Write out quotes. How to correctly format a quotation in a text? Excerpt from the book “How to Write Persuasively. What is the maximum length of a quote?

· A quotation at the beginning of a sentence (after a period ending the preceding sentence) must begin with a capital letter, even if the first word in the source begins with a lowercase letter.

· A quotation placed after a colon begins with a lowercase letter if in the source the first word of the quotation begins with a lowercase letter (in this case, an ellipsis must be placed before the quoted text), and with a capital letter if in the source the first word of the quotation begins with a capital letter ( in this case, there is no ellipsis before the quoted text).

· Quotations retain the grammatical form and punctuation marks found in the cited source.

· If a sentence is not quoted in full, then instead of the omitted text, an ellipsis is placed before the beginning of the quoted sentence, or inside it, or at the end. Punctuation marks preceding omitted text are not preserved. If, when quoting two paragraphs, the first sentence of the second paragraph is omitted, then the latter must begin with an ellipsis. If, when quoting two paragraphs, the last sentence or its end in the first paragraph and the first sentence or its beginning in the second paragraph are omitted, an ellipsis should be placed at the end of the first paragraph and at the beginning of the second paragraph.

· If a research sentence ends with a quotation, and at the end of the quotation there is an ellipsis, a question mark or an exclamation mark, then no sign is placed after the quotation marks if the quotation is an independent sentence, or a period (or other necessary sign) is placed if the quotation is not an independent sentence ( included in the text of the sentence of the cited source).

· If in any research you find a quotation from a work that is fundamentally important to you, which is inaccessible to you for one reason or another (the author refers to a foreign or pre-revolutionary publication, etc.), then you can include this quotation in your text, Be sure to indicate not only the author of the words cited, but also the source of citation. The link in this case is formatted as follows: “Cit. from: "or "Quoted from the book." or “Cit. according to Art.:".

· When it is necessary to emphasize that the source to which reference is made is only one of many where the position of your text is confirmed or illustrated, then in such cases you can use the words “See, for example:”, “See. in particular:"

· It should be remembered that fragmentary use of individual parts of the text threatens errors in understanding and distortion of the meaning of the source. Therefore, context must be taken into account when quoting.

· Excessively extensive quotations are unacceptable; they must be replaced by a paraphrase in your own words with references to relevant literature. You can use a monolithic quotation of several sentences only if the exact expressions of the quoted text are particularly important. Long periods It makes sense to include the text of the source material used in appendices. Citation should be neither excessive nor insufficient, since both the first and second reduce the level of scientific work: excessively extensive citations create the impression of a compilation of research, and an insufficient amount of cited material reduces the scientific value of the work. Quoting must be logically justified and inextricably linked with the text, sufficiently convincing and meeting the requirements of the rules for formatting citations.

· When quoting, it is not allowed to combine several passages taken from different places quoted source, even logically related to each other. Each such passage should be formatted as a separate quotation.

· When quoting indirectly (retelling, presenting the thoughts of other authors in your own words), you should be extremely accurate in presenting the thoughts of the author (authors) and correct when evaluating what is being stated, and provide appropriate links to the source.

· We must not forget about the need to unambiguously define the basic concepts used in the work. This or that concept in scientific literature may be interpreted differently by different authors, but throughout the entire text of your research, from beginning to end, it should have only one meaning, clearly defined by the author. It is advisable to specify the meanings key concepts in the Introduction.

When quoting, each quotation must be accompanied by an indication of the source, a link to which is provided in accordance with established standards.

Rules for linking. Bibliographic references are a necessary part of scientific work. Links are made not only when directly quoting (in this case, the borrowed fragment of text is enclosed in quotation marks), but also in cases where important data, new facts, digital material, etc. are borrowed. It is customary to make references when mentioning or analyzing the works of a particular author, and also, if necessary, to direct the reader to works that discuss this issue.

Exist different ways design of footnotes.

