World Heritage Golden Mountains of Altai presentation. The work can be used for lessons and reports on the subject of "geography". Landscapes, flora and fauna of Altai

Mountains of Southern Siberia

Altai mountains Altai mountains - represent complex system the highest ranges in Siberia, separated by deep river valleys and vast intra-mountain and intermountain basins.

Altitudinal zonality scheme

Location Altai - mountain system in Asia, in the south of Siberia and in Central Asia, on the territory of Russia, Mongolia, Kazakhstan and China. Elongated in latitude from 81 to 106 east longitude, in longitude from 42 to 52 northern latitude. It extends from the northwest to the southeast for more than 2000 km. It consists of high and mid-mountain ranges and intermountain basins separating them. Gobi Altai, Mongolian Altai and Russian Altai are distinguished orographically. Location.

• The mountain system is located where the borders of Russia, Mongolia, China and Kazakhstan converge. It is divided into Southern Altai (Southwestern), Southeastern Altai and Eastern Altai, Central Altai, Northern and Northeastern Altai, Northwestern Altai.

• The origin of the name "Altai" is associated with the Turkic-Mongolian word "altyn", meaning "gold", "golden".

• IN THE NORTH AND NORTH-WEST IT BOUNDERS WITH the West Siberian Plain, in the north-east with the Western Sayans and the mountains of Southern Tuva, in the east with the Valley of the Big Lakes, in the South-East with the GOBI desert.

Steppe Samakha

Boshkaus river.

Chui steppe.

Katun

Mountain system of ALTAI

• There are three main types of relief in Altai:
the surface of the residual ancient peneplain, alpine-type glacial high-mountain relief and mid-mountain relief.

• Alpine relief in Altai rises above the surface of the ancient peneplain and occupies more high areas ridges Katunsky, Chuisky, Kuraisky, Sailyugem, Chikhachev, Shapshalsky, Southern Altai, Sarymsakty. Alpine relief is less common than the surface of the ancient peneplain. Ranges with alpine landforms are their most elevated axial parts (up to 4000-4500 m), strongly dissected by erosion and frost weathering.

• The ancient peneplain is a high mountain range with a wide development of leveling surfaces and steep, stepped slopes modified by regressive erosion.

• The mid-mountain relief has heights from 800 to 1800-2000 m and occupies more than half of the territory of Altai. The upper limit of the distribution of the mid-mountain relief is limited by the plane of the ancient peneplain, but this boundary is not sharp. The relief here is characterized by smoothed, rounded forms of low ridges and their spurs, separated by river valleys.

• In the highlands there are also plateaus. The Ulagan plateau is an alpine plain with a wavy, slightly indented surface. The Ukok Plateau and the Chulyshman Plateau have a more dissected relief, formed as a result of glacial and partially erosional processes.

• There are about 300 caves in Altai: there are many of them in the Charysh, Anui, Katun basins. One of interesting caves- Bolshaya Pryamukhinskaya, 320 m long. It is located on the right bank of the Pryamukha spring, the left tributary of the Yarovka, which flows into the Inya. The entrance to the cave is through a shaft with a depth of 40 m. The longest cave in Altai - Museum, more than 700 m, is located near the village of Karakol, on the right bank of the Karakol, the left tributary of the Anui. The cave has two entrances through wells 17-20 m deep. In the Museum Cave there are various sinter forms - stalactites and stalagmites.

• The main wealth of the interior of Altai is the deposits of precious metals and pyrite lead-zinc-copper-barite ores. In Gorny Altai there are deposits of mercury, gold, iron, tungsten-molybdenum ores. The deposits of ornamental stones and marble have long been known. There are thermal mineral springs: Abakan Arzhan, Belokurikhinsky and others.

• MINERALS

• The climate is continental in the foothills, sharply continental in the inner and eastern parts, which is determined by the position in temperate latitudes and a considerable distance from the oceans. The winter is severe and long (from 5 months in the foothills to 10 months in the highlands), which is facilitated by the influence of the Asian anticyclone. Summers are comparatively short but warm (up to 4 months). Precipitation is mainly connected with the west by moisture-bearing flows and is distributed extremely unevenly over the territory and over the seasons.

