Presentation on the topic "Black Sea". This is our beautiful sea, the name of the sea in ancient times. There is a well-known legend: when the brave Greek sailors sailed into the Black Sea, it met them. Black Sea Geography Project

High mountains protect a narrow strip of the Black Sea coast of the Caucasus from cold winds from the north. The sun rises high above the horizon here. Even in winter, its rays heat the surface of the earth so much that the air temperature remains above zero. At a time when frosts are raging in the north and snowstorms are raging, roses are blooming in the local gardens.

Big influence the weather of the Black Sea coast is influenced by the sea. How good you are, O night sea, - Here it is radiant, there it is bluish-dark... In the moonlight, as if alive, It walks and breathes, and it shines. In the endless, free expanse, Shine and movement, roar and thunder... The sea is bathed in dim radiance, How good you are in the solitude of the night! (Tyutchev F.I.)

Indeed, it warms in winter and moderates the heat in summer. A lot of water evaporates from the surface of the sea. Water vapor rises and is carried by winds to the mountain slopes. Here it cools and turns into powerful clouds, from which heavy precipitation falls. Warmth and moisture create favorable conditions for the development of lush vegetation. Evergreens grow here.

What does the word “subtropics” mean? Translated from Latin, the prefix “sub” means “under”. The subtropics are the areas below the tropics. More precisely, close tropical zone. Subtropical zone located south of Russia, and here, on the Black Sea coast, is only a small piece. So we have to find out what are distinctive features flora subtropics.

Favorable conditions - warmth and moisture - make it possible to grow tall trees with large leaves (beech, oak, chestnut) Beech reaches a height of meters. its trunk is smooth, the leaves have the shape of an oblong ellipse, the fruits are nuts, but they cannot be eaten. Beech lives up to 500 years.

Dolphins are toothed whales, only much smaller. These are the smartest sea animals, they are excellent swimmers. Dolphins never leave their relatives in the white: they support the wounded and sick on the surface so that he can breathe, and help him swim. Dolphins navigate and communicate with each other using sound signals.

Sochi created national park to save unique nature. The plants of these places are listed in the Red Book of Russia (colchis broom, Colchis boxwood, yew berry)

History of the name of the Black Sea Ancient Rus' In the 26th century, the name “Russian Sea” was found in chronicles; in some sources, the sea is called “Scythian”. Modern name“Black Sea” has found its corresponding reflection in most languages: Bulgarian. Black Sea, Ukrainian Chorne More, etc. There are a number of hypotheses regarding the reasons for this name. The Turks and other conquerors who tried to conquer the population of the sea coast met fierce resistance from the Circassians, Circassians and other tribes, for which they called the Karaden-Giz Sea the Black, inhospitable. But in Turkey there is another legend, according to which a heroic sword rests in the waters of the Black Sea, which was thrown there at the request of the dying wizard Ali. Because of this, the sea is agitated, trying to throw out deadly weapons from its depths, and turns black.

Another reason may be the fact that during storms the water in the sea becomes very dark. However, storms in the Black Sea are not too frequent, and the water darkens during storms in all the seas of the earth. Another hypothesis for the origin of the name is based on the fact that metal objects (for example, anchors) lowered into sea water deeper than 150 m for a long time became covered with a black coating due to the action of hydrogen sulfide. Another hypothesis is related to the “color” designation of the cardinal directions adopted in a number of Asian countries, where “black” denoted the north, respectively, the Black Sea and the northern sea.

Maximum length Black Sea in the direction from east to west kilometers; greatest extent from north to south kilometers; Average depth– 1315m Greatest depth – 2210m

Near the very water level, in heavily surfed areas, pink, lime-impregnated, coralline algae is often found, which has the appearance of bare, highly branched, very fragile bushes. Near the very water level, in heavily surfed areas, pink, lime-impregnated, coralline algae is often found, which has the appearance of bare, highly branched, very fragile bushes. In addition to these algae, there are many other types of seaweed. Almost all algae of the Black Sea require solid support; on soft sand and silt they are relatively very rare and in most cases are attached to mollusks living in the sand and silt, to living or dead ones, or to random stones. In addition to these algae, there are many other types of seaweed. Almost all algae of the Black Sea require solid support; on soft sand and silt they are relatively very rare and in most cases are attached to mollusks living in the sand and silt, to living or dead ones, or to random stones. Some algae, especially in winter and spring, climb onto rocks relatively high above the water level and are content to be occasionally washed over by waves or even just wetted by splashes from waves. Some algae, especially in winter and spring, climb onto rocks relatively high above the water level and are content to be occasionally washed over by waves or even just wetted by splashes from waves.