Textless formatting of footnotes is the most convenient for the author. Immediately after mentioning a work or quotation, two numbers are given in square brackets: first, in bold type, write the number corresponding to the number of this document in the list of sources and literature, and separated by a comma, indicate the page on which the quotation used is contained or the opinion given in the text is expressed. (For example,[4, p. 241]). WE RECOMMEND USING THIS METHOD OF FORMATING FOOTNOTES.

Endnotes, i.e. links to sources or literature are given at the end of the work. In this case, immediately after the quote or place in the text that requires a link or comment, numbers (starting from one) are placed in the upper half of the line (For example,"...""). At the end of the work, after the Conclusion, there is a Notes section, in which references are placed in numbering order (1, 2, 3, ...n).

Page-by-page or interlinear formatting of footnotes is most convenient for the reader. In this case, links to sources and literature are provided below the text on the same page on which the link is made.

References are numbered in sequential order (1, 2, 3,...n) within each page, chapter, or entire text. Please note that this method of linking may pose technical difficulties. If, when finalizing the text, you insert any fragments, new quotes, etc. into it, or, on the contrary, shorten the text, then the arrangement of the footnotes on the page may be disrupted, they may disappear, move to another sheet, etc.

Attention! Regardless of which method of formatting footnotes you use in your work, Bible reference always is given as follows: immediately after the quotation, the abbreviated title of the book is given in parentheses (for example, Genesis - Gen. or John - In.), chapter number and verse separated by a colon; if several verses are quoted, a hyphen is added (For example, Matt. 22:14 or Matt. 22:41-46). At references to the Koran the number of the sura and verse are indicated: ( For example, Koran.10:33).

At end and page When completing the link, the link is formatted as follows: the author's surname, a comma, first and patronymic initials, title of the work, place and year of publication, page (or pages) from which the information was taken. Published sources are described like books and articles.

Usually, when laying out texts for the web, not enough attention is paid to the formatting of quotations. Trying to fix it unfortunate misunderstanding, we will touch upon two issues: the typographic design of quotes (in the part where errors are most often made during layout) and the implementation of this design in HTML code.

We will also not touch upon the issues of checking the semantic accuracy of citations, correct use notes, abbreviations and additions - the “Directory of the Publisher and Author” by A.E. Milchin and L.K. Cheltsova awaits all those interested.

We hope that this post will be convenient to use as a reference for frequently encountered issues of citation formatting.

Quotation marks are placed only at the beginning and end of a quotation, regardless of the size of the quotation or the number of paragraphs in it.

Quotations are enclosed in quotation marks of the same design as those used as main ones in the main text - in the vast majority of cases these are herringbone quotation marks “ ”.

If there are words (phrases, phrases) inside the quotation, in turn enclosed in quotation marks, then the latter should be of a different design than the quotation marks that close and open the quotation (if the outer quotation marks are Christmas trees “ ”, then the internal ones are paws “ “, and vice versa ). For example: Vasily Pupkin said in a recent interview: “The Pupstroytrest company took an honorable six hundred and twelfth place in the ranking construction companies Zaporozhye".

If in a quotation there are quotation marks of the “third stage”, that is, inside the phrases of the quotation enclosed in quotation marks there are, in turn, words taken in quotation marks, the quotation marks of the second picture, that is, paws, are recommended as the latter. Example from Milchin and Cheltsova: M. M. Bakhtin wrote: “Trishatov tells the teenager about his love for music and develops the idea of ​​the opera for him: “Listen, do you like music?” I really love... If I were composing an opera, then, you know, I would take the plot from Faust. I really love this topic." But in general, it is better to try to rearrange the formatting of the quotation so that such cases do not arise.

If there are no punctuation marks at the break in the quotation, or the break occurs at the site of a comma, semicolon, colon or dash, then the quoting words are separated on both sides by a comma and a dash “, -” (do not forget that there must be a non-breaking space before the dash! ).

So, to highlight quotes, two elements are used: block blockquote and inline q . Additionally, the cite inline element is used to describe the source from which the quotation was taken. Please note that cite is used only and is necessary to indicate a link to the source; the quote itself is not included inside the cite element!

