain is carried out according to the technology proposed technical solution tasks. When tempering the grain, it is dried to a moisture content of 15.5-18%. Humidity limits are determined experimentally. It has been established that with a grain moisture content of more than 18%, a large yield of unhulled grain is observed, while at the same time, with a grain moisture content of less than 15.5%, an increased yield of crushed grain is observed. The dried grain is sent to a centrifugal peeler, where the grain is accelerated by rotating disks to a speed of 55-58 m/s and sent to a fixed steel barrier. Upon impact, the shells of grains with the above moisture content are destroyed and, upon further movement through the channels, are separated. The use of a centrifugal peeler allows grain to be peeled without fractionation, which simplifies the grain processing process. The intermediate product obtained after peeling is fed into the 13 seed-cleaning machine, where the husk is separated from the kernel of grain-groats. The groats are fed by the fourth conveyor 14 into the 15 groats bunker, and then to the 16 and 17 vertical dryers. where the husk is separated, which is dispensed through the hopper 21. In the battery cyclone 22, flour is separated, which is dispensed through the hopper 24, and the resulting waste after the seed cleaning machine is not dried, which reduces energy consumption for the production of cereals.

Claim

A method for processing buckwheat grain into groats, including cleaning it from impurities, hydrothermal treatment, conditioning and drying of grain, peeling, separating groats, characterized in that grain processing is carried out without dividing into fractions and after hydrothermal treatment during tempering, the grain is dried to a moisture content of 15.5 - 18%, and peeling is carried out with a centrifugal peeler at a speed of grain impact on a fixed barrier of 55 - 58 m / s, and after separating cereals from the middlings, it is dried to a storage moisture content of 13%.

When buying buckwheat in a store and eating buckwheat porridge, we do not even think about the question of how this plant grows and what stages buckwheat goes through before it reaches the store shelves. Let's consider in detail what is buckwheat, how it is grown and what is the significance of each stage in the cultivation of buckwheat.

Biological features of buckwheat

The buckwheat plant belongs to the genus Fagopyrum Mill. The genus of buckwheat includes more than 15 species belonging to the Buckwheat family. One of the species is called sowing buckwheat. This herbaceous plant is a cereal crop. Buckwheat is native to northern India and Nepal. They call it black rice. Introduced into culture more than 5 thousand years ago. According to one version, buckwheat came to Europe during the Tatar-Mongol invasion. Among the Slavic peoples, it acquired the name of buckwheat as a result of deliveries from Byzantium in the 7th century.

Buckwheat belongs to annual plants and has a simple description.

root system consists of a tap root with long lateral processes. It is poorly developed compared to other field plants. The function of the upper part of the plant roots is the absorption of nutrients from the soil, the lower part is the water supply of the plant. The root system develops throughout the entire growth period.

Branched, hollow, curved at the nodes, 0.5-1 m high, 2-8 mm thick, green on the shady side and red-brown on the sunny side. Peduncles are delicate, thin, easily damaged by frost and are the first to suffer from drought.

Flowers collected in inflorescences of white or pale pink color. They appear in July, have a specific smell and attract bees.

Leaves different: cotyledonous, sessile, petiolate. The fruit is mostly triangular in shape. Depending on the nature of the ribs and faces of the fetus, winged, wingless and intermediate forms are distinguished. The color of the fruit is black, brown, silver. The size of the fruit depends on the buckwheat variety and growing conditions. The fruit is covered with a dense shell, which is easily separated.

Soil: processing and fertilization

The productivity of buckwheat cultivation depends on the climate and soil. The highest yields are observed in the forest-steppe and Polissya. The plant can grow on different soils, but to be effective, you need to know that buckwheat prefers soils that warm up quickly and are sufficiently saturated with oxygen and nutrients with a slightly acidic or neutral reaction (pH 5.5-7). On heavy, clogged soils that are prone to flooding, cultivation productivity will be minimal.

The tillage system for buckwheat can be different. The depth of soil cultivation and the timing of its processing depend on weather conditions and the crop of the predecessor. Since buckwheat belongs to the culture of the late sowing period, the main task during tillage is to retain moisture as much as possible, provoking weed seeds to germinate in the pre-sowing period, creating a favorable soil structure and leveling it.

Proper application of fertilizer to the soil is favorable for increasing crop productivity.buckwheat. For the formation of 1 q of grain, the plant consumes 3-5 kg of nitrogen, 2-4 kg of phosphorus, 5-6 kg of potassium from the soil. Therefore, the plant fertilization system should be based on a balanced method based on soil studies. This should take into account the need for nutrients for a particular plant and the consumption of these elements by the future crop. You need to know that phosphorus and potash fertilizers are applied under cereal crops during autumn plowing or when sowing seeds, nitrogen fertilizers are applied in spring during cultivation or as top dressing.

The most favorable period for the introduction of nitrogen fertilizers for buckwheat is the period of budding. Mineral nitrogen improves the quality of grain: it increases its mass, improves its chemical composition and reduces filminess. The norm of ammonium nitrate for one feeding is 60-80 kg/ha. It should be noted that for chernozem and chestnut soils, this technique in the cultivation of buckwheat practical application in cultivation technology does not have. In the northern regions, all types of mineral fertilizers can be applied during spring cultivation, and complex granular fertilizers during sowing.

Important! Fertilizers containing chlorine, if necessary, are applied in the fall, since buckwheat reacts negatively to them.

We should not forget about the importance of organic fertilizers and straw, corn stalks and sunflower as a factor in the reproduction of organic matter in the soil. Also cereal crops need trace elements: manganese, zinc, copper, boron. It is most effective to treat them with seeds for sowing. For 1 ton of seeds, 50-100 g of manganese sulfate, 150 g of boric acid, 50 g of zinc sulfate are needed.

Good and bad predecessors of buckwheat

To achieve a high yield of buckwheat, it is necessary to take into account its place in the crop rotation. Many years of experience and research by scientists confirm that The best predecessors of buckwheat are winter, legumes and tilled crops. It is not recommended to plant it after grain fodder crops, since there is a high contamination of the soil with weeds, which negatively affects the yield. After clover, the yield of buckwheat increases by 41%, after peas - by 29%, potatoes - by 25%, winter rye - by 15%. After barley, the yield will decrease by 16%, oats - by 21%.

It is good to sow buckwheat after row crops: sugar beets, corn for silage, potatoes, vegetables. After winter crops, buckwheat also grows well. It uses organic and mineral fertilizers applied under the previous crop. To increase the yield of buckwheat, as an alternative fertilizer, crushing straw and embedding it in the soil of previous grain crops is used. Legumes of late varieties are used as good predecessors for buckwheat: vetch, layer of perennial grasses, soybeans.

Important! The yield of buckwheat planted after potatoes affected by the nematode or oats is significantly reduced.

Some scientists believe that the presence of pure fallow in the crop rotation link significantly increases the yield of buckwheat in comparison with non-fallow links. Repeated crops of buckwheat lead to a decrease in yield by 41-55%. During the research, the maximum yield was established in the link of fallows - peas - buckwheat and the minimum in a three-year re-sowing of buckwheat.

Buckwheat is a phytosanitary crop. If cereal grains are sown after it, then their damage by root rot will decrease by 2-4 times compared to the crop after grain predecessors. Due to the structure of its roots, buckwheat reduces the density of the soil. This has a positive effect on the growth of crops sown after it.

