How to cut out the name Katyusha from cardboard. DIY military equipment models: step-by-step description. DIY paper machines

Soviet rocket system volley fire"Katyusha" is one of the most recognizable characters Great Patriotic War . In terms of its popularity, the legendary Katyusha is not much inferior to the T-34 tank or PPSh machine gun. It is still not known for certain where this name came from (there are numerous versions), but the Germans called these installations “Stalinist organs” and were terribly afraid of them.

“Katyusha” is the collective name for several rocket launchers from the Great Patriotic War. Patriotic War. Soviet propaganda presented them as exclusively domestic “know-how,” which was not true. Work in this direction was carried out in many countries, and the famous German six-barreled mortars are also MLRS, albeit of a slightly different design. The Americans and the British also used rocket artillery.

However, the Katyusha became the most effective and most mass-produced vehicle of its class during World War II. BM-13 is a real weapon of Victory. She took part in all significant battles on the Eastern Front, clearing the way for infantry formations. The first Katyusha salvo was fired in the summer of 1941, and four years later the BM-13 installations were already shelling besieged Berlin.

A little history of the BM-13 Katyusha

Several reasons contributed to the revival of interest in missile weapons: firstly, more perfect species gunpowder, which made it possible to significantly increase the range of rockets; secondly, the missiles were perfect as weapons for combat aircraft; and thirdly, rockets could be used to deliver toxic substances.

The last reason was the most important: based on the experience of the First World War, the military had little doubt that the next conflict would definitely not happen without military gases.

In the USSR the creation missile weapons began with the experiments of two enthusiasts - Artemyev and Tikhomirov. In 1927, smokeless pyroxylin-TNT gunpowder was created, and in 1928, the first rocket was developed that managed to fly 1,300 meters. At the same time, the targeted development of missile weapons for aviation began.

In 1933, experimental samples of aircraft rockets of two calibers appeared: RS-82 and RS-132. The main drawback of the new weapons, which the military did not like at all, was their low accuracy. The shells had a small tail that did not exceed its caliber, and a pipe was used as a guide, which was very convenient. However, to improve the accuracy of the missiles, their empennage had to be increased and new guides had to be developed.

In addition, pyroxylin-TNT gunpowder was not very suitable for mass production of this type of weapon, so it was decided to use tubular nitroglycerin gunpowder.

In 1937, new missiles with enlarged tails and new open rail-type guides were tested. Innovations significantly improved the accuracy of fire and increased the missile's flight range. In 1938, the RS-82 and RS-132 missiles were put into service and began to be mass-produced.

In the same year, the designers were given the task new task: create a reactive system for ground forces, using a 132 mm caliber rocket as a basis.

In 1939, the 132 mm was ready high-explosive fragmentation projectile M-13, it had a more powerful warhead and an increased flight range. Such results were achieved by lengthening the ammunition.

In the same year, the first MU-1 rocket launcher was manufactured. Eight short guides were installed across the truck, and sixteen missiles were attached to them in pairs. This design turned out to be very unsuccessful; during the salvo, the vehicle swayed strongly, which led to a significant decrease in the accuracy of the battle.

In September 1939, testing began on a new rocket launcher, the MU-2. The basis for it was the three-axle ZiS-6 truck, this vehicle provided combat complex high cross-country ability, made it possible to quickly change positions after each salvo. Now the guides for the missiles were located along the car. In one salvo (about 10 seconds), the MU-2 fired sixteen shells, the weight of the installation with ammunition was 8.33 tons, the firing range exceeded eight kilometers.

With this design of the guides, the rocking of the car during a salvo became minimal, in addition, two jacks were installed in the rear of the car.

In 1940, state tests of the MU-2 were carried out, and it was put into service under the designation “BM-13 rocket mortar”.

The day before the start of the war (June 21, 1941), the USSR government decided to mass produce BM-13 combat systems, ammunition for them, and form special units for their use.

The first experience of using the BM-13 at the front showed their high efficiency and contributed to the active production of this type of weapon. During the war, “Katyusha” was produced by several factories, and mass production of ammunition for them was established.

Artillery units armed with BM-13 installations were considered elite, and immediately after their formation they received the name Guards. The BM-8, BM-13 and other rocket systems were officially called “Guards mortars.”

Application of BM-13 "Katyusha"

The first combat use of rocket launchers took place in mid-July 1941. The Germans occupied Orsha, a large junction station in Belarus. A large amount of enemy military equipment and manpower had accumulated on it. It was for this purpose that the battery of rocket launchers (seven units) of Captain Flerov fired two salvos.

As a result of the actions of the artillerymen, the railway junction was practically wiped off the face of the earth, and the Nazis suffered severe losses in people and equipment.

"Katyusha" was also used in other sectors of the front. The new Soviet weapon was a very unpleasant surprise for the German command. The pyrotechnic effect of the use of shells had a particularly strong psychological impact on Wehrmacht soldiers: after a Katyusha salvo, literally everything that could burn burned. This effect was achieved through the use of TNT blocks in the shells, which upon explosion formed thousands of burning fragments.

Rocket artillery was actively used in the battle of Moscow, Katyushas destroyed the enemy at Stalingrad, and they were tried to be used as anti-tank weapons on the Kursk Bulge. To do this, special recesses were made under the front wheels of the vehicle, so the Katyusha could fire directly. However, the use of the BM-13 against tanks was less effective, since the M-13 rocket was a high-explosive fragmentation projectile, and not armor-piercing. In addition, "Katyusha" has never been distinguished by high accuracy of fire. But if its shell hit a tank, all the vehicle’s attachments were destroyed, the turret often jammed, and the crew received severe concussion.

Rocket launchers were used with great success until the Victory; they took part in the storming of Berlin and other operations in the final stage of the war.

In addition to the famous BM-13 MLRS, there was also a BM-8 rocket launcher, which used 82 mm caliber rockets, and over time, heavy rocket systems appeared that launched 310 mm caliber rockets.

During the Berlin operation soviet soldiers actively used the experience of street fighting they gained during the capture of Poznan and Königsberg. It consisted of firing single heavy rockets M-31, M-13 and M-20 direct fire. Special assault groups were created, which included an electrical engineer. The rocket was launched from machine guns, wooden caps, or simply from any flat surface. A hit from such a projectile could easily destroy a house or be guaranteed to suppress an enemy firing point.

