The only duchy in Europe

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Second letter "u"

Third letter "k"

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Answer for the question "Europe's only duchy", 10 letters:
Luxembourg

Alternative crossword questions for the word Luxembourg

Homeland of the Schleck brothers

Which state is located between the Moselle and Meuse rivers?

Both Rose and the country

State in Europe; province in Belgium

Operetta by the Hungarian composer F. Legár "Count..."

Landmark: Palace, in Paris

Definition of the word Luxembourg in dictionaries

encyclopedic Dictionary, 1998 The meaning of the word in the dictionary Encyclopedic Dictionary, 1998
capital of the state of Luxembourg. 75 thousand inhabitants (1991). Trans-European transport hub. international Airport. Metallurgy and mechanical engineering, chemical, food and clothing industries. International financial center. National Library....

Wikipedia Meaning of the word in the Wikipedia dictionary
Luxembourg is one of the ten provinces of Belgium and one of the five Walloon provinces. It borders with the province of Liege, the province of Namur, France and the state of Luxembourg. Administrative center- city of Arlon. By area, Luxembourg is the largest province...

Examples of the use of the word Luxembourg in literature.

With them are dogs and hounds and chain dogs, Dogs from Hungary, from Brabant, from Namur and Luxembourg.

They stepped on the belly and throat of the proud lands: Brabant, Flanders, Luxembourg, Artois, Gennegau, Antwerp.

They say that in Berlin the leaders of the Polish Social Democratic Party Luxembourg, Markhlevsky, Varsky, Dzerzhinsky attacked with abuse and reproaches for inaction.

Although the length of France's northern border was 500 miles, the French could only conduct offensive operations along narrow area 90 miles wide from the Rhine to the Mausole, since otherwise they would violate the neutrality of Belgium and Luxembourg.

Here people live spread out, on their backs, threads are stretched across their bellies, some have an earring in their ear - I think for a comrade Luxembourg this is indecent, she would be ashamed and doubtful here, like me.

Greek Δουκάτον Αθηνών fr. Duché d'Athènes cat. Ducat d Atenes vassal state ... Wikipedia

Contents [About F. in France, see correspondingly. Art.]. I. The essence of F. and its origin. II. F. in Italy. III. F. in Germany. IV. F. in England. V. F. on the Iberian Peninsula. VI. F. in the Czech Republic and Moravia. VII. F. in Poland. VIII. F. in Russia. IX. F. in... ... Encyclopedic Dictionary F.A. Brockhaus and I.A. Efron

Federal Republic of Germany (FRG), state in the Center. Europe. Germany (Germania) as a territory inhabited by Herm tribes was first mentioned by Pytheas from Massalia in the 4th century. BC e. Later the name Germany was used to refer to Rome... ... Geographical encyclopedia

Kingdom of Denmark, state in Northern Europe. In sources of the 5th–6th centuries. another Germanic tribe is mentioned, a Dana tribe that lived on the Jutland Peninsula. In the 9th century. under adm. In the organization of the border lands of the empire of Charlemagne, the Danmark Danish mark was formed (another mark... ... Geographical encyclopedia

This term has other meanings, see Bavaria (meanings). Duchy of Bavaria Herzogtum Bayern Duchy ... Wikipedia

Italy- (Italy) Symbols of Italy, Administrative division Italy, Italian politics, history of the formation of Italy Flag and National anthem Italy, Ancient Rome, geography of Italy, earthquakes of Italy, Largest cities Italy Contents Contents Section 1 ... Investor Encyclopedia

This term has other meanings, see Saxony. Duchy of Saxony Herzogtum Sachsen Duchy ... Wikipedia

The ethnic consolidation of Luxembourgers was facilitated by the early emergence of statehood.
Photo www.1op.ru

Among the countries modern world There are quite a few monarchy states, but only one of them has the status of a Grand Duchy. This is Luxembourg. A small country (2586 sq. km) with a capital of the same name is located at the junction of France, Belgium and Germany, between the Moselle and Meuse rivers. Population – less than half a million people (according to 2009 estimates – 454 thousand); indigenous people - Luxembourgers, Letzeburger (self-name).