Seed preparation

The right choice of plant variety and preparation of seeds for sowing significantly increase the yield of the crop.

Processing of buckwheat seeds for sowing ensures their disinfection from diseases, increases germination and takes place 1-2 weeks before sowing. As a film former, aqueous solutions of glue are used. The preparations "Fenoram", "Vitatiuram", "Roxim", "Fundazol" are added to them according to the instructions and the seeds are treated by moistening or aqueous suspension. Pests and diseases of buckwheat, such as gray rot, downy mildew, etc., seed treatment does not leave any chance. This significantly affects the growth of productivity.

Sowing dates

It is necessary to sow buckwheat as soon as the soil warms up to a depth of 10 cm to 10-12 ° C and the threat of spring frosts has passed. Early sowing time contributes to the friendly germination of seeds, the use of soil moisture reserves by young shoots and early ripening of the crop. This, in turn, will improve the conditions for its cleaning. On average, it is necessary to sow cereal crops in the steppe in the second - third decade of April, in forest-steppe zone- in the first half of May, in Polesie - in the second - third decade of May.

Did you know? Many are interested in whether there is a difference in the terms buckwheat and buckwheat, or whether these words are synonyms. The original name is buckwheat. This word refers to the plant itself and the seeds obtained from it. Buckwheat is a derivative term that arose as a shortened version for simplicity and convenience. Buckwheat is usually called buckwheat groats.

Sowing buckwheat: scheme, seeding rates and seeding depth

The faster the seedlings develop, the more it contributes to the oppression of weeds and significantly increases the yield. Soil preparation for sowing buckwheat consists of basic and pre-sowing cultivation. It is carried out taking into account the previous crops, the composition of the soil, the degree of soil moisture, the contamination of the soil with weeds. Excellent results in the development of buckwheat in the initial period of growth were shown by plowing the soil, as well as cultivation with rolling with a smooth roller.

Before sowing buckwheat, it is necessary to choose a seed sowing scheme: ordinary, narrow-row and wide-row. The wide-row method is used when sowing medium- and late-ripening varieties on highly fertile fertilized soils. In this case important role plays timely care of plants. The ordinary method is used on soils with low fertility, on light and non-saline soils, when sowing early varieties. Since the plant is adapted to branching, it must be sown sparsely and evenly.

The sowing rate of buckwheat seeds depends on many factors: agricultural culture in the region, climatic features. With the wide-row method, the optimal consumption of buckwheat seeds is 2-2.5 million pieces. / ha, with ordinary - 3.5-4 million units. / ha. With thickened crops, the plants grow thin, have a low coefficient of grain content, crops are prone to lodging. Sparse crops also negatively affect the yield of buckwheat. Therefore, the seeding rate must be calculated based on factors: sowing pattern, soil moisture, soil type, seed characteristics.

With row seeding, the rate should be 30-50% higher than with wide row. In the dry period, the rate must be reduced, and in the wet - increased. On fertile soils the norm must be reduced, and for infertile ones - increased. When sowing seeds with reduced germination, the rate is increased by 25-30%.

Seeding depth is important. The seedlings of the plant have weak roots, so it is difficult for them to break through the soil and take out the cotyledons with fruit shells. Therefore, in order for buckwheat seedlings to be friendly and ripen evenly, it is necessary to sow the seeds in moist soil at the same depth. In heavy soils to a depth of 4-5 cm, in cultivated soils - 5-6 cm, with dry top layer- 8-10 cm. According to scientists, deep planting of buckwheat seeds improves the development of the plant and has a positive effect on the number of inflorescences and grains.

Did you know? No food product can compare with buckwheat in terms of the amount of bioflavonoid quercetin contained (8%). It stops the reproduction of cancer cells and leads to their death.

Care of buckwheat crops

For the development of good seedlings, moisture retention in the soil is important. The rolling of crops has a particularly great effect in this. Weed control is best done mechanically. Before the emergence of shoots, it is necessary to carry out harrowing of crops. To improve the growth and development of plants, it is necessary to ensure timely loosening of row spacings. Improving the water and air regime of the soil, the second processing of row spacing is carried out in the budding phase. It is combined with plant nutrition.

Crop care includes weed control and buckwheat disease control. Biological control methods include the breeding of insects, fungi, bacteria that can not affect seedlings and affect interfering factors. It is also necessary to increase the competitiveness of buckwheat by creating favorable conditions for its growth. Chemical control methods should be used only when the crop cannot be saved by other means. Herbicides are used as chemicals. It should be understood that there is an economic threshold of harmfulness. The level of weeds should be such that the application of herbicides would be economically beneficial.

The delivery of bee colonies to the field when buckwheat is in bloom is of great importance in the care system for buckwheat crops. Honey buckwheat is 80-95% pollinated by bees, therefore it is necessary to place hives near the fields a day or two before flowering at the rate of 2-3 bee colonies per 1 ha.

Harvest

When plants turn brown by 75-80%, buckwheat harvesting begins . It is carried out for 4-5 days. The cutting height of plants should be 15-20 cm. The main method of harvesting buckwheat is separate. At the same time, the beveled mass dries out in 3-5 days, and is easily threshed. The advantages of this method are in a significant reduction in crop losses, ripening of green fruits, improving the quality of grain, and the absence of additional drying of grain and straw. This method improves the technological and sowing qualities of grain and improves its safety.

If the crop is sparse, low-stemmed, crumbling, effective method harvesting is direct combining. In this case, the grain is high humidity, poorly separated from weeds.

Did you know? Buckwheat has a healing effect on the human body: it increases hemoglobin, strengthens the walls of blood vessels, thus preventing hemorrhage. For therapeutic purposes, it is recommended to eat sprouted grains. Their effect on the body is manifested as a result of prolonged and systematic use. Buckwheat prosers in the amount of 1 teaspoon must be chewed for 1 minute, making 50-60 chewing movements.

Processing and storage of buckwheat

With combined harvesting, the harvested crop is cleaned using grain cleaning machines and dried immediately after harvest. Delay in cleaning will cause self-heating of the grain. Grain cleaning is carried out in three stages: preliminary, primary, secondary. It is carried out on machines of various types.

High preservation of grain is ensured by drying to a moisture content of 15%. Grain for crops is stored in a dry room in fabric bags. Each batch is stacked separately on a wooden pallet. The height of the stack should not exceed 8 bags in height and 2.5 m in width. When stored in bulk, its height should be up to 2.5 m.

Buckwheat seeds intended for human consumption are transported for processing to special groats. There they carry out cleaning of grain, its hydrothermal treatment, separation into fractions, peeling, separation of final products. Without the use of hydrothermal processing of grains, white groats are obtained.

In 1968 - 1975 VNIEKIprodmash proposed and implemented with the participation of the Mirgorod MIS new way(technology) for the production of buckwheat.

A new method for the production of buckwheat includes the cleaning and peeling of unsorted grain into fractions. Hulled grains are separated from non-hulled ones on cellular sorting tables after preliminary removal of shells, flour and crushing.

In order to improve the quality and grade of cereals, as well as increase its yield, unsorted grains are sequentially hulled four times on rubber rolls. After peeling, the upper gatherings obtained after sorting the grain are fed to the subsequent machines, and the grits are removed sequentially in several stages, sorting the enriched mixture on grits separators. At the same time, the upper descent obtained after sorting is sent for control, and the lower descent of the last stage of groats separation is sent to the first sorting zone. The multiplicity of peeling and, accordingly, the number of stages of segregation are four.

