2.1 Metaphors in newspaper publications

The sphere of political language games, in theory, should be poor in metaphors, because speech public politician to a large extent consists of commissive acts (election promises, etc.), the degree of subsequent implementation of which must be controlled. But, as soon as the center of gravity shifts to the emotional impact, which happens extremely often in political life (due to the low political, economic, etc. literacy of the electorate), the ban on metaphor is lifted. Thus, when in speech an ultimatum degenerates into a threat aimed at intimidation, it can be expressed metaphorically. The sphere of expression of emotions and emotional pressure introduces an element of artistry, and with it metaphor, into both everyday and political speech.

Various metaphorical models of political discourse are presented in the “Dictionary of Russian Political Metaphors” by A.N. Baranova and Yu.N. Karaulova (hereinafter referred to as SRPM). At the same time, not everyone has the “property” of insult and mockery. From the list of the most frequent metaphorical models, in accordance with the objectives of our research, we selected those where the object of metaphorical understanding is political leaders and leaders, as well as political life in general.

1. The concept of “theater”: politicians are actors, and political life is a theater, a game, a circus, an attraction. The metaphorical model actualizes the meaning of “unreal” life, a game intended for the viewer, and the insincerity of the characters in a political play.

(1) In the populist play “ New course“Gaidar prepared himself a springboard to evade responsibility for everything he had done (Komsomolskaya Pravda. 1995. May 25).

(2) For more than 6 years, Gorbachev performed the trick of a sophisticated tightrope walker (Komsomolskaya Pravda. 1994. January 21).

2. The concept of “criminal world”: political leaders - punks, bosses, leaders, overseers, “Kremlin fathers”, fraters.

(3) A. Sobchak is the “godfather” of the city (SRPM, p. 281).

3. The concept of “unreal (infernal) world”: politicians are supernatural (evil) creatures (idols, devils, fallen angels, devils, false prophets, zombies).

(4) He (Yeltsin) seduced... the young Russian democracy. ...The devil in the flesh, and that's all. (SRPM, p.271).

(5) Ordinary “democratic” zombies... (SRPM, p.295).

4. Concept " animal world": politicians are predators, a herd.

(6) Other ignoramuses gather around him, like hungry piranhas around a piece of living meat (SRPM, p. 237).

5. The concept of “subject of power”: king, king, sovereign, royal person, nobleman.

(7) The king of perestroika is naked, dazzlingly naked, and the tailors who sew him a tail-coat pair are packing their suitcases (SRPM, p.253).

(8) Yeltsin wants... to sit as an appanage prince in Russia (SRPM, p.264).

6. Concept " sexual relations": politicians are prostitutes, sex bombs, sexual giants.

(9) Yeltsin, you are a political prostitute (SRPM, p.268).

(10) Get any plumber or driver out of bed at night and entrust him with organizing a coup d'etat - he will do everything much better than the sex bomb Yanaev (SRPM, p. 274).

7. The concept of “death”: leaders are political corpses.

(11) Not wanting to come to terms with the role of a political corpse, the former chairman of the Council of Ministers Ryzhkov agreed to play... a contender for the post of Russian president (SRPM, p. 272).

Thus, in the metaphorical models presented above, political life appears as a world of behind-the-scenes games, a world of criminal showdowns, inhuman relations, animal passions, and politicians - as typical representatives of this unreal world. Of course, the presented sample does not reflect all metaphorical models that have an “offensive” potential (for example, a politician is sick, a patient, etc.) - the most productive ones are demonstrated here.

A type of metaphor (if we understand metaphor in a broad sense) can be considered an allusion - a special technique of text formation, which consists in correlating the content of the text with a precedent fact, historical or literary.

(12) And Yeltsin, for the capture of the House of Soviets, for the copious blood of Russian people alien to the general, awarded him (Grachev) an order invented by Burbulis. And it shines on the rook’s chest as dazzlingly as the Order of Victory on the chest of Marshal Zhukov, received for the capture of fascist Berlin (New Time. 1993. June 16).

The illocutionary force of this statement lies in the accusation: Yeltsin rewarded the murderer. Allusion to historical fact built on the principle of a hidden antithesis: Zhukov took the enemy’s stronghold, and Grachev... the House of Soviets in his country. The perlocutionary effect - an insult - is enhanced by the lexical meaning of the word “put on” (negative connotation: put on without any reason) and the non-standard word-formation model “on the rook’s chest” (instead of Grachev’s or Grachev’s chest).