• The Altai Mountains are gradually destroyed under the influence of the forces of nature: heat and frost, snow and rain, wind and flowing waters crush and carry away the upper layers, exposing dense crystalline rocks - granites, porphyries, marble. The stone peaks are cracking into huge, disorderly heaped pieces. Scree, consisting of small detrital material, descends along the slopes of the mountains.

• The river network in Altai is well developed.
• This is where the largest rivers originate.
• Western Siberia- Ob, Irtysh.
• And a number of their tributaries -
• Katun, Biya, Tom, Bukhtarma.

Water resources

• The majestic peak of Mount Sinyukha rises to a height of more than a thousand meters in the vicinity of the village of Kolyvan. These places have long attracted travelers.
• Mount Sinyukha has long been considered a place of pilgrimage. On the top and slopes of the mountain there are several natural granite bowls filled, as many believe, with holy water.

• Mount Bolshoi Monastery Located in the Charysh valley near the village of Ust-Pustynka Altai Territory). The remnant rock, about 100 m high, resembling the building of an ancient monastery, is composed of white, gray and pink limestones. The pastel palette gives the Great Monastery a particularly romantic look. More than 10 caves are known in the mountain.

• Belukha - the queen of Altai - can not leave anyone indifferent, she is so beautiful, majestic and graceful that it causes a storm of feelings and emotions in anyone.
• This mountain has many names. Belukha was dubbed by the Russians for the abundance of snow cover. The Altaians called it "Kadym-Bazha" or "Katyn-Bash", that is, "the peak, the sources of the Katun", and "Ak-Su-Ryu" - " white water". The Kirghiz of the Southern Altai called it "Mouss-Du-Tau" - "Ice Mountain".

• The territory of Altai has been declared an object
• world natural heritage.
• It includes Katunsky
• state reserve with
• natural park "Belukha" and Altai
• state reserve with
• water protection zone of Lake Teletskoye.
• Famous scientist, philosopher, artist
• Nicholas Roerich admired beauty,
• considering it the spiritual center of the world -
• "Shambala".

• The forests of Altai are formed mainly
• coniferous species: larch,
• spruce, pine, fir and cedar.
• The most common
• larch, which occupies
• almost all mountain slopes, often
• rising to the top
• forests, where, together with cedar, it forms
• larch-cedar forests.

• Flora of Altai consists of 1840 species.
• It consists of alpine, forest and steppe
• forms. 212 endemic species are known,
• which is 11.5%.
• In the northwestern and northern foothills of the steppe
• plains pass into mountain steppes and forest-steppes.
• On the slopes of the mountains dominated by the forest belt,
• changing to the most high ridges belts
• subalpine, alpine meadows and mountain tundra
• over which on many high peaks
• are located
• glaciers.

Flora and fauna of Altai

• teletskoye lake
• located at an altitude of 436 m,
• in a narrow depression 77 km long
• and a width of 1-6 km.
• Its greatest depth
• is 325 m.
• This gives reason to consider the lake the second
• in depth after Baikal.
• Depending on the flow of river water
• lake level changes
• falling in winter and rising in summer.

In 1998, by decision of UNESCO, this territory at the junction of Central Asia and Siberia was declared a World Heritage Site.

This region is home to the Altai State Natural biosphere reserve and the buffer zone of Lake Teletskoye, Katunsky State Natural Biosphere Reserve, natural Park Ukok Quiet Zone and Belukha Natural Park. The total area of ​​the protected area is 1.64 million hectares.

Landscapes, flora and fauna of Altai

Geological history of the region represented by rocks different periods the formation of the Earth, reflected in unusual forms relief of these places.

These are the high terraces of the Katun, striking in their grandeur, and highest peak Siberia Belukha (4506 m above sea level), crowned with glaciers and snowfields, and deep narrow canyons of the Altai rivers.

There are few places in the world with the same contrasting combinations of different landscapes in such a small space. Here are all natural areas Central Asia: deserts, steppes, forest-steppes, mixed forests, mountain dark coniferous taiga, subalpine and alpine meadows. On the territory of the Ukok plateau, a tundra-steppe landscape has formed with rare plants and mosses, many of which are listed in the Red Book of Russia.

