How to indicate the rank of numerals. Number categories in Russian. How to determine the rank of a numeral? Changing cardinal numbers

According to their meaning, all numerals are divided into quantitative, indefinite-quantitative, ordinal, and collective.

Numerals expressing an abstract quantity (number) are called quantitative.

Cardinal numbers are divided into numerals that name whole numbers or the number of whole objects (two, three, ten), and numerals that call parts of whole numbers or the number of parts of objects - fractional (one and a half, one second, two thirds). Cardinal numbers denote an exact, specific number of objects (two tables, five houses, one hundred roads, etc.).

Indefinite numbers denote an indefinite number of objects (persons) or substance: a lot, a little, little (many tables, debts, roads, etc.).

Ordinal numbers are numbers that indicate the order of objects when counting them: first, second, fifth, hundredth, one hundred and tenth.

Collective numerals are those that name the number of units that form a set of objects: two, three, five, etc.

Cardinal numbers are the main category because: 1) they do possible education and the functioning of other semantic categories; 2) they have specific grammatical features, which are not so typical for other numerals.

Structural digits of numerals

By structure, numerals can be non-derivative, or simple, and derivative.

There are few non-derivative (simple) numerals: cardinal numerals of the first ten (one, two, three, ten) and the numerals forty, one hundred, thousand. IN modern language The simple numerals include one and a half (fractional), million, billion (they are not now divided into morphemes).

Derived numerals combine two groups: complex and compound numerals.

Complex ones are single-word numerals formed from simple ones (eleven, twenty, fifty, two hundred, five hundred, eleventh, fiftieth, etc.). Of cardinal numbers, these are the names of units of the second ten, tens, hundreds.

The names of the units of the second ten go back to combinations of the names of the units of the first ten with the preposition na and the numeral ten in the locative (prepositional) case: eleven of one by ten (“one unit over ten”); twelve from two into ten, etc. As a result of phonetic changes, the numeral ten with the preposition na turned into -eleven. Similar transformations occurred in the numerals twenty, thirty, which go back to the combinations of the numerals two, three and the numeral ten in the nominative case of the dual and plural(ten). Twenty, thirty turned into twenty, thirty.

The numerals fifty, sixty, seventy, eighty are formed from combining the names of units and the numeral ten in the genitive plural. The origin of the numeral ninety is not precisely established.

The numeral two hundred is in origin a merger of the numerals two and one hundred (in the nominative case of the dual number). The numerals three hundred and four hundred go back to the Old Russian combinations of the numerals three, four and the numeral one hundred (nominative plural of one hundred). The numerals five hundred, six hundred, seven hundred, eight hundred, nine hundred came from the combinations five, six, seven, eight, nine and the numeral one hundred in the genitive plural (sot').

Composite are non-single numerals that were formed by juxtaposing (composing) simple and complex numerals (twenty-one, one hundred thirty-seven, one thousand five hundred and eighty-five, twenty-first, one hundred and thirty-seven). Compound numerals are a productive group, while complex numerals in modern language are not replenished with new formations. With a combination of a few simple and complex numerals we are able to denote any large or small quantity (number).

Grammatical features of cardinal numbers

Cardinal numbers are the most unique category in grammatical terms. Morphologically, they are characterized by the absence of a gender category in most words, and syntactically, they are characterized by a special compatibility with nouns.

The category of gender, which is not characteristic of cardinal numerals, has the numerals one (one, one), two (two), thousand, million, billion. For the numerals one, two, the category of gender is changeable (one house, one room, one window; two houses, two rooms, two windows), and for the numerals thousand, million, billion - unchangeable (a thousand is feminine, million, billion is masculine ).

The category of number is inherent in the numerals one, thousand, million, billion (one - one, thousand - thousands, million - millions, billion - billions). However, the plural forms of the numeral one are used only in combination with nouns that do not have singular forms (pluralia tantum): one watch, one scissors, one pliers, etc. Consequently, in the numeral one the plural actually does not mean a plurality, but performs formal role - serves as a means of agreement with a noun.