According to the HTML 4.01 specification, the blockquote and q elements can use the attributes cite="…" , which points to the URL where the quote was taken from (not to be confused with a separate cite element), and title="…" , whose contents will be floated as a tooltip when hovering over the quote with the mouse.

Unfortunately, browsers don't yet handle these HTML elements very well. Thus, the cite="..." attribute is not rendered by any browsers at all. In order to get around this flaw, there is a script by Paul Davis that displays a tooltip in a separate layer with the link specified in the cite attribute.

The second global flaw related to the display of inline quotes is associated (surprise, surprise!) with the Internet Explorer family of browsers. Again, according to the specification, the document author should not type quotes when using the q element. Quotes must be rendered by the browser, and in the case of nested quotes, they must also be rendered with a different image. Okay, let's say Opera doesn't comply with the last requirement, and nested quotes have the same quotation marks. But IE up to version seven inclusive does not render them at all!

In addition, IE does not understand the CSS properties quotes , before , after and content , which, the bastard, completely buries hopes of solving the problem with the help of semantically correct layout using CSS.

This problem can be solved in several ways:

• using the proprietary behavior CSS property (Paul Davies's solution), which triggers JavaScript to place quotes in IE, with the nested quotes pattern alternating;
• using conditional comments, simply executing JavaScript when the page loads (Jez Lemon's solution from Juicy Studio), while the nested quotes pattern is constant;
• or by nulling quotes in CSS using the quotes property and placing quotes in the text manually, but (attention!) outside the q element, so as not to violate W3C recommendations (Stacy Cordoni's solution at A List Apart).

Therefore, choosing the second method from the first two, we use Jez Lemon’s script, slightly modified for the Russian language. Yes, with JavaScript disabled, the IE user will be left without quotes, we accept this as a necessary evil.

In addition, for browsers that adequately render quotes, you need to specify the quote pattern for the Russian language in the CSS file. Fortunately, in Russian typography, nested quotation marks have one image, regardless of the level of nesting (which is easy to implement in CSS without involving additional classes), but we once again strongly recommend avoiding deeply nested quotation marks at the stage of writing text.

// Add to CSS file
// External quotes-herringbones
q ( ​​quotes: "\00ab" "\00bb"; )

// Nested quotes
q q ( quotes: "\201e" "\201c"; )

It is clear that this mechanism, if necessary, can be complicated in the case of an alternating pattern of quotes with deep nesting, by introducing classes, for example, q.odd and q.even, and specifying the class manually directly when laying out the quote.

Now we can easily and semantically type out the following quote: “The success of the Zalgiris campaign,” Vladimiras Pupkins said in an interview with Russia Today, “is due not only to the choice of toothpaste vendors, but also to what Mark Twain called “a leap beyond the door that leads inward.”

The success of the Zalgiris campaign, Vladimiras Pupkins said in an interview with Russia Today, is due not only to the choice of toothpaste vendors, but also to what Mark Twain called jumping outside the door leading inward.

The best part is that the title="..." attributes for nested tags are processed correctly by browsers.

Writing an example for correctly using nested blockquote , q and cite elements together is left to the reader as homework. :)

Update: Correction from besisland - of course, to set the quote pattern in CSS, you do not need to describe nested styles, the standard functionality of the quotes property is enough: q (quotes: "\00ab" "\00bb" "\201e" "\201c";)

Tags: Add tags

Interviews, films, TV series, even from computer games- users are happy to post them on their walls, repost and like them. In this regard, it would be nice to remember how to format quotes correctly. Of course, there are quite a lot of rules for quoting and formatting quotations, however, for the average user it is enough to know the basic

There are three ways to indicate that a given text is a quotation. The first is using quotation marks.

“It is much easier to die than to steadfastly endure a martyr’s life” (Johann Wolfgang Goethe. The Sorrows of Young Werther).

The second is highlighting in cursive or smaller font (for example, regular text is typed in 14th, and the quote is typed in 12th).