This method of producing buckwheat allows you to significantly reduce the intra-factory turnover of the product, increase the productivity and efficiency of the technological process of producing cereals.

The drawing shows a diagram for implementing the method (Fig. 1). The processed grain (buckwheat) goes to the 1st peeling system 1U, which includes machines with rubber-coated rolls of the ZRD type. From the 1st system, the peeling products are sent to sieving 2.

With sieves with holes f 4 mm screening 2 after sifting on the aspirator 3, the product is sent to the sorting machine 4 with reciprocating sieves to separate impurities and additional separation of hulled grain.

Rice. 1. New technological scheme for the production of buckwheat:

1, 5, 13, 19 - 1-, 2-, 3-, 4-th peeling systems, respectively; 2, 10, 16, 21 - sieving; 3, 11, 17 - aspirators with a closed air cycle; 4, 12, 18 - sorting machines; b, 7, 8, 14, 15, 20, 22 - grain separators

With sieves with holes Ø 4 mm of sorting machine 4, the product enters the 2nd peeling system 5. Departure from sieves with holes measuring 1.7 x 20 mm of sieving 2 and sorting machine 4, enriched with peeling products (kernel content 90 ... 95 %), obtained after a sieve with holes Ø 4 mm, is sent to grain separators 6 with cellular tables (I stage of separation of the kernel), oscillating at a frequency of not more than 3.3 s-1 (200 rpm). The selected kernel is sent to the control grain separators 7, and the product obtained by the lower exit from the grain separators 6 is sent to the grain separators 8 (stage II of the separation of the kernel). The product of the upper exit of the grain separators 6 and 8 goes for additional control to the sorting machine 9, from where the descent from the sieve with holes measuring 1.7 x 20 mm enters the control grain separators 7. After the 2nd peeling system 5, the products are sent to sieving 10. Departure from the sieves with holes 0 4 mm sieving 10 after sieving on the aspirator 11 and sifting on the sorting machine 12 enters the 3rd peeling system 13. separating machines 14. After separating the product of the upper descent (ground kernel) enters the control systems of 7 groat separating machines, and the lower descent - to the groat separating machines 15. After the 3rd peeling system 13, the products are sent for sieving 16. Departure from the sieve with holes Ø 4 mm 16 after sifting on an aspirator with a closed air cycle 17 and sifting on a sorting machine 18 enters the 4th peeling system 19. Departure from a sieve with holes measuring 1.7 x 20 mm sieving 16, together with the product coming from the sorting machine 12, is sent on grain separators 20 (III stage of grain separation). After separating the product of the upper descent (ground kernel) enters the control sieving machines 7, and the lower descent - to the sieving machines 15 or 22. The peeling products of the machine 19 are sent to sieving 21. The descent from the sieve with holes Ø 4 mm sieving 21 returns to sieving 2. The descent from the sieve with holes measuring 1.7 x 2.0 mm sifting 21 enters the 22 grain separators. After the 22 grain separators, the product of the upper descent (core) is sent to sifting, and the lower descent to sieving 2. The husk, weaned on aspirators 3 , 11 and 17, is sent for control (not shown in the drawing). Flour and crushed grain sown on sifters 2, 10, 16 and 21 and sorting machines 4, 9, 12 and 18 are also subject to control.

Due to the fact that the sizes of buckwheat grains vary widely, the technological process of the buckwheat plant currently provides for mandatory sorting (preliminary and final) of buckwheat into six fractions using sieving or groat sorting machines, followed by peeling each fraction of buckwheat separately on rolling machines. The kernel is also isolated fractionally on sieving, which requires a developed technological process. This is the main features of the existing technological process for the production of buckwheat.

When preparing buckwheat grain for processing into groats, after cleaning, it is subjected to hydrothermal treatment, including the operations of steaming, drying, cooling.

Apparatus for steaming grain with automatic control A9-BPB is designed for steaming buckwheat, millet, oats, wheat, rice, etc.

The body of the apparatus serves as a vessel for steaming grain. Inside the body there is a coil for even distribution of steam. The body is mounted on a frame. A loading gate is installed on the lid. The loading and unloading gates are equipped with independent drives. The electrical equipment of the apparatus consists of electric gate drives, limit switches that fix the rotation of the gate plugs by 90 °, a level indicator that controls the upper and lower levels of grain when loading and unloading the apparatus, two valves with electric drives for supplying and releasing steam, a control panel.

The control panel is intended for remote automatic control of the main operations. The wiring diagram provides for two modes of controlling the operation of the device: manual and automatic. The manual mode is used to adjust the operation of the device, work out operations, refine the product in emergency situations and to control the operation of the device in case of failure of automation. The main mode of operation is automatic.

The grain is loaded into the vessel of the apparatus, steamed for 1 ... 6 minutes, depending on the type of grain, and unloaded through the discharge gate.

Acceptance tests of the A9-BPB apparatus were carried out in the hydrothermal department of the buckwheat shop of the Bryansk bakery plant. During the tests, the apparatus was set to the operating mode recommended based on the results of the first stage of testing: the steaming time was counted from the moment steam was released into the vessel of the apparatus. In addition, the duration of the cycle has been reduced due to a more rational combination of operations: opening the steam inlet valve and steaming; steaming and closing the steam inlet valve; steam release valve opening, steam release. The cycle time in this case was 492 s. Tests have shown that at a pressure in the steam pipeline of 6 105 Pa, the set pressure in the vessel is set in 1 min 45 s.

The quality of steaming at a given mode during testing of the A9-BPB apparatus was controlled both by the uniformity of heating and moistening of the grain, and by the color, taste and smell of the resulting cereal.

The tests carried out confirmed that the unevenness (deviation between the extreme values of the indicators) of the distribution of moisture in the grain varies within 0.3 ... 1.6%. The same indicator, according to the arithmetic mean, does not exceed 0.2 ... 0.3%. The humidity of buckwheat as a result of steaming increased on average by 3.7 ... 4.4% (range of fluctuations from 3.4 to 4.9%). Consequently, the moistening of the grain throughout the volume of the vessel of the apparatus occurs fairly evenly. The data obtained during the tests are shown in table 6.

Annual economic effect from the use of one A9-BPB apparatus instead of the G.S. Nerusha is 4 thousand rubles.

Another effective device in the scheme of hydrothermal processing of buckwheat is the A1-BS2-P steam dryer.

Steam dryer A1-BS2-P is designed for drying cereal crops that have undergone hydrothermal treatment. The dryer consists of the following main parts: a grain receiver, heating sections, an unloading section with a drive.

The grain receiver is used to evenly distribute the grain along the length of the dryer. It is a steel box measuring 198 x 376 x 650 mm. On the cover of the grain receiver there are two receiving pipes. To maintain a constant grain level, there are electronic level sensors.

The heating sections are used to dry the grain with the heat given off by steam through the heating surface. Each section consists of a collector having two chambers - steam and condensation, into which cylindrical and oval pipes are welded in a checkerboard pattern (21 pipes per section). Cylindrical seamless pipes passing inside the oval pipes are connected to the steam room, and the oval pipes are connected to the condensate chambers.