In combination with nouns, not pluralia tantum, the word one in the plural is not a numeral: It was cold to drive without a fur coat, past villages where there were no houses or people. Where some burnt pipes walked like lizards or camels (Samoilov) (some were a particle, cf.: only, only); He was asking a very simple thing; he asked: why and by what right did some people lock up, torture, exile, flog and kill other people, while they themselves are exactly the same as those whom they torture, flog, kill? (L. Tolstoy) (some - pronoun, cf. some).

If the absence of a meaningful category of number allows us to bring the word one closer to cardinal numerals, then the words thousand, million, billion are morphologically no different from nouns (cf.: thousand - dacha, thousands - dachas; million - broth, millions - broths; billion * - billiards, billions - billiards).

The syntactic functions of cardinal numbers are varied. They can be: 1) subject and predicate: Three and three - six; 2) minor members of the sentence: Subtract two from five (additions); No, I can’t give more than two rubles,” said Chichikov (Gogol) (two is the definition). However syntactic features cardinal numbers are primarily manifested in the different compatibility of numerals with nouns.

The numeral one agrees with the defined noun in number, gender and case: one house - one house - one house; one room - one room - one room, etc.

The numerals two, three, four in the nominative and accusative cases control the singular genitive case of the nouns with which they are associated: two (three, four) houses, windows; two (three, four) rooms.

It should be borne in mind that the form of the genitive singular of nouns is female coincides with the nominative plural (at the room - genitive singular; the bright rooms - nominative plural; at the door - genitive singular; the doors are open - nominative plural), but in combination with the numerals two, three, four nominative and accusative cases, the noun always stands in the genitive singular: Three proud palm trees (genitive singular, non-nominative plural!) grew high (Lermontov).

In all other cases, except for the nominative and accusative, the numerals two, three, four agree with the nouns and the noun has a plural form: two oaks, but two oaks, two oaks, two oaks, (about) two oaks.

Compound cardinal numbers are also combined with nouns, the last component of which is two, three or four: four tables - twenty-four tables - one thousand fifty-four tables; four tables - twenty-four tables - one thousand fifty-four tables, etc.

Numerals of five or more (except thousand, million, billion) in them. and wine cases control gender. plural case number of nouns (five houses, five rooms, five windows). In indirect cases, these numerals agree with nouns (five houses, five houses, five houses, about five houses).

The numerals thousand, million, billion in all cases control gender. plural case number of nouns: a thousand books - a thousand books - a thousand books - a thousand books, etc.

Collective numbers

Collective numerals are an unproductive and small group of words. They are formed from cardinal numbers only of the first ten: two, three, four, five six, seven, eight, nine, ten.

A special place is occupied by the numeral both, both. Firstly, it is not the only designation for the totality of two objects (cf. two). Secondly, it does not mean a simple set, but a set of objects already known to the listener or reader (both). The numeral two does not require clarification, but the words both, both always require clarification in the context; cf.: Two in the city and Both in the city (in the latter case, prior knowledge of who or what is required we're talking about). An indication of the previous context brings the words both, both closer to pronouns (cf. he, this, that), and a number of researchers consider both, both to be pronouns.

Collective numbers are used in certain conditions:

Collective numbers are combined with the names of masculine persons (two men, a man, etc.) and are not combined with the names of feminine persons. In this use, they are freely replaced by cardinal numbers (two men, a person, a brother, etc.), which is especially typical for book styles.

Collective numerals are combined with substantivized words that denote persons (“Seven brave”, three adults, etc.).

Collective numerals are used with nouns that do not have a singular number: two days, three sleighs, etc. In indirect cases with these nouns, forms of cardinal numerals are used (about two days, about three sleighs).

Collective numerals in combination with nouns naming paired objects (boots, socks, gloves, shoes, etc.) indicate the number of pairs (three boots - three pairs of boots, two socks - two pairs of socks), and cardinal numerals - the number of individual items (three shoes, two socks).

