What is an IGZO matrix in a smartphone and why is it good. Recipes for choosing the right smartphone: which screen is better? How is igzo different from ips

We continue the section on how to choose the right smartphone that will delight the user. We have already talked: what are, what is better, the pros and cons. Today we will talk about choosing a smartphone screen. The topic is quite complex and extensive, since by now there are many technologies for the production of displays, their protection, in addition, they are presented in a variety of diagonals, with different ratios, and so on. It is the screen that often becomes a stumbling block when choosing a smartphone. It is not surprising. The display is exactly the part of the device with which we have to work more. In case of the wrong choice, it is likely that the screen will cause a lot of inconvenience: poor picture quality, low brightness, poor sensitivity. But do not worry, today we will touch on each of the aspects, telling you about all the intricacies of choosing a smartphone screen.

Smartphone matrix type

It is worth starting with the type of matrix. In many ways, the quality will depend on the choice of the type of screen matrix. So, today it is customary to distinguish three varieties:

1. TN+film
2. AMOLED

The first two are based on liquid crystals, the second - on organic light emitting diodes. Each of the types is represented by several subspecies (in the case of IPS, more than 20 different ones), which one way or another are found in the production of panels.

Some of you are wondering: "Where is the TFT?". Due to ignorance of some resources, this abbreviation is often used as a designation for the type of matrix, which is incorrect. The term TFT refers to thin film transistors used to organize the operation of subpixels. They are applied practically in each of considered types of matrices. Transistors are also available in several varieties, one of which is LTPS (polycrystalline silicon). LTPS is a relatively new subspecies, which stands out for its lower power consumption and more compact transistor sizes, which is also reflected in pixel sizes. As a result: a higher pixel density, a better and clearer picture.

TN+film

Back to matrices. Most of the matrices familiar to us, as already noted, are liquid crystal, that is, LCD. The principle is to polarize the light that passes through the filter, turning into the appropriate colors. The first of the varieties of liquid crystal matrices is TN + film. With the spread of "film" was dropped, shortening the name to "TN". The simplest type, which by today is rather outdated and is used only in the cheapest smartphones (and even then, you still have to find it). TN cannot boast of good viewing angles or contrast, and has poor color reproduction.

In general, avoid TN when choosing a smartphone screen - the type is outdated.

IPS

Next comes IPS. This technology is also not young - the age has already exceeded 20 years. Meanwhile, IPS-matrices are the most widespread in the smartphone market. Open any online store, choose the first smartphone that comes across and make sure of my words. This type of matrices is presented both in the budget segment and in the flagship one. In addition to improved performance, when compared with TN, IPS received a large number of varieties. However, you should not understand everything - two types of dominance are divided in the smartphone market: AH-IPS and PLS. Their creators are the two largest companies in South Korea and the whole world: LG and Samsung, respectively. What is the difference? She is practically non-existent. Matrices of two types are like twin brothers, so you can not be afraid to choose a smartphone with any of them. Identity has even been the subject of litigation between companies.

IPS boasts wider viewing angles than TN, good color reproduction, and a high pixel density, resulting in a gorgeous picture. But the power consumption is about the same - in any case, LEDs are used for illumination. Since there are quite a few varieties of IPS matrices, they also differ in their characteristics. This difference can be seen even "by eye". Cheaper IPS can be too faded, or vice versa - have an oversaturated color. It complicates the choice of a smartphone screen in that manufacturers are often silent about the type of matrix.

Definitely, when choosing between a TN and IPS screen, preference is given to the latter.

AMOLED

An even more modern type, which is common today, as a rule, among high-end smartphones. AMOLEDs are organic light-emitting diodes that do not require external illumination, as is the case with IPS or TN - they glow on their own. Already at this point, their first advantage can be distinguished - smaller sizes. Further - AMOLED is represented by more saturated colors. Black looks especially good, during the display of which the LED simply fades out. AMOLED displays are more contrasty, boast wide viewing angles and lower power consumption (there are nuances). Just a fairy tale, right? But before choosing a smartphone with an AMOLED screen, you should learn about its shortcomings.