Their language, Letzeburgish, belongs to the Germanic group of the Indo-European family; from the 10th century it was formed on the basis of Low German dialects (mainly within the Moselle-Frankish dialectical area); Moreover, his vocabulary contains many borrowings from the French language. The first written monument, in Latin, dates back to the 13th century. In the anthropological classification, Luxembourgers belong to the Central European race of the large Caucasian race. By religion, the vast majority are Catholic Christians.

Roots of the ethnic group

Historical fate has meted out all sorts of trials to this country and its people. The land of Luxembourg dozens of times became the scene of hostilities between the states surrounding it; it was divided, shredded, given as a dowry, passed on by inheritance. Every now and then it became a “passing yard” or a “bargaining chip” in the military-political and dynastic games of incomparably larger and stronger European powers. The city of Luxembourg was under siege 22 times, many times almost completely destroyed and devastated. But again and again the Luxembourgers restored it, rebuilt it, made it more comfortable and beautiful.

In the 1st millennium BC. Here lived the Treveri and Belgian Celts, who, like other Celtic tribes of neighboring regions, despite fierce resistance, in the 1st century BC. were conquered by the Romans. Roman rule lasted almost five centuries. The Celtic language was gradually replaced by folk Latin. In the middle of the 5th century, these lands, like Gaul, were captured by the Frankish Germans. They partially pushed the local population west of the Moselle, partially assimilated it linguistically, making it German-speaking (this process was made easier by the fact that Latin here, on the very edge of the Roman Empire, was not very strong). Thus, the Luxembourgish ethnic group has Celtic, Roman, and Germanic roots.

Luxembourg began in April 963, when one of the noble confidants of the Frankish kings named Siegfried founded his knight's castle on the Bock rock, on the edge of a deep gorge, where the Petrussi River flows into the Alzeta River. It became an important fortress at the crossroads of trade and military roads. This fortress was named Lucilinburhuk - that was the name of the Roman fortification, which according to legend stood in the same place (the Old German word Lucilinburhuc meant “small fortress”). Later, the city that grew up next to and around the castle-fortress was called Lutzemburg, Lutzelburg, Letzemburg. The French form of the name Luxembourg appeared in the 12th century. It became the official name of the country after the Congress of Vienna in 1815. In Luxembourgish the country is called Lötzeburg.

In 1060, Count Conrad added lands along the middle reaches of the river to his possessions in the Ardennes. Mosel and began to call himself Count of Luxembourg. In 1308, the Luxembourg Count Henry III was elected by the rulers of the German states as Holy Roman Emperor (962–1806, from the end of the 15th century - the Holy Roman Empire of the German nation), becoming the founder of the Luxembourg dynasty in Germany. In 1354, Luxembourg became a duchy. At the end of the 14th century, its territory was almost four times larger than its current size.

In 1443, the almost five-century period of feudal independence of Luxembourg ended: the country was captured by the Duchy of Burgundy. In the future, by dynastic marriages The Netherlands (present-day Holland, Belgium and Luxembourg) came under the control of the Habsburg dynasty.

In 1555, Philip II of Habsburg became king of Spain, to which the Netherlands (including Luxembourg) also went. In 1713, according to the Peace of Utrecht, which summed up the long-term War of the Spanish Succession, the duchy came under Austrian rule until the French Revolution. In 1795, by decree of the Convention, Luxembourg was annexed to France.

From Germany to Germany

On June 9, 1815, by decision of the Congress of Vienna, which summed up the results of the war of the coalition of European powers with Napoleon I, Luxembourg became a Grand Duchy (part of the German Confederation) under the control - as a personal union - of the Dutch king. At the same time, part of the lands of Luxembourg (along the right bank of the Moselle) was given to Prussia.

The current borders of Luxembourg were established in 1839 in London by the Belgian-Dutch Treaty: most of the country, with a Walloon (French-speaking) population, went to Belgium. Since then, the country has hardly changed its outline.

In 1866, the German Confederation collapsed. In 1867 at international conference Great powers in London Luxembourg was recognized as an independent and “eternally neutral” state. October 17, 1868 came into force new Constitution Luxembourg, still in force today.

In 1890, King William III of the Netherlands died without heirs; Luxembourg's personal union with the Netherlands dissolved. A relative became Grand Duke former king Count Adolf, the founder of the Nassau dynasty that has reigned since then.

