Creative and life path of Griboyedov Alexander Sergeevich. Literary and historical notes of the young technician Griboedov finished

Alexander Sergeevich Griboyedov - a famous Russian writer, poet, playwright, brilliant diplomat, state councilor, author of the legendary play in verse "Woe from Wit", was a descendant of an old noble family. Born in Moscow on January 15 (January 4, O.S.), 1795, from early years showed himself to be an extremely developed, and versatile, child. Wealthy parents tried to give him an excellent home education, and in 1803 Alexander became a pupil of the Moscow University noble boarding school. At the age of eleven, he was already a student at Moscow University (verbal department). Having become a candidate of verbal sciences in 1808, Griboedov graduated from two more departments - moral-political and physical-mathematical. Alexander Sergeevich became one of the most educated people among his contemporaries, knew about a dozen foreign languages, was very gifted musically.

Since the beginning Patriotic War In 1812, Griboedov joined the ranks of volunteers, but he did not have to participate directly in hostilities. With the rank of cornet, Griboedov in 1815 served in a cavalry regiment that was in reserve. The first literary experiments date back to this time - the comedy "Young Spouses", which was a translation of a French play, the article "On Cavalry Reserves", "Letter from Brest-Litovsk to the Publisher".

At the beginning of 1816, A. Griboedov retired and came to live in St. Petersburg. Working in the College of Foreign Affairs, he continues his studies in a new field of writing for himself, makes translations, joins theatrical and literary circles. It was in this city that fate gave him an acquaintance with A. Pushkin. In 1817, A. Griboyedov tried his hand at dramaturgy, writing the comedies "Own Family" and "Student".

In 1818, Griboedov was appointed to the post of secretary of the tsar's attorney, who headed the Russian mission in Tehran, and this radically changed him further biography. The expulsion to a foreign land of Alexander Sergeevich was regarded as a punishment for the fact that he acted as a second in a scandalous duel with fatal. Staying in Iranian Tabriz (Tavriz) was really painful for the beginning writer.

In the winter of 1822, Tiflis became Griboyedov's new place of service, and General A.P. Yermolov, Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary in Tehran, commander of the Russian troops in the Caucasus, under whom Griboedov was secretary for diplomatic affairs. It was in Georgia that he wrote the first and second acts of the comedy Woe from Wit. The third and fourth acts were already composed in Russia: in the spring of 1823, Griboedov left the Caucasus on leave for his homeland. In 1824, a last point in a work whose path to fame turned out to be thorny. The comedy could not be published due to the prohibition of censorship and diverged in handwritten lists. Only small fragments "slip" into the press: in 1825 they were included in the issue of the Russian Thalia almanac. The brainchild of Griboyedov was highly appreciated by A.S. Pushkin.

Griboyedov planned to take a trip to Europe, but in May 1825 he had to urgently return to his service in Tiflis. In January 1826, in connection with the case of the Decembrists, he was arrested, kept in a fortress, and then taken to St. Petersburg: the writer's name came up several times during interrogations, and during searches, handwritten copies of his comedy were found. Nevertheless, due to lack of evidence, the investigation had to release Griboedov, and in September 1826 he returned to his official duties.

In 1828, the Turkmanchay peace treaty was signed, which corresponded to the interests of Russia. He played a certain role in the biography of the writer: Griboyedov took part in its conclusion and delivered the text of the agreement to St. Petersburg. For merits, the talented diplomat was granted new position- Plenipotentiary Minister (Ambassador) of Russia in Persia. In his appointment, Alexander Sergeevich saw a "political exile", plans for the implementation of numerous creative ideas collapsed. With a heavy heart in June 1828, Griboyedov left St. Petersburg.

Getting to the place of service, for several months he lived in Tiflis, where in August he was married to 16-year-old Nina Chavchavadze. He left for Persia with his young wife. There were forces in the country and beyond its borders that were not satisfied with the growing influence of Russia, which cultivated hostility towards its representatives in the minds of the local population. On February 11, 1829, the Russian embassy in Tehran was brutally attacked by a brutal mob, and A.S. became one of its victims. Griboyedov, who was mutilated to such an extent that they were later identified only by a characteristic scar on his arm. The body was taken to Tiflis, where the grotto at the church of St. David became its last refuge.

Start creative biography Griboyedov

The famous Russian playwright, author of Woe from Wit, Alexander Sergeevich Griboedov was born on January 4, 1795 (the year of birth, however, is debatable) into a Moscow noble family. His father, a retired second major Sergei Ivanovich, a man of little education and modest origin, rarely visited the family, preferring to live in the countryside or give himself up card game that drained his resources. Mother, Nastasya Fedorovna, who came from a different branch of the Griboyedovs, richer and nobler, was a domineering, impulsive woman, known in Moscow for her intelligence and harshness of tone. She loved her son and daughter, Maria Sergeevna (two years younger than her brother), surrounded them with all kinds of cares, gave them an excellent home education.