Collective numerals can be used independently (without nouns), naming a collection of persons: seven do not wait for one (proverb), three came out of the forest, two are in the city. When used independently, cardinal numbers do not receive an objective meaning, but name an abstract quantity: Two plus three equals five.

All collective numerals in the nominative and accusative cases control the genitive plural of nouns: two fighters, etc. (compare the genitive singular with cardinal numbers two, three, four: two fighters, three boys, etc.) , and in indirect cases they agree with nouns.

Collective numerals do not have a gender category, except for the numeral oba (masculine and neuter), both (feminine), do not change according to numbers. Collective numerals are declined as full adjectives in plural:

I. two, four

R. two, four

D. two, four

V. two, four

T. two, four

P. (about) two, four

The numeral oba (masculine and neuter) has the vowel o (both, both, both) at the base of the indirect cases, and the numeral oba (feminine) has the vowel e (both, both, both).

Ordinals

Ordinal numbers have some of their characteristics that coincide with numerals, and others with adjectives.

Brings them closer to numerals lexical meaning(cf.: fifth house and house 5, sixth apartment and apartment 6) and the generating base (ordinal numbers are formed from cardinal numbers: five - fifth, fifty - fiftieth, one hundred thirty-eight - one hundred thirty-eighth).

They are combined with adjectives by syntactic, morphological and word-formation features. Ordinal numbers are used as definitions (fifth hour, third call) or nominal parts compound predicate(Yu. Gagarin was the first to see the Earth from space). They change by gender, number and case, like adjectives (sixth - sixth - sixth; sixth - sixth; sixth - sixth - sixth; sixth - sixth - sixth). In compound ordinal numbers, only the last part is declined: thirty-fifth - thirty-fifth - thirty-fifth. In the word formation of ordinal numbers, suffixes are used, which also form adjectives: -/- (third - third); -n- (thousandth), *oe- (fortieth). Complex ordinal numbers are formed according to the model of complex adjectives with a numeral in the first part: fiftieth, two hundredth (cf. pentagonal, two-decker).

The word formation of simple ordinal numbers has some peculiarities. From the numerals one and two, ordinal numbers are formed in a suppletive way: first, second. The numerals third and fourth are derived from the stems third and quarter. The numeral seventh retained in its composition the common Slavic basis seven (cf.: seven of seven). When forming ordinal numbers, the final soft consonant of the generating stem is replaced by a hard one: five - fifth, six - sixth, etc.

The dual nature of ordinal numbers leads to the fact that they can be replaced by cardinal numbers (Olympiad-80, apartment 5), and turn into adjectives losing their ordinal meaning (first love, second wind, third roosters, sixth sense).

Fractional numbers

Fractional numbers name the parts of whole numbers, the number of parts of whole objects or collections of objects. The cardinal number is used as the numerator, and the ordinal number is used as the denominator. If the numerator is the numeral one or a compound numeral with the final component one, then the ordinal number in the denominator has the feminine singular form nominative case: one fifth, twenty-one hundredth. In all other fractional numbers the ordinal number is in the form genitive case plural: two fifths, twenty hundredths. In oblique cases, the numerator and denominator agree: one fifth, two fifths, twenty-one hundredths.

Fractional numbers require the noun to be in the genitive case: one-sixth of land, three-tenths of vegetables. Fractional numerals, unlike quantitative ones, can be combined with collective and real nouns (three-fifths of youth, three-fifths of butter), naming the number of parts of any collection of objects (persons) or substance. In combination with nouns denoting objects that can be counted (tree, house, city, etc.), fractional numerals can name either the number of parts of one object, or the number of parts of the entire set of these objects: one second of a tree, one second of trees . In the first case, the noun is in the singular genitive case, and in the second case, in the plural genitive case.

The numerals one and a half (masculine and neuter), one and a half (feminine), and one and a half hundred are also fractional. These numbers have some special features.