In the Black Sea, as well as in other seas, you can easily observe jellyfish, which can move from place to place. In the Black Sea, as well as in other seas, you can easily observe jellyfish, which can move from place to place. The body of a jellyfish contains a huge amount of water. If you take a jellyfish, the composition of the body of a jellyfish includes a huge amount of water. If you take a jellyfish, which sometimes can hardly fit in a bucket, and put it on a sheet of paper in the sun, then after a while only a film will remain on the sheet, since the water, which contains up to 95% of the body of the jellyfish, will evaporate.

In the Black and Azov Seas, together, there are up to 134 species of fish, and 4 or 5 species of mammals, including 3 or 4 species of dolphins and seals. In the Black and Azov Seas, together, there are up to 134 species of fish, and 4 or 5 species of mammals, including 3 or 4 species of dolphins and seals. In the Black Sea itself, up to 20 species of fish are of great commercial importance. In the Black Sea itself, up to 20 species of fish are of great commercial importance.

In terms of fishing, in terms of the number of fish caught and profitability, the Black Sea, together with the Azov Sea, of all fishing areas European Russia takes second place. In terms of fishing, in terms of the number of fish caught and profitability, the Black Sea, together with the Azov Sea, ranks second among all fishing areas of European Russia.

Sultanka or barbunya is highly valued for its taste; The ancient Romans paid absolutely incredible sums for large sultans. In summer it is caught on all banks. Sultanka or barbunya is highly valued for its taste; The ancient Romans paid absolutely incredible sums for large sultans. In summer it is caught on all banks.

The acanthias shark living in the Black Sea does not pose a danger to humans; she gets caught with sturgeon fish on hooks and in Sevastopol, used as food. Related to sharks are rays, sea cats and sea ​​fox, despite their edibility, are not used as food in our country. In addition to fish, mammals are also inextricably linked with the sea: seals and three or four species of dolphins. Dolphins are, of course, true mammals, since they feed their young, which they usually have one at a time, with milk and breathe with lungs, not gills. They feed on fish. Unlike seals, dolphins are absolutely unable to get onto land, and once they get on it they die from hunger and disruption of the mutual relationship of organs, since their body is built with the expectation of being supported by water. Newborn dolphins are forced to start swimming immediately and therefore they will be born very large, in some species even longer than half the mother’s height. Dolphins swim very fast.

A natural disaster in November caused an environmental disaster in the Azov and Black Seas. A natural disaster in November caused an environmental disaster in the Azov and Black Seas. One autumn day, due to a strong storm, four ships sank, six more ran aground, two tankers were damaged, and one barge was adrift. One autumn day, due to a strong storm, four ships sank, six more ran aground, two tankers were damaged, and one barge was adrift. As a result, about 6,800 tons of sulfur and about 1,300 tons of oil got into the water. As a result, about 6,800 tons of sulfur and about 1,300 tons of oil got into the water. According to the Russian Ministry of Emergency Situations, the wind raged here at a speed of more than 32 meters per second, and the sea state was 67 points. According to the Russian Ministry of Emergency Situations, the wind raged here at a speed of more than 32 meters per second, and the sea state was 67 points.

Black Sea

and its inhabitants

The Black Sea is located in the depths of the Eurasian continent and is inland sea swimming pool Atlantic Ocean. The average depth of the Black Sea is 1300 m, and the maximum depth reaches 2211 m. Area - 422 thousand sq. km. The waters of the Black Sea wash the shores of many countries: Russia, Ukraine, Bulgaria, Turkey, Romania and Georgia. The salinity of water in the Black Sea is significantly lower than in other seas.

Not a single sea on Earth is divided in depth into two zones - oxygen (up to a depth of 150-200 m) and hydrogen sulfide devoid of life (below 200 m), occupying 87% of its water mass. Animals and plants have only 13% of the volume of water at their disposal.

• Stone crab prefers rocky bottom

• Grass crab lives in algae

There are approximately 180 species of fish that live in the Black Sea.

Bull hides in a hole

• Scorpionfish spines are poisonous

Dogs often live in rapana shells

Rock perches are very curious

Stargazer or sea ​​cow very poisonous

Night coloration of red mullet

Sea Dragon very poisonous

The pipefish and seahorse differ from other fish in that their females spawn eggs not into the water, but into special folds of skin on the back of the males, and the males carry the eggs until the fry hatch.