An allusion can be not only historical, but also literary. It is built on an associative connection with any literary work, character, episode.

(13) The Supreme Council fought Yeltsin according to certain rules proposed in the Constitution. When Boris Nikolaevich saw that he was being checkmated, he took this “chessboard” and fucked the one with whom he was playing on the head (Commercial News. 1994. March 28).

The text contains a clear allusion to the famous episode from the novel “The Twelve Chairs” that happened to the false grandmaster Ostap Bender. The allusion leads to the conclusion: the president does not play by the rules, cheats, and prefers to act from a position of strength. The image of Ostap Bender is repeatedly used in political discourse to expose dishonesty and uncleanliness.

(14) Having reflected in your spare time on the fruits of your titanic labor in the field of the Russian economy and remembering the commandments of the famous literary hero- “the main thing in the profession of a thief is to get away on time,” E.T. Gaidar decided that it was time for him to “take his feet in his hands” (Omsk time. 1994. April 25)

metaphor politics language newspaper

Text of the dissertation on the topic "Metaphorical headlines in the Russian, American and British press: cognitive, textual and psycholinguistic aspects"

MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND SCIENCE OF THE RF FSBEI HPE Ural State Pedagogical University

As a manuscript

Kagan Elena Borisovna

Metaphorical headlines in the Russian, American and British press: cognitive, textual and psycholinguistic aspects

specialty 02/10/20 - Comparative-historical, typological and comparative linguistics

Dissertation for the degree of candidate of philological sciences

Scientific adviser:

Honored Scientist of the Russian Federation, Doctor of Philology, Professor A. P. Chudinov

Ekaterinburg-2012

Introduction........................................................ ........................................................ ............4

Chapter 1. Metaphor and features of its functioning in newspaper discourse.................................................. ........................................................ ......................15

1.1. Peculiarities of newspaper discourse............................................................... .............16

1.2. The connection between the headline and the text of the publication in newspaper discourse................27

1.3.Cognitive direction in linguistics as a basis for study

metaphorical headlines of the Russian and English-language press......39

Conclusions on the first chapter................................................... ...................................49

Chapter 2. Comparative characteristics of metaphorical headlines with the source spheres “Society” and “Man” in the Russian, American and British press......................... ....................................53

2.1. Metaphorical headlines of the Russian, American and British press: the source sphere of metaphorical expansion “Society”......54

2.2. Metaphorical headlines of Russian, American and British

press: the source sphere of metaphorical expansion “Man”......89

Conclusions on the second chapter.................................................. ...................................118

Chapter 3. Comparative characteristics of metaphorical headlines with the spheres of sources “Nature” and “Artifacts” in the Russian, American and British press.......................... ....................................120

3.1. Metaphorical headlines of the Russian, American and British press: the source sphere of metaphorical expansion “Nature”...................120

3.2. Metaphorical headlines of the Russian, American and British press: the source sphere of metaphorical expansion “Artifact”............141

3.3. Metaphorical headlines of Russian, American and British

press with the metaphor of double actualization.................................................... ....167

Conclusions on the third chapter................................................... ...................................170

Chapter 4. Deployment of title metaphors in the main text..................................172

4.1. Deployment of a metaphorical model in the text....................................172

4.2. Using techniques of enhanced, deceived and justified expectations.................................................... ........................................................ ...............184

4.3. Experimental Study of Ratio Perception

metaphorical title of the publication and its main text................................188

Conclusions on the fourth chapter.................................................. ...............................205

Conclusion................................................. ........................................................ ......207

Bibliography................................................................ ........................212

List of used dictionaries................................................................... ...................237

List of journalistic sources................................................................... ..........238

Application.......................................... ....... ........................................................ .....240