The main disadvantage is considered to be a shorter service life compared to IPS. After a certain period (as a rule, after three years changes in color are observed), on average, after 6-10 years, pixels begin to “burn out”. Moreover, bright colors are especially prone to fading, so users often use dark themes in order to extend the service life. In addition, power consumption is greatly affected by the brightness of the colors on the screen. If a bright picture is displayed in bright colors, then AMOLED consumes more energy than IPS. Finally, OLED arrays are more expensive to manufacture.

Be that as it may, this does not negate the manufacturability and quality of AMOLED. Sores in the form of "burn-in pixels" are gradually cured, and subspecies of matrices appear that are getting better. For example, Super AMOLED. This variety appeared seven years ago, bringing a lot of improvements. Power consumption has been reduced, brightness has been increased. In addition, the air gap between the tach and the matrix has disappeared, which increased the sensitivity of the screen, and also eliminated the ingress of dust.

AMOLED today is considered the most technological matrices that are actively developing. If until recently they were used mainly in Samsung smartphones, today they are chosen by a huge number of smartphone manufacturers (almost every major brand has presented a solution with an AMOLED screen.

Design features of smartphone screens

But not only the type of matrix should be taken into account when choosing a smartphone screen. There are still a whole bunch of features that affect the final quality of the picture and the feeling of using it. We will focus on the most important points.

Air gap

Until recently, the screens of all smartphones were represented by two components: the touch layer and the matrix itself. Between them there was an air gap, the thickness of which depended directly on the manufacturer. Naturally, the thinner the layer, the better. Companies regularly reduced the air gap, making the picture quality higher and viewing angles wider. Relatively recently, it was possible to completely get rid of the air gap thanks to OGS technology. Now the sensor layer and the matrix are merged together. Despite the significant improvement in quality, there is an obvious drawback. In case of damage to the OGG screen, it will have to be replaced completely, while in displays with an air layer, only the glass takes the blow.

Be that as it may, more and more manufacturers are choosing OGS screens. Yes, and we advise you to give preference to this technology. Believe me, you don't have to worry about the complicated repair of the feelings that you will experience when using such a display.

A relatively recent thread that Samsung brought to the market with its flagship Galaxy S6 Edge (there was also a Galaxy Note, but only one edge was bent there). The South Korean manufacturer will continue to develop the idea in subsequent smartphones, but the rest of the companies did not share the idea too much. The company bends the right and left sides of the devices - the screen seems to float on the ends. This is done not only for the sake of spectacular appearance, but also for the convenience of the user. Additional functions are brought here, notifications can also be displayed here. A fascinating feature, but not everyone needs it.

Samsung managed to implement the curved display most successfully, therefore, if such a design is interesting, we advise you to consider the solutions of the South Korean brand.

An even more recent trend is bezel-less screens. The progenitor is Sharp, which showed the first frameless smartphone back in 2014, but users were attracted by the frameless Mi Mix shown in 2016. By the summer of 2017, a number of companies announced their intention to release such gadgets. Today, the market is rapidly filling up, with the newest models costing less than $100.

To date, there are several variations of the bezel-less screen: elongated displays that have reduced bezels at the top and bottom; familiar displays, devoid of frames on three sides (except the bottom). The first type includes the Samsung Galaxy S8, a pair of smartphones from LG (G6 and). To the second -, Doogee Mix, Xiaomi Mi Mix and many others, whose ranks are constantly replenished.

Frameless smartphones look really cool, and the low cost allows everyone to try out modern technologies.

The well-known company Apple in the iPhone 6S introduced a new technology at the time of release - 3D Touch. With it, the screen began to respond not only to touch, but also to the force of pressing. Technology began to be used, as a rule, to perform any quick actions. Also, 3D Touch made it possible to work with text, draw with great comfort (the brush reacts to the force of pressure), and so on. The function did not become something completely unusual, but it found its user. Later, a similar technology appeared 6, was also announced in .

Touch screen type

Not a particularly important criterion when choosing a smartphone screen, but, nevertheless, let's dwell on it a little. There are several types of touch displays: matrix (very, very rare) resistive and capacitive. Resistive screens were ubiquitous until recently, but today they are only found in very rare and cheap smartphones. This type is different in that it reacts to any touch: with a finger, a pen, or at least control another phone. It supports only one touch, it does not always work accurately. In general, an obsolete type.

Capacitive screens are vastly superior to their predecessors. They already support more than one simultaneous touch, have better sensitivity, work much more accurately. However, their production is more expensive.