The tragic chapter in the history of Luxembourg and Luxembourgers was the Nazi occupation (May 1940 - February 1945). As in 1914, German troops, trampling on the neutrality of the small country, occupied it on May 10, 1940. The government and family of Grand Duchess Charlotte emigrated to England. The majority of the population had a sharply negative attitude towards the invaders, although they tried to flirt with the Luxembourgers, declaring them “true Aryans, part of the great German nation.” The Resistance movement was expanding in the country. Its centers were the working-class cities of Wiltz and Dudelange. Many Luxembourgers participated in the French and Belgian Resistance.

In September 1942, when Berlin decided to incorporate Luxembourg into the Reich and mobilize young people into Hitler's army, a large strike against the occupiers began in Wiltz, which was supported in other cities and towns. The stoppage of work at metallurgical plants was especially sensitive for Berlin. The occupiers brutally dealt with the strikers: hundreds of people were thrown into concentration camps and prisons, and many were shot. The newspaper Pravda wrote in those days: “The heroic resistance of the working people of Luxembourg has become historical event. This is the first general strike in occupied Europe. This is a bold, open challenge to Hitler's “new order.” The Luxembourg people were not afraid to stand up for their independence and their honor.”

30 thousand Luxembourgers died during the Second World War. In relation to the total population (10%), Luxembourg is second only to the USSR in the number of victims of that war. Unfortunately, little is known about this in the world. But in Luxembourg they remember their fellow citizens who died, were tortured, and were executed. In memory of the heroism of the fallen - the Eternal Flame in the capital of the country, memorials in cities, towns, villages.

After World War II, the article on neutrality was removed from the Luxembourg Constitution. The country became a member of NATO and all European structures (EEC and others). Luxembourg is a full member of the Western European (and European in general) integration system.

Luxembourg is a country with a highly developed industry. Luxembourg has long held first place in the world in terms of metal smelting per capita. This is explained not only by large deposits of high-quality iron ore, but also highly qualified engineers and workers, excellent organization of all production processes. The country's steelworks remain one of the main forges in Western Europe today.

In recent decades, other industries have been actively developing, including the latest (high-tech) ones. At the same time, Luxembourg is famous for its efficient agriculture (meat and dairy farming, gardening, viticulture). Since the late 1960s, Luxembourg has become one of the largest financial and banking centers in Europe.

Urban country

Luxembourg is a country of cities and towns of urban type and appearance; even in small villages with a population of about a thousand people there are some industrial enterprises(plant or factory, mine or sawmill). Excellent highways and railways connect all settlements, large and small. It is not uncommon here that one of the family members works in a factory or mine, others in the service sector, some in agriculture. In general, more than 80% are urban residents. Ancient cities have a medieval layout; Many architectural monuments have been preserved and are maintained in good condition.

Luxembourg is a densely populated country. In its southwestern part the population density is high - more than a thousand people per 1 sq. km. Most of the cities are located here; small villages near the outcrops of iron ore deposits on the surface they are literally next to each other, 1–3 km away. At the same time, in many communities in the northern part of the country the density is around the average (150–200 people per 1 sq. km) or lower.

A remarkable feature of Luxembourg: they have managed to preserve the nature of the country, its beautiful forested areas(they occupy almost a third of the territory). Luxembourgers are proud that their country is the greenest in Western Europe.

Multi-ethnic center of Europe

Luxembourg is a multi-ethnic country with the highest proportion of immigrants in Europe (more than a third of the population). These are Germans, Italians, Belgians, French. There are Dutch, Austrians, Poles, Turks, people from countries former Yugoslavia. In the last two decades many Spaniards and Portuguese have appeared. Many of them are no longer foreigners, but citizens of the country (including several generations already). This applies primarily to the Germans and Poles, and to a lesser extent to the French and Italians.

Are there any problems with this situation? Certainly. One of them is the low birth rate in families of native Luxembourgers and very high in families of Italians, Portuguese, and Turks, which increases the “share” of these groups in the country’s population from year to year. Immigrants - almost all of them - have noticeably different habits, tastes, and mentality in general than Luxembourgers. As a rule, they do not know the Luxembourgish language and make do with poor French.

But this situation has not yet become unpleasantly acute, largely due to the inherent tolerance of the Luxembourgers towards strangers and foreign things and, no less important, thanks to the very high level life in Luxembourg (in terms of this indicator, it has been in the top three or five for many years European countries). Any person who has a job can live a very decent life, and everyone values ​​​​this opportunity and is grateful to the society and country that has accepted it.