“A person fears death the more, the less he truly lives his life and the greater his unrealized potential.”(Irwin Yalom).

And the third method is the so-called “retractable set”. That is, the quote is typed indented in relation to the main text.

In this case, quotation marks are not necessary.

We won’t talk about how to format a bibliographic footnote - we don’t really need that. But it is often necessary to correctly indicate the name of the author and the cited work. So, if the indication of the author or source comes immediately after the quotation, then it is enclosed in parentheses. The period after the quotation marks is not placed, but after the closing parenthesis.

“Seeing the battle from the outside, everyone fancies himself a strategist” (Kozma Prutkov).

Moreover, if the first word indicating the source or author is not a proper name, then it is written with a small letter.

"Words are the least effective remedy communication. They are the most open to misinterpretation and the most often misunderstood" (from Conversations with God by Neale Donald Walsh).

If the name of the author and the source are indicated below the quotation, on the next line, then they are written without parentheses or any other punctuation marks. In this case, after the quotation there is a period (or another sign, as in the original).

Who has deceived you as often as you have?

Benjamin Franklin

The same rule applies to epigraphs.

Author's selections, as a rule, are preserved in the form as they appear in the source. If for some reason this is not possible, then replace it with another type of selection. Usually it is not specifically stated that this is the author’s emphasis. But if the emphasis belongs to the quoted one, then this must be indicated. To do this, write “emphasized by me” or “italics mine” in parentheses and put your initials.

I will be extremely brief here, since these rules for formatting quotations can be found in the textbook. If a quotation is preceded by words from the quotator warning that there will be a further quotation, then a colon is added.

E. Hemingway correctly noted: “We become stronger where we break.”

However, if after the quotation (or inside) there are words of the quotator introducing the quotation into the text, then a period is added.

Maria von Ebner-Eschenbach said this exactly. “The inimitable is precisely what evokes the majority of imitators,” he wrote.

If the quotation is an addition or part subordinate clause, then do not put any signs.

Bruce Lee once said that “truth is living, therefore changeable.”

If there is an ellipsis, exclamation or question mark at the end of a phrase, they are placed before the quotation marks. There is no point.

Stanislaw Jerzy Lec wittily remarked: “So you hit the wall with your head. What are you going to do in the next cell?”

If there are no signs before the quotation marks, then put a period. But after the quotation marks (or after indicating the author/source).

George Bernard Shaw said: " Man of sense adapts to the world; unreasonable - persistently tries to adapt the world to himself. Therefore, progress depends on unreasonable people."

If the quotation is not an independent sentence, but part of a subordinate clause, then a period is placed after the quotation marks even if there is an ellipsis, question mark or exclamation mark before the quotation marks.

B. L. Pasternak emphasized that “the most clear, memorable and important thing in art is its emergence...”.

If a sentence is quoted from the very beginning, then the quotation naturally begins with capital letters. If the beginning of the sentence is omitted, the quotation begins with a small letter.

Dale Carnegie notes: "...a man who is happily married is much happier than a genius who lives alone."

However, if we begin a new sentence with a quotation, then it is written with a capital letter, regardless of whether we quote the entire sentence or cut out a part.

“... A man who is happily married is much happier than a genius living alone,” notes Dale Carnegie.

So, we can finally begin the final part of this article. As is clear from the title, it will be devoted to the design of quotes. But first, let's talk a little about this term.

A quotation is a verbatim excerpt from a text. © Wikipedia

Of course, this concept is obvious, but necessary for the completeness of this part. Now I can safely say that everyone who reads this part will know what a quotation is and there will be no misunderstanding in the text presented below.

Now let's move on to the basic design rules:

· The quotation must accurately reproduce the quoted fragment of text.

· Punctuation marks in the quotation must be reproduced accurately. If you do not have the text of the work at hand, then you should arrange the signs in accordance with the rules of punctuation.

I think these two points are quite obvious. The very definition of this term suggests that the text is transmitted not just verbatim, but also with all punctuation marks. That's why this is a quote.