Like it or not, the vast majority of companies have abandoned resistive screens in smartphones. And this is for the best. In addition, the cost of capacitives is constantly decreasing, which allows manufacturers to install them in the cheapest smartphones.

Another important aspect when choosing a smartphone screen is the number of simultaneous touches. This parameter determines what operations you can perform on the display. The first smartphones equipped with resistive screens were limited to one simultaneous touch, which was not always enough. The screens of modern smartphones often support 2, 3, 5 or 10 simultaneous touches. What gives a large number of simultaneous touches:

• Scaling and zooming. One of the first features that appeared in the iPhone - the first smartphone with support for two simultaneous touches. For example, you can reduce or enlarge images by pinching or spreading your fingers on the screen.
• Gesture control. Multiple fingers make it possible to use various gestures.
• Management in games. Most modern games require the use of several fingers at the same time.

Do not chase support for 10 simultaneous touches if you do not play on a smartphone. For the vast majority of users, 5 touches are enough, and even less demanding ones will not experience discomfort with 2.

Significant parameters when choosing a smartphone screen go hand in hand. The diagonal of the display reflects its dimensions in inches.

An inch corresponds to 2.54 centimeters. For example, the screen diagonal of a 5-inch smartphone in centimeters is 12.7 centimeters. note: Diagonal is measured from corner to corner of the screen, excluding bezels.

What screen size to choose? You will have to answer this question yourself. The market of modern smartphones offers a variety of diagonals, starting from about 3.5-4 inches, ending with almost 7 inches. There are also more compact options, but you can ignore them - working with miniature icons is not very convenient. The best way to choose a diagonal is to personally hold the smartphone in your hands. If you are comfortable using one hand, then the diagonal is “your”.

It is also impossible to recommend specific numbers because each person has a different hand size, finger length. One and 6-inch is comfortable to use, the other - and 5 inches is a lot. It is also worth considering that smartphones with the same diagonal can be of different sizes in general. A simple example: a 5.5" is comparable to a 5" model with regular bezels. Therefore, when choosing a smartphone screen, it is also desirable to take into account the thickness of the frames.

Be that as it may, there is a tendency to increase the diagonals of the screen. If in 2011 the vast majority of users were limited to 4 inches, then in 2014 the largest percentage belonged to 5 inches, today the market is captured by solutions with 5.5 inches.

With permission, the situation is simpler.

Resolution reflects the number of pixels per unit area. The higher the resolution, the better the picture quality. Again, the same resolution looks different on two different diagonals. Here it is worth mentioning the density of pixels per inch, which is denoted by the abbreviation PPI. Here the same rule as in the case of resolution: the higher the density, the better. True, experts do not agree on the exact figure: a number claims that a comfortable value starts at 350 PPI, others give large numbers, and others give smaller ones. At the same time, it is worth remembering that human vision is very individual: someone will not see a pixel even at 300 PPI, while the other will find something to complain about even at 500 PPI.

• with a diagonal of up to 4-4.5 inches, most smartphones get a resolution of 840x480 pixels (about 250 PPI);
• 4.5 to 5 inches HD resolution (1280x720 dots) is a good choice (density ranges from 326 to 294 PPI)
• more than 5 inches - you should look towards FullHD (1920x1080 pixels) or even higher resolutions

The latest Samsung smartphones and a number of models from other companies receive a resolution of 2560 × 1440 pixels, which provides high pixel density and a clear picture. The recent flagship from Sony was even presented with a 4K screen resolution, which at 5.5 inches guarantees a record 801 PPI.

Screen coverage

Until recently, the screens of mobile devices were covered with ordinary plastic, which quickly scratched, distorted the color rendition, and did not feel very tactile. It was replaced by glass, which does not care about the keys lying around in your pocket. Now on the market there is not a single type of glass that differs in strength and, accordingly, in price. 2.5D glass, curved from the edges, has gained particular popularity today. They not only guarantee high reliability, but also give the smartphone a more stylish look.

In addition, the screens of modern smartphones have a special oil-repellent coating (oleophobic layer), which provides good finger gliding and prevents stains. To determine the presence of an oleophobic layer, it is enough to place a drop of water on the screen. The better the drop retains its shape (does not spread), the better the layer.