Portrait of Alexander Sergeevich Griboedov. Artist I. Kramskoy, 1875

Maria Sergeevna was famous in Moscow and far beyond its borders as a pianist (she also played the harp beautifully). Alexander Sergeevich Griboedov spoke French, German, English and Italian from childhood and played the piano perfectly. Prominent teachers were chosen as his educators: first Petrozilius, the compiler of the catalogs of the library of Moscow University, later Bogdan Ivanovich Ion, a pupil of Goettingen University, then he studied in Moscow and was the first to receive a doctorate in law at Kazan University. Griboyedov's further upbringing and education, at home, school and university, went under the general guidance of the well-known professor of philosopher and philologist I. T. Bule. From early childhood, the poet moved in a very cultural environment; together with his mother and sister, he often spent the summer with his wealthy uncle, Alexei Fedorovich Griboyedov, in the famous estate of Khmelity in the Smolensk province, where he could meet with the families of the Yakushkins, Pestels and other famous later public figures. In Moscow, the Griboedovs were related by family ties to the Odoevskys, Paskeviches, Rimsky-Korsakovs, Naryshkins and were familiar with a huge circle of the capital's nobility.

In 1802 or 1803, Alexander Sergeevich Griboedov entered the Moscow university noble boarding school; On December 22, 1803, he received "one prize" there at a "lesser age". Three years later, on January 30, 1806, Griboyedov was admitted to Moscow University at the age of about eleven. On June 3, 1808, he was already promoted to candidate of verbal sciences and continued his education at the Faculty of Law; June 15, 1810 received the degree of Candidate of Laws. Later, he still studied mathematics and natural sciences, and in 1812 he was already "ready for the test for admission to the rank of doctor." Patriotism attracted the poet to military service, and the field of science was abandoned forever.

On July 26, 1812, Griboedov was enrolled as a cornet in the Moscow hussar regiment of Count P. I. Saltykov. However, the regiment did not hit active army; all autumn and December 1812 he stood in the Kazan province; in December, Count Saltykov died, and the Moscow regiment was attached to the Irkutsk hussar regiment as part of the cavalry reserves under the command of General Kologrivov. For some time in 1813, Griboyedov lived on vacation in Vladimir, then came to the service and ended up as adjutant to Kologrivov himself. In this rank, he took part in the recruitment of reserves in Belarus, about which he published an article in Vestnik Evropy in 1814. In Belarus, Griboyedov became friends - for life - with Stepan Nikitich Begichev, also Kologrivov's adjutant.

Having not been in a single battle and bored with service in the provinces, Griboyedov submitted a letter of resignation on December 20, 1815 "to determine the state affairs"; On March 20, 1816, he received it, and on June 9, 1817, he was accepted into the service of the State Collegium of Foreign Affairs, where he was listed along with Pushkin and Kuchelbecker. He arrived in St. Petersburg as early as 1815, and here he quickly entered social, literary and theatrical circles. Alexander Sergeevich Griboyedov moved among the members of the emerging secret organizations, participated in two Masonic lodges (“United Friends” and “Good”), got acquainted with many writers, for example, Grechem, Khmelnitsky, Katenin, actors and actresses, for example, Sosnitsky, Semyonovs, Valberkhovs and others. Soon Griboyedov also appeared in journalism (with the epigram "From Apollo" and anti-criticism against N. I. Gnedich in defense of Katenin), and in dramatic literature - with the plays The Young Spouses (1815), The Own Family (1817; in collaboration with Shakhovsky and Khmelnitsky), Feigned Infidelity (1818), Intermedia Test (1818).

Theatrical hobbies and intrigues involved Griboyedov in hard story. Because of the dancer Istomina, a quarrel arose and then a duel between V. A. Sheremetev and gr. A.P. Zavadovsky, which ended in the death of Sheremetev. Griboyedov was closely involved in this case, he was even accused as an instigator, and A.I. Yakubovich, a friend of Sheremetev, challenged him to a duel, which did not take place then only because Yakubovich was exiled to the Caucasus. Sheremetev's death had a strong effect on Griboyedov; He wrote to Begichev that "a terrible longing came over him, he constantly sees Sheremetev before his eyes, and his stay in St. Petersburg became unbearable for him."

Griboyedov in the Caucasus

It happened that around the same time, Griboyedov's mother's funds were greatly shaken, and he had to seriously think about the service. At the beginning of 1818, a Russian representation was organized at the Persian court in the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. S. I. Mazarovich was appointed Russian attorney under the Shah, Griboedov was appointed secretary under him, and Amburger was appointed clerk. At first, Griboedov hesitated and refused, but then he accepted the appointment. Immediately, with his usual energy, he began to study Persian and Arabic at prof. Demange and sat down to study literature about the East. At the very end of August 1818, Alexander Sergeevich Griboedov left Petersburg; on the way, he stopped by Moscow to say goodbye to his mother and sister.

Griboyedov and Amburger arrived in Tiflis on October 21st, and here Yakubovich immediately again challenged Griboedov to a duel. It took place on the morning of the 23rd; the seconds were Amburger and H. H. Muraviev, a famous Caucasian figure. Yakubovich fired first and wounded Griboyedov in the left hand; then Griboyedov fired and missed. Opponents immediately reconciled; Griboyedov's duel went off safely, but Yakubovich was expelled from the city. The diplomatic mission stayed in Tiflis until the end of January 1819, and during this time Griboyedov became very close to A.P. Yermolov. Conversations with the "Proconsul of the Caucasus" left a deep impression in Griboyedov's soul, and Yermolov himself fell in love with the poet.