Firstly, they use one word to describe the combination of a whole number and a part, while in all other cases, to connect a whole number with a fraction, a conjunction and or the adjective whole are used - seven and two tenths, seven point two tenths.

Secondly, the numeral one and a half, one and a half is combined in the nominative and accusative cases with nouns in the genitive singular one and a half meters, buckets; one and a half notebooks), and the numeral one and a half hundred - with nouns in the genitive plural (one and a half hundred meters, buckets, notebooks). The numeral one and a half does not combine with nouns that have only plural forms, except for the noun day: one and a half days (the stress in the numeral moves to the first syllable). Unlike other fractional numbers, one and a half, one and a half, and one and a half hundred are not used with collective and real nouns.

Thirdly, these numerals have only two case forms: nominative and accusative cases - one and a half, one and a half, one and a half hundred and indirect cases - one and a half, one and a half hundred (with emphasis on the second syllable).

In indirect cases, nouns are combined with the numerals one and a half, one and a half in the plural form: one and a half meters, but one and a half meters.

In the meaning of fractional numbers, the nouns half, third, quarter (two thirds, two quarters) are used.

Indefinite numbers

Indefinite numbers include a small group of words denoting an indefinite number of objects (persons) or substance - many, few, several: many (few) people, houses, oil. The inclusion of these words in the category of numerals is very conditional, since they are similar to numerals only by their quantitative meaning. However, the uncertainty of the quantitative meaning expressed by these words allows them to be compared with indefinite pronouns (cf.: some and several); according to grammatical features, the words have many, little coincide with adverbs: they do not change in gender, number and case, they are able to form the form comparative degree(more, less) are used not only in the role of quantitative definition (many houses, little forest), but also in the role of circumstance (said a lot, little). A few words, like indefinite pronouns, changes by case:

I. several

R. several

D. several

V. several, several

T. several

P. (about) several

It should be borne in mind that the forms of many, many are formed not from the word many, but from initial form many.

Some nouns also acquire an indefinite quantitative meaning (mass, a lot, etc.): a lot of things to do, a lot of troubles (16: 212-221).

1. Cardinal numbers indicate the number of objects when counting ( two tables, one hundred rubles) or abstract number ( two, one hundred) and answer the question how much?

2. Cardinal numbers change according to cases.

Cardinal numbers have no gender or number.

Wed: three people, three windows, three banks.

Exception are made up of the numerals one and two.

The numeral one changes according to gender and number, like an adjective.

One pear, one lemon, one apple, one cream.

The numerals two and one and a half have two generic forms:

• masculine and neuter gender - two, one and a half;

  Two tables, two windows, a day and a half.

  feminine - two, one and a half.

  Two paintings, one and a half baskets.

3. Declension of numerals:

declension of numerals one two three four resembles the declension of adjectives;

numerals from five to twenty and thirty are declined as nouns of the third declension (for example, as the noun steppe);

The numerals forty, ninety and one hundred have only two forms in declension:

nominative case and accusative case - forty, ninety, one hundred,
other cases - forty, ninety, hundred;

when declension of complex cardinal numbers 5-80, 200-900, each part of the word changes, although they are written in one word ( fifty - fifty). Moreover, the second part of the numerals 200-900 has archaic endings that do not coincide with the endings of the independent numeral one hundred;

Wed: one hundred rubles - three hundred rubles; no one hundred rubles - no three hundred□ rubles, one hundred rubles - no three hundred rubles.

in compound cardinal numbers all words and all parts of compound words are declined.

Five hundred forty six - about five hundred forty six.

4. Examples of declension of numerals:

Numeral ONE

Simple and complex numbers

Note!

1) In the nominative and accusative cases, numerals from 5 to 20 and 30 are written with ь at the end of the word.

Five, fifteen, thirty.

Numerals from 50 to 80 and from 500 to 900 - with ь in the middle of the word.

