Symbiosis presentation. Positive relationships - symbiosis There are direct and indirect relationships between organisms, what is their essence

Presentation on the topic "Positive relationships between organisms" in biology in powerpoint format. This presentation for 11th grade students reveals the essence of positive relationships between organisms and manifestations of biotic environmental factors. Presentation author: Mishnina Lidia Aleksandrovna, biology teacher.

Fragments from the presentation

Knowledge update

1.What is symbiosis?

(Symbiosis - cohabitation from the Greek sym - together, bios - life; a form of relationship in which both partners or one of them benefit from the other).

2. There are direct and indirect connections between organisms, what is their essence?

(direct connections are carried out with the direct influence of one species on another, indirect - through the influence on external environment or other types)

There are many types of pair interactions:

1. Trophic - associated with nutrition and energy flows: for example, trophic symbiosis.
2. Topical - associated with changes in living conditions
   phoric: the transfer of organisms of one species by organisms of another species, etc.
3. Information-signal - associated with the transfer of information: for example, reciprocal altruism (mutual assistance).

Exploring a new topic

positive relationship- this is a form of relationship in which both partners or one of them benefits from the other.

Symbiosis

• cooperation
• mutualism
• commensalism

Determine the type of relationship

• Hermit crab and sea anemones are often cohabitants polychaete worms. It is remarkable that the hermit crab does not touch "its" worm, although it eats others.
• What is the cohabitation of a hermit crab, anemone and a polychaete worm based on?

Cooperation- coexistence, beneficial for both species, but not an indispensable condition for survival.

Mutualism- mutually beneficial cohabitation, when the presence of a partner becomes prerequisite the existence of each.

• Lichens are close mutually beneficial cohabitation mushrooms and algae.
• Nodule bacteria on the roots of legumes

Prove that a typical symbiosis is the relationship between termites and flagellar protozoa.

(Termites feed on wood, but they do not have the enzymes to digest cellulose. Flagellates produce these enzymes and convert fiber into simple sugars. Without protozoa - symbionts - termites die of starvation).

Commensalism - oh one organism benefits from the relationship, for the other the relationship is neutral

• Freeloading. Fish - stuck attached to fish, turtles, whales. They do not feed at their expense, but use them only as transport and leave them, being in a place with suitable food. For this, the fish dorsal converted into a sucker. Having sated, the fish again look for someone to attach themselves to. On the road, they use the remnants of the food of their drivers.
• Companionship. It's consumption different parts or substances of one food. For example: soil bacteria and higher plants. Bacteria process organics to mineral salts, which in turn are absorbed by higher plants.
• Housing. There are many epiphytes among orchids. IN tropical forest lack of light. By attaching to the trunk of a tree, orchids receive the necessary light, without harming or benefiting the support tree.

slide 2

Symbiosis is cohabitation, a form of relationship in which both partners or one of them benefit from the other. There are several forms of mutually beneficial cohabitation of living organisms (Zakharov V. B. General biology: Textbook for grades 10-11 of general educational institutions / V. B. Zakharov, S. G. Mamontov, N. I. Sonin. - 7th ed., stereotype - M.: Drofa, 2004).

slide 3

Cooperation - the usefulness of the coexistence of organisms is obvious, but their connection is not necessary

It is well known cohabitation of hermit crabs with soft coral polyps- anemones. Cancer settles in an empty shell of a mollusk and carries it on itself along with a polyp.

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Cooperation

Such cohabitation is mutually beneficial: moving along the bottom, the crayfish increases the space used by the sea anemone for catching prey, part of which is affected by the stinging cells of the sea anemone, falls to the bottom and is eaten by the crayfish.

Slide 8

Some birds lead a similar lifestyle. They go into the mouth of a crocodile and clean it

Slide 10

Mutualism is a form of mutually beneficial cohabitation, when the presence of a partner becomes a prerequisite for the existence of each of them.

One of the most famous examples such relationships are lichens, which are the cohabitation of a fungus and algae. In lichen, the hyphae of the fungus, braiding the cells and threads of algae, form special suction processes that penetrate into the cells. Through them, the fungus receives the products of photosynthesis formed by algae. The algae from the hyphae of the fungus extracts water and mineral salts.

Cetraria centrifuga

slide 11

Typical mutualism - the relationship of termites and flagellated protozoa that live in the intestine

Termites feed on wood but lack the enzymes to digest cellulose. Flagellates produce these enzymes and convert fiber into simple sugars.

slide 12

Without protozoa - symbionts - termites die of starvation. The flagellates themselves, in addition to favorable climate, receive food and conditions for reproduction in the intestines of termites. Intestinal symbionts involved in the processing of rough plant foods have been found in many animals: ruminants, rodents, and grinder beetles.

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Cohabitation nodule bacteria and leguminous plants

An example mutually beneficial relationship the cohabitation of the so-called nodule bacteria and legumes (peas, beans, soybeans, clover, alfalfa, vetch, white locust, peanut or peanut) serves.