During the war years, about 1,400 BM-8, 3,400 BM-13 and 100 BM-31 units were lost.

However, the story of the BM-13 did not end there: in the early 60s, the USSR supplied these installations to Afghanistan, where they were actively used by government troops.

Device BM-13 "Katyusha"

The main advantage of the BM-13 rocket launcher is its extreme simplicity both in production and in use. The artillery part of the installation consists of eight guides, the frame on which they are located, rotating and lifting mechanisms, sighting devices and electrical equipment.

The guides were a five-meter I-beam with special overlays. A locking device and an electric igniter were installed in the breech of each of the guides, with the help of which the shot was fired.

The guides were mounted on a rotating frame, which, using simple lifting and rotating mechanisms, provided vertical and horizontal guidance.

Each Katyusha was equipped with an artillery sight.

The crew of the vehicle (BM-13) consisted of 5-7 people.

The M-13 rocket consisted of two parts: a combat and a jet powder engine. The warhead, which contained an explosive and a contact fuse, is very reminiscent of the warhead of a conventional high-explosive fragmentation artillery projectile.

The powder engine of the M-13 projectile consisted of a chamber with a powder charge, a nozzle, a special grille, stabilizers and a fuse.

The main problem faced by the developers missile systems(and not only in the USSR), the accuracy of the rocket projectiles became low. To stabilize their flight, the designers took two paths. German six-barreled mortar rockets rotated in flight due to obliquely located nozzles, and flat stabilizers were installed on Soviet RSakhs. To give the projectile greater accuracy, it was necessary to increase its initial speed; for this, the guides on the BM-13 were longer.

The German stabilization method made it possible to reduce the size of both the projectile itself and the weapon from which it was fired. However, this significantly reduced the firing range. Although, it should be said that the German six-barreled mortars were more accurate than the Katyushas.

The Soviet system was simpler and allowed shooting over considerable distances. Later, installations began to use spiral guides, which further increased accuracy.

Modifications of "Katyusha"

During the war, numerous modifications of both rocket launchers and ammunition were created. Here are just a few of them:

BM-13-SN - this installation had spiral guides that imparted a rotational movement to the projectile, which significantly increased its accuracy.

BM-8-48 - this rocket launcher used 82 mm caliber projectiles and had 48 guides.

BM-31-12 - this rocket launcher used 310 mm caliber shells for firing.

310 mm caliber rockets were initially used for firing from the ground, only then self-propelled guns appeared.

The first systems were created on the basis of the ZiS-6 car, then they were most often installed on vehicles received under Lend-Lease. It must be said that with the beginning of Lend-Lease, only foreign cars were used to create rocket launchers.

In addition, rocket launchers (from M-8 shells) were installed on motorcycles, snowmobiles, and armored boats. The guides were installed on railway platforms, T-40, T-60, KV-1 tanks.

To understand how widespread the Katyusha weapons were, it is enough to give two figures: from 1941 to the end of 1944, Soviet industry produced 30 thousand launchers various types and 12 million shells for them.

During the war years, several types of 132 mm caliber rockets were developed. The main directions of modernization were to increase the accuracy of fire, increase the range of the projectile and its power.

Advantages and disadvantages of the BM-13 Katyusha missile launcher

The main advantage of rocket launchers was the large number of projectiles they fired in one salvo. If several MLRS were operating in one area at once, the destructive effect was increased due to the interference of shock waves.

Easy to use. “Katyushas” were distinguished by an extremely simple design, and the sighting devices of this installation were also uncomplicated.

Low cost and easy to manufacture. During the war, the production of rocket launchers was established in dozens of factories. The production of ammunition for these complexes did not present any particular difficulties. Particularly eloquent is the comparison between the cost of the BM-13 and a conventional artillery gun of a similar caliber.

Installation mobility. The time of one BM-13 salvo is approximately 10 seconds; after the salvo, the vehicle left the firing line without exposing itself to enemy return fire.

However, this weapon also had disadvantages, the main one being low shooting accuracy due to the large dispersion of projectiles. This problem was partially solved by the BM-13SN, but it has not been completely resolved for modern MLRS.

Insufficient high-explosive effect of M-13 shells. "Katyusha" was not very effective against long-term defensive fortifications and armored vehicles.

Short firing range compared to cannon artillery.

Large consumption of gunpowder in the manufacture of rockets.

There was heavy smoke during the salvo, which served as an unmasking factor.

The high center of gravity of the BM-13 installations led to frequent rollovers of the vehicle during the march.

Technical characteristics of "Katyusha"

Characteristics of the combat vehicle

Characteristics of the M-13 missile

Video about MLRS "Katyusha"

If you have any questions, leave them in the comments below the article. We or our visitors will be happy to answer them

Model scale 1:25.

BM-13 "KATYUSHA" MULTI-LAUNCH REPACT SYSTEM ON CHASSIS.

“Katyusha” is an unofficial collective name for mobile rocket launchers BM-8 (82 mm) and BM-13 (132 mm). Such installations were actively used by the USSR during the Second World War.

Back in 1916 a combat rocket using smokeless powder (a prototype of a later rocket) was invented by Ivan Platonovich Grave. In 1924 he received patent No. 122 for such a missile charge. Further work on the creation of rockets using smokeless powder continued until the Great Patriotic War.

The development team included Sergei Korolev. In March 1941, successful field tests of BM-13 installations with the M-13 projectile were carried out, and on June 21 a decree on their mass production was signed. On the night of June 30, 1941, the first two BM-13 combat launchers were assembled at the Comintern plant in Voronezh. Initially they were mounted on the ZIS-5 chassis, but the use of such a chassis was considered unsuccessful, and it was replaced by the ZIS-6. Subsequently, the BM-13 (BM-13N) was installed only on Studebaker (Studbacker-US6). An experimental artillery battery of seven vehicles under the command of Captain I. Flerov was first used against the German army at the railway junction of the city of Orsha on July 14, 1941. The first eight regiments of 36 vehicles each were formed on August 8, 1941. An improved modification of the BM-13N was created in 1943, and until the end of World War II, about 1,800 of these guns were manufactured. Range - about 5 km.