Naturally, the quality of the oleophobic layer and glass affect the cost of the smartphone. You will hardly find a budget model that can boast the same durable glass as the flagship solution. Today, the most popular manufacturer of protective glasses is Corning, whose line ends with Gorilla Glass 5.

Additional screen

If one display is not enough for you, then a number of companies offer smartphones with additional screens. They are usually small, but serve to display notifications. And YotaPhone 2, known to many, offers a second E-link display that occupies the entire back side, which is convenient to read. In the LG lineup there are solutions with a small screen that displays notifications. Recently, a similar smartphone with an additional screen was noted by Meizu with its flagship.

The second screen is a rather peculiar feature that not everyone needs. Nevertheless, such smartphones find their user, and more than one.

Conclusion

Well, they seem to have told about all the intricacies of choosing a smartphone screen. The material turned out to be quite extensive, we hope that everyone will find answers to their questions. You should not chase the most expensive screen, but it is also contraindicated to save too much - we are looking for that very golden mean. Although the current mobile electronics market itself will direct you in the right direction, pointing out what is popular and in demand. Today, the risk of stumbling upon a low-quality display that will be dull when pressed is much lower, manufacturers have significantly raised the quality bar. Even third-tier companies use quite solid matrices in their ultra-budget smartphones. Well, we can only wish you good luck in your choice.

By the way, the line of articles on the criteria for the right choice does not end there. We have already talked about that, check it out. Materials on the topic of choosing a processor and cameras will appear soon, so subscribe to notifications and the Vkontakte group.

Recently, the Sharp IGZO matrix has been increasingly appearing in the characteristics of smartphones. This technology replaces the classic IPS and TN+film screens, and not only for expensive top-end products, but also for cheap Chinese devices.

For example, the recently released "cheapest flagship" from the Chinese startup Vernee, which costs about $200, or last year's even more affordable MEIZU M2 Note has a Sharp IGZO matrix.

Therefore, we decided to figure out what is better in the end for a smartphone: IGZO or IPS, or maybe Samsung's favorite Super AMOLED technology? In general, what are the advantages and disadvantages of this relatively new technology from Sharp compared to time-tested solutions?

IGZO display: what is it?

Sharp IGZO technology is based, like IPS, on liquid crystals. The name itself stands for "Indium gallium zinc oxide", which means "oxide of indium, gallium and zinc". This semiconductor material is a good replacement for amorphous silicon, which is used for classic LCD screens.

The main advantage of the new technology is the ability to create low-cost high-definition screens up to 4K UltraHD. Back in 2014, Sharp introduced an IGZO display with a pixel density of 736 ppi: 2560 × 1600 pixels (WQXGA) at a diagonal of 4.1 inches at the IFA exhibition in Berlin.

And in April last year, a 5.5-inch screen made using this technology was shown with a resolution of 2160x3840 pixels (density 806 dots per inch). True, Sony, creating the first smartphone with a 4K UltraHD screen (Xperia Z5 Premium) in the same year, preferred the good old IPS matrix.

IGZO vs IPS: which is better?

Compared to IGZO and more "traditional" IPS, the use of an alternative semiconductor material allows for more touch-sensitive and generally accurate touch screens.

Also, Sharp technology allows you to reduce the response time of the matrix and reduce the pixel size. True, the latter is not currently a limitation for IPS and even TN + film.

In terms of color reproduction, IGZO screens do not have any particular advantages, although a number of experts note that the images on them look more “colorful”, approaching AMOLED matrices, but the naturalness of color reproduction is not lost.

Also, the Sharp IGZO matrix is ​​thinner and has greater transparency. This factor makes it possible to make brighter screens and at the same time reduce battery consumption, since less brightness is required for the display backlight.

Another advantage of IGZO matrices is the relative simplicity and cheapness of the technology, thanks to which they have become increasingly common among Chinese smartphones. True, we are talking most often about matrices with a fairly low pixel density (FullHD 1920 × 1080 with a diagonal of 5.5 inches).

A bit of history

IGZO technology owes its appearance to the development of the Japanese professor Hideo Hosono, who worked at the Tokyo Institute of Technology. In the mid-90s, he synthesized transistors from a combined semiconductor material, which was precisely the oxide of indium, gallium and zinc.

The debut of the new screen production technology took place in the fall of 2012 in Berlin at the IFA exhibition, where Sharp showed the first matrices and prototypes of devices based on them. True, then it was about screens for TVs, monitors, laptops and tablets.