Slide 14

Nodules on soybean roots

These bacteria, capable of absorbing atmospheric nitrogen and converting it into ammonia and then into amino acids, settle in the roots of plants. The presence of bacteria causes the growth of root tissues and the formation of nodules.

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Plants in symbiosis with nitrogen-fixing bacteria can grow on soils poor in nitrogen and enrich the soil with it. That is why legumes - clover, alfalfa, vetch - are introduced into crop rotations as predecessors for other crops.

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Mycorrhiza - cohabitation of a fungus with roots higher plants

On the roots of birch, pine, oak, spruce, as well as orchids, heather, lingonberry and many perennial herbs, the mycelium of the fungus forms a thick layer.

Slide 17

mushroom hyphae

Root hairs on the roots of higher plants do not develop, and water and mineral salts are absorbed by the fungus.

Slide 18

The mycelium of the fungus even penetrates into the root, receiving carbohydrates from the partner plant and delivering water and mineral salts to it. Trees with mycorrhiza grow much better than without it. Different types of mycorrhiza

Slide 19

Some species of ants feed on the sugary excrement of aphids and protect them from predators, in a word - "graze".

Slide 20

Commensalism is a relationship in which one species benefits from cohabitation while the other does not.

slide 21

Freeloading

Freeloading can take different forms. For example, hyenas pick up the remains of half-eaten prey by lions.

slide 22

lodging

An example of the transition from parasiticism to a closer relationship between species is the sticky fish that live in tropical and subtropical seas. Their anterior dorsal fin transforms into a sucker. The biological meaning of attaching stuck is to facilitate the movement and resettlement of these fish.

Symbiosis is cohabitation, a form of relationship in which both partners or one of them benefit from the other. There are several forms of mutually beneficial cohabitation of living organisms (Zakharov V. B. General biology: Textbook for classes of general educational institutions / V. B. Zakharov, S. G. Mamontov, N. I. Sonin. - 7th ed., stereotype - M.: Drofa, 2004).

Cooperation - the usefulness of the coexistence of organisms is obvious, but their connection is not necessary. It is well known that hermit crabs cohabit with soft coral polyps - sea anemones. Cancer settles in an empty shell of a mollusk and carries it on itself along with a polyp.

Mutualism is a form of mutually beneficial cohabitation, when the presence of a partner becomes a prerequisite for the existence of each of them. One of the most famous examples of such relationships is lichens, which are the cohabitation of a fungus and algae. In lichen, the hyphae of the fungus, braiding the cells and threads of algae, form special suction processes that penetrate into the cells. Through them, the fungus receives the products of photosynthesis formed by algae. The algae from the hyphae of the fungus extracts water and mineral salts. Cetraria centrifuga

A typical mutualism is the relationship between termites and flagellar protozoa that live in the intestines. Termites feed on wood, but they do not have enzymes for digestion and cellulose. Flagellates produce these enzymes and convert fiber into simple sugars.

Without protozoa - symbionts - termites die of starvation. The flagellates themselves, in addition to a favorable climate, receive food and conditions for reproduction in the intestines of termites. Intestinal symbionts involved in the processing of rough plant foods have been found in many animals: ruminants, rodents, and grinder beetles.

Cohabitation of nodule bacteria and leguminous plants Plants in symbiosis with nitrogen-fixing bacteria can grow on soils poor in nitrogen and enrich the soil with it. That is why legumes - clover, alfalfa, vetch - are introduced into crop rotations as predecessors for other crops.

Mycorrhiza is the cohabitation of a fungus with the roots of higher plants. The mycelium of the fungus even penetrates into the root, receiving carbohydrates from the partner plant and delivering water and mineral salts to it. Trees with mycorrhiza grow much better than without it. Different types of mycorrhiza

Symbiosis Some species of ants feed on the sugary excrement of aphids and protect them from predators, in a word, "graze".

Lodging An example of the transition of freeloading into closer relations between species is the sticky fish that live in tropical and subtropical seas. Their anterior dorsal fin transforms into a sucker. The biological meaning of attaching stuck is to facilitate the movement and resettlement of these fish.

Lodging If sticky use big fish, as cabbies, often the bodies of other animal species or their habitats (buildings) serve as shelters. This form of relationship is called housing. In the body cavity of the holothurian (type Echinoderm), also called sea ​​cucumber find shelter various types animals.

Lodging Plants also use other species as habitats. Epiphytes are an example of this. Epiphytes can be algae, lichens, mosses, ferns, flowering plants. woody plants serve them as a place of attachment, but not a source nutrients or mineral salts. Epiphytes feed on dying tissues, secretions of the host through photosynthesis. In our country, epiphytes are represented mainly by lichens and some mosses.

Literature Zakharov V. B. General biology: Proc. For cl. general education Institutions / V. B. Zakharov, S. G. Mamontov, N. I. Sonin. – 7th ed., stereotype. – M.: Bustard, 2004.

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