Utilization of tree bark of wood processing enterprises. Search results for \"bark waste\" Bark waste

When the trees grew, the hero of Kalevala turned the "groves into ashes." Then he sowed bread, and in the fall, from the land fertilized in this way, he also collected a good harvest. The forest-field or slash-and-burn cropping system was widespread wherever a lot of forest grew. Here, in the northern provinces of Russia, it was practiced until the 1920s. The lands here are illuminated, poor in humus, and there was no fertilizer.

Nowadays, soil fertility is increased by more effective and less dangerous methods for tree plantations. Mineral and organic fertilizers are applied, land reclamation is carried out and they are carefully cultivated. But this does not mean at all that wood ash lost its value for fields...

In state farms of the Non-Chernozem zone Russian Federation, Ukraine, Belarus, more than 50 million hectares of land are characterized by high acidity and therefore need significant doses of fertilizers that have the ability to neutralize the soil. A chemical industry does not yet deliver them there in the required quantity.

The deficit could be filled from local resources. One of the sources of such fertilizers is the bark of trees and others. wood waste. When the tree bark is burned, a valuable lime-phosphorus-potassium complex is formed, which includes the substances necessary for the plant. Such ash is especially useful for acidic soils.

About 400 million cubic meters of wood are harvested and removed from the forest every year, and together with it at least 40 million tons of bark. If it is tightly laid in a tape one meter wide and one meter high, then the tape will encircle Earth along the equator.

Modern industry is able to use the entire mass of harvested wood, with the exception of the bark. But the share of bark in spruce logs accounts for 11% by volume, in pine and larch logs - 15%. Now the bark is removed not only from pulpwood, but also from logs going for sawing, since technological chips from unpeeled logs are unsuitable for pulping. Tree bark in pulp and paper mills and sawmills is considered a necessary evil and a great burden.

Grape

In gardens and home gardens, you can choose a warmer place for planting grapes, for example, on the sunny side of the house, garden pavilion, veranda. It is recommended to plant grapes along the border of the site. The vines formed in one line will not take up much space and at the same time will be well lit from all sides. Near buildings, grapes should be placed so that water flowing from the roofs does not fall on it. On level ground, it is necessary to make ridges with good drainage due to drainage furrows. Some gardeners, following the experience of their colleagues in the western regions of the country, dig deep planting holes and fill them with organic fertilizers and fertilized soil. Pits dug in waterproof clay are a kind of closed vessel that fills with water during the monsoon rains. In fertile land root system grapes develop well at first, but as soon as waterlogging begins, it suffocates. Deep pits can play a positive role in soils where good natural drainage is provided, the subsoil is permeable, or reclamation artificial drainage is possible. planting grapes

You can quickly restore an obsolete grape bush by layering (“katavlak”). To this end, healthy vines of a neighboring bush are placed in grooves dug to the place where the dead bush used to grow, and sprinkled with earth. The top is brought to the surface, from which a new bush then grows. Lignified vines are laid on layering in spring, and green ones in July. They are not separated from the mother bush for two to three years. A frozen or very old bush can be restored by short pruning to healthy above-ground parts or pruning to the “black head” of an underground trunk. In the latter case, the underground trunk is freed from the ground and completely cut down. Not far from the surface, new shoots grow from dormant buds, due to which a new bush is formed. Grape bushes that have been neglected and severely damaged by frost are restored due to stronger fatty shoots formed in the lower part of the old wood and the removal of weakened sleeves. But before removing the sleeve, they form a replacement for it. Grape care

A gardener starting to grow grapes needs to study well the structure of the vine and the biology of this most interesting plant. Grapes belong to liana (climbing) plants, it needs support. But it can creep along the ground and take root, as is observed in Amur grapes in a wild state. The roots and the aerial part of the stem grow rapidly, branch strongly and reach large sizes. Under natural conditions, without human intervention, a branched grape bush grows with many vines of various orders, which comes into fruiting late and yields irregularly. In culture, the grapes are formed, give the bushes a form that is convenient for care, providing a high yield of high-quality clusters. Planting lemongrass