In mid-February, Mazarovich and his retinue were already in Tabriz, the residence of the heir to the throne, Abbas Mirza. Here Griboyedov first met the British diplomatic mission, with whom he was always on friendly terms. Around March 8, the Russian mission arrived in Tehran and was solemnly received by Feth Ali Shah. In August of the same 1819, she returned to Tabriz, her permanent residence. Here Griboyedov continued his studies in oriental languages ​​and history, and here for the first time he laid down on paper the first plans for Woe from Wit. According to the Gulistan Treaty of 1813, the Russian mission had the right to demand from the Persian government the return to Russia of Russian soldiers - prisoners and deserters who served in the Persian troops. Griboyedov warmly took up this matter, found up to 70 such soldiers (Sarbaz) and decided to bring them to Russian borders. The Persians were embittered about this, in every possible way prevented Griboedov, but he insisted on his own and in the fall of 1819 led his detachment to Tiflis. Yermolov greeted him kindly and presented him for an award.

In Tiflis, Griboyedov spent Christmas time and on January 10, 1820, set off on his return journey. Having visited Etchmiadzin on the way, he established friendly relations with the Armenian clergy there; in early February he returned to Tabriz. At the end of 1821, a war broke out between Persia and Turkey. Griboedov was sent by Mazarovich to Yermolov with a report on Persian affairs, and on the way he broke his arm. Referring to the need for prolonged treatment in Tiflis, he asked his ministry through Yermolov to appoint him secretary for foreign affairs under Alexei Petrovich, and the request was respected. From November 1821 to February 1823, Griboyedov lived in Tiflis, often traveling with Yermolov around the Caucasus. With H. H. Muravyov, Griboyedov studied oriental languages, and shared his poetic experiences with V. K. Kuchelbeker, who arrived in Tiflis in December 1821 and lived until May 1822. The poet read Woe from Wit to him, scene after scene, as they gradually built up.

Griboyedov's return to Russia

After Kuchelbecker left for Russia, Griboedov became very homesick for his homeland and, through Yermolov, applied for a vacation to Moscow and St. Petersburg. At the end of March 1823, he was already in Moscow, in his own family. Here he met with S. N. Begichev and read to him the first two acts of Woe from Wit, written in the Caucasus. The second two acts were written in the summer of 1823 on the estate of Begichev, in the Tula province, where a friend invited Griboedov to stay. In September, Griboedov returned to Moscow with Begichev and lived in his house until the following summer. Here he continued to work on the text of the comedy, but already read it in literary circles. Together with the book P. A. Vyazemsky Griboedov wrote the vaudeville “Who is the brother, who is the sister, or deception after deception”, with music by A. N. Verstovsky.

From Moscow, Alexander Sergeevich Griboedov moved to St. Petersburg (at the beginning of June 1824) in order to achieve censorship permission for Woe from Wit. In the northern capital, Griboyedov was met with a brilliant reception. He met here with ministers Lansky and Shishkov, a member of the State Council, Count Mordvinov, Governor General Earl Miloradovich, Paskevich, was introduced to Grand Duke Nikolai Pavlovich. In literary and artistic circles, he read his comedy, and soon the author and the play became the center of everyone's attention. It was not possible to carry out the play on the stage, despite influential connections and efforts. The censors let only excerpts go to print (7-10 events of the first act and the third act, with large cuts). But when they appeared in the almanac F. V. Bulgarina"Russian Thalia for 1825", this caused a whole stream of critical articles in St. Petersburg and Moscow magazines.

The bright success of the comedy brought Griboyedov much joy; this was also joined by a passion for the dancer Teleshova. But in general the poet was gloomy; he was visited by fits of melancholy, and then everything seemed to him in a gloomy light. To get rid of this mood, Griboedov decided to go on a trip. It was impossible, as he thought at first, to go abroad: the official leave was already overdue; then Griboedov went to Kyiv and the Crimea to return to the Caucasus from there. At the end of May 1825, Griboyedov arrived in Kyiv. Here he eagerly studied antiquities and admired nature; from acquaintances met with members of the secret Decembrist society: Prince Trubetskoy, Bestuzhev-Ryumin, Sergey and Artamon Muravyov. Among them, the idea arose to involve Griboyedov in a secret society, but the poet was then too far from political interests and hobbies. After Kyiv, Griboyedov went to the Crimea. For three months he traveled all over the peninsula, enjoyed the beauty of the valleys and mountains and studied historical sights.

Griboyedov and the Decembrists

The gloomy mood, however, did not leave him. At the end of September, Griboedov traveled through Kerch and Taman to the Caucasus. Here he joined the detachment of Gen. Velyaminov. In the fortification of the Stone Bridge, on the Malka River, he wrote the poem "Predators on Chegem", inspired by the recent attack of the highlanders on the village of Soldiers. By the end of January 1826, Yermolov, Velyaminov, Griboyedov, Mazarovich gathered from different parts of the Grozny fortress (now Grozny). Here Alexander Sergeevich Griboyedov was arrested. In the commission of inquiry on the case of the Decembrists, Prince. Trubetskoy testified on December 23: “I know from the words Ryleeva that he received Griboedov, who is with General Yermolov”; then book. Obolensky named him on the list of members secret society. Uklonsky, a courier, was sent for Griboyedov; he arrived in Groznaya on January 22 and presented Yermolov with an order for the arrest of Griboyedov. It is said that Yermolov warned Griboedov so that he could destroy some of the papers in time.

On January 23, Uklonsky and Griboedov left Grozny, on February 7 or 8 they were in Moscow, where Griboedov managed to see Begichev (they tried to hide the arrest from his mother). On February 11, Griboyedov was already sitting in the guardhouse of the General Staff in St. Petersburg, together with Zavalishin, the Raevsky brothers and others. Both at the preliminary interrogation by General Levashov, and later at the Investigative Commission, Griboedov resolutely denied belonging to a secret society and even assured that he knew absolutely nothing about the plans of the Decembrists. Ryleev's testimony, A. A. Bestuzheva, Pestel and others were in favor of the poet, and the commission decided to release him. On June 4, 1826, Griboyedov was released from arrest, then he received a "cleansing certificate" and running money (for returning to Georgia) and was promoted to court advisers.