Mackerel fry find refuge under the dome of the cornet

Names of the sea in ancient times. There is a well-known legend: when the brave Greek sailors sailed into the Black Sea, it met them with a storm, scattered their ships, and the surviving ships “got away.” Then the Greeks called our sea “Pont Aksinsky” (Inhospitable Sea). Later, the Greeks built powerful ships, sailed across the sea and founded Greek colonies - cities - on the shores. At this time, the name of the sea “Pont Euxine” (Hospitable Sea) appeared on Greek maps and in Greek sailing directions.

Why is the Black Sea called that? So the first version of “black” is northern, unpleasant. There are two more interesting versions. One is related to main feature of our sea: the presence of dissolved poisonous gas in the sea water - hydrogen sulfide. There is a huge amount of hydrogen sulfide in sea water. It saturates the depths of the sea, depriving them of life, so only special sulfur bacteria live at the depths, which reduce the sulfates contained in sea water and convert them into hydrogen sulfide and bicarbonates. Hydrogen sulfide easily oxidizes, so if you lower some metal object and then pull it to the surface, the object will be covered with a black coating.

The Black Sea is deep. Some authors indicate that the depth reaches 2211 m, others that m. The greatest depth, as can be seen on the map, is off the coast of Turkey in the Sinop depression. Average sea depth m. Average level. Approximately equal to the level of the world's oceans. Increases by cm per 100 years. The eastern shore of the Black Sea goes steeply into the depths.

Square, sea pool. The surface area of ​​the Black Sea is approximately square kilometers(In some sources sq.km). A sea basin is the territory from which all fallen water flows into this sea.

The Black Sea is huge! It washes the shores of Turkey, Bulgaria, Romania, Ukraine, Georgia. The Black Sea is fraught with great wealth. Currently, about 60 have been discovered in sea water. chemical elements. These are iodine, bromine, radium, silver, gold, etc. However, they are contained in very small quantities. So, for example, there is only 1 milligram of silver per ton sea ​​water. But if all the silver in the water of the Black Sea were extracted, it would amount to tons. The riches of the Black Sea also include the plants and animals that inhabit it.

The coastal zone of the sea is a shelf, up to a meter deep, composed of pebbles, gravel, shell fragments, sand and dust particles - silt. At a depth of m it is covered with clayey and calcareous silts. In the northwestern part of the sea, the shelf is up to 200 km wide; in the rest of the sea, the shelf is much narrower, from 1 to 10 km. Against the mouths of large mountain rivers Underwater gullies-canyons run from the shore into the sea. They are trying to use the shelf to extract sand and pebbles! According to experts, sand mining on the Black Sea shelf will lead not only to the degradation of bottom biocenoses, but also to a decrease in fish stocks.

Islands of the Black Sea The shores of the Black Sea are slightly indented: there are few bays and bays. The Black Sea is almost devoid of islands. There are only three of them: Fidonisi (aka Zmeiny), located opposite the mouth of the Danube. Berezan ( local residents they call it Schmidt Island in memory of Lieutenant Schmidt, the heroic leader of the uprising of the Black Sea sailors, who was shot by the tsarist government on this island), located between the entrances to the Berezansky and Dnieper-Bugskip estuaries; Kefken, which is located 92 km east of the Bosphorus, north of Cape Kefken.

Peninsulas Let us note two peninsulas - Crimean and Taman. The Black Sea is closely connected with Sea of ​​Azov Kerch Strait. (The Sea of ​​Azov is 10 times smaller in area, and reaches only 14 m in depth. Therefore, the Sea of ​​Azov was previously called the Meotian swamp and was considered a gulf of the Black Sea.)

States on the shores of the Black Sea The shores of the Black Sea belong to seven states: Russia, Ukraine, Romania, Bulgaria, Turkey, Georgia and Abkhazia. These states have united in efforts to preserve the purity of the Black Sea. Coastal residents need to make efforts to prevent pollution of the Black Sea.

The volume of water in the Black Sea is more than 547 thousand cubic kilometers. Of the total volume of water, only 13% is saturated with oxygen - this is a surface layer one meter thick, the rest of the water volume is saturated with poisonous gas - hydrogen sulfide. And yet, the Black Sea is inhabited by no less species of animals, plants, algae and fungi.