The collectors of the heating sections are interconnected by branch pipes, which supply steam and condensate from the upper sections to the lower. On both sides, inside the heating sections, there are inclined sloped planes that prevent the grain from spilling out of the dryer and at the same time form channels for air circulation.

For inspection, cleaning and repair of parts inside the dryer, doors are located in the sections on both sides. Each heating section has, on one side, 60 holes Ø 20 mm (15 on one door) for sucking outside air into the dryer, and on the opposite side - diffusers for removing humidified air from the dryer. The amount of exhausted air from each heating section is controlled by changing the size of the outlet slot. The unloading section serves as a base on which the heating sections are mounted.

The supporting structure of all ten heating sections are two supports located on the frame on both sides of the dryer. The unloading section has eight bunkers and a chain conveyor, which consists of two chains connected by scrapers. The upper branches of the conveyor move along the guides, and the lower ones - along the bottom, which is a sliding pallets. The chain conveyor is driven by an electric motor through a worm gearbox. The speeds of the chain conveyor are controlled by a variator by means of a handwheel.

After hydrothermal treatment, the grain enters the grain bin, from where, under the action of gravity, it falls down into the heating sections. To remove moisture from the grain in the dryer, the principle of contact drying is used, i.e. heat is transferred to the grain directly from the heated surface of the oval pipes between which it moves. The moisture evaporated from the grain is absorbed by the air and is removed from the dryer with it. Having passed the heating sections, the dried grain enters the hoppers of the unloading section and exits to the platforms, from which it is removed by the scrapers of the chain conveyor and transported by its lower branch to the outlet.

The productivity of the dryer and the exposure of grain drying depend on the speed of the chain conveyor, which is controlled by a V-belt variator.

Dry saturated steam is used to heat the pipes of the heating sections. The steam pressure in the pipes and its temperature are regulated by a pressure reducing valve. The steam pressure in the dryer is controlled by a manometer. Waste steam and condensate from the dryer are discharged through a steam trap.

Technical characteristics of the dryer A1-BS2-P

Productivity on grain with kind 570 g/l at 56...60

reduction of moisture content of steamed grain by 7...9%, t/day

Steam consumption per 1 t %, kg/h 5 5 0.. .65 0

Steam pressure, Pa Up to 3.43 105

Air consumption per 1 t%. moisture removal, m3 / h 200

Aerodynamic drag, Pa 137.2

The speed of the conveyor chain at the design 0.061 ... 0.067

productivity, m/s

Fan drive electric motor VCP No. 6:

power, kW 7.5

rotation speed, s-1 (rpm) 24.3 (1460)

Conveyor drive motor:

power, kW 1.1

rotation speed, s-1 (rpm) 15.5 (930)

Reducer:

type RFU-80

gear ratio 31

Dimensions, mm:

width 810

height 8100

Weight, kg 5760

A new method for the production of buckwheat was tested at the groats plant of the Bryansk flour mill of bakery products. The planned daily productivity of the plant during the testing period was 125 tons / day with a basic cereal yield of 66%.

During the tests, the kinematic parameters of the main technological equipment were characterized by the following values:

shelling machines with rubberized rolls А1-ЗРД (four systems) - peripheral speed of high-speed rolls 9 ... 12 m/s and ratio of peripheral speeds of high-speed rolls to low-speed ones 2.0 ... 2.25;

screenings of SRM (four systems) - vibration frequencies of sieve cases 2.3...2.6 s-1 (140...156 rpm) and radii of circular oscillations of the cases 25 mm;

sorting A1-BKG (three systems) - sieve body oscillation frequency 5.3...5.6 s-1 (320...340 rpm) and amplitude 9 mm;

grain separators A1-BKO-1.5 (six main systems and two control systems) - vibration frequency of sorting decks 2.8...3 s-1 (170...185 rpm) and amplitude 28 mm.

Technological indicators of the operation of A1-ZRD machines on buckwheat grain hulling indicate that the hulling coefficient was not lower than that achieved in practice when buckwheat peeling on rolling machines. At the same time, the amount of crushed kernel in relation to the mass of the product entering the machine did not exceed 1.14% in all systems, which is significantly lower than that obtained in practice (2 ... 3%) and provided for by the Rules for the Organization and Conduct of the Technological Process cereal factories (1.5 ... 2.5%) when peeling buckwheat on rolling machines. The core integrity coefficient averaged 0.96.

The amount of product supplied to the A1-ZRD machines, when operating with a capacity of up to 3000 kg/h, has practically no effect on the peeling quality.

Peeling products after the A1-ZRD machine of each system are fed to sifters to isolate the kernel, the cut and the flour. In addition to these products, the screenings of the 1st, 2nd and 3rd systems received the bottom exits of the corresponding grain separators.

After sorting on sifters, passing through sieves with openings of 4.0 mm and descending from sieves with openings of 1.7 x 20 mm, a product with a low content of unshelled grain was obtained, which, after winnowing, was sent to separate the kernels to the A1-BK0 groat separators. The product obtained by passing from sieves with openings of 4.0 mm and containing a significant amount of non-husked grain, after winnowing and additional sifting on cereal sorting, where a certain amount of kernel was taken from it, was fed to the A1-ZRD machines of the subsequent peeling system.

The work of sifters for sorting buckwheat peeling products is characterized by the fact that 65.8 ... 74.9% of the product from the total amount with a content of 26 ... 34.24% of the kernel is obtained from sieves with holes Ø4.0 mm. The product obtained by passing from sieves with holes measuring 1.7 x 20 mm consists mainly of a core with a content of non-husked grain in it up to 9.6%.

When sorting peeling products on sieving and groats sorting, the content of non-husked grains and weed impurities increases as the product moves through the systems.

From the descent (sieves with apertures Ф4 mm) of screenings after preliminary winnowing, from 10 to 19.3% of the kernel was additionally isolated on grain sorting. The content of non-husked grains in this product, depending on the system, ranged from 5.36 to 7.68%. The descent of sieves with holes Ø 4 mm, received by the machines A1-ZRD, amounted to 80 ... 90% and contained 27.80 ... 30.00% of the core, which indicates the possibility of further improvement of the process of sorting peeling products.

The kernel from the product obtained by descending from sieves with openings of 1.7 x 20 mm in sifters and passing through sieves Ø4.0 mm was removed by grain sorting using A1-BKO grain separators. At the same time, machines b, 14, 20, 8 and 15 worked on the preliminary extraction of the kernel, and machines 7 and 22 - on the final control of cereals.

Technological indicators characterizing the operation of groat separators at the preliminary extraction of the kernel and the final control of the groats show that 40.0 ... 58.8% (recovery factor) of the original product entered the upper gathering. At the same time, the content of non-husked grains in the upper descent was in the range of 0.32 ... 0.52%.

An analysis of the operation of grain separating machines shows that there are certain reserves in improving the efficiency of their work. The grain separating machines that worked on the control of the upper descents ensured the production of buckwheat that meets the requirements of the first grade. At the same time, up to 51% of the groats were extracted from the total amount of the product supplied to these groats separators. It should be noted that during the operation of the A1-BKO grit separators during the preliminary and final control of cereals, a small amount of weed impurities entered the upper gathering, despite its high content in the original product. The main amount of weed impurities entered the lower gathering.

As a result of long-term technological tests and determination of qualitative and quantitative indicators of the operation of the main equipment, it has been established that the main advantage of the new method of producing cereals in comparison with the technology used is the reduction of crushing

kernels in the process of processing buckwheat into cereals and increasing its total yield.