Thoughts about the fate of the motherland also constantly worried Alexander Sergeevich Griboyedov. During the investigation, he denied belonging to secret societies, and indeed, knowing him, it is difficult to admit this. But he was close to many of the most prominent Decembrists, no doubt, he knew perfectly well the organization of secret societies, their composition, action plans and projects of state reforms. Ryleev testified during the investigation: “I had several general conversations with Griboyedov about the situation in Russia and gave him hints about the existence of a society aimed at changing the form of government in Russia and introducing a constitutional monarchy”; Bestuzhev wrote the same thing, and Griboedov himself said about the Decembrists: “in their conversations I often saw bold judgments about the government, in which I myself took part: I condemned what seemed harmful, and wished for the best.” Griboedov spoke out for freedom of printing, for a public court, against administrative arbitrariness, abuses of serfdom, reactionary measures in the field of education, and in such views he coincided with the Decembrists. But it is difficult to say how far these coincidences went, and we do not know exactly how Aleksandr Sergeevich Griboedov felt about the constitutional projects of the Decembrists. There is no doubt, however, that he was skeptical about the feasibility of the conspiratorial movement and saw in Decembrism a lot weaknesses. In this, however, he agreed with many others, even among the Decembrists themselves.

Let us also note that Griboyedov was strongly inclined towards nationalism. He loved Russian folk life, customs, language, poetry, even dress. When asked by the Commission of Inquiry about this, he answered: “I wanted Russian dress because it is more beautiful and calmer than tailcoats and uniforms, and at the same time I believed that it would again bring us closer to the simplicity of domestic customs, extremely dear to my heart.” Thus, Chatsky's philippics against imitation in customs and against the European costume are the cherished thoughts of Griboedov himself. At the same time, Griboyedov constantly showed dislike for the Germans and the French, and in this he drew close to the Shishkovists. But, in general, he stood closer to the group of Decembrists; Chatsky is a typical representative of the progressive youth of that time; It was not for nothing that the Decembrists intensively distributed lists of "Woe from Wit".

Griboedov in the Russo-Persian War of 1826-1828

June and July 1826 Griboyedov still lived in St. Petersburg, at Bulgarin's dacha. That was very hard times for him. The joy of liberation dimmed at the thought of friends and acquaintances executed or exiled to Siberia. To this was added anxiety for his talent, from which the poet demanded new high inspirations, but they, however, did not come. By the end of July, Griboyedov arrived in Moscow, where the entire court and troops had already gathered for the coronation of the new emperor; I. F. Paskevich, a relative of Griboyedov, was also here. Unexpectedly, the news came here that the Persians had violated the peace and attacked the Russian border post. Nicholas I was extremely angry about this, blamed Yermolov for inaction and, in derogation of his power, sent Paskevich (with great authority) to the Caucasus. When Paskevich arrived in the Caucasus and took command of the troops, Griboedov's position turned out to be extremely difficult between the two warring generals. Yermolov was not formally dismissed, but he felt the disgrace of the sovereign in everything, he constantly clashed with Paskevich and, finally, resigned, and Griboedov was forced to go to the service of Paskevich (which his mother asked him to do back in Moscow). The troubles of his official position were joined by another physical ailment: with the return to Tiflis, Griboedov began to have frequent fevers and nervous attacks.

Having assumed control of the Caucasus, Paskevich entrusted Griboyedov with foreign relations with Turkey and Persia, and Griboyedov was drawn into all the worries and difficulties of the Persian campaign of 1826-1828. He conducted a huge correspondence with Paskevich, participated in the development of military operations, endured all the hardships of a marching life, and most importantly, he took upon himself the actual conduct of diplomatic negotiations with Persia in Deykargan and Turkmanchay. When, after the victories of Paskevich, the capture of Erivan and the occupation of Tabriz, the Turkmanchay peace treaty was concluded (February 10, 1828), which was very beneficial for Russia, Paskevich sent Griboyedov to present a treatise to the emperor in St. Petersburg, where he arrived on March 14. The next day, Alexander Sergeevich Griboyedov was received by Nicholas I in an audience; Paskevich received the title of Count of Erivan and a million rubles of reward, and Griboyedov received the rank of State Councilor, an order and four thousand chervonets.

Griboyedov in Persia. Griboedov's death

Again Griboyedov lived in St. Petersburg for three months, moving in government, public and literary circles. He complained to his friends about being very tired, dreamed of rest and office work, and was about to retire. Fate decided otherwise. With the departure of Griboedov to Petersburg, there was no Russian diplomatic representative left in Persia; meanwhile, Russia had a war with Turkey, and the East needed an energetic and experienced diplomat. There was no choice: of course, Griboyedov was supposed to go. He tried to refuse, but it did not work, and on April 25, 1828, Alexander Sergeevich Griboedov was appointed Minister-Resident in Persia by the highest decree, while Amburger was appointed Consul General in Tabriz.