Introduction

End XX - beginning of XXI centuries were marked by the development of cognitive linguistics, which explores the problems of the relationship between language and consciousness, the role of language in the conceptualization and categorization of the world. The dialectical unity of consciousness and language is manifested in the fact that consciousness is always a symbolically expressed reflection, and language as such is a hidden essence. From the standpoint of cognitive science, language, acting as an object, helps to establish access to the activity of consciousness, to different aspects cognitive processes. But if consciousness is subject to verbal expression, it is at the same time subject to verbal influences. Currently, with the intensive development of information technology, the ever-increasing role of means mass media One of the tools for modeling, understanding and assessing political events and processes, influencing individual, group and social consciousness is a political metaphor. Modern researchers who consider metaphor as one of the means of indirect communication, evaluativeness and intentional semantic uncertainty of political statements (JIM. Alekseeva, A.N. Baranov, E.V. Budaev, V.Z. Demyankov, Yu.N. Karaulov, A.A. Kaslova , I.M. Kobozeva, V.G. Kostomarov, E.S. Kubryakova, V.V. Petrov, G.N. Sklyarevskaya, V.N. Telia, A.P. Chudinov, G. Lakoff, Ch. Malone , A. Musolff, J. Zinken, etc.), note that it is possible to better understand the specifics of the national metaphorical picture of the world when comparing metaphorical pictures of the world presented in different languages ​​and cultures.

Analysis of research in cognitive linguistics conducted by E.S. Kubryakova, allowed the scientist to identify the cognitive-discursive paradigm [Kubryakova 2004], in which any linguistic phenomenon can be adequately described only taking into account both cognitive and

communication features. In communication theory, “the main directions for the study of text are as follows: the text in its relation to the speaker and the listener; text like complex sign; text in its relation to reality and other texts” [Chuvakin 2003: 34]. A.A. Chuvakin believes that “in line with communicative approach to the text, it can be defined as a communicatively directed and pragmatically significant complex sign of a linguistic nature, representing the participants in a communicative act in the textual personality of Homo Loquens, possessing signs of evocativeness and situationality, the mechanism of existence of which is based on the possibilities of its communicative transformability™” [Chuvakin 2003: 31].

This dissertation research was carried out within the framework of the cognitive-discursive paradigm and is aimed at comparing metaphorical headlines in publications of the modern Russian, American and British press, which are considered in cognitive, textual and psycholinguistic aspects.

Consideration of the text as a form of realization of the author’s intention in the course of communication with the addressee, study of its structure, semantics and pragmatics make obvious the connection between discursive, cognitive and psycholinguistic approaches to the study of text. All directions are based on an activity-based approach to the text as the result of the communicative activity of the author and the addressee, a dialogue between the author and the addressee on an associative basis. In addition, the communicative nature of the text and the author’s desire to be understood determine the regulative nature of the text as one of its systemic qualities that allows one to manage cognitive activity addressee.

One of the conditions for effective interaction is considered to be intentional and semantic consistency in the communication process. IN

This dissertation research examines this correlation using the example of metaphorical press headlines in three countries. In accordance with the stated goal, the main results of the study are that, within the framework of the cognitive-discursive paradigm,

linguistic and national features of newspaper metaphorical headlines in Russia, the USA, Great Britain and psychological characteristics their perceptions.

The relevance of the study of metaphorical newspaper headlines in the press of Russia, the USA and Great Britain is due to modern trends in linguistics, general direction scientific research in the field of discourse analysis, the prospects for further development of the theory of conceptual metaphor (including in newspaper discourse) and its refraction in the field of intercultural communication. Mass information communication is today perhaps the most mobile, continuously enriching type of discourse. Analysis of modern metaphorical newspaper headlines allows us to trace certain trends in the sphere of public consciousness, and their comparative study allows us to identify similar, different and specific features of the national worldview and categorization of reality in the mental world of man and society. The interaction of cognitive, textual and psycholinguistic approaches to research makes it possible to comprehend the features of the author’s communicative influence on the addressee through the use of metaphorical headlines in newspaper discourse, to identify the likelihood of achieving the intentional task of the author of a newspaper publication containing a metaphor in its title.

This study, to a certain extent, was dictated by extralinguistic factors. Geopolitical processes that have been taking place intensively in recent decades cannot but influence the humanitarian sphere of human activity and be reflected in the linguistic situation. Similar

comparative studies are aimed at increasing the effectiveness of intercultural interaction, promoting mutual understanding and establishing tolerant relations between national cultures.

The relevance of linguistic issues determined the object and subject of the dissertation research.

The object of research in this dissertation is metaphorical word usage in newspaper headlines in the Russian, American and British press.

The subject of the study is general and specific patterns of metaphorical modeling of reality in newspaper headlines in Russia, the USA, and Great Britain.