This is also confirmed by comparing the yields of cereals (Table 2) obtained by processing buckwheat of similar quality (new method and existing technology).

The increased yield of cereals of the first grade and the overall yield of cereals with a new method of its production was obtained by reducing the crushing of the kernel.

Using the data obtained from comparative tests of existing and new technologies for the production of buckwheat, it is possible to determine the final difference of all types of cereals obtained from one ton of buckwheat (Table 3). It follows from the table that as a result of improving the grade of cereals and increasing its total yield, the cost of cereals with the new method increases by 16.75 rubles. (367.82 - 351.07). For a comparable annual volume of buckwheat processing in the compared options, 37,770 tons were taken.

The economic effect as a result of improving the grade and increasing the yield of cereals will be 37,770 16.75 0.692 = 437,792 rubles. in year. At the same time, operating costs as a result of replacing worn rubber-coated rolls on A1-ZRD peeling machines (based on the service life of one pair of rolls for only 70 hours) increase by 40,832 rubles. The overall economic effect from the use of a new method for the production of buckwheat at one groats plant with a capacity of 125 tons / day will be 396,960 rubles. (437792-40832).

On the basis of the tests of a new method for the production of buckwheat, Kharkov PZP developed a project for the reconstruction of a buckwheat plant with an increase in its productivity up to 160 tons / day and a groats yield up to 70%, in which shelling machines with rubber-coated rolls A1-ZRD, groat separators A1-BKO were used , aspirators with a closed air cycle, sieving, grain sorting, etc.

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Introduction

1. Literature review

2.2.1 Place in crop rotation

2.2.4 Timing of sowing buckwheat

2.2.5 Methods for sowing buckwheat

4. The recipe for cereals from buckwheat grains

5. Product calculation

6. Selection and calculation of production equipment

7. Characteristics of secondary raw materials, waste in the production of cereals and their use

Conclusions and offers

Literature

Introduction

Buckwheat is a valuable cereal crop. Buckwheat is a healthy nutritious product rich in easily digestible proteins and carbohydrates. It contains 13...15% protein, 60...70% starch, 2.0...2.5% sucrose, 2.5...3.0% fat, 1.1...1.3% fiber, 2.0... 2.% ash elements. In addition, it contains a lot of mineral salts: iron (33.8 mg per 100 g), calcium (200 mg per 100 g) and phosphorus (1500 mg per 100 g), as well as organic acids (citric, oxalic, malic) and vitamins B2, PP.

In buckwheat, there is much more folic acid than in other products of plant origin (4.3 mg per 1 g of dry matter), which has a high hematopoietic ability and other properties that contribute to the resistance of the human body to various diseases. Buckwheat proteins are more complete than cereal grains, and are not inferior to legume proteins. This determines the high nutritional value and medicinal properties of buckwheat. The main amino acids that make up buckwheat protein are arginine (12.7%), lysine (7.9%), cystine (1%) and cystidine (0.59%), which determine its high nutritional value. Buckwheat fats are highly resistant to oxidation, due to which buckwheat can be stored for a long time without reducing its nutritional qualities.

Buckwheat flour is of little use for baking bread, since it does not contain gluten: the bread quickly becomes stale and crumbles. Products obtained during the processing of buckwheat grain into cereals and flour (feed meal, waste) contain a large number of proteins and fats, therefore serve as a highly nutritious feed for pigs and poultry.

1 kg of buckwheat chaff contains 57 g of protein, 0.35 feed unit.

Buckwheat straw can be used in combination with straw from other crops for ensiling, as well as the preparation of feed mixtures, pellets and briquettes mixed with other feeds.

The current level of consumption of basic products is significantly inferior to the recommended rational norms in terms of energy value and diet structure. In this regard, the role of buckwheat as one of the economically accessible and complete food products is increasing. In terms of its consumer properties, buckwheat is unique, since it satisfies physiological needs organism in nutrients and energy, performs preventive and therapeutic functions, is of great strategic and national economic importance.

A generalization of the experience of buckwheat cultivation in Russia shows that at present the main factor affecting the volume of buckwheat production is an increase in acreage with a relatively low yield. In this regard, it seems topical study features of its cultivation and identification of the main factors affecting the economic efficiency of production and processing of buckwheat.

Purpose and objectives of this term paper- studying the technology of processing buckwheat grain into groats at an enterprise with a capacity of 140 kg / h with the selection and calculation of equipment, studying the technology for the production of its chemical composition, nutritional value, assortment of cereals, history of development, their classification, quality requirements and storage conditions.

1. Literature review

Buckwheat is an annual or perennial herbaceous plant, 10…80 cm tall.

Today, it is Russia that grows half of the world's buckwheat crop, and at the same time, for many years, it is Russia that has been the main global consumer of this useful vegetable product(the largest areas of buckwheat crops are concentrated in the Altai Territory, buckwheat is also cultivated in Bashkortostan, Tatarstan, Samara, Orenburg and Saratov regions). In addition to Russia, China, the USA, Poland, the Netherlands, Belgium, and Latvia are also exporters.

Efficiency of use of grain resources, quality and output finished products depends on the methods of conducting the technological process of cereal production, the perfection of the designs of technological equipment and, to a large extent, is determined by the content of weed impurities and the technological properties of grain. This is especially true when processing buckwheat into cereals. Structural and mechanical properties are one of the main ones, since they connect the structural features of buckwheat grain with its behavior under mechanical action (in the process of peeling).

The technological properties of buckwheat grain can be improved in various ways. One of the most economically justified is hydrothermal treatment (HTP), which includes steaming, drying and cooling operations and consists in the simultaneous effect of heat and moisture on the grain by treating it with saturated water vapor. When substantiating one or another TRP method and its regimes, it is necessary to be guided not only by the improvement of the technological properties of the grain, but also by the degree of change in those consumer and biochemical properties of the finished product that determine its biological and culinary value.

The impact of moisture and heat on grain causes transformations of physicochemical and biochemical properties, which are closely related to the technological features of buckwheat grain, which helps to increase the strength of the kernel and reduce its crushing during the peeling process.

Currently, when processing buckwheat grain, “dry” methods of grain cleaning (separators, trieres, destoners, concentrators, etc.) are used, which do not provide effective separation of hard-to-separate impurities (wild radish, spoiled kernels, oats and wild oats, barley, wheat, sunflower seeds and weeds, dust and microorganisms, etc.). In addition, up to 5% of the most valuable and large grains end up in waste.

In the existing technology, A9-BPB steamers are used for steaming grain, and VS-10-49 M steam dryers are used for drying steamed grain. steam to the production room, to the device above the steamer and to the overdrying hopper.

Dryers VS-10-49 M with a conductive method of supplying heat to the grain are one of the most "bottleneck" places in the operation of the grain shop, which does not allow not only to increase the drying speed, but also does not ensure uniform moisture removal by volume of the grain mass, while from the dryer exhausted warm air with high energy potential is released into the atmosphere. To cool the grain, cooling columns are used, the designs of which are different at each enterprise and are ineffective, since they are made independently at each grain shop. The difficulty of using cooling columns lies in the need for additional lifting of grain to feed it into them after drying.