From the moment of his appointment as envoy, Griboyedov became gloomy and experienced severe forebodings of death. He constantly told his friends: “There is my grave. I feel that I will never see Russia again.” On June 6, Griboedov left Petersburg forever; a month later he arrived in Tiflis. Here an important event took place in his life: he married Princess Nina Alexandrovna Chavchavadze, whom he knew as a girl, gave her music lessons, followed her education. The wedding took place in Zion Cathedral On August 22, 1828, and on September 9, the departure of the Russian mission to Persia took place. The young wife accompanied Griboedov, and the poet wrote enthusiastic letters about her to his friends from the road.

The mission arrived in Tabriz on October 7, and Griboyedov immediately fell upon heavy worries. Of these, two were the main ones: firstly, Griboedov had to insist on paying indemnities for the last campaign; secondly, to search for and send to Russia Russian subjects who fell into the hands of the Persians. Both that, and another was extremely difficult and caused bitterness both in the people, and in the Persian government. To settle things, Griboyedov went to the Shah in Tehran. Griboyedov arrived in Tehran with his retinue by the New Year, was well received by the Shah, and at first everything went well. But soon clashes began again because of the prisoners. Two Armenian women from the harem of the Shah's son-in-law, Alayar Khan, turned to the patronage of the Russian mission, wishing to return to the Caucasus. Griboyedov received them into the mission building, and this excited the people; then Mirza Yakub, the eunuch of the Shah's harem, was accepted into the mission at his own insistence, which overflowed the cup. The mob, incited by the Muslim clergy and agents of Alayar Khan and the government itself, attacked the premises of the embassy on January 30, 1829 and killed Alexander Sergeevich Griboyedov along with many others ...

Monument to Alexander Sergeevich Griboedov on Chistoprudny Boulevard, Moscow

The personality of A. S. Griboyedov

Alexander Sergeevich Griboyedov lived a short but rich life. From a passion for science at Moscow University, he moved on to a carefree living through life in military service and then in St. Petersburg; Sheremetev's death caused an acute crisis in his soul and prompted him, in the words of Pushkin, to "a sharp turn", and in the East he inclined towards self-deepening and isolation; when he returned from there to Russia in 1823, it was already mature person, strict with himself and people and a great skeptic, even a pessimist. The social drama of December 14, bitter thoughts about people and the homeland, as well as anxiety for his talent caused Griboyedov a new spiritual crisis, which threatened to resolve itself in suicide. But late love brightened up last days the poet's life.

Many facts testify how passionately he could love - his wife, mother, sister, friends, how rich he was in strong will, courage, hot temperament. A. A. Bestuzhev describes him in this way in 1824: “A man of noble appearance, of medium height, in a black tailcoat, with glasses over his eyes, entered ... In his face one could see as much sincere participation as in his methods of the ability to live in good company, but without any affectation, without any formality; it can even be said that his movements were somehow strange and jerky, and with all that, as decent as possible... society. The bonds of petty propriety were unbearable to him, even because they are bonds. He could not and did not want to hide his mockery at the gilded and self-satisfied stupidity, neither contempt for low search, nor indignation at the sight of a happy vice. The blood of the heart always played in his face. No one will boast of his flattery, no one will dare to say that he has heard lies from him. He could deceive himself, but never deceive. Contemporaries mention his impetuosity, sharpness in address, biliousness along with softness and tenderness and a special gift to please. Even people who were prejudiced against him succumbed to Griboyedov's charm. His friends loved him selflessly, just as he knew how to love them passionately. When the Decembrists got into trouble, he did his best to alleviate the plight of anyone he could: Prince. A. I. Odoevsky, A. A. Bestuzhev, Dobrinsky.

Literary creativity of Griboyedov. "Woe from Wit"

Alexander Sergeevich Griboedov began to publish in 1814 and since then did not leave literary studies until the end of his life. However, his creative heritage is small. There is absolutely no epic in it, and almost no lyrics. Most of all in the work of Griboedov are dramatic works, but all of them, with the exception of the famous comedy, are of low dignity. The early plays are interesting only because Griboyedov's language and verse were gradually developed in them. In form they are quite ordinary, like hundreds of plays in the genre of light comedy and vaudeville of that time. The content is much more significant than the plays written after Woe from Wit, such as: 1812, Radamist and Zenobia, Georgian Night. But they have come down to us only in plans and fragments, from which it is difficult to judge the whole; it is only noticeable that the dignity of the verse in them is greatly reduced and that their scenarios are too complex and extensive to fit into the framework of a harmonious stage play.

Alexander Sergeevich Griboyedov entered the history of literature only with "Woe from Wit"; he was a literary one-thinker, homo unius libri (“a man of one book”), and put into his comedy “all the best dreams, all the bold aspirations” of his work. But he worked on it for several years. The play was completed in rough draft in the village of Begichev in 1823. Before leaving for St. Petersburg, Griboedov presented Begichev with a comedy manuscript, a precious autograph, which was later kept Historical Museum in Moscow ("Museum autograph"). In St. Petersburg, the poet again reworked the play, for example, he inserted a scene of Molchalin's flirting with Lisa in the fourth act. A new list, corrected by Griboedov's hand, was presented to him in 1824 by A. A. Gendru ("The Gendre Manuscript"). In 1825 excerpts from the comedy were published in Bulgarin's Russkaya Thalia, and in 1828 Griboedov gave Bulgarin new list"Woe from Wit", again revised ("Bulgarin List"). These four texts form the chain of the poet's creative efforts.