Fifty, six hundred, nine hundred.

2) In the middle of numerals: fifteen, sixteen, seventeen, eighteen, nineteen- b is not written.

3) The word eleven is written with a double consonant.

5. When combined with nouns, numerals either control the nouns or agree with the nouns:

if the numeral is in the nominative case (or in a similar accusative case), then the numeral controls the genitive case of the noun ( two tables, five books), and with numerals two three four, as well as compound numerals ending in two three four, the noun stands in singular (two windows, twenty two windows), for all other numerals - in the plural ( five windows, fifty windows, fifty five windows);

if the numeral is in any other case, then the main word is the noun, the numeral agrees with it.

Wed: there are no five windows; to five windows, five windows, about five windows.

Note!

1) Words thousand, million, billion are classified differently by linguists. Some call them numerals, others call them nouns with the meaning of number. In any case, it should be remembered that these words, in their morphological and syntactic features coincide with nouns.

Thousand - refers to the feminine gender and is declined as a noun of the 1st declension: no thousand, with a thousand.

Million, billion- words are masculine and declined as nouns of the 2nd declension: no million, with a million.

2) Words thousand, million, billion, like nouns, always govern the genitive form of the dependent noun, regardless of its own case.

Compare: a thousand rubles, no thousand rubles, with a thousand rubles, about a thousand rubles.

However, if these words are included in compound numerals, then there are general rules compatibility of numerals with nouns.

There is no thousand five rubles, to one thousand five rubles, with one thousand five rubles, about one thousand five rubles.

B) Collective numbers

1. Collective numbers designate a certain number of objects as one whole.

Two, three, five.

In modern Russian, collective numerals can denote the number of objects as a whole in the range from two to ten. They are formed from cardinal numbers using the suffixes -оj- ( two → two, three → three) and -er- ( four → four, five → five, six → six, seven → seven, eight → eight, nine → nine, ten → ten).

The word both (both) is characterized differently in different manuals. Some linguists classify them as numeral pronouns; other researchers - to collective numerals.

2. Collective numerals (except for the word both) can be combined with a limited group of words:

with nouns that have only a plural form;

Two forceps, two scissors.

with nouns children, guys, people;

Two children, three boys.

with nouns denoting male persons;

Two friends.

with nouns denoting young animals;

Two kittens.

with personal pronouns.

There were three of us.

3. Collective numerals are declined like plural adjectives:

4. The word both changes according to gender: both are masculine and neuter (there is no form wallpaper!), both are feminine. The declension of this word resembles the declension of plural adjectives, with the masculine/neuter and feminine forms having different stems in oblique cases.

B) Ordinal numbers

1. Ordinals indicate the serial number of objects when counting, that is, ordinal numbers, indicating the serial number of an object, indicate one item.

First day, fifteenth day.

2. Ordinal numbers are formed from cardinal numbers, except for such ordinal numbers as first second.

Five → fifth, thirty → thirty.

3. Ordinal numbers, like full adjectives, change according to number, gender (singular) and case.

First, first, first, first.

Their declension coincides with the declension of adjectives. This is why some linguists include ordinal numbers in adjectives.

Wed: the first is new, the first is new.

4. When declension of compound ordinal numbers changes only the last word(in contrast to the declension of compound cardinal numerals, where each word changes).

One thousand nine hundred and forty-five - in one thousand nine hundred and forty-five; two thousand and three - from two thousand and three.

D) Fractional numbers

1. Fractional numbers They don't call whole numbers.

Two thirds, five tenths.

In meaning, fractional numerals are adjacent to cardinal numerals.

2. In composition, fractional numbers, except for the words one and a half, one and a half hundred, consist of a cardinal number (numerator of the fraction) and an ordinal number in the plural (denominator of the fraction).

Six seventeenths, three fifths.

Fractional numbers can include the nouns zero and integer. This mixed numerals.

Zero point five.