The weapon was inaccurate, but very effective when used in large numbers. The emotional effect was also important: during the salvo, all the missiles were fired almost simultaneously - within a few seconds, the territory in the target area was literally plowed up by heavy rockets. At the same time, the deafening howl that the rockets raised during the flight literally drove us crazy. Those who did not die during the shelling were often no longer able to resist, as they were shell-shocked, stunned, and completely psychologically suppressed. The mobility of the installation made it possible to quickly change position and avoid a retaliatory strike from the enemy.

Each vehicle had a box of explosives and a fuse cord. If there was a risk of the equipment being captured by the enemy, the crew was obliged to blow it up and thereby destroy the rocket systems.

The name “Katyusha” comes from the “KAT” (Kostikova Automatic Thermite) marking on the incendiary rockets used. And since the appearance of weapons in combat units coincided with the popularity of the song “Katyusha,” this name stuck.

We propose to build a model of the BM-13 Katyusha guards mortar on a Studebaker platform (Studbacker-US6).

Specifications

Engine: 6-cylinder, in-line.

Working volume -5240 cm W.

Power -95 hp at 2500 rpm.

Load capacity -2.5 t.

Weight -4850 kg.

Speed ​​-72 km/h.

M-13 rocket

Caliber, mm -132

Projectile weight, kg -42.3

Warhead mass, kg -21.3

Mass of explosive, kg -4.9

Maximum firing range, km -8.47

Salvo production time, 7-10 seconds.

Assembly instructions

1. Frame

The frame is assembled according to the scheme from parts 1-6. The folds are marked gray. Using part 7 we glue the front bumper 9 and towing hooks 8, we assemble the rear part from parts 10-15, part 13 is rolled up into a tube. For convenience, you can insert a strip of cardboard 1 mm thick. in detail 10.

Now you can assemble the pendant. First, three gearboxes are assembled from parts 30-36. Then, axles 29, 69 and 108 are threaded through each. Then, with the help of crosses 50, cardan shafts 51,70 and 71 are glued. It is more convenient to glue crosses 50 if you first put inside a piece cut out of cardboard in the shape of a cross. The transfer case is assembled from parts 72-1 and 72-2. The gearbox is assembled from parts 72-4 and 72-8 and glued to the transfer case using crosspieces 50 and cardan 72-3. The two rear axles are glued to the frame using part 66, to part 2 and with the help of springs. The rear springs are assembled from strips 21, which are first folded in half, glued and then glued to each other. After the package of springs is assembled, they need to be given a semicircular shape in place. Instead of parts 25 and 26, you can use a toothpick.

2. Wheels

Rear wheel discs are assembled from parts 203-206. Separately cut out the nuts 90 and glue them to the disk. Then we assemble the tire from parts 209-212. After assembly, the wheels are glued to axles 29 and 69.

The front wheel rims are assembled a little differently if you want to make them swivel. Part 208 is added to the front discs. The rotation mechanism is assembled as follows: part 95 is rolled up into a ring and part 92 is inserted inside and fixed with part 94. Part 92 should rotate freely inside part 95. Then part 92 is glued to the axis 108. Part 102 is glued inside the disk and Part 99 is glued to it. After this, the tire is put on the disk. The order of further assembly is clear from the diagram.

3. Engine

It is better to start assembling the engine with housing 111. Then additional equipment is glued to it. To facilitate gluing of part 112, a piece cut out of cardboard, 1 mm thick, shaped to fit, is glued inside. The remaining parts are glued in numerical order. After the engine, we assemble the radiator from parts 137-140. After assembly, the radiator and engine are glued to the frame - the engine to part 5, and the radiator using part 141. After this, the radiator is glued to the engine using a tube glued from parts 142-146.

4. Cabin

First we assemble the cabin interior. First, we assemble the instrument panel 180, which we glue to the front wall 186, and the floor 185 to it. We assemble the steering wheel 192 and the steering shaft 192-1. We fold the levers 194 in half and glue them together, and we do the same with the pedals 195. We glue the finished pedals and levers according to the diagram. Lastly, we glue the seat (198-199) and the interior of the cabin is ready. Now let's move on to the outer skin of the cabin. The cabin roof is assembled from parts 149-150. Ceiling 149-1 is glued to it from the inside. Then the back wall 148 and the side walls 160. The doors are folded and glued. Hinges are glued between the door halves. We glue the glass cut out from transparent film according to the templates on the last page and glue the windshield wipers 197. Then we assemble the hood. The front wing is glued from part 182. Part 182-1 is glued from the wrong side. We glue the side wall 181 to it. We assemble the hood cover 180 according to the diagram and glue it in place. We glue two headlights 201 and one smaller one 202, which is located on the spruce side, and glue the grille 200. At the back of the cabin we glue a gas tank 214-216.

5. Launcher

Assembly of the launcher begins with the assembly of the base 218, which is attached to the vehicle frame using parts 217. We glue control mechanisms 221-226 and 227-231 to the front part. Assembling guides for rockets. They consist of three parts. Parts 253 and 253-1 are bent to form the letter P turned on its side and glued together, then holes are cut in them, then strips 254 are glued to the top and bottom. The guides are connected to each other using parts 257 rolled up into a tube. According to the diagram, we assemble a tubular structure, with the help of which we glue the guides to the base of the launcher. The parts for gluing are pre-formed on a mandrel with a diameter of 2 mm. and glue the launcher to the frame to parts 217.

"Katyusha"- the popular name for rocket artillery combat vehicles BM-8 (with 82 mm shells), BM-13 (132 mm) and BM-31 (310 mm) during the Great Patriotic War. There are several versions of the origin of this name, the most likely of which is associated with the factory mark “K” of the manufacturer of the first BM-13 combat vehicles (Voronezh Comintern Plant), as well as with the popular song of the same name at that time (music by Matvey Blanter, lyrics by Mikhail Isakovsky).
(Military encyclopedia. Chairman of the Main Editorial Commission S.B. Ivanov. Military Publishing House. Moscow. in 8 volumes -2004 ISBN 5 - 203 01875 - 8)

The BM-13 received its baptism of fire on July 14, 1941, when the battery fired the first salvo from all installations railway station Orsha, where a large amount of enemy manpower and military equipment was concentrated. As a result of a powerful fire strike by 112 rockets simultaneously, a fire glow rose above the station: enemy trains were burning, ammunition was exploding. Another hour and a half later, Flerov’s battery fired a second salvo, this time at the crossing of the Orshitsa River, on the outskirts of which a lot of German equipment and manpower had accumulated. As a result, the enemy's crossing was disrupted and he was unable to develop his success in this direction.