In order to eliminate the existing shortcomings, a new technology has been developed for processing buckwheat grain into groats, which provides for the hydroseparation of grain in a washing machine of a special design and the utilization of the waste heat of the steamer and steam dryers for technological purposes. The new technological scheme includes operations: hydroseparation (moisturizing), squeezing moisture from waste, drying waste, drying and preheating grains, steaming under mild conditions, grain drying by a combined conductive-convective method.

In addition to the main food products from buckwheat, one should not forget about the husk - a valuable secondary raw material for the production of various food additives. The chemical composition of buckwheat husk predetermines the need for the development of technologies and the development of modern equipment for deep waste-free processing husks.

2. Production and storage of buckwheat grain

2.1 Characteristics of buckwheat varieties

In improving the efficiency of farming, the variety is essential. The use of highly productive buckwheat varieties adapted to local conditions without additional material costs ensures an increase in gross grain yields. Along with sufficient precocity, varieties must have good productivity and high grain quality, withstand drought and be resistant to diseases and pests. The resistance of varieties to lodging, shedding, germination of grain on the vine is highly valued.

The disadvantage of most zoned varieties is poor resistance to diseases, especially to leaf rust, which requires dressing the seeds and treating the crops with fungicides. Many varieties are also affected by root rot and are prone to grain germination on the vine and in windrows.

More than 40 types of buckwheat varieties are registered in the State Register. The cultivated and most valuable varieties of buckwheat include: Agidel, Aroma, Ballada, Bogatyr, Bolshevik 4, Nine, Demetra, Dialogue, Dikul, Dozhdik, Yesen, Emerald, Inzerskaya, Kazanka, Kazanskaya 3, Kalininskaya, Kama, Kuibyshevskaya 85, Natasha, Sunflower, Svetlana, Saulyk, Ufimskaya, Cheremshanka, Chetyr-Dau, Chishkhinskaya, Shatilovskaya 5.

2.2 Buckwheat cultivation technology

2.2.1 Place in crop rotation

The best predecessors for the cultivation of buckwheat in many areas of the Russian Federation are legumes, fallow winter grains, and row crops. In beet growing areas and flax farms, sugar beet and flax are considered good predecessors. In the eastern regions, where grain crops predominate in the structure of sown areas, buckwheat can be sown after spring wheat sown on a layer of perennial grasses, or on pure fallows.

By virtue of their biological features buckwheat is considered a good predecessor crop for most field crops. Due to the late sowing dates and rapid growth at the beginning of the growing season, buckwheat leaves fields relatively clean from weeds. This crop improves the physical and mechanical properties of the soil and helps reduce the susceptibility of grain crops to root rot. Early maturing varieties of buckwheat are used as a fallow-occupying crop with subsequent sowing of winter crops. It is cultivated both in crop and stubble crops. Buckwheat is well affected by field protective forest strips and forest, they improve the microclimate of the field, the number of pollinating insects increases, pollination improves.

grain buckwheat groats raw

2.2.2 Tillage for buckwheat

Taking into account the peculiarities of buckwheat biology, the processing system should be aimed at creating optimal conditions for the growth and development of plants, the accumulation and preservation of moisture, the fight against weeds, pests and diseases, and increasing the level of soil fertility. The tillage system depends on the soil-climatic and weather conditions, the predecessor, the degree of weediness of the field and other conditions and includes the main and pre-sowing tillage.

The methods and timing of the main tillage mainly depend on the predecessor. When placing buckwheat after stubble crops, soil cultivation begins immediately after harvesting the predecessor with stubble peeling with disc tools to a depth of 6 ... autumn plowing to a depth of 20 ... 22 cm, and where the arable horizon allows, to a depth of 25 ... 27 cm. The main tillage after tilled crops consists of one plowing or disking. In arid areas, as well as in areas where soils are subject to water and wind erosion, flat-cut processing is used, leaving stubble on the field surface.

It has been established that early (August) plowing followed by semi-fallow tillage provides the highest yield of buckwheat. Sowing buckwheat by spring plowing is unacceptable. In the steppe regions, snow retention in winter and retention of melt water in spring are mandatory methods.

Spring cultivation begins with the harrowing of the plowing at the onset of the physical ripeness of the soil. This event must be carried out in a very short time, since the average daily loss of soil moisture during this period is 40 ... 100 m3. In the period remaining before sowing, in most zones of Russia, 2 ... 3 cultivations with harrowing are used to preserve moisture and control weeds. The first cultivation is carried out simultaneously with the sowing of early grain crops to a depth of 10 ... 12 cm. It contributes to the heating of the soil and the germination of weeds. The second, presowing, cultivation is carried out before sowing to the depth of seed placement. Usually it is enough to carry out two treatments before sowing. In case of precipitation of a storm character and the formation of a soil crust, additional cultivation is carried out with harrowing. On heavy floating soils, especially with heavy rainfall, it is advisable to carry out deep loosening by 14 ... 16 cm with harrowing.

More intensive germination of weeds after cultivation or deep loosening occurs when the soil is rolled with ring-spur rollers. The spring plowing of fallow in the main areas of buckwheat cultivation leads to the drying up of the soil and a decrease in yield.

The high need of buckwheat for nutrients is associated with an intensive increase in the vegetative mass, a rapid entry into the generative period, the formation of a large number of flowers with prolonged flowering and the formation of vegetative organs.

With a yield of 2 t / ha of grain and 0.6 t / ha of straw, buckwheat removes from the soil, kg: N - 86, P205 - 61 and K20 - 151.

The rate of fertilizers is calculated for the planned crop, taking into account the removal of nutrients with the crop and the coefficients for their use from the soil, or the recommendations of agrochemical stations are used. As the main fertilizer on soddy-podzolic and gray forest soils with a low humus content, in autumn organic fertilizers at a dose of 15 ... 20 t / ha, and from mineral - phosphorus-potassium. On infertile sandy soils, it is more efficient to use green manure. On chernozem soils, organic fertilizers are not applied for buckwheat. She makes good use of their aftereffect.

Given the negative reaction of buckwheat to chlorine, potassium chlorine-containing fertilizers (potassium chloride, potassium salt) must be applied in advance, before ploughing, which ensures that chlorine is washed out of the root layer. It is better to use potash fertilizers that do not contain chlorine.

Buckwheat is demanding on nitrogen supply. However, with excessive nitrogen nutrition, a strong development of the vegetative mass occurs and the grain yield decreases. Nitrogen fertilizers are applied in the spring for pre-sowing cultivation and top dressing (10 ... 15 kg / ha) with a wide-row sowing method during the period of mass flowering of plants.

Along with basic fertilizer great importance in increasing the yield of buckwheat has a sowing effect. It provides plants with nutrients during the initial period of growth and promotes better development root system. When sowing, granular superphosphate (10 ... 15 kg d./ha) or complex fertilizers (10 kg d./ha) are applied.

On soils with a low boron content, borated superphosphate or magnesium borate is used. In the absence of these fertilizers, the seeds are treated with a solution of boric acid or borax (2 kg per 1 ton of seeds) before sowing.

2.2.3 Preparing seeds for sowing

For sowing buckwheat in each farm, it is recommended to use at least two recommended varieties that differ in the length of the growing season with a germination rate of at least 92%. One of the main conditions for obtaining high yields of buckwheat is careful preparation of seeds for sowing, since within the same plant the seeds differ significantly in sowing qualities and yield properties. This is due to the fact that flowering and fruit formation take place for a long time, under various weather conditions, and the seeds are formed both on the main stem and on the branches of the first, second and third orders, i.e., buckwheat has a clearly expressed heterogeneity of seeds in size and weight, and therefore, they will differ in yield properties. For sowing, large and heavy seeds should be selected, which provide a yield of 0.3 ... 0.35 t / ha higher than unsorted seeds.