3. The numeral one and a half changes according to gender:

one and a half - masculine and neuter gender;

One and a half days, one and a half apples.

one and a half is feminine.

One and a half bottles.

The numerals one and a half (one and a half), one and a half hundred have only two case forms in declension:

nominative and accusative cases - one and a half, one and a half, one and a half hundred;
other cases - one and a half, one and a half hundred.

Numerals are an independent part of speech, indicating the number of objects, their serial number, as well as total. Depending on their purpose, numerals are divided into three broad groups, each of which is described in detail in this article. It also provides grammatical signs of numerals and visual examples.

Numerals are studied in 6th grade. This part of speech can denote the number of some objects, the number of an object in order, as well as the quantity as a whole. Depending on this value they are divided into 3 large groups.

Numerals can be quantitative, ordinal And collective. Each of these groups of words has its own characteristics.

Table“Lexico-grammatical categories of numerals in the Russian language” with examples

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For example: ten, thirty, seven hundred eleven.

Numerals of this category can have different case forms. For some cardinal numerals, the form of gender and number is determined. The following table reflects all the features of words in this category.

Changing cardinal numbers

Ordinal numbers: grammatical features

Numerals of this category are grammatically similar to adjectives. They can also have forms of different cases, genders and numbers.

Ordinal numbers can also have different structures. When declension of compound numerals of this category changes only the last word. For example:

Five hundred and seventy-first kilometer (I. p.) – five hundred and seventy-first kilometer (R. p.) – five hundred and seventy-first kilometer (T. p.)

Collective numbers

There are only 11 words in this lexical-grammatical group. In composition they are only simple.

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How often do we ask ourselves: how many days are left before the holidays? And one of the most frequently asked questions is: what time is it? Answer these and many others important questions we can use numerals. In this lesson, the concept of this part of speech is formed.

Topic: Numeral

Lesson: Numeral noun. Number places

1. The concept of a numeral name.

A numeral is an independent part of speech, which includes words denoting

Numbers (twice two is four),

Number of items (four tables) or

Order of objects when counting (fifth house)

and answering questions How many?, which?

Scheme 1. Numeral as part of speech

2. Number categories.

In terms of meaning and grammatical features Numerals are usually divided into groups, or categories.

Discharges are groups of words combined general meaning and having the same grammatical characteristics.

Numerals are divided into quantitative And ordinal.

TO quantitative Numerals are words denoting quantity ( five houses),

number ( five not divisible by two without remainder), item number (house number five).

TO ordinal Numerals include words denoting the order in which objects appear when counting ( fifth house).

Scheme 2. Places of numerals

3. Cardinal numbers.

Within the group of cardinal numbers, in terms of meaning and grammatical properties, the following subgroups can be distinguished:

Cardinal numbers denoting whole numbers

Cardinal numbers denoting fractional numbers

Collective numbers.

Cardinal numbers denoting whole numbers are numerals that name the amount of something in whole units: two table, five tickets, thirtythree ship. Note that these words are combined with nouns that name objects that can be counted (you cannot say two gold or three youth).

These words change according to cases ( five, five, five) and do not have categories of gender and number (except for numerals one two). Word one can have masculine, neuter and feminine forms: one, one, one and the plural form: alone.

Numeral two/two changes by gender, maintaining differences by gender in I.p. and V.p.: two shirts, two table.

Fractional cardinal numerals denote fractional numbers and fractional quantities ( two thirds, zero point seven). These numerals are combined both with the names of objects that can be counted, and with real and collective nouns: two-thirds table, one tenth youth, three-fifths gold.

The words of this subgroup change according to cases: three quarters, three quarters etc., but have no gender or number.

The exception is the numeral one and a half, which has two forms: m. and g. R. ( one and a half months, one and a half minutes), as well as fractional numerals, which include the numerals one And two. At the same time, while maintaining the category of gender, these words as part of fractional numerals by gender do not change and are always used only in the form w. R. One seventh of the table, two fifths of the book.