The material of this study is presented in two parts. The first part consists of a selection of headlines and texts of newspaper articles published in printed or electronic periodicals in Russian and English between 2008 and 2010. In total, 3,499 metaphorical headlines of newspaper articles were collected and analyzed using a continuous sampling method, including 1,258 in Russian, 1,123 in American, and 1,118 in British sources. There is no thematic unity in the texts under study, but they all have a reflective character. Preference was given to newspapers with a high circulation, popular among the population and intended for an educated audience: Komsomolskaya Pravda, Argumenty i Fakty, Gazeta, Vedomosti, Vzglyad, Izvestia, Nezavisimaya Gazeta, New Newspaper, Moskovsky Komsomolets, Kommersant, Chicago tribune, Newsweek, New York Times, The International Herald Tribune, Washington Post, Wall Street Journal, USA Today, Atlantic Monthly, Financial Times, Guardian, The Observer, The Independent, Telegraph, Daily Telegraph, The Economist.

The material for the second part of the study was data from a psycholinguistic experiment.

Research methods. The dissertation uses a complex of interrelated scientific methods, leading among which was cognitive-discourse analysis (E.S. Kubryakova, V.A. Vinogradov, N.N. Boldyrev, L.G. Babenko, E.V. Budaev, V.Z. Demyankov, V.I. Karasik, A.A. Kibrik, I.M. Kobozeva, A.P. Chudinov, etc.), as well as a psycholinguistic experiment based on the model of speech utterance generation (N.A. Bernstein, J1.C. Vygotsky, N.I. Zhinkin, A.A. Leontiev, A. N. Leontyev, A.R. Luria, T.V. Ryabova (Akhutina), L.S. Tsvetkova). The presented work is also based on the achievements of the theory and practice of psycholinguistic and sociolinguistic research of informant survey materials (V.N. Bazylev, T.I. Erofeeva, A.A. Zalevskaya, Yu.N. Karaulov, L.P. Krysin, L.V. Sakharny, Yu.A. Sorokin, R.M. Frumkina, A.M. Shakhnarovich, etc.), linguoculturology (V.I. Karasik, V.V. Krasnykh, V.A. Maslova, M.V. Pimenov, Yu.E. Prokhorov, I. A. Sternin, V.N. Telia, etc.). Depending on the material under consideration, the objectives of the research and its stage, first one or other research methods and techniques came to the fore. The continuous sampling method was used at the stage of selecting newspaper materials; the first chapter is dominated by a methodological, problematic and historical-linguistic analysis of metaphor within the cognitive direction. In the second and third chapters, the method of constructing frames, general scientific methods of classification, comparison, and generalization contributed to the identification of common and nationally specific features in the linguistic worldviews of different cultures. In the final chapter, the interpretive method was used as the basis for the interpretation of selected examples from newspaper texts; an experimental technique was used when questioning respondents to identify the ability of readers to predict its content based on the metaphorical headline of a newspaper publication. A feature of the methodology for presenting the material of this study is the alternation of fragments that are devoted to the consideration of theoretical problems with fragments

where the results of quantitative processing of material are presented, including a variety of metaphorical models, and fragments that describe the options for respondents’ perception of metaphorical newspaper headlines.

The purpose of this study is to identify the peculiarities of perception of metaphorical headlines of the leading models used in modern Russian, American and British newspaper headlines by representatives of different cultures.

The goal of the work is achieved by setting and solving the following research problems:

Identify, select and systematize metaphorical headlines of newspaper publications in the Russian, American and British press;

Highlight the features of the use of metaphors with source spheres “Society”, “Man”, “Nature”, “Artifact” in the headlines of the Russian, American and British press;

Conduct an analysis of options for deploying metaphorical models of double actualization presented in newspaper headlines in the texts of publications;

Explore the essence and analyze the features of the use of stylistic devices that cause the effects of heightened expectation, deceived and justified expectation when correlating title metaphors with the main text of the publication;

Taking into account the psycholinguistic generation of speech utterances, to identify the peculiarities of perception of metaphorical models of double actualization presented in the headlines of newspaper publications in the Russian, American and British press by native speakers of Russian and English.

The scientific novelty of the work is determined by the fact that traditionally, studies of newspaper headlines were carried out from the standpoint of functional and structural-semantic analysis, while this dissertation is distinguished by its integrated description of newspaper discourse, combining cognitive, textual, psycholinguistic and linguocultural analysis. In this study of metaphorical headlines of newspaper articles in Russia, the USA, and Great Britain in 2008-2010. International patterns of functioning of metaphorical models and features that reveal nationally specific characteristics of various metaphorical pictures of the world have been identified. Using quantitative data, the patterns and features of the perception of newspaper texts in three countries are characterized by their metaphorical headings.