Later, matrices for smartphones were just shown, and every year the diagonal of IGZO displays decreased, and the pixel density grew. The first smartphone with such a screen was introduced at the end of 2012, we are talking about a model from Sharp called Aquos SH930W.

It is worth noting that Sharp Aquos SH930W was the first smartphone with a FullHD screen, which was officially presented in Russia. The device had flagship characteristics and was also very “toothy” for those times: 21,900 rubles.

Sharp's new LCD matrix material outperforms all other screen technologies. It is ideal for 4K monitors and Ultra HD mobile devices.

The revolution in the display industry is happening quietly and unobtrusively in front of everyone. An important innovation is hidden behind the mysterious abbreviation IGZO, which encodes the elements used in new thin-film transistors: indium oxide, gallium and zinc. Developed by the Japanese electronics company Sharp, IGZO screens show advantages in areas where traditional LCD monitors have reached their limits. We are talking about the level of pixel density and support for Ultra HD resolution. The new displays are already being used in devices ranging from smartphones (Sharp SH-06E - 1920×1080 dots/460 ppi), tablets (such as BungBungame - 2560×1600 dots) to laptops (Fujitsu Lifebook UH 90 - 3200×1800 dots). ). IGZO solutions are found in monitors and TVs that support 4K resolution (ASUS PQ321QE top left).

What a result this provides, shows a comparison of the latest Tablet PCs. If you open the same page on the Internet in iPad mini (1024×768 pixels) and iPad 4 (2048×1536 pixels), the font in iPad mini will seem blurry, when you reduce the image, the letters merge with each other, while the picture on the iPad 4 is remarkably clear. The iPad does not use IGZO, but competitive LTPS (Low Temperature Poly-Silizium) technology. Both designs are well suited for high resolutions, but IGZO consumes less power.

Three transistors per pixel

In flat-panel monitors, thin-film transistors are hidden behind a layer of liquid crystals and can change their orientation. Thanks to this, they are able to control each pixel and determine the amount of light that will pass in a specified place. Three transistors are needed per pixel, because each of them is a combination of three subpixels with filters of three primary colors - red, green and blue. Because TFTs are opaque, they must decrease as the pixel density increases to maintain the display's ability to transmit light. But they cannot be reduced indefinitely, because this creates a leakage current, which leads to increased power consumption). The problem with traditional TFT transistors lies in the material used. Unlike CPU transistors, they are not made of crystalline, but amorphous silicon. It is ideal for mass production as a layer of TFT transistors can be applied over the entire area of ​​the glass substrate at no great cost. But in comparison with crystalline silicon, there is a colossal decrease in electron mobility (see left). For conventional resolution displays, this is not a problem, because the transistors do not need to perform complex calculations, but only switch at short intervals - every 16 ms at 60 Hz.

The TFT transistors switch when voltage is applied to the gate. The channel opens and electrons move from the source to the drain. In an amorphous silicon channel, due to the low electron mobility, a relatively high voltage must be applied in order for the electrons to move through it. The channel from IGZO, on the other hand, opens even at low voltage, due to the fact that the electron mobility is fifty times higher here.

IGZO: high pixel density

When using polycrystalline silicon to obtain a high pixel density (over 400 ppO, it becomes necessary to reduce transistors. The smaller they are, the greater the leakage current, which means that electrons move through the transistor even when it is turned off. In addition, at regular intervals it is required to perform updating the image, as leakage current can cause accidental switching.In a transistor with an IGZO channel, there is practically no leakage current in the off state, which not only saves energy, because there is no need for frequent refresh, it also means that obstacles in the way are eliminated to the creation of thin-film transistors of smaller dimensions.

IGZO displays are capable of retaining the screen contents even with the TFT transistors turned off for a certain time. According to 81yugr, now there is the possibility of a "painless" reduction in frequency from 60 to 25 Hz. In addition, IGZO screens process touch commands more accurately, as image refresh interferes with touch input signals. Regardless, it remains unclear when IGZO will hit the mainstream market. So far, Sharp displays are used in niche products. Other manufacturers are betting on expensive LTPS technology.

Source: Chip Magazine

16.11.2013 09:05

Surely you wondered - how did Apple manage to make the iPad Air so light, thin and compact? The answer is simple - partly thanks to IGZO's advanced "display" technology.