The last subgroup of cardinal numbers is collective numerals. This subgroup includes 10 words: two, three, four, five, six, seven, eight, nine, ten, both/both.

All these words change according to cases ( two, two, two etc.).

Word both/both changes by case and gender, where both- masculine and neuter form, both- female.

4. Structure (structure) of numerals.

According to their structure, numerals can be simple, compound and complex.

Simple numerals consist of one word ( eight, five, twenty). Composite - of two or more ( eighty two, fifty three, five hundred twenty five).

In terms of the number of roots in a word, complex numerals are also distinguished. These include words containing more than one root. Words fifty, sixty, seventy are complex because have two roots.

Fractional numbers - composite ( three tenths), numeral one and a half- simple, numeral one and a half hundred- complex.

Scheme 3. Structure of numerals

5. Syntax function numerals.

In a sentence, cardinal numbers form one part of the sentence with the noun they stand with. So they can be any member of a sentence, which could be a noun.

Three girls under the window

They spun late in the evening (A. Pushkin).

(...) And my choice only blesses three favorite faces. (B. Akhmadulina).

He traded greyhounds for them three dogs!!! (A. Griboyedov).

Ordinal numbers are either modifiers or part of the predicate.

I repeat everything first verse... (M. Tsvetaeva).

One hundred and first I will never! (E. Yevtushenko).

Exercise 1.

Write down the text, determine the digits of numerals.

On August 22, 1880, the first tram appeared in St. Petersburg. But only in 1892 did tram traffic begin in Kyiv. The length of the first branch was 1.6 kilometers. The first metro in our country was opened in Moscow on May 15, 1935. The length of the first line was 11.6 kilometers and it had 13 stations.

Exercise 2.

Determine the ranks of numerals by value.

1. On February 15, 1906, the famous Tatar poet Musa Jalil was born. 2) Musa was not even six years old when he began to ask to go to school. 3) Musa mastered the curriculum of all four classes of a rural school in one year. 4) In 1941, Musa volunteered to go to the front.

2. Preparation for the Russian Language Olympiad ().

Literature

1. Russian language. 6th grade: Baranov M.T. and others - M.: Education, 2008.

2. Russian language. Theory. 5-9 grades: V.V. Babaytseva, L.D. Chesnokova - M.: Bustard, 2008.

3. Russian language. 6th grade: ed. MM. Razumovskaya, P.A. Lekanta - M.: Bustard, 2010.

In this article I will tell you what it is numeral and I'll look at everything in detail digits of numerals.

Numeral- this is a part of speech that denotes the abstract number or order of objects when counting them (six, eleven, two hundred and forty-two, first, twenty-second).

From the point of view of lexical and grammatical features, numerals are distributed into the following categories: 1 ) quantitative (eight, thirteen); 2) collective (three, seven); 3) fractional (one second, three fifths); 4) ordinal (fourth, seventy-first).

Based on their structural features, numerals are divided into three groups:

1) simple(having one root): one, two, third;

2) complex(formed by adding two or more words): eightieth, nine hundred;

3) composite(which includes two words or several words): one hundred fifty one, two hundred two, one sixth.

Quantitative numerals

This category includes numerals that indicate the number of items being counted ( five notebooks, one hundred dollars) or an abstract number (seven, three hundred). In terms of grammatical features, cardinal numerals are varied.

1. Numeral ONE has gender forms (one, one, one), as well as singular and plural forms, distinguished in all cases ( one-alone, alone, one..). This numeral agrees with the noun in all forms.
2. Numeral TWO in the nominative case it has two forms: two for men and Wednesday kind and two for feminine ( two buses, two clouds, two pens). In oblique cases these forms do not differ ( two buses, clouds, pens).
3. When combined with numerals two three four nouns are used in the gender form. case unit numbers, and when combined with other numerals (five, one hundred, thousand) the nouns have the form gender. plural case numbers ( five notebooks, one hundred days, one thousand pages).
4. Numerals thousand, million, billion can have the properties of nouns if they are combined with numerals ( six million, twenty thousand). In addition, when forming compound words, they also behave like nouns: thousand-year-old(connecting vowel e connects the stems of two nouns: thousand and years; million-voice- connecting O ).