Their comparative study shows that Alexander Sergeevich Griboedov made especially many changes in the text in 1823-1824, in the Museum autograph and the Zhandrovskaya manuscript; only minor changes were made to later texts. In the first two manuscripts we see, firstly, a stubborn and happy struggle with the difficulties of language and verse; secondly, the author abbreviated the text in several cases; Thus, Sophia's story about a dream in Act I, which took 42 verses in the Museum's autograph, was later reduced to 22 verses and greatly benefited from this; the monologues of Chatsky, Repetilov, the characterization of Tatiana Yuryevna were shortened. There are fewer inserts, but among them there is such an important one as the dialogue between Molchalin and Lisa in the 4th act. As for the composition actors and their characters, they remained the same in all four texts (according to legend, Griboyedov at first wanted to bring out several more faces, including Famusov's wife, a sentimental fashionista and a Moscow aristocrat). The ideological content of the comedy also remained unchanged, and this is very remarkable: all the elements of social satire were already in the text of the play before Griboedov got acquainted with the social movement in St. Petersburg in 1825 - such was the maturity of the poet's thought.

Ever since "Woe from Wit" appeared on the stage and in print, history has begun for him in posterity. For many decades it exerted its strong influence on Russian drama, literary criticism and stage figures; but so far it has remained the only play where everyday pictures were harmoniously combined with social satire.

Alexander Sergeevich Griboyedov was born on January 15, 1795 in rich family nobles. A man of exceptional talents, Alexander Griboedov knew how to play the piano brilliantly, composed music himself, and knew more than five foreign languages. The Russian figure graduated from the Moscow University noble boarding school (1803), and then three departments of Moscow University.

Griboyedov served in military service with the rank of cornet from 1812 to 1816, after which he began to realize himself in the journalistic and literary fields. Among his first works are the comedy The Young Spouses, which he translated from French, and Letter from Brest-Litovsk to the Publisher. In 1817, Griboedov joined the United Friends Masonic organization and held the post of provincial secretary for public service. Griboyedov continues to write, the comedy Student and Feigned Infidelity are added to his work. At the same time, the gifted figure met Alexander Pushkin and his entourage.

Griboedov traveled to Persia twice on behalf of the government - in 1818 and 1820. Service in the east weighed heavily on him, and Griboedov moved to Georgia. During this period, work begins on the most famous work - "Woe from Wit".

In 1826, the Russian writer was accused of belonging to the Decembrists. Griboyedov stayed under investigation for about 6 months. But it was not possible to prove his involvement in the conspiracy, and Griboyedov received his freedom.

In 1828, he marries Nina Chavchavadze, but their marriage was short-lived: Alexander Sergeevich was killed by a rebellious crowd on January 30, 1829, during the visit of the Russian embassy to Tehran.

Biography 2

The great writer, competent diplomat, musician and composer is not full list merits of Alexander Griboyedov. An inquisitive boy of noble origin. The best scientists of that time were engaged in his upbringing and training.

Sasha's abilities knew no bounds, he easily mastered six foreign languages. Played since childhood musical instruments, wrote poetry.

He really wanted to prove himself in combat conditions, and he enrolled in a regiment of hussars, but the war with Napoleon had already begun to end, much to the chagrin of Alexander. So he did not manage to participate in hostilities.

Mother, Anastasia Fedorovna, saw her son as an official, but Griboedov did not want to serve at all, it seemed to him a boring thing. At this time, he became interested in theater and literature, writing comedies. Young and hot, he soon gets into an unpleasant story, becomes a second. Duels at that time were not only forbidden, for participation in them one could go to prison. Anastasia Fedorovna did a lot to save her son from imprisonment. And he had to leave Russia and go to Persia.

Being in foreign lands, Alexander was very bored. After some time, he achieves a transfer to Georgia. Here he begins to write his famous comedy. At the same time, he writes poetry, plays and continues to make music.

Alexander Griboyedov was not only familiar with Ivan Krylov, he read Woe from Wit to him. The great fabulist liked the work, but he said with regret that the censors would not let him through. This turned out to be true. Moreover, the play was not only forbidden to be staged in the theater. But also print. It had to be secretly copied.

Soon Alexander returned to the Caucasus, where he continued to serve in Yermolov's headquarters. At this time there was an uprising of the Decembrists. Griboyedov falls under suspicion and is arrested.

Before in last time to go on a diplomatic mission to the capital of Iran, Alexander got married. The happiness of the young did not last long, only a few weeks. Going to Once again on a business trip, no one could have thought that it would be the last.

It took half a century for people to start talking about Griboyedov and his role as a writer's diplomat and just a human being.

Option 3

A.S. Griboyedov is an outstanding Russian playwright, poet, composer and pianist. He was considered one of the smartest and most educated people of his time. He did a lot of useful things for Russia in the diplomatic field.

He was born in 1795. He was a representative of an old wealthy family. Mother, a sharp and domineering woman, loved her son very much. He answered her the same. However, conflicts often arose between them.

Alexander's ability to learn manifested itself in childhood. Already at the age of six, he could freely communicate in 3 foreign languages, and to adolescence mastered 6 languages. At first he received an excellent home education under the guidance of experienced tutors, then he was enrolled in the Moscow University boarding school. Further, after graduating from the verbal department of the philosophical faculty of Moscow University, at the age of thirteen he received a Ph.D. Then he continued his studies at the Faculty of Law, after which he received a PhD in law at the age of 15.

Interested in mathematics and the natural sciences, he not only diligently attended lectures, but also took private lessons from some scientists, because he wanted to get a doctorate in science. He also managed to engage in literary work, but, unfortunately, his early works have not been preserved.