It is advisable to combine the selection of high-grade seeds with air-thermal heating for 3-5 days in warm weather in open areas or under a canopy. To prevent fungal diseases, buckwheat seeds are treated in advance (2-3 months before sowing) in a dry or semi-dry way, using an approved preparation. Etching efficiency is significantly increased by joint treatment of dressing agents with microelements. When dusting, microfertilizers are used in the following doses: manganese (manganese sulfate) - 50 ... 100 g / c, zinc (zinc sulfate) - 50, copper (copper sulfate) - 50 ... 100, boric (boric acid) - 100 ...200 g/c.

2.2.4 Timing of sowing buckwheat

Sowing of buckwheat is started when the soil at a depth of 8...10 cm warms up to 10...14 °C, the danger of frost and low positive temperatures (2...4°C) is over, and the time of flowering and fruit formation will not coincide with a period of maximum temperatures. In each farm, the sowing time should be set taking into account the soil-climatic and weather conditions, as well as the characteristics of the variety. The most favorable sowing time for most areas of buckwheat cultivation is the end of May - the beginning of June. In the Central Black Earth regions, the optimal sowing time is the second and third decades of May. Late sowing of buckwheat can significantly reduce its yield. Too early crops suffer from spring frosts, and late crops - from heat and drought. Mid-season and late-ripening varieties are preferably sown earlier, and early-ripening varieties a little later.

2.2.5 Methods for sowing buckwheat

Buckwheat is sown in the usual row (15 cm spacing) and wide-row (45...60 cm) methods. Numerous factors influence the efficiency of the sowing method: soil fertility, particle size distribution, weed infestation, sowing time, etc.

The wide-row sowing method is more effective on more weedy and fertile soils, with more early dates sowing and cultivation of late and mid-season varieties. Especially great is the advantage of the wide-row method of sowing buckwheat in the steppe zone in dry years. Thanks to larger area nutrition with a wide-row sowing method, buckwheat plants are better provided with moisture and tolerate drought well. However, the benefits of such crops are manifested only with timely and careful care of the crops.

Conventional row sowing is used on light soils, when sowing early ripe low-branching varieties, in less weedy areas and at a later sowing date, due to which weeds can be destroyed in the pre-sowing period.

2.2.6 Seeding rate and sowing depth of buckwheat seeds

The seeding rate depends on the soil and climatic conditions, the time and method of sowing, the weediness of the field and the characteristics of the variety. Lower rates are used in fertile, lightly weeded areas, when sowing late-ripening varieties with high-quality seeds in areas of insufficient moisture.

The optimal seeding rate under conditions of sufficient moisture on soddy-podzolic and gray forest soils with row sowing is 4.5 ... 5.0 million viable seeds per 1 ha, wide-row - 2.5 ... 3.0 million; on chernozem soils - 3.5 ... 4.5 million and 2.0 ... 2.5 million, respectively; under conditions of insufficient moisture on chernozem and chestnut soils with row sowing - 2.5 ... 3.5 million and wide-row - 1.5 ... 2.5 million.

When sowing seeds at a shallow depth, it develops less root system and shoots are uneven. With a large sowing depth, buckwheat hardly brings cotyledons to the surface, seedlings are sparse and weakened.

On wet and heavy soils, the optimal seeding depth is 4-5 cm, on cultivated structural soils - 5-6 cm. When the topsoil dries up, the seeding depth is increased to 6-8 cm.

2.2.7 Care of buckwheat crops

To obtain uniform and friendly seedlings in dry weather, simultaneously with or after sowing, the soil is rolled with ring-spur or ring-toothed rollers. To destroy weed shoots and when compacting the soil, it is advisable to carry out harrowing with light or mesh harrows, and in the case of soil crust formation - with rotary harrows. This technique is carried out on seedlings in the phase of formation of the first true leaf across or diagonally to the direction of sowing at noon, when the turgor of plants decreases and the likelihood of damage decreases.

During post-emergence harrowing, along with the destruction of seedlings and shoots of weeds, part of the plants is also damaged. Harrowing before germination thins buckwheat crops by 9%, and after germination - by 13 ... 19%. Therefore, in order to avoid damage to plants, harrowing of sparse crops is not carried out.

To maintain the soil in a loose state, retain moisture and control weeds on wide-row crops, inter-row cultivation is carried out. The first treatment is carried out in the phase of the first or second true leaf to a depth of 5...6 cm; the second - in the budding phase to a depth of 8 ... 10 cm, combining it with plant nutrition; the third inter-row treatment, if necessary, is carried out until the rows close to a depth of 6 ... 7 cm. The number of treatments and their depth depend on the weediness of the field, soil compaction and the amount of precipitation. With a lack of precipitation and a small weediness, two inter-row treatments are sufficient.

A good effect is obtained by light hilling of buckwheat plants during the second or third treatment, which contributes to the formation of additional roots and has a positive effect on the yield. In addition to agrotechnical methods of weed control, chemical weeding is used in heavily weeded fields. The herbicide is applied after sowing buckwheat 2-3 days before germination. In dry years, it is more efficient to apply it for pre-sowing cultivation using boom sprayers. During the years of mass reproduction of fleas, meadow moth, scoop, crops are treated with insecticides before flowering.

2.3 Harvesting and storage of buckwheat

Due to the long period of buckwheat ripening (25 ... 35 days), the value of the grown crop largely depends on right choice terms and methods of cleaning. During the ripening period, one plant has ripe and green fruits, flowers and buds. In wet weather, ripening is extended, in dry weather, the formation of fruits stops. It is possible to resume the process of fruit formation if the drought is replaced by wet weather. The increase in the mass of grain stops when its moisture content decreases to 40...36%, the moisture content of the stems and leaves at this time remains high and amounts to 50...65%. The fruits ripen first in the lower tier of the plant. Ripe fruits fall off easily.

Buckwheat is harvested in a separate way when 67 ... 75% of fruits turn brown on plants. Mowing buckwheat into rolls is carried out in the morning and evening hours at relative humidity not less than 55%. When the moisture content of the grain in the rolls drops to 14 ... 16% (2 ... 4 days after mowing), threshing is started, which is carried out at a reduced drum speed (500 ... 600 min-"). Long-term stay of buckwheat in the rolls is unacceptable , as overdried fruits crumble easily, which leads to large crop losses.

Storage of grain masses, both temporary and long-term, should be organized in such a way that there are no losses in mass, and even more so losses in quality.

The main way to store grain masses is to store them in bulk. The advantages of this method are as follows: the area is used much more fully; there are more opportunities for mechanized movement of grain masses; the fight against pests of grain products is facilitated; it is more convenient to organize observation according to all accepted indicators; there are no additional costs for packaging and shifting products.

The standards for cereals, legumes and oilseeds establish basic quality standards for moisture, weediness, infestation and freshness. Grain that meets the basic standards must be in a healthy condition, have a color and smell characteristic of normal grain (without musty, malty, moldy and other foreign odors). All cultures have the same infection requirements. According to the basic standards, pest infestation of grain stocks is not allowed.