Schisandra chinensis, or schizandra, has several names - lemon Tree, red grapes, gomisha (Japanese), cochinta, kojianta (Nanai), kolchita (Ulchi), usimtya (Udege), uchampu (Oroch). In terms of structure, systemic relationship, center of origin and distribution, Schisandra chinensis has nothing to do with the real citrus plant lemon, but all its organs (roots, shoots, leaves, flowers, berries) exude the aroma of lemon, hence the name Schisandra. Lemongrass clinging or wrapping around a support, along with Amur grapes, three types of actinidia, is an original plant of the Far Eastern taiga. Its fruits, like a real lemon, are too acidic for fresh consumption, but they have medicinal properties, pleasant aroma, and this attracted a lot of attention to it. The taste of Schisandra chinensis berries improves somewhat after frost. Local hunters who consume such fruits claim that they relieve fatigue, invigorate the body and improve eyesight. In the consolidated Chinese pharmacopoeia, compiled back in 1596, it says: "Chinese lemongrass fruit has five tastes, classified in the first category of medicinal substances. The pulp of lemongrass is sour and sweet, the seeds are bitter-astringent, and in general the taste of the fruit is salty. Thus, It contains all five tastes. Grow lemongrass

Development of a map-scheme for the collection and location of waste on the territory of the enterprise

The development of a map-scheme for the collection and location of waste on the territory of the enterprise is shown in Figure 21.

Figure 21 - Map - scheme for the collection and location of waste at the enterprise: 1 - pieces of woody greenery; 2 - sawdust; 3 - waste of twigs and branches; 4 - bark waste; 5 - lead batteries; 6 - used oils; 7 - tires; 8 - MSW; 9 - black scrap metal; 10 - cleaning oiled rags; 11 - overalls.

Production and consumption waste management

Each type of waste at the enterprise is collected in special containers placed on a concrete platform (table 2).

Table 18 - Characteristics of waste storage (accumulation) sites at Ecoles LLC

Analysis of methods of disposal of logging waste

Logging waste - wood residues that appeared after felling trees, their cleaning, stumps, debarking, bucking, these are stumps, branches, bark, branches, needles, leaves, wood chips and sawdust (Figure 22, 23, 24, 25). One of critical tasks logging enterprises is the appropriate use of waste. The output of wood when using roots and stumps increases by 15-20%; in addition to obtaining pine and cedar resin (raw materials for the production of rosin and turpentine), there is a theoretical possibility of using root and stump wood for the manufacture of fibreboard and particle board.

Figure 22 - Sections of whips and fragments of trunks

Substandard lengths of tree trunks and trunk fragments are used to produce process chips, which are raw materials for the panel and pulp industries, to produce pulpwood, which is also used to produce pulp and wood pulp.

Figure 23 - Tree bark

The bark of trees left after logging is used as a natural organic fertilizer- when decomposed in the soil, it releases nitrogen, which is used to feed plants; calcium, potassium, phosphorus, magnesium, boron, manganese. In addition, the bark contains fiber and other valuable biologically active substances. Thus, the bark is an invaluable additional source for fodder production. In addition, the bark obtained as a result of logging can be used as a fuel; when burned, it releases hydrogen and carbon. But it must be added that in this case the bark should be dense in composition, have a uniform composition and have little moisture. For this bark different ways dehydrated, crushed into a homogeneous mass, pressed into briquettes and logs.

Figure 24 - Sawdust

Sawdust obtained as a result of logging is used as an additive to the main raw material in the production of paper, cardboard, cellulose; in hydrolysis production to produce wood alcohol, furfural and yeast.

The tree crown as a product of logging can be used, as well as fragments of trunks, as a raw material for the production of technological chips. The branches, especially those of coniferous trees, are distinguished by a high content of resins, which at the output gives cellulose 8-10% lower than from the trunk. It is therefore expedient to use branches and twigs to obtain green chips, which are used for fuel and additives for the production of wood-based panels.

Figure 25 - Tree greens (needles)

Leaves, needles obtained as a result of logging, rich in vitamins, proteins, amino acids, carbohydrates, are used as raw materials for vitamin flour added to feed for livestock. Extracted from pine needles essential oils, carotene, chlorophyll, which are used in medicine and pharmaceuticals. Unfortunately, there are difficulties in the processing of greenery: small volumes, rapid deterioration of raw materials, clogging with organic impurities make it impossible to make large stocks.

UTILIZATION OF WOOD BARK OF WOOD PROCESSING ENTERPRISES

Devyatlovskaya A.N., Zhuravleva L.N., Devyatlovsky N.V.