The unique fauna of Altai deserves special attention: 70 species of mammals, over 300 species of birds, including such rare birds as the Altai snowcock, black stork, peregrine falcon, golden eagle, bearded vulture, sea eagles (white-tailed and long-tailed), saker falcon, imperial eagle, osprey. Among the 20 species of fish - grayling, taimen, lenok, osman.

The diverse landscape of the "Golden Mountains of Altai" contributed to the emergence and preservation of endemics here (plants and animals distributed only in certain areas). Among the rare mammals is the snow leopard, or Snow Leopard, and Altai Mountain sheep argali.

Lake Teletskoye is also unique - the most big lake Altai and one of the largest lakes in Russia, it is called younger brother Baikal. Max Depth the lake is about 330 m, more than 70 rivers and streams flow into it, and only one river, the Biya, flows out. According to an old legend, in ancient times there was a famine in Altai. One Altaian, who had a large gold ingot, wanted to exchange it for food, but, having gone around the whole Altai, he could not buy anything. Annoyed and hungry, the "rich" poor man threw his ingot into the lake and himself died in its waves. Since then, in the language of the Altaians, the lake has been called Altyn-Kol - "Golden Lake".

History of Altai

Interesting not only nature, but also the history of these places. It is believed that the first settlements appeared here almost a million years ago. Archaeologists have studied the valley of the Katun River best of all. Monuments of all eras have been found here - from Paleolithic sites ancient man to the ethnographic burials of the Altaians, and the Scythians who lived here left behind the stone pillars of menhirs, numerous petroglyphs, jewelry and weapons.

In 1993, on the Ukok plateau, located at an altitude of about 3 km above sea level and has long been considered a sacred territory, they found the mummy of a girl named "Altai Princess". In the burial chamber, they found six horses under saddles and with a harness, as well as a wooden block of larch, nailed down with bronze nails. According to Chinese mythology, such horses were called qilin (heavenly) and were supposed to lift a person to sky-high heights. The burial was in an ice lens, so it was well preserved.

In August 2014, the Council of Elders of the Altai Republic decided to bury the mummy. Many residents of the republic considered its extraction from the barrow the reason natural Disasters that crashed down on Mountain Altai V last years including severe flooding. Currently, the remains of the “princess” are in a special climate-controlled sarcophagus at the National Republican Museum named after A.V. Anokhin. So far, the decision has not been made, since the study of the mummy is of great interest to science.

The uniqueness of Altai in geological, geographical, cultural terms makes scientists around the world seek to expand the protected area. In the near future, the UNESCO World Natural Heritage site "Golden Mountains of Altai" may become international, expanding to neighboring countries- China, Mongolia and Kazakhstan.

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Main characteristic

Region of the Russian Federation: Republic of Altai Constituent objects: Katunsky Biosphere Reserve, Altai Reserve, natural parks“Belukha Mountain” and “Relax Zone “Ukok Plateau”” Location: in the south-east of Western Siberia in the Altai Mountains Natural conditions: high mountains Altitude: 434-4280 m Area: 1.64 million hectares Status: included in the World Heritage List in 1998. The nature of this territory located in the Altai Mountains at the junction of Central Asia and Siberia is distinguished by its bright originality. There are few places in the world with the same contrasting combinations of different landscapes in such a small space.

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The flora and fauna of the region are diverse and in many ways unique. In the basin of Lake Teletskoye, Altai cedar forests are still preserved - forests from the Siberian cedar pine giving shelter and food to numerous representatives of the animal world. Here, the most significant subalpine and alpine meadows in terms of area in the mountains of Siberia. The color of the vegetation of the Southern Altai is also unique, where semi-deserts, steppes and tundra closely coexist.

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The diversity of landscapes contributed to the emergence and preservation of endemics in Altai, often occupying very small areas. About 60 species of mammals, 11 species of amphibians and reptiles, 20 species of fish live here. Among rare species mammals, the snow leopard, or snow leopard, should be highlighted - this is one of the most beautiful cats in the world fauna. Very few of these animals have survived in Altai.