The first experience of using the new missile weapon showed its high combat effectiveness, which was one of the reasons for its rapid commissioning and equipping the Ground Forces with it.

The restructuring of industry associated with the production of missile weapons was carried out in a short time; a large number of enterprises were involved in its production (already in July-August 1941 - 214 factories), which ensured the supply of this military equipment to the troops. In August-September 1941, serial production of BM‑8 combat installations with 82-mm rockets was launched.

Simultaneously with the deployment of production, work continued to create new and improve existing models of missiles and launchers.

On July 30, 1941, a special design bureau (SKB) began work at the Moscow Kompressor plant - the main design bureau for launchers, and the plant itself became the main enterprise for their production. This SKB, under the leadership of the head and chief designer Vladimir Barmin, during the war years developed 78 samples of launchers of various types, mounted on cars, tractors, tanks, railway platforms, river and sea ​​ships. Thirty-six of them were put into service, mastered by industry and used in combat.

Much attention was paid to the production of rockets, the creation of new ones and the improvement of existing models. The 82-mm M-8 rocket was modernized, and powerful high-explosive rockets were created: 132-mm M-20, 300-mm M-30 and M-31; increased range - M-13 DD and improved accuracy - M-13 UK and M-31 UK.

With the beginning of the war, special troops were created within the Armed Forces of the USSR for combat use missile weapons. These were rocket troops, but during the war they were called guards mortar units (GMC), and later - rocket artillery. The first organizational form of the MMC was separate batteries and divisions.

By the end of the war, rocket artillery had 40 separate divisions (38 M-13 and 2 M-8), 115 regiments (96 M-13 and 19 M-8), 40 separate brigades(27 M-31 and 13 M-31-12) and 7 divisions - a total of 519 divisions with over 3,000 combat vehicles.

The legendary Katyushas took part in all major operations during the war.

The fate of the first separate experimental battery was cut short at the beginning of October 1941. After a baptism of fire near Orsha, the battery successfully operated in battles near Rudnya, Smolensk, Yelnya, Roslavl and Spas-Demensk. During three months of hostilities, Flerov’s battery not only inflicted considerable material damage on the Germans, it also contributed to the rise morale among our soldiers and officers, exhausted by continuous retreats.

The Nazis staged a real hunt for new weapons. But the battery did not stay long in one place - after firing a salvo, it immediately changed position. The tactical technique - salvo - change of position - was widely used by Katyusha units during the war.

At the beginning of October 1941, as part of a group of troops on the Western Front, the battery found itself in the rear of the Nazi troops. While moving to the front line from the rear on the night of October 7, she was ambushed by the enemy near the village of Bogatyr, Smolensk region. Most of the battery personnel and Ivan Flerov were killed, having shot all the ammunition and blown up the combat vehicles. Only 46 soldiers managed to escape from the encirclement. The legendary battalion commander and the rest of the soldiers, who had fulfilled their duty to the end with honor, were considered “missing in action.” And only when it was possible to discover documents from one of the Wehrmacht army headquarters, which reported what actually happened on the night of October 6-7, 1941 near the Smolensk village of Bogatyr, Captain Flerov was excluded from the lists of missing persons.

For heroism Ivan Flerov posthumously in 1963 awarded the order Patriotic War, 1st degree, and in 1995 he was awarded the title of Hero Russian Federation posthumously.

In honor of the battery’s feat, a monument was built in the city of Orsha and an obelisk near the city of Rudnya.

On July 14, 1941, in the battles near Orsha, it fell on the fascist positions, causing horror. fire tornado rockets. This was fought by an experimental battery under the command of Ivan Vasilyevich Flerov. Thus began the life of the world’s first combat vehicles of field rocket artillery - “Katyushas”, as our soldiers affectionately called them. The legendary Katyushas traveled all the roads of war, improving, gaining more and more power and accuracy. They took part in many military operations, including the capture of the Reichstag in Berlin.

Today, the Katyushas have been replaced by new combat vehicles - modern heavy rocket launchers. Powerful tractor-trailer vehicles on wheels with wide-profile tires are capable of moving at a speed of 75 km/h and overcoming obstacles and fords.

The artillery part of modern Katyushas is 40 guide tubes assembled in a package and installed on a lifting and rotating device. The missiles are capable of hitting the enemy at a distance of up to 20 km.

We invite you to build a model of a modern rocket artillery combat vehicle (Fig. 72). Basically, the work will require thick cardboard 1 mm thick and drawing paper. For some parts you will need other materials - we will talk about them specifically.

First, transfer the parts shown in Figure 73 onto cardboard. Draw out the parts that will be glued to the left side of the model yourself. Let us remind you how this is done. Copy onto the tracing paper those details next to which the letter P (right) is located, then turn the tracing paper over and transfer the resulting image onto the cardboard.

Cut out all the details along the contour. Where the letter B is, cut holes, and where the dot is, make punctures with an awl. Bend the workpieces along the fold lines, after first running the tip of the awl along them with pressure. Then transfer all the developments onto drawing paper, except for parts 21, 50′ and 54′, the development drawings of which are shown in Figures 74, 75. You need to cut and bend them in the same way as cardboard parts. Cut the blanks of parts 21 from ordinary thin paper and, having greased them with glue, screw them onto a rod with a diameter of 4 mm - you will get tubes 10 cm long.

Reamers 50′ and 54′ need to be cut from transparent film. It's better to mark them like this. Place the film on the drawings of the developments, use an awl to transfer the image of the parts onto the film, and then cut them out.