In 1812 because of the beginning of the Patriotic War, Griboyedov left his studies, studies in literature and, under the influence of patriotic ideas, signed up for the hussars. But he did not have a chance to fight, since his regiment was sent to the rear. Soon, Alexander was appointed adjutant to the commander and transferred to Brest-Litovsk.

In 1814 published his articles for the first time. Starts writing for the theatre. In 1815 resigns, and after 2 years enters the civil service in the Collegium of Foreign Affairs.

Living in St. Petersburg, Griboyedov takes Active participation in the activities of the literary and theatrical circle. Writes and publishes several comedies.

In 1818 receives an appointment as secretary of the Russian mission in Iran. Maintains travel notes. In Tiflis, he shoots with A.I. Yakubovich. After this duel, he forever left a mutilated finger on his left hand.

In Iran, he is busy with the release of captured Russian soldiers and personally accompanies their detachment to their homeland. In 1820 begins work on the play "Woe from Wit".

Since 1822 to 1823 serves under General Yermolov. He writes musical vaudeville, which premiered in 1824. Leaves the service. He is busy with printing and staging Woe from Wit on stage, but to no avail.

In 1825 returns to service. In 1826 was arrested in the Caucasus. He was accused of having links with the Decembrists, but no evidence was found, so he was released.

In 1828 Griboyedov married, and in 1829. was killed religious fanatics in Tehran.

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Griboyedov Alexander Sergeevich (1795-1829)

Russian writer and diplomat.

Belonged to a noble family. Received an excellent education. Griboedov's many-sided talent was revealed very early, in addition to literary, he also showed a bright composer's talent (two waltzes for piano are known). He studied at the Moscow University noble boarding school, then entered the Moscow University. After graduating from the verbal department, Griboyedov continued to study at the ethical and political department.

One of the most educated people of his time, Griboyedov spoke French, English, German, Italian, Greek, in Latin, later mastered Arabic, Persian, Turkish.

With the outbreak of the Patriotic War of 1812, Griboyedov stopped his academic studies and entered the Moscow Hussar Regiment as a cornet. Military service(as part of the reserve units) brought him together with D.N. Begichev and his brother S.N. Begichev, who became a close friend of Griboyedov. After retiring (early 1816), Griboyedov settled in St. Petersburg, determined to serve in the Collegium of Foreign Affairs.

He leads a secular lifestyle, rotates in the theatrical and literary circles of St. Petersburg (gets closer to the circle of A. A. Shakhovsky), writes and translates for the theater himself (the comedies "Young Spouses" (1815), "His Family, or Married Bride" (1817 d.) together with Shakhovsky and N. I. Khmelnitsky, and others).

The consequence of "ardent, passionate and powerful circumstances" (A.S. Pushkin) was a drastic change in his fate - in 1818 Griboedov was appointed secretary of the Russian diplomatic mission to Persia (not last role his participation as a second in the duel between A.P. Zavadsky and V.V. Sheremetev, which ended in the death of the latter, played in this kind of exile) After three years of service in Tabriz, Griboyedov was transferred to Tiflis to the chief administrator of Georgia A.P. Yermolov (February 1822).

The first and second acts of "Woe from Wit" were written there, their first listener was the author's Tiflis colleague V.K. Küchelbecker. In the spring of 1823, Griboyedov went on vacation in Moscow, as well as in the estate of S.N. Begichev near Tula, where he spends the summer, the third and fourth acts of Woe from Wit are being created.

By the autumn of 1824, the comedy was completed. Griboedov travels to St. Petersburg, intending to use his connections in the capital to obtain permission for its publication and theatrical production. However, he soon becomes convinced that comedy is “no pass”. Only excerpts published in 1825 by F.V. Bulgarin in the almanac "Russian Thalia" (the first complete publication in Russia -1862, the first production on the professional stage -1831) were able to pass through censorship. Nevertheless, Griboyedov's creation immediately became an event in Russian culture, spreading among the reading public in handwritten lists, the number of which approached the book circulations of that time (the Decembrists, who considered comedy as a mouthpiece of their ideas, contributed to the distribution of the lists;

I. I. Pushchin brought A.S. Pushkin to Mikhailovskoe the list “Woe from Wit”) The success of Griboedov’s comedy, which has taken a firm place among Russian classics, is largely determined by the harmonious combination of acute and timeless in it.

Through the brilliantly painted picture of Russian society of the pre-Decembrist era (disturbing the minds of disputes about serfdom, political freedoms, problems of national self-determination of culture, education, etc., masterfully outlined colorful figures of that time, recognizable by contemporaries, etc.), “eternal” themes are guessed: the conflict of generations , drama love triangle, antagonism of personality and society, etc.

At the same time, “Woe from Wit” is an example of an artistic synthesis of the traditional and the innovative: paying tribute to the canons of the aesthetics of classicism (the unity of time, place, actions, conditional roles, names-masks, etc.), Griboyedov “revives” the scheme with conflicts and characters taken from life, freely introduces lyrical, satirical and journalistic lines into comedy.

The accuracy and aphoristic accuracy of the language, the successful use of the free (various) iambic, which conveys the elements colloquial speech, allowed the text of the comedy to retain sharpness and expressiveness; as Pushkin predicted; many lines of “Woe from Wit” have become proverbs and sayings (“Fresh legend, but hard to believe”, “Happy hours do not watch”, etc.). In the autumn of 1825, Griboedov returned to the Caucasus, but already in February 1826 he again found himself in St. Petersburg as a suspect in the Decembrist case (there were many reasons for arrest: during interrogations, four Decembrists, including S.P. Trubetskoy and E.P. Obolensky, named Griboyedov among the members of the secret society; lists of "Woe from Wit" were found in the papers of many of those arrested, etc.).