The theoretical significance lies in addressing a little-studied aspect of the study of newspaper discourse, in conducting a comparative cognitive-discursive analysis of the metaphorical modeling of modern reality in the political discourse of Russia, the USA, and Great Britain through metaphorical newspaper headlines, as well as in the development of methods for comparative description of metaphorical models and their deployment in newspaper texts. A methodology for studying metaphorical models is proposed, related to identifying the likelihood of readers predicting the topics and issues of newspaper publications based on metaphorical headlines. The dissertation materials can be used in further research on the development of the theory of metaphorical modeling within the framework of media discourse in Russia, the USA, Great Britain, as well as in relation to the media discourse of other countries or cultures. This study also seems significant for studying the psycholinguistic features of text perception and predicting their content based on headings.

The practical value of the dissertation work is determined by the possibilities of using its materials in the process of further scientific research devoted to the language of periodicals, as well as in the practice of teaching certain academic disciplines, such as mass communication, theory and practice of translation, intercultural communication, political linguistics, psycholinguistics, in teaching abstracting.

The work will be of interest to journalists and anyone interested in the theory of language and the use of metaphors in journalism and political communication.

Approbation of research materials. The dissertation materials were discussed at a meeting of the Department of Rhetoric

Examples from the newspaper “Arguments and Facts”

In the newspaper "Arguments and Facts", which focuses on covering political issues, the most common metaphor is the "wave". It is found in a lot of headlines and the text of articles: “When can we expect a second wave of the crisis?”, “Are we ready for a new wave of the crisis?”, “Kudrin promises a second wave of the crisis.” In the text of the articles:

If you have time to dodge, swear at the idiot you meet, you'll be covered in cold and burn a couple of million nerve cells.

All countries former USSR took a ride wave of discontent.

- Wave of ill-wishers came to the country to try to establish her own order.

And in today’s Russia, attempts by agitprop to pass off wave of xenophobia for “disputes between business entities” - ridiculous and absurd.

- “Staying afloat during first wave The economic downturn has not been easy. Our main advantage was that we were well prepared for adversity,” explains Holdren. He believes that the ability to effectively reduce the budget and at the same time save the team already guarantees half the success, and maybe more. “This metaphor may seem cynical, but it perfectly illustrates what many managers do today: they put staff on one side of the scale, company revenue on the other, and if staff outweigh the scale, layoffs happen,” says Gary Holdren.

The wave metaphor is the most polysemantic, the most loaded with meanings, images, and associations that allow ambivalent interpretation. Among the existing options for conceptualizing the image of a wave, the most common are two polar in content: (a) the wave as a universal symbol of transformations, changes spreading in space (in this case, socio-political) and inexorably transforming and renewing it again and again; (b) a wave as a symbol of the sustainable reproduction of a plot (motif, tradition, etc.), a symbol of an element that washes away the superficial, renews the genuine and fundamental, returns everything to normal and in form represents an eternal repetition. As we can see, in “Arguments and Facts” this metaphor is used in the first meaning.

It is possible to get out of the crisis and it is possible to get out of it - this means that this is a closed space, but the way out is not obvious, which is why United Russia is looking for a way out of the crisis. You can get away from it along some road. But it has depth and is filled with liquid, so you can emerge from the crisis and reach the bottom. This liquid environment creates spontaneity: waves of crisis cover one after another, everyone is wondering: will there be a next one? Spontaneity allows us to form forms in a crisis, like in a storm, in rain, in a blizzard.

The starting point of the metaphor is the visual image of a single wave - a movement cast into a ridge (“curl”). The cognitive scheme is thus reduced to a regular and uniform change of rises and falls in the process of a certain movement.

The following examples also occur:

- “Geese drowned plane: A minute after takeoff, Airbus pilot Chesley Sullenberger told dispatchers that the Airbus collided with a flock of wild geese and two birds got into the turbines.”

- « Living water For Russia", as the author of the article called it, this drinking water. Living water saves, even revives the dead. According to the chairman of the subcommittee on the economics of natural resources, not only Russia, but the whole world may face huge problems with drinking water by 2030.

Comparative analysis of two newspapers

As we can see, the use of the “water” metaphor in journalistic style” (in particular, in those newspapers that we looked at) is not replete with many meanings. In the midst of a crisis, the most common metaphors are those with political meaning in one way or another. Metaphors such as “wave of crisis”, “bottom of crisis”, “capital outflow” have become the most frequent not only in federal publications, but also in local media.