The declension of cardinal numerals is not uniform; it is represented by a variety of forms:

1. Numerals one two have the same endings as fixed adjectives, and numerals three four - as soft adjectives.
2. Numerals from 5 to 20 and 30-80 change like third declension nouns, and for numerals from 50 to 80 both parts change ( pole And ten And, six Yu ten Yu ).
3. The numerals 40, 90, 100 have only two forms in declension: in im. case and wine. case - forty, ninety, one hundred, and in the rest - forty, ninety, hundred.
4. Numerals thousand, million, billion are declined as nouns of the corresponding declension.
5. For compound numerals, when declension occurs, all words change ( six hundred twenty seven - six hundred twenty seven - six hundred twenty seven).

In a sentence, cardinal numbers can be subjects ( Thirteen is not divisible by four without a remainder), addition ( Multiply two by six ), nominal part predicate ( Seven seven - forty nine ), inconsistent definitions (Photo three by four ).

Collective numerals

This is a type of cardinal number. Collective numbers name the quantity homogeneous objects as a certain collection ( two guys, six artists). Collective numbers include nine words: two, three, four, five, six, seven, eight, nine, ten.

These numerals are declined as full plural adjectives, and combinations are formed with a limited range of words:

1) with nouns, substantivized adjectives (which have become nouns) and participles, with pronouns we, you, they, denoting names of masculine persons ( three workers, four students, seven officers; two brave, five students; there were two of us, we were waiting for the three of you);

2) with nouns naming young animals, and with the word children ( five children, five hares, five kids);

3) with nouns that have only a plural form ( two scissors, five days).

Please note: Words both, both, wallpaper in modern linguistics they are often referred not to numerals, but to pronouns, since they do not denote quantities, but only indicate the previously named two objects and have meaning both.

Fractional numerals

Fractional numerals are also a type of cardinal ones and serve as a designation for a fractional number ( two thirds, one and a half, one eighth) or the number of objects is less or more than one ( one fourth of the cake, two fifths of the area, one and a half bottles).

According to their structure, fractional numbers are divided into several groups:

1) one simple word ( one and a half);

2) one compound word ( one and a half hundred);

3) the name of the fraction, consisting of a cardinal number (in the numerator of the fraction) and an ordinal number (in the denominator): two sevenths..

Fractional numbers are combined with nouns denoting countable objects, as well as with real and collective nouns ( three-fifths of the plot, two-thirds of the pie, two-quarters of the student body).

When fractional numbers are declined, all their components change, but nouns do not change ( two-fifths of an apartment, three-quarters of a pie…).

Numerals one and a half, one and a half hundred have only two forms: one and a half, one and a half hundred in the nominative and accusative cases and one and a half, one and a half hundred in all others. In addition, the word one and a half has two generic forms: one and a half in combination with masculine and neuter nouns; one and a half - with feminine nouns ( one and a half columns).

Ordinal numbers

Ordinal numbers indicate the order of objects when counting them, i.e. name the attribute of an object by the number by which the object is designated ( fifth entrance, second row). Therefore, they, like adjectives, agree with the combining noun in gender, number and case, and in some textbooks they are treated as relative adjectives. In a sentence they can act independently, or they can appear in combination with a noun as one member of the sentence ( It's snowing for the second day).

When declensing complex ordinal numbers from 50 before 80 and from 200 before 900 the first part does not change (it is in the genitive case), and the second acquires the endings of adjectives ( sixtieth, sixtieth; six hundredth, six hundredth).

When declension of compound ordinal numbers by case, only the last word changes, and the remaining words are used in the nominative case form ( one hundred and thirty-first, one hundred and thirty-first; fifty seventh, fifty seventh).