(Lf SibGTU, Lesosibirsk, RF)

The chemical properties of fresh barking bark and the bark lain in dumps different periods of time are defined in the article. Recommendations on the bark composting technology and its use as soil in greenhouse farms are developed.

key words : bark, punch, utilization, fertilizer

The problems of increasing the efficiency of wood use in sawmilling can be provided at the expense of resource-saving technologies and regimes that provide for rational ways of cutting it into the main types of products and the integrated use of the resulting waste. In modern conditions for enterprises Krasnoyarsk Territory this problem is of particular relevance due to the depletion of raw materials of valuable coniferous wood and the decrease in the technological characteristics of sawn raw materials.

The urgency of this problem increases every year and acquires a special meaning for enterprises where, in the process of wood processing, they are dumped as waste: bark, sawdust and wood chips, which are not sold and are dumped. The territories adjacent to such enterprises are polluted and pose a fire hazard to nearby buildings.

Creation task wasteless technology The use of wood is important at every stage of its processing: wood debarking, the use of pre-barked lumpy waste and logging residues at logging enterprises, in the process of cutting into lumber. Wood waste obtained in the process of processing: bark, sawdust, wood chips can be productively used in agriculture, for energy purposes, as a raw material for obtaining various building boards and other materials for the needs of the national economy.

The bark is the raw material of the future, and undoubtedly new technological processes enabling it to be used productively and profitably. Solution industrial use bark is of great economic importance and in terms of the integrated use of wood raw materials is considered as one of the urgent tasks.

In addition to the annually discarded wood bark, sawdust and small chips, pulp and paper production and sawmill enterprises have previously formed dumps of unused waste. The content of these dumps consists of a mixture of bark and wood with a large amount of soil impurities and appearance It is a highly dispersed loose mass of dark brown color with particles of slightly decomposed bark and wood flakes. Such dumps of bark at enterprises reach several meters in height and occupy large areas factory territories, litter reservoirs and approaches to places of unloading of raw materials from the alloy. Long-term storage of untreated bark in dumps leads to pollution of natural reservoirs, disrupts the biological balance between the individual links of biocenoses and, thereby, the sanitary condition of the territories in the dumps.

scientists different countries search for optimal solutions for the use of bark as a raw material for the chemical, pharmaceutical industries, its use in agriculture and raw materials for fibrous semi-finished products.

The choice of an economically profitable direction for the use of the bark in each specific case is determined depending on the quality of the bark, the volume of production and the economic profile of the region of consumption. The economy of any possible ways utilization of the bark primarily depends on the real cost of the bark as a raw material, taking into account the costs of collection, transport, storage and preliminary preparation for processing.

The problem of bark utilization is also in our region, as there are timber processing enterprises in the city itself and in the surrounding areas. Currently, the main method of utilization of bark in large quantities with a relatively simple process is its burning.

The object of the study was fresh bark and bark accumulated in dumps unsuitable for burning and debarking wastes of timber processing enterprises of the Angara-Yenisei region. The work identifies some Chemical properties bark of fresh bark and bark that has lain in dumps for different periods of time, as well as recommendations on the technology of preparing bark composts and using them as soil in greenhouses of the city.

The following stages were used to prepare bark compost: sorting, crushing, laying bark, applying mineral fertilizers, composting and compost readiness. In this regard, the bark was previously sorted into coniferous and deciduous species, since they differ in anatomical structure and chemical composition. This difference is especially pronounced in birch bark, which is mainly cork tissue filled with bitulin.

Softwood bark is more resistant to microbiological degradation than hardwood bark, and therefore requires finer grinding and careful selection of nitrogen supplements. The course of the composting process is significantly affected by the degree of grinding of the bark. Too large particles of bark compost more slowly, very small ones stick together into lumps and reduce the aeration of the pile, finely ground bark requires more nitrogen to decompose. Thus, the bark was crushed to a particle size of 3-10 mm at 70% humidity using mills.

Composting was carried out in piles 3 meters wide and up to 1.5 meters high. To speed up the process of decomposition of the bark and enrich the compost nutrients nitrogen-containing and other additives were added to the bark. The best sources of nitrogen are ammonium forms of fertilizers, which create a neutral environment. The optimal dose of nitrogen for the bark of coniferous wood is 0.8-1% by weight, for hardwood 1.5-2%. In the conditions of our regions equated to the north, 4.3 kg of urea (corresponding to 1% nitrogen) and 3 kg of simple or 1.5 kg of double superphosphate and 0.7 potassium fertilizers were applied per cubic meter of bark.