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Unique geological history region, "recorded" in the rocks of different ages that compose it and vividly imprinted in unusual forms relief. Such, for example, are the high terraces of the Katun, striking in their grandeur. The grandiose Mount Belukha, the highest peak in Siberia (4506 m above sea level), crowned with glaciers and snowfields, rises almost 1000 m above the nearby ridges.

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The valleys of the Altai rivers, primarily the Katun and Chulyshman, are deep narrow canyons. The valley of Chulyshman is picturesque, the decoration of which is the numerous waterfalls of lateral tributaries. The true pearl of Altai is Lake Teletskoye. It is called Small Baikal because of the purest water, majestic mountain setting and rich wildlife.

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The exceptional diversity of nature has left its mark on the culture and religion of the indigenous population of this territory - the Altaians. The achievements of the Altai traditional medicine. As N.K. Roerich, "many peoples passed through Altai and left traces: Scythians, Huns, Turks". Outstanding scientists call Gorny Altai a "museum" under the open sky.

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Famous reserves

Altai Reserve (area 881.2 thousand hectares, established in 1932) Here you can see a wide variety of landscapes - from steppes and taiga to mountain tundra and glaciers, 1.5 thousand species have been noted here higher plants, of which 250 are Altai-Sayan endemics, 120 species are recognized as relics of the Paleogene-Neogene and Quaternary time, and 24 species are listed in the Red Book of the Altai Republic. On the northwestern outskirts of the reserve, surrounded by high cliffs, at an altitude of 434 m, lies the most picturesque Lake Teletskoye - the largest reservoir in the region (40 km3), which among Siberian lakes in terms of reserves fresh water second only to Baikal (it is often called “Altai Baikal”). The lake fills a narrow (no more than 5 km) and oblong (78 km) tectonic depression, its area is 22.4 thousand hectares, and its depth is up to 325 m. they even call it the “Siberian jungle”: here fir, cedar and aspen, and often spruce and birch grow in the middle of lush grassy vegetation, and cedars can be up to 600 years old. It is known that the Russian people first came to the shores of the lake in 1633, and since at that time the Altai tribe of Teles lived here, the pioneer Cossacks called the reservoir Telesky. Here, along the border of the reserve, such a picturesque and very popular river as Chulyshman flows.

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The water protection zone of Lake Teletskoye (93.7 thousand hectares), which is also the buffer zone of the reserve, preserves the unique taiga near Teletskoye on the western shore of the lake.

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Katun Biosphere Reserve (151.6 thousand ha, 1991). Here you can see areas of mountain taiga, and alpine meadows, and mountain steppes, and high-altitude tundra, however, the glacial landscape is predominant, because almost 50% of the area of ​​​​these highlands is the realm of ice, snow, rocks and stony placers, and only 14% is taiga. Here, on the Katun Ridge, immediately to the west of Mount Belukha, dozens of mountain glaciers are concentrated, this is the largest center of modern glaciation in Altai. One of these glaciers - Katunsky, on the southern slopes of Belukha - gives life to the river with the same name, and, thus, the glacial Katunsky waters eventually replenish the great Ob. In its upper reaches, the Katun, framed by high terraces, flows in a deeply incised channel, with many rapids, which attracts a lot of water athletes and rock climbers. Here you can admire the picturesque cascade of mountain glacial lakes with clear emerald water - Multinsky, located at an altitude of about 2 km.

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Rest zone Ukok, with the regime of a faunal reserve (252.9 thousand hectares, 1994). This wild alpine plateau, stretching at altitudes of 2000–3000 m, is unique in that here semi-deserts and dry steppes pass directly into mountain meadows and tundra, i.e. local nature "does" without a forest belt. This is the most interesting part of the property. world heritage from a historical and cultural point of view: rock paintings made by primitive artists and ancient burials lined with mossy stones were found here. The unique fauna of this heritage site deserves special mention: it was not for nothing that it was included in the UNESCO List precisely according to criterion iv (biodiversity and the presence of rare species). Among about 70 species of mammals are the snow leopard (irbis) and the mountain sheep argali, listed in the International Red Book. This is a wild manul cat - the "inhabitant" of the Russian Red Book. There are also over 300 species of birds, including such rare birds as the Altai snowcock, black stork, peregrine falcon, golden eagle, bearded vulture, white-tailed and long-tailed eagles, saker falcon, imperial eagle, osprey. Among the 20 species of fish are grayling, taimen, lenok, osman.