· In the Russian language and typography, it is customary to format quotes in quotation marks or in a special font.

So, let's look at this point in more detail.

Probably everyone can figure it out with quotation marks. But still, I’ll add that two types are usually used for design: French quotation marks, otherwise also called herringbones (“…”), and German, also known as paws (“…”).

A special font, according to Wikipedia, is called a reduced size, with a retract, italic. However, not all resources offer the opportunity to format a quote this way, so quotation marks are a win-win option.

I would also like to note that other citation rules may be used in other languages, but I will not go into detail about them in this article, since we all write in Russian. At least within the ficbook.

Speaking of our favorite “Book of Fanfiction”. Sometimes I noticed that on this resource, quotes are simply shown in italics. I also often came across a quotation marked with a copyright sign. Yes, I myself often use it in articles, citing quotes.

So, as you can see, there are infinitely many ways to quote.

But in this article I would like to take a closer look at the formatting with quotation marks.

· If any fragment of a quotation is omitted, it must be replaced with an ellipsis, which is sometimes located in angle brackets.

Let's dwell on this point in more detail. To avoid tediously explaining it for a long time, I will give an example of such a citation. More precisely, what the quote itself will look like with the “torn out piece” that I recently came across in a Russian language textbook.

Example:

“But why do I remember so much? Because some three or four hours passed, and all this - our wonderful swimming together, and the sleepy lake with its motionlessly reflected shores, and a thousand other thoughts, feelings, impressions - all of this suddenly went somewhere.” (Veniamin Kaverin “Two Captains”)

I would like to note that the missing quotation fragment is also located inside quotation marks. And please note that the period is placed after the closing quotation mark.

I would also highlight one more case when after the colon the text is not quoted from the very beginning. In this case, after the colon, an ellipsis is placed inside the quotation marks, and the text itself is written with a small letter.

Example:

Raskolnikov himself says to Luzhin regarding his reasoning: “... bring to the consequences what you preached just now, and it will turn out that people can be slaughtered...”

· Options for including quotes in the text may vary.

I know of two types of citations. As direct speech and as indirect. Now let's look at each method in more detail.

With quotation as direct speech, everything is very simple. Exactly the rules for formatting direct speech that I outlined in the previous part of this article apply to such quotes.

Example:

“I know only two real misfortunes in life: remorse and illness,” says Prince Andrei to Pierre.

With indirect speech, things are somewhat different and in some ways even simpler. In this case, the quotation is an integral part of the sentence and is always written with a small letter. The only exception is if it begins with a proper name.

Example:

Prince Andrei tells Pierre that he knows in life “only two real misfortunes: remorse and illness.”

All these rules are typical for quoting prose texts. Now let's talk about poetic quotes. After all, they have their own special rules.

· Cannot be retold poetic text in your own words.

When quoting poems in this way, the meaning is distorted, and sometimes it can look funny and absurd.

An example of what not to do:

Pushkin writes that he loves Peter's creation.

· General rules design of a poetic quotation.

But speaking in general about the rules for quoting a poem, we can again single out only two. Naturally, I will consider each of them in detail.

So, the first one is in compliance with the graphic appearance of the stanza. When quoting in this way, the text is given without quotation marks and written after a colon.

Example:

“Wonderful picture...” A. Fet - winter landscape. This poem conveys the poet’s feelings caused by the contemplation of beautiful nature:

Wonderful picture
How dear you are to me:
White plain,
Full moon…

The second method of quoting is applicable to small poetic quotes that do not exceed one or two lines. In this case, the quote is placed in quotation marks.

Example:

“Wonderful painting” by A. Fet - winter landscape. This poem conveys the poet’s feelings caused by the contemplation of beautiful nature: “Wonderful picture, // How dear you are to me...”

In this case, it has already been indicated once which work or its creator is being discussed, so there is no need to repeat it.

· There is no need to indicate the name of the poet even if it precedes the quotation or is named after it.