Now prepare for assembly the parts shown in Figure 76. Cut out parts 74 and 65 from round sticks or pencils, parts 73 and 67 from thread spools, part 46 and a cube measuring 1 X 1 X 1 cm from cork, part 72 - made of tin or plexiglass, part 75 - from thin rubber (for example, from an old bicycle inner tube), part 43 - from a plastic or metal tube, and parts 17′ and 51' - from transparent film. Bend parts 32, 48, 49, 53, 59 from wire. If you don’t have thick wire at hand, straighten regular paper clips.

So, the parts are prepared, you can start assembling. The assembly diagram of the cabin, launcher and frame is shown in Figure 72, wheels and axles - in Figure 76.

The cabin is a cardboard frame covered with paper. The frame is assembled like this. Glue the oil radiator 19 onto the water radiator 18, and glue the frame 11 to the frame 12. Glue the radiators and frames to the base 14 in the places indicated by dashed lines.

On the same base, fasten frame 13 and radiator trim 20, and stick part 2 on top.

Then glue parts 1, 4 and 3.

Install frame 9 in the rear part of the cabin frame. Place part 6 on it and frame 12, and glue frame 7 to it.

Glue parts 8 and 10 to the back of the frame.

The final operation of assembling the cabin is gluing the trim. First prepare the parts for installation: glue the corners of the hood cover 61 and roof 64, to inside parts 50 and 54, glue parts 50′ and 54′, make notches in the hood 56 and bend the valves inward. Insert the radiator grille bars 59 into the holes in the base 14 of the cabin and parts 2.

Then, in order, stick on parts 50, 63, 54, 5, 64, 61, 56, 58, 60,

62. Attach parts 15, 16, 17, 55, 52, 57 to the fender liners, footrest and headlight, respectively.

Place the launcher on the platform that needs to be glued together

from parts 26 and 27. Place a barrel on the platform: it is assembled from skin 30 glued into a ring and bottoms 28. The hoops are imitated with two pieces of twine glued in the places indicated in the figure. Glue the prepared tubes 21 into a bag consisting of four rows - ten tubes in each. In the places indicated in the drawing, wrap this bag several times with threads and fasten with staple 23.

Glue the cradle 22 and secure the bag on it. Then glue the base from parts 24, 24′ and 25, after first attaching a cube of cork measuring 1X1X1 cm (with glue) to part 24′. Nail the base with the washer placed under it to the platform (the nail should be inserted from the underside of the platform), and glue the cradle with a package of tubes to the base. The assembled unit must rotate around its axis. If you want the cradle to change its angle, connect it to the base using a wire rod.

Rods 74 with tightly fitted drums 73 and loose washers 72 form the axles. Another rings 76 are glued to the drums of the middle and rear axles, between which a bead 75 is put on.

A large pulley is mounted on the middle axis, consisting of a drum 67 with a paper strip 38 screwed onto it and two disks 68. It can be installed only after the frame has been assembled.

The frame of the model is assembled from two spars and five cross beams. Bend the spars 34 into the letter P and glue paper strips 38 to them from below (their length is determined by location). Insert bushings 43 into the holes of the side members and place the finished parts on the axles. Make a beam 33, four beams 35 and glue them between the side members 34. Reinforce the front part of the frame with a bumper 31 with two hooks 32, and the rear with part 36 with one hook. Glue parts 44 to the frame on top.

Assemble the wheels according to the diagram shown in Figure 76. It does not require any special explanation. We only note that part 71 needs to be bent along the center line and given a conical shape. This is done

So. Insert the needle of the measuring compass into the center of the cross on the development, and use the second needle to press the fold line. Now it’s easy to give the workpiece a conical shape. Place the finished wheels firmly on the axles with glue so that the ends of the axles protrude 2 mm beyond the wheel rims.

Glue the finished cabin and platform with the launcher to the frame. On the left side of the platform, attach a gas tank glued together from skin 40 and frames 39. Roll up part 41 into a tube - it imitates the neck of the tank - and glue it into the hole of the tank from above. Glue a cover consisting of two parts 42 onto the neck. On the right side, glue a spare parts box (part 47) to the platform and make a step, glue aprons 45 on the back, and on top - a base for the DP-10 electric motor (part 46). For a micromotor of another type, you will have to design the base yourself.

Secure the microelectric motor to the base with adhesive tape or a cardboard clamp, place a small pulley on the shaft, connect it with a large pulley mounted on the middle axis (see Fig. 76 “Kinematic diagram”). Connect the engine to the control panel (CP), consisting of a battery and a three-position switch. Carry out sea trials. The model must perform three commands: “Forward”, “Backward” and “Stop”. If there are any shortcomings, eliminate them and move on to the final stage - finishing the model.

Finishing the model consists of sticking small parts. Reinstall handles 48 and 49, mirror holders 53 51. Glue film parts 51′ and 17′ onto the mirrors and headlights, after placing pieces of foil under them.

The model is assembled. Chassis Paint the finished model with black ink, and the cockpit and launcher with green gouache or tempera. You can paint a guards badge on the cabin doors. To make the model stronger and to prevent the paint from smearing, cover it with clear varnish or PVA glue.

July 14, 1941 at one of the defense sites 20 th Army, in the forest to the east Orshi, tongues of flame shot up to the sky, accompanied by an unusual roar, not at all similar to the shots of artillery guns. Clouds of black smoke rose above the trees, and barely visible arrows hissed in the sky towards the German positions.

Soon the entire area of ​​the local station, captured by the Nazis, was engulfed in furious fire. The Germans, stunned, ran in panic. It took the enemy a long time to rally his demoralized units. Thus, for the first time in history, they declared themselves "Katyusha".

The first combat use of a new type of powder rockets by the Red Army dates back to the battles at Khalkhin Gol. On May 28, 1939, Japanese troops that occupied Manchuria, in the area of ​​the Khalkhin Gol River, launched an offensive against Mongolia, with which the USSR was bound by a mutual assistance treaty. A local, but no less bloody war began. And here in August 1939 a group of fighters I-16 under the command of a test pilot Nikolai Zvonarev first used RS-82 missiles.

The Japanese at first decided that their planes were attacked by a well-camouflaged anti-aircraft installation. Only a few days later, one of the officers who took part in the air battle reported: “Under the wings of Russian aircraft, I saw bright flashes of flame!”