With the help of metaphorization, the media reflects the phenomena of reality, making it a linguistic image.

Naturally, not all metaphors associated with “water” have political overtones. To this day, there are other types of metaphors in newspapers:

Going to the Russian Museum for the exhibition “The Power of Water”, I almost drowned in the sea surging associations.

- "Living water for Russia"

However, a significant part of the metaphorical nominations characterizes the state of affairs throughout the country and in specific ministries and departments, in individual parties, regions, etc. Of course, “lawlessness” in a particular state or public structure, a “disease” that has struck a single city or just an individual official does not allow us to conclude that this is the situation throughout the entire vast power. Each of these metaphors is only a small detail, an inconspicuous piece of glass in a huge mosaic, but such images are the implementation of models that actually exist in the public consciousness.

The current situation is not surprising, because the public is most interested in the questions: “When will a new wave of crisis arrive?” and “When will Russia reach the bottom of the crisis?”

Newspaper metaphors can be divided into commonly used ones (replicated by journalists) and into individual ones.

One of characteristic features modern newspaper journalism is the metaphorization of terms: “A characteristic feature of many modern newspaper journalistic texts is the figurative use in them of special scientific, special professional, military vocabulary, vocabulary , related to sports."

Special terminology turns out to be an almost inexhaustible source for new, fresh, uncliched ways of speech expression. Many highly specialized words are beginning to be used as linguistic metaphors.

There is some “distrust” of newspaper metaphors, the source of which is rooted in their opposition to artistic ones and the assessment of the role of newspaper metaphors from the standpoint of artistic speech, which is more suitable for the functioning of metaphors.

According to some authors, a metaphor in a newspaper often goes through the following path: metaphor - stamp - error. This universality seems to contain the objective conditions for appearing in a newspaper, as V.G. writes. Kostomarov, “ill-thought-out stylistically and often logically unjustified metaphors.” Calling them “the scourge of the printed word,” he believes that they confirm the view that metaphor is utilitarian in the newspaper, where it is used as an expresseme in order to “beat the standard.” In polemics with V.G. Kostomarov A.V. Kalinin admits that fiction and newspapers - different tasks and functions. But this does not give grounds "to belittle the newspaper metaphor, to reduce its function to a purely utilitarian one... Not very often, but in newspapers there are still bright, interesting metaphors that help the reader see some new connections through which “the world is revealed.”

The scientist's position returns metaphors in the newspaper to their natural function - the function of artistic cognition. It is the focus on positive, successful images that makes it possible to approach unsuccessful semantic formations as an optional and not so inevitable phenomenon for newspaper stylistics. Verbal failures should be viewed not as a typical phenomenon for a newspaper, but as a cost.

The danger of cliches “lies not in the repetition itself, for example, of metaphors, but in their unjustified use.” According to I. D. Bessarabova, creating a metaphor is the same as searching for the only suitable, necessary word. The introduction of metaphors, like other tropes, largely depends on the genre and content of the publication; not every metaphor is suitable for the general intonation of the text. A metaphor may remain misunderstood if semantic-paradigmatic, semantic-grammatical connections are violated. A metaphor is sensitive not only to its proximity to the word being defined in its literal sense, but also to another metaphor or metaphors.

But, despite this, metaphors are actively used in newspaper journalism, increasing the informational value of the message with the help of associations caused by the figurative use of the word, participating in the most important functions of journalism - persuasion and emotional impact.

Metaphor, as one of the most popular means of artistic expression, helps to present a complex concept as relatively simple, a new one as well-known, an abstract concept as concrete. The specificity of newspapers provides for the presence of replicated metaphors, but it depends only on the skill of the journalist that the “standard” does not turn into a “mistake.” We must strive to ensure that the use of metaphors is dictated, first of all, not by the desire to enliven the material, but by the desire to achieve the effectiveness of the printed word, its effectiveness. Sluggish expressions, streamlined formulations in the language of newspapers are simply unacceptable, because... journalism is called upon to actively intervene in life and shape public opinion.