Double-layering is a feature of the Black Sea. In the Black Sea, active water exchange occurs only to a depth of m. Deeper than that, the entire volume of water is poisoned by hydrogen sulfide. Total hydrogen sulfide amounts to billions of tons and has remained approximately constant over the last 1–2 thousand years, because In parallel with the formation of hydrogen sulfide in the depths, the oxidation of hydrogen sulfide by bacteria occurs. The hydrogen sulfide content at a depth of 150 m is determined to be 0.19 mg per liter of sea water, at a depth of 200 m - 0.83 mg, and at a depth of 2000 m - already 9.6 mg (increases 50 times). Deep hydrogen sulfide formed 7-8 thousand years ago after an earthquake, which opened access salty waters Mediterranean Sea into an ancient freshwater lake, which at that time was on the site of the Black Sea. This caused death large quantity freshwater organisms. And the decomposition of the remains created hydrogen sulfide (relict). Hydrogen sulfide in the Black Sea was discovered by the expedition of geologist N. Andrusov in 1890. In addition, hydrogen sulfide is constantly formed in the sea due to the decomposition of organic remains carried into the sea by rivers. This process is called "eutrophication".

Residents of the Black Sea! About 130 species of fish are found in the Black Sea. There are flounder, herring, anchovy, sprat, mullet, horse mackerel, mackerel, etc. Birds include gulls, petrels and other birds. At the bottom of the Black Sea live oysters, mussels, a predatory mollusk - rapana, crabs huddle in the crevices of the coastal rocks, and there are many jellyfish. They can predict the approach of a storm by their behavior. There are resorts on the Black Sea coast where thousands of children and adults improve their health. These are sanatoriums, boarding houses, tourist centers, children's recreation centers. We see that the Black Sea brings great benefits to people. Does a person always treat it with care? Is it possible to destroy the wealth that we take from the sea?

October 31 - International Black Sea Day International Black Sea Day is celebrated in memory of October 31, 1996, when the six Black Sea countries of Bulgaria, Romania, Turkey, Georgia, Russia and Ukraine signed the Strategic Action Plan for the rehabilitation and protection of the Black Sea. This Plan has been developed after extensive research marine environment, which showed that the vitality of the Black Sea marine environment has deteriorated significantly compared to the previous three decades. TO International Day The Black Sea is dedicated to actions aimed at preserving the unique ecosystem of the Black Sea, drawing attention to problems and finding ways to solve the most pressing of them. In all cities of the Black Sea coast, regional centers are carried out environmental actions, round tables, competitions and other events aimed at developing public opinion in defense of the sea, to educate the ecological culture of the population.

Campaign leaflet MAKE A PROMISE TO THE BLACK SEA I will: take all my garbage with me after visiting the beach; conserve water during any household activities; eliminate water leaks in your apartment; plant trees, shrubs and flowers around your home, school and in public places; tell my neighbors and friends how to take care of plants, how useful plants are and how plants filter water before it goes into the sea, use a shopping bag when I go shopping so as not to use packaging bags that litter the environment, buy products with less packaging, pour out oil, paints and chemicals so that they do not get into the water; carry out environmental actions to protect the Black Sea: remove garbage from beaches and along river banks so that garbage does not pollute the sea, draw posters in defense of the sea and its inhabitants, participate in exhibitions of such posters, hold talks, quizzes, holidays to educate everyone around them love of the sea.

Story international cooperation to save the Black Sea By the beginning of 1990, the state ecological system The Black Sea was identified by experts as critical. In 1992, the first World Conference on Environment and Development took place in Rio De Janeiro. At this meeting international community came to a consensus that for the sake of future generations of people economic activity all countries must be accompanied by appropriate measures to protect natural environment and protecting fragile ecosystems from degradation and the threat of complete extinction. The Black Sea region became the first to focus on protecting environment received further development: In April 1992, the Convention for the Protection of the Black Sea from Pollution was adopted in Bucharest. Global Ecological Fund, the European Union and other donors have allocated $17 million for the implementation of the Black Sea environmental program(CHEP). The headquarters of the CEP is located in Istanbul; Business centers have been created in each of the 6 Black Sea countries, and their specialization has been determined.

In cities Black Sea coast It has already become a tradition for many residents to celebrate International Black Sea Day on October 31. On this day, environmental cleanup days are held to clean the seashore from garbage. In addition, special attention is paid to working with children, for whom lectures, exhibitions and drawing competitions are held. Divers lifted debris from the bottom of the sea and showed it to schoolchildren.