"Katyusha" in a combat position

Experts flew in from Tokyo, examined the damaged aircraft and agreed that such destruction could only be caused by a shell with a diameter of at least 76 mm. But calculations showed that an aircraft capable of withstanding the recoil of a gun of this caliber simply could not exist! Only experimental fighters tested 20 mm guns. To find out the secret, a real hunt was announced for the planes of Captain Zvonarev and his comrades, pilots Pimenov, Fedorov, Mikhailenko and Tkachenko. But the Japanese failed to shoot down or land at least one car.

The results of the first use of missiles launched from aircraft exceeded all expectations. In less than a month of fighting (a truce was signed on September 15), the pilots of Zvonarev’s group flew 85 combat missions and 14 air battles shot down 13 enemy planes!

Rockets, which showed themselves so successfully on the battlefield, were developed from the beginning of the 1930s at the Jet Research Institute (RNII), which after the repressions of 1937-1938 was headed by a chemist Boris Slonimer. He worked directly on rockets Yuri Pobedonostsev, to whom now belongs the honor of being called their author.

The success of the new weapon spurred work on the first version of a multi-charge unit, which later turned into the Katyusha. At NII-3 of the People's Commissariat of Ammunition, as the RNII was called before the war, he led this work as chief engineer Andrey Kostikov, Modern historians speak rather disrespectfully of Kostikov. And this is fair, because the archives revealed his denunciations against his colleagues (the same as Pobedonostsev).

The first version of the future Katyusha was charging 132 -mm shells similar to those that Captain Zvonarev fired at Khalkhin Gol. The entire installation with 24 guides was mounted on a ZIS-5 truck. Here the authorship belongs to Ivan Gvai, who had previously made the “Flute” - an installation for rockets on I-15 and I-16 fighters. The first field tests near Moscow, carried out at the beginning of 1939, revealed many shortcomings.

Military experts who approached the assessment rocket artillery from the position of cannon artillery, they saw these strange machines as a technical curiosity. But, despite the ridicule of the artillerymen, the institute’s staff continued to work hard on the second version of the launcher. It was installed on a more powerful ZIS-6 truck. However, 24 guides, mounted across the vehicle, as in the first version, did not ensure stability of the vehicle when firing.

Field tests of the second option were carried out in the presence of a marshal Klima Voroshilova. Thanks to his favorable assessment, the development team received support command staff. At the same time, designer Galkovsky proposed a completely new option: leave 16 guides and mount them longitudinally on the machine. In August 1939, the pilot plant was manufactured.

By that time the group led Leonid Schwartz designed and tested samples of new 132 mm rockets. In the fall of 1939, another series of tests was carried out at the Leningrad artillery range. This time, the launchers and their shells were approved. From that moment on, the rocket launcher began to be officially called BM-13, which meant "combat vehicle", and 13 was an abbreviation for the caliber of the 132 mm rocket.

The BM-13 combat vehicle was a chassis of a three-axle ZIS-6 vehicle, on which a rotary truss with a package of guides and a guidance mechanism was installed. For aiming, a rotating and lifting mechanism and an artillery sight were provided. At the rear of the combat vehicle there were two jacks, which ensured its greater stability when firing. The missiles were launched using a hand-held electric coil connected to a battery and contacts on the guides. When the handle was turned, the contacts closed in turn, and the starting squib was fired in the next projectile.

At the end of 1939, the Main Artillery Directorate of the Red Army gave an order to NII-3 for the production of six BM-13s. By November 1940, this order was completed. On June 17, 1941, the vehicles were demonstrated at a review of Red Army weapons that took place near Moscow. BM-13 was inspected by the marshal Tymoshenko, People's Commissar of Armaments Ustinov, People's Commissar of Ammunition Vannikov and Chief of the General Staff Zhukov. On June 21, following the review, the command decided to launch missile production M-13 and BM-13 installations.

On the morning of June 22, 1941, employees of NII-3 gathered within the walls of their institute. It was clear: the new weapon would no longer undergo any military tests - now it was important to assemble all the installations and send them into battle. Seven BM-13 vehicles formed the backbone of the first rocket artillery battery, the decision to form which was made on June 28, 1941. And already on the night of July 2, she left under her own power for the Western Front.

The first battery consisted of a control platoon, a sighting platoon, three fire platoons, a combat supply platoon, a utility department, a fuel and lubricants department, and a medical unit. In addition to seven BM-13 launchers and a 122-mm howitzer of the 1930 model, which served for sighting, the battery had 44 trucks for transporting 600 M-13 rockets, 100 shells for a howitzer, an entrenching tool, three refills of fuels and lubricants, seven daily norms of food and other property.

Captain Ivan Andreevich Flerov - first commander of the experimental Katyusha battery

The command staff of the battery was staffed mainly by students of the Dzerzhinsky Artillery Academy, who had just graduated from the first year of the command department. Captain was appointed battery commander Ivan Flerov- an artillery officer with experience Soviet-Finnish war. No special training Neither the officers nor the numbers of the combat crews of the first battery had; during the period of formation, only three training sessions were possible.

They were led by missile weapons developers, design engineer Popov and military engineer 2nd rank Shitov. Just before the end of class, Popov pointed to a large wooden box mounted on the running board of a combat vehicle. “When we send you to the front,” he said, “we will fill this box with sabers and put a squib cartridge so that at the slightest threat of the enemy’s seizure of the rocket weapons, we can blow up both the installation and the shells.” Two days after leaving Moscow, the battery became part of the 20th Army of the Western Front, which fought for Smolensk.

On the night of July 12-13, she was alerted and sent to Orsha. At the Orsha station, many German trains with troops, equipment, ammunition and fuel accumulated. Flerov ordered the battery to be deployed five kilometers from the station, behind a hill. The engines of the vehicles were not turned off in order to immediately leave the position after the salvo. At 15:15 on July 14, 1941, Captain Flerov gave the command to open fire.

Here is the text of the report in German General base: “The Russians used a battery with an unprecedented number of guns. The shells are high-explosive incendiary, but have an unusual effect. The troops fired at by the Russians testify: the fire raid is like a hurricane. The shells explode simultaneously. The loss of life is significant." The morale effect of the use of rocket mortars was stunning. The enemy lost more than an infantry battalion and a huge amount of military equipment and weapons at the Orsha station.