If the name is mentioned before the poem is quoted, then the quote itself is written after the colon. If the author is indicated at the end, the name is indicated in parentheses.

Examples:

1. A. Fet writes:

Wonderful picture
How dear you are to me:
White plain,
Full moon…

2. Wonderful picture,
How dear you are to me:
White plain,
Full moon…

· Quotes from various poets.

If the text contains poems by different authors, the name of each must be indicated in brackets after his work.

Under blue skies
Magnificent carpets,
Glistening in the sun, the snow lies...

("Winter morning")

The clouds are rushing
the clouds are swirling;
Invisible moon
The flying snow illuminates;
The sky is cloudy, the night is cloudy...

And on this note, perhaps, we can end this part, and with it the entire article. I hope you found it useful in some way.

Note Author: In order not to break any laws and not to find problems for yourself, I indicate the source from which the materials for writing this part of the article were partially borrowed - http://www.gramma.ru/RUS/?id=5.8

The article was prepared by Maxim Klokov (Zebrul) especially for the group “ The educational center"Beta - Gamma" (vk.com/beta_gamma).

The material is borrowed from the article “Rules for Formatting Direct Speech and Quotes” by the same author.

Publishing this article outside the group is strictly prohibited! Respect other people's work, gentlemen!

Quotes can decorate the text, confirming or revealing more widely the idea expressed by the author, therefore, they are probably willingly used both in journalism and in scientific works. But sometimes introducing a quotation into a text can cause difficulties in terms of punctuation.

In this article we will try to remember the rules for formatting quotes when in different ways including them in the text. Let us remember what punctuation marks need to be used in this case, as well as ways to highlight some words in the quoted passage.

A quotation is a verbatim reproduction of what was said, while being inextricably linked in meaning to the text in which the passage is included.

Old age is, first of all, experience accumulated throughout life. As the great Faina Ranevskaya once said: “Memories are the wealth of old age.”

Combining several passages from different parts of the work in one quotation is not allowed. They should be formatted as different quotations. An obligatory requirement is the presence of an indication of its source.

If the passage you quote does not begin at the beginning of the original sentence, then an ellipsis is placed there in the quotation. This sign is also placed in place of all missing words in the passage.

«… Clever man knows how to get out of a difficult situation, but a wise man never gets into it,” Ranevskaya emphasized.

About how it is formatted bibliographic footnote, in this article we will not talk, but we will discuss the ways in which the author or source of what is quoted is indicated. Rules good manners require you to do this every time you use someone else's thoughts.

“Incompetent people have a tendency to reach categorical and categorical conclusions” (David Dunning).

Please note that in this version there is no period after the quotation; it is placed only after the link! By the way, if the first word in brackets indicating the source is not a proper name, then it is written with a small letter.

“Incompetent people have a tendency to draw unambiguous and categorical conclusions” (from an article by psychologist David Dunning).

If the formatting of quotations in the text requires the name of the author or their source to be placed on another line, then they are written without parentheses or other punctuation marks. And after the quote itself there is a period or any necessary sign.

Incompetent people have a tendency to draw unambiguous and categorical conclusions.

David Dunning

The same rule applies to epigraphs.

If the passage cited as a quotation contains author’s emphases, they are preserved in the same form as in the original source. The design of citations does not require special emphasis on the fact that these marks belong to the author. In cases where the citing person wants to highlight something, he must make an appropriate footnote. To do this, indicate in brackets: “my italics” or “emphasized by me” - and put initials.

A. Startsev spoke about the writer O. Henry: “Endowed by nature with the rare gift of seeing the funny..., he encountered the tragic in life..., but in most cases I preferred to remain silent about it(my italics - I.I.).”

“The literary tradition that unites their names (Gogol and Ostrovsky - I.I.) is significant. After all, Ostrovsky was initially perceived as a direct successor of Gogol’s work...”

Quotations can be introduced into a sentence as direct speech. In these cases, punctuation marks in Russian are placed in the same way as when highlighting direct speech.