BLACK SEA Presentation by a student of class 9 “A” of Municipal Educational Institution No. 18 Alena Gnuskina Basic data on the geography and hydrology of the Black Sea The greatest depth of the Black Sea The greatest distance from coast to coast 2212 m Length of the coastline 4340 km Volume of the Black Sea 550,000 km3 Sea surface area 423 000 km2 Drainage basin area Salinity of surface water Temperature of the deep sea (deeper than 150 m) Boundary of the oxygen-free zone 2,300,000 km2 17‰ 9oC 140-200 m 1200 km There are few islands in the Black Sea. The largest island is Dzharylgach, its area is 62 km². The highest point is 2 m. The remaining islands are much smaller, the largest are Berezan and Zmeiny (both with an area of ​​less than 1 km²). The shores of the Black Sea are slightly indented and mainly in its northern part. The only large Crimean peninsula. The following largest rivers flow into the Black Sea: Danube, Dnieper, Dniester, as well as smaller Mzymta, Psou, Bzyb, Rioni, Kodori (Kodor), Enguri (in the east of the sea), Chorokh, Kyzyl-Irmak, Ashley-Irmak, Sakarya ( on South), Southern Bug(in the north). In the Black Sea, due to its desalination by rivers, there are two masses, two layers of water that weakly mix with each other. Mountain river The main Black Sea Current is directed counterclockwise along the entire perimeter of the sea, forming two noticeable rings (“Knipovich glasses”, named after one of the hydrologists who described these currents). The climate of the Black Sea, due to its mid-continental position, is mainly continental. The Black Sea coast of the Caucasus and the southern coast of Crimea are protected by mountains from cold northern winds and, as a result, have a mild Mediterranean subtropical climate. The waters of the Black Sea are not subject to freezing. The water temperature does not drop below +8 °C. The Black Sea is an important transport area, as well as one of the largest resort regions in Eurasia. The largest port cities on the Black Sea: Novorossiysk, Sochi, Tuapse (Russia) Burgas, Varna (Bulgaria) Batum, Poti (Georgia) Sukhum (Abkhazia/Georgia) Constanta (Romania) Samsun, Trabzon (Turkey) Odessa, Evpatoria, Ilyichevsk , Yuzhny, Kerch, Sevastopol, Yalta (Ukraine) A characteristic feature of the Black Sea is the complete absence of life at depths above 150-200 m due to the saturation of the deep layers of water with hydrogen sulfide. Dense thickets of the brown algae Cystoseira begin right from the water's edge. Red algae Laurencia Red algae callitamnion corymbose Enteromorpha The flora of the sea includes 270 species of multicellular green, brown, red bottom algae Ceramium ciliata Algae Ulva Brown algae scytosiphon Cladostephus and coralline The Black Sea is home to 2.5 thousand species of animals (of which 500 species are unicellular, 160 species of vertebrates - fish and mammals, 500 species of crustaceans, 200 species of mollusks, the rest - invertebrates of various species). Bottlenose dolphin Marble crab Gloss flounder Palemon shrimp Among the main reasons for the relative poverty of sea fauna: a wide range of water salinity moderate cold water the presence of hydrogen sulfide at great depths. Dolphins are the only whales that are found in the Black Sea Amphipods Spirorbis Greenfinch Rulena Sphinx blenny Troeper Mullet singil Black Sea seahorse Stone crab Black Sea shells mollusks of hard soils of the Black Sea Dangerous animals of the Black Sea Jellyfish aurelia Cornermouth jellyfish Stingray Black Sea scorpionfish Noticeable scorpionfish Marine dragon The history of the Black Sea shows that man is much more dangerous to the sea and its inhabitants than they are to it. Children often ask: do crabs bite? They do not bite, but pinch - not with teeth, which they do not have, but with claws. And only when we ourselves try to grab them. A large marble crab or stone crab can pinch your finger very painfully; If he does grab you, don’t pull him - you’ll tear off his claw. Crabs let go of their legs and claws, just like lizards let go of their tails. It's better to just leave it alone, it will come off on its own. Every year, all countries of the Black Sea region celebrate International Black Sea Day. THE PRESENTATION USED MATERIALS FROM THE INTERNET         http://fotki.yandex.ru/ http://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/ http://blacksea-education.ru/ http:// crimea-map.ru / http://foto.mail.ru / http://aboutvarna.ru/ http://www.rybalka.com/forum/ http://moemore.ru/pictures/