A distinctive feature of Luxembourg and the Luxembourgish people is its triglossia (trilingualism). In addition to Luxembourgish, all native Luxembourgers speak French and German, which is due to the history and geography of the country, its political and cultural traditions. These languages ​​are official languages states, despite the fact that both French and German are perceived as foreign languages.

On 24 February 1984, parliament passed a law establishing Letzeburgish as the national language. All native Luxembourgers use it in oral communication among themselves. Its importance began to grow after World War II, while at the same time the role of the German language, which had long been associated with aggression and occupation by Germany, diminished. The German was forced out of parliament and squeezed out of church life. Letzeburgish completely dominates parliamentary practice; sermons in churches are read mainly in it; on national language the entire liturgy was also created (until relatively recently, the languages ​​of the Church were Latin and German).

However, the position of the German language in Luxembourg remains very strong: the majority of newspapers and magazines are published in it, and the most works are created in it fiction, it is preferred by the business community. It should be noted that Luxembourgish German differs significantly from the dialects of neighboring regions of Germany.

The French language began to spread in Luxembourg in the 15th century. In subsequent centuries, its importance in the country increased, in parallel with the general growth of the cultural influence of France. Paris, and not Berlin, became the main center of attraction for the Luxembourg bourgeoisie, people of culture, science, and education.

And in modern Luxembourg, at social receptions, at debates, in scientific classrooms and literary salons, predominantly French speech is heard. French is the language of legislation, judicial institutions, and the army; it occupies an important place in the press, radio and television; prevails in the communication of indigenous residents with foreign workers (most of them are Romance-speaking). But in oral communication with each other, only representatives of elite circles of society use it. Psychologically French plays important role separation from German culture and the German language.

“...Stay who we are!”

Luxembourgers carefully preserve their national traditions, their folklore, their special Luxembourgish flavor in their way of life - personal, family, social, and in all the nuances of spiritual and material culture. For example, they have a wonderful musical folklore; and even small villages must have their own orchestra; every local holiday is accompanied by dance processions. Luxembourgers are famous as skilled winegrowers and winemakers, and each town and village produces its own variety of wine.

This small people, “sandwiched” between two big countries, large, multimillion-dollar nations, managed for many centuries to preserve and develop their culture, their language, their behavioral and communication models, thereby maintaining and establishing their ethnonational identity as a special people called Luxembourgers, Letzeburger, with their own special mentality and national character .

Having been formed and living for centuries in a situation of constant influence of French and Germanic culture, the French and German languages, they were able to remain and be not half Germans, half French (or in any other proportion), but Luxembourgers. Luxembourgers are a good example of the fact that in the most difficult situations An ethnic group can survive and develop if it manages to develop (at a collective-unconscious level) effective psychological and behavioral defense mechanisms.

Their national-cultural credo was very briefly and at the same time accurately and succinctly expressed in 1859 by Michel Lenz, the author of the poem “Feuervon” (“Train”), written in Luxembourgish for the opening of the first railway, in the last, summing up line: “We want to remain who we are!” The song based on this text became the unofficial anthem, the national song of the Luxembourgers.

It is significant that when the population census in Luxembourg was carried out in October 1941, 90–95% (in different populated areas) Luxembourgers to the questions “Which nation does he belong to?”, “What language does he speak?” answered: “to the Luxembourgish”, “in Luxembourgish” - although the occupiers demanded to answer “to the German people”, “to German" This was the collective response of the vast majority of the nation.

Undoubtedly, both the ethnic consolidation and the development of the Luxembourgers as a special ethnic group were facilitated by the early emergence of their statehood (first counties, then duchies). If there were no political borders (even if they were nominal for a very long time) separating them from the big neighboring countries, it is possible that they would become one of the subethnic groups of the large French people or the large German people.

Statehood and states have a very significant influence on the fate of the peoples who founded them, on the course of ethnic processes - this pattern can be traced in literally all countries and regions of the world. A very important component in the formation of Luxembourgish national identity was the presence of its own special language - Letzeburgish. The language of the people - both as a means of communication and in all its other functions - is a very significant factor of ethnonational identity.

In the world, along with large and medium-sized nations, there are small and very small nations; but there are no uninteresting, insignificant peoples. Each of the peoples is an important, special part of humanity; without any of them, humanity will be incomplete.