On the same day, Flerov’s battery fired at the crossing of the Orshitsa River, where a lot of Nazi manpower and equipment had also accumulated. In the following days, the battery was used in various directions of the 20th Army's operations as a fire reserve for the chief of artillery of the army. Several successful salvoes were fired at the enemy in the areas of Rudnya, Smolensk, Yartsevo, and Dukhovshina. The effect exceeded all expectations.

The German command tried to get samples of the Russian wonder weapons. The hunt began for Captain Flerov's battery, as once for Zvonarev's fighters. On October 7, 1941, near the village of Bogatyr, Vyazemsky district, Smolensk region, the Germans managed to surround the battery. The enemy attacked her suddenly, on the march, firing from different sides. The forces were unequal, but the crews fought desperately, Flerov used up the last of his ammunition and then blew up the launchers.

Having led people to a breakthrough, he died heroically. 40 out of 180 people survived, and everyone who survived the death of the battery in October 1941 was declared missing, although they fought until the victory. Only 50 years after the first salvo of the BM-13, the field near the village of Bogatyr revealed its secret. There, the remains of Captain Flerov and 17 other rocket men who died with him were finally found. In 1995, by decree of the President of the Russian Federation, Ivan Flerov was posthumously awarded the title Hero of Russia.

Flerov's battery was destroyed, but the weapon existed and continued to inflict damage on the advancing enemy. In the first days of the war, the production of new installations began at the Moscow Kompressor plant. There was no need to customize the designers either. In a matter of days, they completed the development of a new combat vehicle for 82-mm projectiles - the BM-8. It began to be produced in two versions: one - on the chassis of a ZIS-6 car with 6 guides, the other - on the chassis of an STZ tractor or T-40 and T-60 tanks with 24 guides.

Obvious successes at the front and in production allowed Headquarters Supreme High Command already in August 1941, decide to form eight regiments of rocket artillery, which, even before participating in battles, were given the name “Guards Mortar Regiments of the Supreme High Command Reserve Artillery.” This emphasized the special importance attached to the new type of weapons. The regiment consisted of three divisions, the division - of three batteries, four BM-8 or BM-13 in each.

For the 82 mm caliber rocket, guides were developed and manufactured, which were later installed on the chassis of the ZIS-6 vehicle (36 guides) and on the chassis of the T-40 and T-60 light tanks (24 guides). Special launchers for 82 mm and 132 mm caliber rockets were manufactured for their subsequent installation on warships - torpedo boats and an armored boat.

The production of BM-8 and BM-13 was continuously growing, and the designers were developing a new 300-mm M-30 rocket weighing 72 kg and with a firing range of 2.8 km. They received the nickname “Andryusha” among the people. They were launched from a launching machine (“frame”) made of wood. The launch was carried out using a sapper blasting machine. “Andryushas” were first used in Stalingrad. The new weapons were easy to manufacture, but installing them in position and aiming at the target required a lot of time. In addition, the short range of M-30 missiles made them dangerous for their own crews. Subsequently, combat experience showed that the M-30 - powerful weapon offensive, capable destroy bunkers, trenches with canopies, stone buildings and other fortifications. There was even an idea to create a mobile based on Katyushas anti-aircraft missile system to destroy enemy aircraft, but the experimental installation was never brought to production.

On the effectiveness of combat use of Katyushas During an attack on an enemy fortified unit, an example can be given of the defeat of the Tolkachev defensive unit during our counteroffensive near Kursk in July 1943. Village Tolkachevo was turned by the Germans into a heavily fortified resistance center with a large number of dugouts and bunkers of 5-12 roll-ups, with a developed network of trenches and communication passages. The approaches to the village were heavily mined and covered with wire fences. Salvos of rocket artillery destroyed a significant part of the bunkers, the trenches, along with the enemy infantry in them, were filled up, and the fire system was completely suppressed. Of the entire garrison of the node, numbering 450-500 people, only 28 survived. The Tolkachevsky node was taken by our units without any resistance.

By the beginning of 1945, 38 separate divisions, 114 regiments, 11 brigades and 7 divisions armed with rocket artillery were operating on the battlefields. But there were also problems. Mass production of launchers was quickly established, but widespread use of Katyushas was held back due to a lack of ammunition. There was no industrial base for the production of high-quality gunpowders for projectile engines. Ordinary gunpowder could not be used in this case - special grades with the required surface and configuration, time, character and combustion temperature were required. The deficit was limited only by the beginning of 1942, when factories transferred from west to east began to pick up the required production rates. During the entire Great Patriotic War, Soviet industry produced more than ten thousand rocket artillery combat vehicles.

Origin of the name Katyusha

It is known why BM-13 installations began to be called “guards mortars” at one time. The BM-13 installations were not actually mortars, but the command sought to keep their design secret for as long as possible. When, at range shooting, soldiers and commanders asked a GAU representative to name the “true” name of the combat installation, he advised: “Name the installation as usual artillery piece. This is important for maintaining secrecy."

There is no single version of why the BM-13 began to be called “Katyusha”. There are several assumptions:
1. Based on the name of Blanter’s song, which became popular before the war, based on the words of Isakovsky “Katyusha”. The version is convincing, since the battery first fired on July 14, 1941 (on the 23rd day of the war) at a concentration of fascists on Bazarnaya Square in the city of Rudnya, Smolensk region. She was shooting from a high, steep mountain - the association with the high, steep bank in the song immediately arose among the fighters. Finally, the former sergeant of the headquarters company of the 217th separate communications battalion of the 144th Infantry Division of the 20th Army, Andrei Sapronov, is alive, now a military historian, who gave it this name. Red Army soldier Kashirin, having arrived with him at the battery after the shelling of Rudnya, exclaimed in surprise: “What a song!” “Katyusha,” answered Andrei Sapronov (from the memoirs of A. Sapronov in the Rossiya newspaper No. 23 of June 21-27, 2001 and in the Parliamentary Gazette No. 80 of May 5, 2005). Through the communications center of the headquarters company, the news about a miracle weapon called “Katyusha” within 24 hours became the property of the entire 20th Army, and through its command - the entire country. On July 13, 2011, the veteran and “godfather” of Katyusha turned 90 years old.