Classification of metaphors

In the history of linguistics, there have been several interpretations of the issue of classification of metaphors. Various researchers have identified them as certain types, developed different approaches and the criteria according to which metaphors were then distributed into different classes. Metaphor is a complex sign that has a number of structural features and specific content features, and also performs certain functions in language. But, as V. M. Moskvin noted, “we still do not have a set of parameters by which a metaphor can be classified. Therefore, systematization, and in a number of cases, identification of such parameters, i.e. classification of metaphors from a linguistic point of view seems to be a truly urgent task for the Russian science of language.” Moskvin proposed, in the opinion of researchers, the most complete classification of metaphors. He developed a structural, semantic and functional classification of metaphors.

Semantic classification of metaphors

Semantic classification, in the opinion of researchers, is of the greatest interest due to the extensive field for research activity. This classification is based on the features of the content side of the metaphorical sign, which lie in their semantic duality (simultaneous indication of the main and auxiliary subject), i.e. comparison of something (main subject) with something (auxiliary subject, comparison term) on some basis (aspect of comparison). Thus, the content of the metaphor “epidemic of non-payments” is the comparison of non-payments with an epidemic in terms of prevalence; prevalence is the area of ​​similarity between two specified objects.

This classification distinguishes metaphors:

§ according to the main subject of comparison;

§ according to the auxiliary subject of comparison (anthropocentric or personification, animalistic, “machine”);

§ by the commonality of the auxiliary and main subjects of comparison;

§ according to the degree of integrity of the internal form of metaphors ( figurative metaphors(general poetic (usual, generally accepted) and non-logical (individual author), erased metaphors and dead metaphors).

Based on the belonging of the sign-bearer of the image (auxiliary subject) to the system of terms of a particular industry, researchers traditionally identify the following groups of metaphors:

§ medical (“election fever”, “acute attack of remorse”, “economic stroke”, etc.);

§ sports (“relay race of non-payments”, “record production figures”, “one-sided game”, etc.);

§ military (“election battles”, “food war”, “economic breakthrough”, etc.);

§ technical (“levers of power”, etc.);

§ gambling (“political roulette”, etc.);

§ biological (“political births”), etc.

Classification according to the auxiliary subject of comparison is of interest not only for philologists, but also for historians, cultural scientists, political scientists, and sociologists. Metaphor is social. Metaphors show how the picture of the world is reflected in the public consciousness. According to the fair opinion of G. Paul, from the totality of metaphors that have become commonplace in the language, one can see what interests prevailed among the people in a particular era, what ideals were laid in the foundation of culture at one or another stage of its development. A.P. Chudinov continues this thought: “everyone new stage social development the country is reflected in a metaphorical mirror, where, regardless of anyone’s intentions, the true picture of public self-awareness is recorded. The system of basic metaphors is a kind of key to understanding the “spirit of the times.” “Therefore, the relevance of their research is determined not only by linguistic needs itself, but represents an interdisciplinary problem.”

USE OF METAPHORS IN NEWSPAPER TEXT (BASED ON THE EXAMPLE OF THE THEMATIC GROUP “MILITARY VOCABULARY”)

Chepeleva Maria Nikolaevna

1st year master's student, IMCIMO National Research University "BelSU", Belgorod

E-mail: dubro [email protected]

No one doubts the fact that the media play a huge role in modern society. The main types of media include the following types: printed publications, which include, first of all, newspapers and magazines; electronic media, such as online publications, radio, television.

A special feature of newspapers and magazines is that they have a significant influence on the reaction and opinion of people, on current events in the world and the country as a whole, making one or another impression on them, which is achieved through the emotionality of ideas, expressiveness of assessments, and the use of various means artistic expression, including tropes.

One of the main areas of origin and the most common place of use of most language processes (lexical, word-formation, phraseological, etc.) is the journalistic style. This style has a significant impact on the development language norm generally. This emphasizes the need for its study, especially from the perspective of stylistic analysis.

Journalism (Latin publicare - “to make common property, open to everyone” or “to explain publicly, to make public”) is a special type of literary work that highlights and explains current issues of socio-political life and raises moral problems. [Big encyclopedic Dictionary: 4987] The specificity of this style lies in the fact that, thanks to mass use, it is here that the development of new meanings and the formation of linguistic means to designate new phenomena in modern society.

Among the functions journalistic style the following can be distinguished:

1) informational;

2) influencing;

3) popularization

Among the functions listed above, the main ones are influencing and informational.