3. Equipment selection and description technological scheme production of cereals from buckwheat grain

The scheme for the production of buckwheat is based on a two-stage separation of incoming grain. The first stage - preliminary separation is carried out in the grain-cleaning department, the second - final separation - in the shelling department.

The advantage of the two-stage separation is that the final sizing allows the sieves to be more evenly loaded with more evenly sized grains, and thus the final grading can be more accurate. In addition, grain, divided after preliminary sorting into 2…3 fractions, is more efficiently cleaned of impurities. Small (the most weedy) buckwheat can in this case be cleaned of hard-to-separate impurities additionally on vibropneumatic stoners, and then in aspirating machines, puny underdeveloped grains and light impurities can be removed from it.

3.1 Grain cleaning department

Buckwheat in the grain cleaning department is cleaned by:

double pass of all grain through separators;

single passage of grain through the stoner.

Small and large impurities separated from the flow of grain in the separators are controlled in sifters, setting using A1-BRU sifters.

To separate large impurities, sieves with triangular holes (7.0 mm) are installed, and to separate small impurities, sieves with rectangular holes (2.2 ... 2.4 x 2.0 mm).

The purified buckwheat grain isolated in sievings is winnowed in aspirators.

After cleaning, when producing quick-cooking cereals, buckwheat is subjected to hydrothermal treatment, including steaming, drying, and cooling operations. At the same time, at cereal plants with a capacity of more than 150 tons / day. two streams of buckwheat obtained in the grain cleaning department by size can be preserved at all stages of hydrothermal treatment. Steaming is carried out in steamers (Nerush, A9-BPB or others) at a steam pressure of 0.25 ... 0.30 MPa and a duration of 5 minutes. The difference in moisture content of grain batches sent for hydrothermal treatment should not exceed 1.5 ... 2.0%.

The moisture content of the grain after drying should not exceed 13.5%. The dried grain is cooled to a temperature not exceeding the air temperature of the production room by 6...8 °C.

After cooling, buckwheat is winnowed in aspirators for additional separation of light impurities.

The peeling of buckwheat is preceded by the stage of sorting it into fractions. Sorting into fractions by size is carried out in two stages - preliminary and final. After preliminary sorting, three streams of grain are obtained: the first - descending from sieves with a diameter of 4.2 mm; the second - exit from sieves with a diameter of 4.0 mm; the third is the passage through sieves with a diameter of 4.0 mm and exit from sieves 2.2 x 20 mm.

These streams, after being screened in aspirators, are sent separately to the shelling department for final sorting into six size fractions.

Screenings A1-BRU on the operation of the final sorting of buckwheat should be placed so that the number of elevator lifts is minimal, this allows to reduce grain crushing.

Sievings, calibrating, for example, the first fraction, are placed on three floors one below the other. On all three screenings, the descent from sieves with holes with a diameter of 4.5 mm is sequentially processed. The descent from the sieves of the third pass is a calibrated first fraction sent for peeling.

The passage products of sieves with holes with a diameter of 4.5 mm of all three passes are fed to the calibration of the second fraction. And so on for each faction.

Products obtained by descending from sieves with triangular holes are subjected to control for the purpose of additional selection of impurities from buckwheat.

The control is carried out on sieves with triangular holes on all six fractions.

The size of the sieve openings for preliminary and final sorting should be specified depending on the grain size of the processed batches of buckwheat.

In each sorted fraction of buckwheat, the content of grains of other fractions should not exceed these limits.

3.2 Peeling department

Peeling of buckwheat is carried out fractionally on roller shelling machines with a roll and deck made of sandstone or abrasive materials.

14 ... 15 m / s on the 1st - 2nd systems;

12 ... 14 m / s on the 3rd - 4th systems;

10 ... 12 m / s on the 5th - 6th systems.

After rolling machines, the peeling products of each fraction are sifted on sifters to separate:

buckwheat with husks - descent from a sieve with holes with a diameter of 0.2 ... 0.3 mm less than the sieve holes that characterize the fraction;

kernels with husks - coming off a sieve with holes of 1.7 x 20 mm or a diameter of 2.8 (3.0) mm and 1.6 x 20 mm or 2.5 (2.8) mm;

passed through a sieve with holes of 1.7 x 20 mm or 2.8 mm in diameter and 1.6 x 20 mm or 2.8 (2.5) mm in diameter with flour and husk particles.

The grain of buckwheat of each fraction after the separation of the husks from it is sent for re-husking.

Each core stream is subjected to winnowing to separate the husks and sent for control.

The control of unground groats is carried out by double sifting in sifters, successive sieving in aspirators and aspiration columns, and a single pass through magnetic separators.

In sievings, the kernel is taken by passing through sieves with triangular holes 5.5 mm and leaving sieves with rectangular holes 1.6 ... 1.7 x 20 mm.

It is possible to significantly improve the quality of cereals by carrying out its additional control with the help of A1-BRU sieving, a paddy machine and a stoner. The control of cereals is carried out by sifting it twice in sifters, on sieves with holes of 1.6 x 20 mm or diameters of 2.3 mm, 2.5 mm and a wire metal-woven sieve N 0.85<*>. The two streams are sent to separate winnowing in aspiration columns, after which both streams are combined and subjected to a single pass through magnetic separators.

Notes:

1. The moisture content of cereals obtained from unsteamed buckwheat is allowed:

a) for current consumption - no more than 15%;

b) for long-term storage and early delivery - no more than 14%.

2. The digestibility of buckwheat is determined periodically, but at least once a month.

3. The size of individual particles of a metal-magnetic impurity in the largest linear dimension should not exceed 0.3 mm, and the mass of its individual particles should not exceed 0.4 mg.

4. The residual amount of pesticides in buckwheat should not exceed the maximum allowable level approved by the USSR Ministry of Health.

5. Buckwheat - quick-cooking kernel of the first grade, used for the production of baby food, is produced from buckwheat according to GOST 19093-73, grown in the fields without the use of pesticides.

Figure 1 - Technological scheme for the production of buckwheat: 1, 5, 13, 19 - respectively 1-, 2-, 3-, 4-th peeling system; 2, 10, 16, 21 - sieving; 3, 11, 17 - aspirators with a closed air cycle; 4, 12, 18 - sorting machines; b, 7, 8, 14, 15, 20, 22 - grain separators

Literature

1 Kaminsky V. D., Ostapchuk N. V. Technology of hydrothermal processing of buckwheat grain using secondary heat - M .: TsNIITEI Minkhleboproduktov, 1988, p. Issue 1)

2 Egorov G. A. Hydrothermal processing of grain - M.: Kolos, 1968, p.97

3 Frolova MV Research and development of methods for cleaning buckwheat grain from hard-to-separate impurities Auto-abstract of the dissertation Ph.D. -- M.: 1970, p.23

4 Nurullin E.G. Buckwheat processing on a new technological basis. // Technique in agriculture. 2003. - No. 4. --WITH. 35 - 36.

5. Konstantinov M.M., Rumyantsev A.A. A method for determining the uniformity of hydrothermal processing of cereal grains. Proceedings of the Orenburg State Agrarian University. 2012. No. 35. S. 79--82.

6. Shindin I. M., Bochkarev V. V. Guidelines for variety research of agricultural crops: textbook / PGSKhA, IKARP FEB RAS. - Ussuriysk, 2002. - 266 p.;

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