2. There is also a version that the name is associated with the “K” index on the mortar body - the installations were produced by the Kalinin plant (according to another source - by the Comintern plant). And front-line soldiers loved to give nicknames to their weapons. For example, the M-30 howitzer was nicknamed “Mother”, the ML-20 howitzer gun was nicknamed “Emelka”. Yes, and the BM-13 was at first sometimes called “Raisa Sergeevna,” thus deciphering the abbreviation RS (missile).

3. The third version suggests that this is how the girls from the Moscow Kompressor plant who worked on the assembly dubbed these cars.
Another, exotic version. The guides on which the projectiles were mounted were called ramps. The forty-two-kilogram projectile was lifted by two fighters harnessed to the straps, and the third usually helped them, pushing the projectile so that it lay exactly on the guides, and he also informed those holding that the projectile stood up, rolled, and rolled onto the guides. It was allegedly called “Katyusha” (the role of those holding the projectile and the one rolling it was constantly changing, since the crew of the BM-13, unlike cannon artillery, was not explicitly divided into loader, aimer, etc.)

4. It should also be noted that the installations were so secret that it was even forbidden to use the commands “fire”, “fire”, “volley”, instead they sounded “sing” or “play” (to start it was necessary to turn the handle of the electric coil very quickly) , which may also have been related to the song “Katyusha”. And for our infantry, a salvo of Katyusha rockets was the most pleasant music.

5. There is an assumption that initially the nickname “Katyusha” was a front-line bomber equipped with rockets - an analogue of the M-13. And the nickname jumped from the plane to rocket launcher through shells.

In the German troops, these machines were called “Stalin’s organs” due to the external resemblance of the rocket launcher to the pipe system of this musical instrument and the powerful, stunning roar that was produced when the missiles were launched.

During the battles for Poznan and Berlin, the M-30 and M-31 single-launch installations received the nickname “Russian Faustpatron” from the Germans, although these shells were not used as an anti-tank weapon. With “dagger” (from a distance of 100-200 meters) launches of these shells, the guards broke through any walls.

If Hitler's oracles had looked more closely at the signs of fate, then surely July 14, 1941 would have become a landmark day for them. It was then in the area of ​​​​the Orsha railway junction and the crossing of the Orshitsa River Soviet troops For the first time, BM-13 combat vehicles were used, which received the affectionate name “Katyusha” among the army. The result of two salvos at the accumulation of enemy forces was stunning for the enemy. German losses fell under the “unacceptable” heading.

Here are excerpts from a directive to the troops of Hitler's high military command: “The Russians have an automatic multi-barrel flamethrower cannon... The shot is fired by electricity... During the shot, smoke is generated...” The obvious helplessness of the wording testified to the complete ignorance of the German generals regarding the device and technical characteristics new Soviet weapons— rocket mortar.

A striking example of the effectiveness of the Guards mortar units, and their basis was “Katyushas,” can be seen in the lines from the memoirs of Marshal Zhukov: “The rockets, by their actions, caused complete devastation. I looked at the areas where shelling was carried out and saw the complete destruction of defensive structures ... "

The Germans developed a special plan to seize new Soviet weapons and ammunition. In the late autumn of 1941 they managed to do this. The “captive” mortar was truly “multi-barreled” and fired 16 rocket mines. His firepower was several times more effective than the mortar used by the fascist army. Hitler's command decided to create equivalent weapons.

The Germans did not immediately realize that the Soviet mortar they had captured was a truly unique phenomenon, revealing new page in the development of artillery, the era of multiple launch rocket systems (MLRS).

We must pay tribute to its creators - scientists, engineers, technicians and workers of the Moscow Jet Research Institute (RNII) and related enterprises: V. Aborenkov, V. Artemyev, V. Bessonov, V. Galkovsky, I. Gvai, I. Kleimenov, A. Kostikov, G. Langemak, V. Luzhin, A. Tikhomirov, L. Schwartz, D. Shitov.

The main difference between the BM-13 and similar German weapons was its unusually bold and unexpected concept: mortarmen could reliably hit all targets in a given square with relatively inaccurate rocket-propelled mines. This was achieved precisely due to the salvo nature of the fire, since every point of the area under fire necessarily fell into the affected area of ​​one of the shells. German designers, realizing the brilliant “know-how” of Soviet engineers, decided to reproduce, if not in the form of a copy, then using the main technical ideas.

It was in principle possible to copy the Katyusha as a combat vehicle. Insurmountable difficulties arose when trying to design, test and establish mass production of similar missiles. It turned out that German gunpowder cannot burn in the chamber of a rocket engine as stably and steadily as Soviet ones. German-designed analogues Soviet ammunition behaved unpredictably: either sluggishly left the guides only to immediately fall to the ground, or began flying at breakneck speed and exploded in the air from an excessive increase in pressure inside the chamber. Only a few successfully reached the target.

The point turned out to be that for effective nitroglycerin powders, which were used in Katyusha shells, our chemists achieved a spread in the values ​​of the so-called heat of explosive transformation of no more than 40 conventional units, and the smaller the spread, the more stable the gunpowder burns. Similar German gunpowder had a spread of this parameter, even in one batch, above 100 units. This led to unstable operation of the rocket engines.

The Germans did not know that ammunition for the Katyusha was the fruit of more than ten years of activity by the RNII and several large Soviet research teams, which included the best Soviet gunpowder factories, outstanding Soviet chemists A. Bakaev, D. Galperin, V. Karkina, G. Konovalova, B Pashkov, A. Sporius, B. Fomin, F. Khritinin and many others. They not only developed the most complex formulations of rocket propellants, but also found simple and effective methods for their mass, continuous and cheap production.

At a time when at Soviet factories, according to ready-made drawings, the production of guards rocket mortars and shells for them was expanding at an unprecedented pace and literally daily increasing, the Germans had yet to conduct research and design work by MLRS. But history has not given them time for this.

The article was written based on materials from the book Nepomnyashchiy N.N. “100 great secrets of the Second World War”, M., “Veche”, 2010, p. 152-157.