I. Zakharov emphasizes: “Ranevskaya handed down cruel rulings to others that looked like court decisions. But she didn’t spare herself either.”

In cases where the quote must be separated by the words of the author, it looks like this:

“His Majesty remains completely confident,” wrote A.S. Pushkin A.Kh. Benkendorf, - that you will use your excellent abilities to pass on to posterity the glory of our Fatherland ... "

If the quotation is an addition, or it is part of a subordinate clause complex sentence, then no characters except quotation marks are placed, and the quote itself begins with a small letter, even if in the source it was written with a capital letter:

At one time, the philosopher J. Locke said that “there is nothing in the intellect that is not in feeling.”

Separately, you need to consider the design of a quotation in a letter in situations where it is necessary to decide on the punctuation marks at the end of it - before and after the quotation marks.

• If the quoted phrase ends with an ellipsis, a question mark, or exclamation point, then they are placed before quotation marks:

Katharine Hepburn exclaimed: “By obeying all the rules, you deprive yourself of many pleasures!”

• And in a situation where there are no signs before the quotation marks in the quotation, a period is placed at the end of the sentence, but only after them:

Ranevskaya lamented: “85 years with diabetes is not sugar.”

• If the quotation is part of a subordinate clause, then a period should be placed after the quotation marks, even if there is already an exclamation mark, a question mark or an ellipsis before them:

Marlene Dietrich rightly believed that “tenderness is a better proof of love than the most passionate vows...”.

If a quotation is placed after a colon, then you need to pay attention to what letter it began with in the original source. If it is with a lowercase letter, then the quote is written with a small letter, only an ellipsis is placed before the text:

Describing A.S. Pushkina, I.A. Goncharov emphasized: “...in the gestures accompanying his speech there was the restraint of a secular, well-bred man.”

If the quoted passage begins with a capital letter, then the quotations are formatted in the same way as in direct speech - with a capital letter after the colon.

V. Lakshin wrote about A.N. Ostrovsky: “Many things continue to sound in these plays with living joy and pain, echoing in our soul.”

How to indicate a quotation if you only need to quote one word or phrase? In such cases, the given word is enclosed in quotation marks and introduced into the sentence with a small letter:

V. Lakshin emphasized that the faces in Ostrovsky’s comedies are historically accurate and “ethnographically vivid.”

In situations where the original source of the quotation is not freely available (there is no translation into Russian or this is a rare publication), then when quoting you should indicate: “cit. By".

Formatting quotations requires not only compliance with the rules of punctuation, but also a correct attitude towards the quoted text. On the part of the author of the article in which these passages are given, only a few deviations from their original state are allowed:

• the use of modern spelling and punctuation, if the manner of writing and placement of characters is not a sign of the author’s individual style;
• restoration of abbreviated words, but with the obligatory enclosing of the added part in square brackets, for example, sv-vo - svo [oyst]vo;
• the design of quotations also allows for the omission of individual words in them, with the location of the omission indicated by an ellipsis, if this does not distort the general meaning of the quoted passage;
• When including individual phrases or words, you can change their case so as not to disrupt the syntactic structure of the phrase in which they are included.

If the author needs to further express his attitude to the quoted passage or to some of its words, he, as a rule, places a question mark or exclamation mark enclosed in parentheses after them.

For an author writing a scientific or literary work, a quotation is a convincing and economical technique that allows you to present facts to the reader, generalize them and, of course, confirm your idea with reference to authoritative sources.

In non-scientific texts, quotation is often a means of emotional impact. But we must not forget that the passage quoted must be conveyed accurately. Indeed, even in the definition of the concept “quote” it is emphasized that this is a verbatim excerpt from a text. And from this it follows that not only the text itself, but also the punctuation marks that the author has, as well as the emphasis that he has, must be reproduced without distortion.

And this can equally be attributed to both official documents and emotional excerpts from fiction. Only by remembering this can you fully understand what a quote is. Example careful attitude to the quoted material is, first of all, respect for the author who wrote the lines you quote.