Crushed and enriched with nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium bark with a moisture content of up to 75% was composted in heaps for four months. To improve the quality of the compost and accelerate its maturation, the bark was mixed weekly, the temperature was measured at a depth of 50 cm, and the humidity was maintained at at least 60%. The microbiological oxidative process of decomposition of the bark, which began in the pile, is accompanied by an energetic release of heat and proceeds successfully at any outside temperature. However, it is possible to form new heaps from fresh unheated bark only at a temperature not lower than 15°C. Such compost has an acidity of 5.5 - 6 pH , porosity 80 - 90%, has the ability to hold up to 300 g of water for every 100 g of dry matter. Compost is considered ready when the nitrogen content in 1 m 3 of compost reaches 300 g.

Microbiological processes can be judged by the changes that occur in the bark during its storage in terms of the carbon-nitrogen ratio (C: N ). The processes occurring in the bark stored in dumps are similar to the processes in fresh bark during composting in heaps with the addition of nitrogen, only these processes in dumps are much slower. So, according to the work, the ratio C: N in mature compost - 68, in fresh bark - 140, taken from dumps - about - 70. The methods of analysis for carbon and nitrogen are the same as in the work. According to the ratios C: N , bark from dumps can be considered immature bark compost and, after appropriate preparation, can be used as soil. The longer the bark has lain in the dumps, the less nitrogen is required to achieve the recommended C ratio: N.

The finished compostable mass was sieved to remove undecomposed residues. As a result, high-quality compost containing nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, calcium and humus was obtained. Korokompost, like peat, is a good humus former. Moreover, in the crust compost there are 20% more humus-forming substances than in peat, and the presence of a large amount of CaO in it contributes to the improvement of floating acidic soils. The nitrogen contained in the compost is slowly current form decomposing within 2-3 years. Thus, fertilizers prepared on its basis have a long-term effect.

The prepared corocompost was used in the greenhouses of the city for growing cucumbers. As prototypes we took pure bark compost and with the addition of peat substrate in various proportions. Studies have shown that the partial replacement of peat with bark composts has increased the yield of cucumbers up to 25%. Vegetables grown on soils with the addition of composted bark are distinguished by increased nutritional value and resistance to root rot diseases (nematodes).

Observational data show that the crust, decomposing with the release of heat, creates comfortable conditions for the vital activity of plants, contributing to their development and growth. The bark contains about 85% organic matter, the easily decomposed part of the bark stimulates the biological activity of the soil and is a source of mineral and carbonaceous substances used by plants in the process of life. High porosity and the ability to retain moisture contribute to the water-physical improvement of soils. From these positions, the bark can be assessed as a good soil conditioner.

Having studied this problem in our region, we can confidently say that it is most expedient to use bark waste from wood processing enterprises for the needs of agriculture and greenhouses. A distinctive feature is the simplicity of the bark preparation process, which does not require complex and expensive equipment, as well as the possibility of using both fresh and already accumulated bark in dumps in almost unlimited quantities. At the same time, artificially withdrawn organic matter returns to the cycle of nature.

Solving the problem of the integrated use of wood raw materials will expand the scope of use of annually dumped in the form of industrial waste and stocks of wood bark accumulated in dumps.

2. Nifantieva G.G. Experience of using the bark as a greenhouse soil /G.G. Nifantiev, N.O. Osipova, A.N. Devyatlovskaya, V.A. Minyailo // The contribution of scientists and specialists of Lesosibirsk to the implementation of the program "Intensification-90" of the timber industry: Sat. Art. regional scientific-techn. conf. - Lesosibirsk, 1987. - S. 104.

3. Use of bark compost as a substrate for growing vegetables in greenhouses. Inform. Sheet of the Arkhangelsk Center for Information and Propaganda, No. 361. -Arkhangelsk, 1975.

4. Nifantieva G.G. The use of cow rolls / G.G. Nifantiev, V.A. Minyailo // Problems of the chemical-forest complex: Sat. Art. all-Russian scientific –pract. conf. - Krasnoyarsk, 1993. - S. 128.