IGZO, or Indium Gallium Zinc Oxide, is the future of high-resolution displays. The technology allows to fit a huge number of pixels into a relatively small area and at the same time reduce the power consumption of these pixels compared to previous technologies.

The promising semiconductor material IGZO, used as a channel for transparent thin-film transistors, has long claimed practical implementation in a mass commercial product - it was necessary for some company to take the risks and launch IGZO-based displays into mass production. Such a company, as you may have guessed, was Apple, which applied the development in its tablet.

IGZO allowed not only to produce transparent transistors - the material has a significantly higher (35-40 times) electron mobility than that of amorphous silicon (a-Si), used to manufacture displays of the current generation.

Amorphous silicon itself is opaque, but it is possible to produce a transistor from it in the form of the thinnest translucent film that will transmit light. Due to the high speed of the electrons, IGZO-based transistors can be much smaller, which allows, respectively, to increase the pixel density and reduce power consumption. IGZO-based transistors have much greater transparency, which improves picture quality. Also, to display a picture on the display, a backlight of less power will be required, which, again, leads to energy savings.

IGZO also has a competing solution - LTPS (Low-temperature polycrystalline silicon) - low-temperature polysilicon technology, another alternative to amorphous silicon. LTPS also offers faster electron speeds and allows you to create energy efficient displays with excellent image quality, but LTPS displays are expensive and difficult to manufacture.

One of the best examples of LTPS in practice is the new Kindle Fire HDX, one of the few devices on the market with a better display than the iPad Air. According to DisplayMate's Raymond Soneira, iPad Air displays using IGZO technology consume 57% less power than last year's iPad 4 display - a huge difference within a single generation. Whatever the case, the LTPS panel used in the new Fire is even more energy efficient - it consumes 30% less power than the iPad Air's display!

In many respects, LTPS outperforms IGZO, but IGZO has every chance of winning due to its low price and low manufacturing complexity. LTPS technology is likely to be useful in expensive top devices and flagships, while IGZO will be installed in all other smartphones, tablets, laptops, monitors and TVs.

The first commercial products based on IGZO were introduced by Sharp, but an opening of the iPad Air revealed that the tablet's LCD panel was made by LG. So far, there is very little public information about LG's IGZO semiconductor manufacturing facilities, but it is clear that the company has already acquired all the necessary patents or has somehow partnered with Sharp to produce huge batches of 9.7" displays for Apple, made by new technology.

It is also clear that in a year or two we will see a large assortment of IGZO displays for laptops and desktop computer monitors (would you like to get, say, a 24-inch 4K monitor for the price of an average modern monitor?).

Technology IGZO(Indium, Gallium, Zinc Oxide - In-Ga-Zn-O) from Sharp allows manufacturers to produce even higher quality displays.
In IGZO panels, not silicon is used as a semiconductor, but oxides of indium, gallium and zinc.

This allows smaller TFTs to be formed, improving display performance by increasing pixel density and increasing panel transparency, which in turn makes it possible to increase screen brightness and reduce power consumption by reducing backlight brightness.

In addition, the displays are thinner and can be equipped with more sensitive touch screens.

Each screen pixel is controlled by its own transistor.
IGZO transistors have improved performance compared to the amorphous silicon used today in liquid crystal panels.

IGZO technology has its roots in the development of Tokyo Institute of Technology professor Hideo Hosono, who was the first to synthesize such transistors in the mid-90s.
The electrons in such transistors move faster, and the elements themselves become smaller.

Transistor size has the most direct effect on pixel size, which means that small transistors can reduce pixel size and fit more pixels per unit area.

The new transistors do not need to constantly update their state when displaying a still image.
This reduces power consumption and reduces the effect of interference from the screen's electronic components.
As a result, the accuracy and sensitivity of touch panels is improved.

Due to the reduced size of electronic components, displays can be made thinner, therefore, portable devices become even more compact.
Increased resolution of small screens, reduced power consumption, more accurate operation of touch panels - all this is in great demand today by manufacturers of portable electronics.

IGZO backlight energy costs are significantly lower than those of flint panels, sometimes by half, and IGZO panels consume two-thirds less electricity.

It is predicted that IGZO technology may overtake Apple's high-end displays in popularity.

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