The characteristic features of journalistic texts can be called the following: brightness of the image, relevance of the issue, imagery, political urgency, which is determined by the social purpose of the style. On the one hand, journalism has a lot common features with an artistic style, and with the other - a conversational one. The difference is that works of fiction model the fictional world of artistic reality, generalizing reality, conveying it in specific, sensual images. Author works of art creates typical images through the depiction of the specific, and the journalist explores types, general problems, specific and individual facts that are of secondary importance to him, which is associated with a different approach to seeing the world around him. The position of a journalist is the position of a person observing, thinking, evaluating.

A characteristic feature of the language of modern newspapers is the widespread use of metaphors related to military topics. The active use of metaphorical military vocabulary is most often found in materials devoted to socio-political, sports and economic issues.

Among metaphorized military terms, nouns and verbs are used in most cases: weapons, war, defense, landing, attack, blitzkrieg, fight, attack, charge, etc.

Thus, the figurative use of the word blitzkrieg arose under the influence of the thematically close traditional metaphor of offensive:

“... I must give up the temptation of some kind of blitzkrieg, a lightning-fast entry into the history of cinema” [Soviet Sport - 10/21/2011].

“Everyone is counting on a kind of religious blitzkrieg” [KP.-05/23/2013].

Having studied various examples, we noticed that thematic series are constantly developing, replenished, and in motion. Metaphors may experience changes in semantics, lexical compatibility, expressive and stylistic coloring of words.

The most common form of expressing metaphors are binary phrases built according to the model “nominative case of a noun + Genitive noun":

"health landings" [Med. gas - 03/13/2012].

"war of rumors" [KP - 05/23/2013]

Attributive phrases “adjective + noun” are also popular. The prevalence of metaphors of this type is explained by the fact that the mechanism of metaphorization itself is most clearly revealed in them.

“...in stores in December there is always a pre-New Year’s rush” [Izvestia. - 01/29/2013].

“...used heavy financial artillery” [Soviet Sport. - 09/12/2012]

As the study shows, the figurative meaning of a word and its linguistic environment are not indifferent to each other. From this point of view, the most interesting are the immediate syntactic environment of the metaphor and its components such as adjectives and verbs.

Adjectives can help strengthen the lexical compatibility of metaphors with dependent nouns, for example in contexts:

“...even an explosion of anti-Russian sentiment is possible” [KP. - 09/17/2013].

Adjectives significantly clarify the main meaning of metaphors: undermining the company’s reputation and undermining the company’s business reputation [Izvestia. - 06/03/2014]. An army of fans and an army of Moscow fans [Soviet Sport. - 07.21.2013].

In some cases, the characterization of metaphors by adjectives is used to enhance the evaluative value of the metaphor. Wed: referee wars and malicious referee wars [Soviet Sport. - 09/12/2012]; war of words and a long war of words [KP.-09.17.2013].

The functions of verbs in metaphorical expressions also play an important role. The verb strengthens the complex syntactic structure, promotes the lexical compatibility of the metaphor with the word being defined, enhancing the imagery of the metaphor and forming an expanded metaphor.

The Yabloko party threw its best forces, heavy artillery" [Izvestia. - 01.29.2013]; "Giannini went mad and declared war on the workers [Izvestia. - 06.03.2014].

In newspaper publications, extended metaphors are often found, the number of links of which is more than 4 components:

“Having landed a second automobile landing in the west of the country last year, blitzkrieg reaching the Volga and luring large VAZ dealers in Togliatti to their side, this year the Chinese have flooded Moscow and are already setting up a camp on our western borders - the Kaliningrad Avtotor is in full swing with them negotiations on the assembly of a number of models. Of course, the battle for such a tasty piece of the domestic market by Chinese automakers has not yet been won" [Izvestia. – 06/03/2014].

An expanded metaphor gives the text a special evaluative expressiveness and is aimed at a certain reader resonance. Most of the metaphorical model discussed above consists of verbs and concepts that characterize active offensive military operations. A figurative and associative idea appears of Chinese manufacturers as enemies who started the war in Russia and are occupying its territories.

Having examined the structural classification of military metaphors, we came to the conclusion that in newspaper publications the most common forms are verbal and substantive metaphors, which are represented by binary phrases (i.e., a closed metaphor). Journalism is practically not characterized by “riddle-metaphors”, in which there is no defined word. Extended metaphors, in which the metaphorical image is realized in several sentences, give newspaper articles particular expressiveness, accuracy and expressiveness.

List of used literature:

1. Large encyclopedic dictionary. Linguistics / chief editor V.N. Yartseva. M.: Scientific. Publishing house "Bolshaya Ros. Encyclopedia", 2000.