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Altai mountains

Altai Mountains - represent a complex system of the highest ranges in Siberia, separated by deep river valleys and vast intra-mountain and intermountain basins.

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Location.

The mountain system is located where the borders of Russia, Mongolia, China and Kazakhstan converge. It is divided into Southern Altai (Southwestern), Southeastern Altai and Eastern Altai, Central Altai, Northern and Northeastern Altai, Northwestern Altai.

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Origin of name.

The origin of the name "Altai" is associated with the Turkic-Mongolian word "altyn", meaning "gold", "golden".

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There are three main types of relief in Altai: the surface of the residual ancient peneplain, alpine-type glacial high-mountain relief and mid-mountain relief.

The alpine relief in Altai rises above the surface of the ancient peneplain and occupies higher sections of the Katunsky, Chuisky, Kuraisky, Saylyugem, Chikhachev, Shapshalsky, Southern Altai, and Sarymsakty ranges. Alpine relief is less common than the surface of the ancient peneplain. Ranges with alpine landforms are their most elevated axial parts (up to 4000-4500 m), strongly dissected by erosion and frost weathering.

The ancient peneplain is a high mountain range with a wide development of leveling surfaces and steep, stepped slopes modified by regressive erosion.

The mid-mountain relief has heights from 800 to 1800-2000 m and occupies more than half of the territory of Altai. The upper limit of the distribution of the mid-mountain relief is limited by the plane of the ancient peneplain, but this boundary is not sharp. The relief here is characterized by smoothed, rounded forms of low ridges and their spurs, separated by river valleys.

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In the highlands there are also plateaus. The Ulagan plateau is an alpine plain with a wavy, slightly indented surface. The Ukok Plateau and the Chulyshman Plateau have a more dissected relief, formed as a result of glacial and partially erosional processes.

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Altai caves.

There are about 300 caves in Altai: there are many of them in the Charysh, Anui, Katun basins. One of the interesting caves is Bolshaya Pryamukhinskaya, 320 m long. It is located on the right bank of the Pryamukha spring, the left tributary of the Yarovka, which flows into the Inya. The entrance to the cave is through a shaft with a depth of 40 m. The longest cave in Altai - Museum, more than 700 m, is located near the village of Karakol, on the right bank of the Karakol, the left tributary of the Anui. The cave has two entrances through wells 17-20 m deep. In the Museum Cave there are various sinter forms - stalactites and stalagmites.

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The Altai Mountains are gradually destroyed under the influence of the forces of nature: heat and frost, snow and rain, wind and flowing waters crush and carry away the upper layers, exposing dense crystalline rocks - granites, porphyries, marble. The stone peaks are cracking into huge, disorderly heaped pieces. Scree, consisting of small detrital material, descends along the slopes of the mountains.

The total area of ​​the protected zone is sq. km. It includes, in particular, such significant geographic features like Mount Belukha and Lake Teletskoye. Belukha-Teletskoe The choice of these territories is due to the fact that they, in their totality, most fully represent the alternation of zones of alpine vegetation in Siberia: steppe, forest-steppe, mixed forests, subalpine and alpine belts. steppe forest-steppe mixed forests

The climate of Altai is continental, rather severe. Winter in the conditions of the high atmospheric pressure(Asian anticyclone) cold and long. The average January t is from 15°С (in the foothills) to 28, 32°С in the intermountain basins of the Central Altai, where temperature inversions(the absolute minimum in the Chui "steppe" is 60°С).

The mountainous relief that arose after the Hercynian orogeny was flattened during the Mesozoic, accompanied by the formation of a weathering crust. At the end of the Paleogene, a weak, gradually increasing dome uplift resumed, which intensified at the end of the Neogene and the beginning of the Anthropogen.