Warned by Yermolov about his impending arrest, Griboedov managed to destroy part of his archive. During the investigation, he categorically denies any involvement in the conspiracy. In early June, Griboyedov was released from arrest with a "cleansing certificate." Upon returning to the Caucasus (autumn 1826), Griboyedov takes part in several battles of the Russian-Persian war that has begun. Achieves significant success in the diplomatic field (according to N.N. Muravyov-Karsky, Griboyedov “replaced .. a twenty-thousandth army with his single face”), prepares, among other things, the Turkmenchay peace that is beneficial for Russia.

Having brought the documents of the peace treaty to St. Petersburg (March 1828), he received awards and a new appointment as a plenipotentiary minister (ambassador) to Persia. Instead of literary pursuits, to which he dreamed of devoting himself (in his papers, plans, sketches - poems, the tragedies "Rodamist and Zenobia", "Georgian Night", the drama "1812"), Griboyedov is forced to accept a high position. His last departure from the capital (June 1828) was colored by gloomy forebodings.

On the way to Persia, he stopped for a while in Tiflis. Nurturing plans for economic transformations in Transcaucasia. In August, he marries the 16-year-old daughter of L. Chavchavadze, Nina, and goes to Persia with her. Among other things Russian minister is engaged in sending captive subjects of Russia to their homeland. The appeal to him for help by two Armenian women who fell into the harem of a noble Persian was the reason for the reprisal against a talented diplomat. On January 30, 1829, a mob, instigated by Muslim fanatics, defeated the Russian mission in Tehran. The Russian envoy was killed. Griboyedov was buried in Tiflis on Mount St. David. The words of Nina Griboedova-Chavchavadze are carved on the gravestone: “Your mind and deeds are immortal in Russian memory, but why did my love survive you?”.

Griboyedov Alexander Sergeevich (1795 - 1829), playwright, poet.

Born on January 4 (15 n.s.) in Moscow in the family of an officer of the Russian guard, a nobleman. He received a comprehensive home education. Seven years given to the Moscow University boarding school. Eleven years old, Griboyedov is a student at Moscow University. After graduating from the verbal department of the Faculty of Philosophy, he entered the law department and received. the second diploma - a candidate of rights. In 1810 he studied at the Faculty of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, which was unusual for the youth of the nobility. Since childhood, knowing French, English, German and Italian, during his studies at the university he studied Greek and Latin, later - Persian, Arabic and Turkish. He was also musically gifted: he played the piano, flute, he composed music himself.

IN student years communicated with future Decembrists: brothers Muravyov, Yakushkin. Subsequently, he was close to P. Chaadaev. Griboyedov's poetic abilities are also manifested at the university.

The outbreak of the war with Napoleon changes Griboedov's plans: he volunteers for the army as a cornet (a junior officer rank in the Russian cavalry) in a hussar regiment. He did not have to participate in hostilities. After the end of the war, he retires, settles in St. Petersburg, enters the service of the Collegium of Foreign Affairs, where Pushkin, Kuchelbecker and many Decembrists serve at that time, and gets to know them. In addition, he is a member of a circle of people involved in the theater, collaborates in magazines, and writes plays.

In 1818 he was sent as the secretary of the Russian mission to Persia, where he spent over two years, traveling a lot around the country and leading travel notes and diary. Upon his return from Persia in November 1821, he served as a diplomatic secretary under the commander of the Russian troops in the Caucasus, General A. Yermolov, who was surrounded by many members of the Decembrist societies. Lives in Tiflis, works on the first two acts of Woe from Wit. However, this work requires more solitude, greater freedom from service, and therefore asks Yermolov for a long vacation. Having received a vacation, he spends it first in the Tula province, then in Moscow and St. Petersburg.

In the estate of his friend Begichev, he writes the last two acts of comedy, in Moscow he continues to finish Woe from Wit, in St. Petersburg in 1824 the work was completed.

All attempts to print the comedy were unsuccessful, and staging it in the theater turned out to be impossible. The reactionary camp received the comedy with hostility. The language of "Woe from Wit" was called harsh and incorrect. The Decembrists enthusiastically greeted the comedy, seeing in it an artistic generalization of their ideas and feelings.

At the end of September 1825, Griboyedov again arrived in the Caucasus, and at the end of January 1826 he was arrested in the case of the Decembrists by a courier specially sent from St. Petersburg. Yermolov warned him of the imminent arrest, and the writer managed to destroy the papers that were dangerous to him. During the investigation, Griboedov maintained a complete denial of his participation in the conspiracy. The tsarist commission of inquiry failed to prove anything, and he was released.

After returning to the Caucasus in 1826 Griboyedov acted as a diplomat. In 1827 he was ordered to be in charge of diplomatic relations with Turkey and Persia. In 1828 he took part in the preparation of the Turkmenchay peace treaty concluded with Persia. He then receives an appointment as minister plenipotentiary to Persia, considering this appointment as a "political exile".

In August 1828 in Tiflis Griboyedov marries Nina Chavchavadze, the daughter of his friend, the famous poet A. Chavchavadze. Leaving his wife in Tabriz, he left with an embassy for Tehran. Here he fell victim to a conspiracy and was killed by a mob of Persian fanatics. Griboyedov's body was transported to Tiflis and buried on Mount St. David.