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Platelets are blood cells that are involved in the process of thrombosis and hemostasis. They play an important role in the body, protecting against vascular damage and bleeding. Therefore, you need to regularly undergo an examination and promptly seek help from a doctor in case of detection of deviations from the established norms. Analyzes that determine platelets, the norm in women by age, a table of indicators for them and men, the causes of deviations are presented in this material.

The role of platelets in the body

Platelets are cells that are shaped like small plates. Their main role in the body is to protect against blood loss. When a vessel is damaged, platelets are immediately sent to the damaged area. Connecting with each other, they form a barrier, preventing bleeding.

In addition to such a protective one, they provide a liquid state of the blood, and also dissolve the formed blood clots.

That is why it is important to regularly test for platelets in the blood. The norm, values, as well as the reasons for the formation of deviations in the indicators of these blood cells are described below.

Tests to determine the number of platelets

A simple clinical blood test can determine the number of platelets. If the results are abnormal, the doctor may recommend that the patient undergo a deeper examination - a coagulogram. For a general analysis, the material is taken from a finger; additional diagnostics involves the collection of venous blood. To decipher the result, the established women, children are used.

Before any of these tests, you should observe general rules preparing for blood donation:

• for three days it is necessary to refrain from drinking alcoholic beverages, fatty and fried foods;
• donate blood on an empty stomach;
• it is desirable to conduct the study in the morning.

Platelets: the norm in women by age (table)

For most people, the following indicators of the number of platelets in the blood are considered the norm: from 200 to 400 thousand / μl. But in women, when interpreting the results of the analysis, additional factors should be taken into account, such as the day of the menstrual cycle, age, and even time of day. Because the rate at which the body produces platelets depends on these conditions.

The norm for women by age (table) is presented below.

In addition to age, factors such as pregnancy and menstruation affect the number of platelets in a woman's blood. In the first case, the volume of blood in the body increases, platelets do not have time to recover in the required amount, so a slight decrease in indicators as a result of the analysis is the norm.

During a woman's monthly discharge, there is a loss of blood volume in the body, which also leads to a decrease in platelet count. Therefore, under the above conditions, a temporary decrease in indicators to 150 thousand / μl is permissible - this is the norm of platelets in women. A deviation from the norm will be established if the platelet count is below 150 units per microliter in the analysis results, and also if such indicators remain constant.

During menstruation and during pregnancy, the number of platelets in the range of 150-320 thousand / μl of blood is considered the norm. Women need to be regularly examined by a doctor, follow his recommendations. In the event that, in addition to detecting a low platelet level, as a result of the analysis, there are also patient complaints about the state of health, additional diagnostic procedures in order to exclude serious pathological conditions.

Deciphering the results

In the form of the result of the analysis for determining the number of platelets, different medical abbreviations are indicated. What do they stand for? Explanation in the table:

• MPV (mean platelet volume) - this value indicates the average volume of platelets in a person's blood.
• PDW - indicates the approximate width of platelet spread.
• PCT (platelet crit) - thrombocrit.
• Platelets PLT - the norms in the blood in men, women and children are usually indicated precisely in the PLT indicator. This figure indicates the number of these cells in human blood. If deviations are found in this indicator, the doctor may prescribe a second examination.

Norm for men

In men, during the normal course of the process of hematopoiesis, platelets are updated with constant regularity. Normally, the indicators should correspond to 180-320 thousand / μl. If in the female body are possible tolerances in terms of platelet count, then in men such deviations are unacceptable. When deciphering the analysis, a specialist can either confirm the norm, or indicate a possible pathology in the work of the circulatory system.

Platelet counts in children

IN childhood the norms of platelet counts in the blood depend on the age of the baby. In a newborn, depending on the general condition, a wide range of indicators is allowed, which can be considered the norm in each case. Relatively stable production of platelets by the body becomes over the age of 4 years.

The table below helps to decipher the result of the analysis in children.

Reasons for increased rates

So, we learned what elevated platelets in the blood mean. And the reasons for the occurrence of such a state will be further presented to your attention. If the result of the analysis for the determination of such blood cells reveals abnormalities, the doctor can only suspect a certain health problem. To make a diagnosis, a repeated or deeper additional examination is required.

If, during the re-test, overestimated platelet counts were found, then the specialist may suspect (confirm) the following disorders in the state of health of the patient under study:

1. Primary thrombosis (or disruption of bone marrow cells).
2. Infectious diseases (viral, bacterial and fungal origin).
3. Inflammatory processes in the body.
4. Extensive tissue necrosis.
5. The patient is taking certain medications.
6. Open wounds, bleeding.
7. Oncological disease.
8. After surgery (for example, when the spleen is removed), the number of platelets increases.

Reasons for low performance

A condition in which the blood contains a low number of platelets is called thrombocytopenia. Often this disease is observed in premature newborns, which is associated with the underdevelopment of individual systems and organs of the baby. Did the result of the analysis show that the platelets are below normal in the child? The reasons may be the following:

• intrauterine infection of the fetus with certain diseases;
• incompatibility in the blood group of the fetus and the mother's body;
• asphyxia during labor;
• congenital anemia.

In children older than 4 years and adults, the causes of this condition may be as follows:

• infectious diseases;
• intoxication of the body;
• carrying out the procedure of hemodialysis;
• serious allergic reactions;
• blood cancer;
• bleeding;
• diseases of the autoimmune system;
• taking certain medications.

Only a specialist can decipher the result of the analysis. It should be borne in mind that many factors affect how much the body produces by age, the table of established indicators in children, as well as the level of these cells in the blood of men, should be known to every hematologist.

If deviations from the established norms are found, it is necessary to undergo a re-examination. Only in this case, the doctor can approve the diagnosis and prescribe the necessary treatment. To prevent diseases associated with impaired platelet production, you should monitor your diet, regularly engage in cardio activities (such as running, swimming, cycling, etc.), and organize a good rest.

Normal level platelets is 150-400*10 9 /l. With a decrease in these indicators, the blood ceases to clot normally, which leads to the development of complications. In this material, we will talk in more detail about the features of reduced platelets.

What does low platelets mean?

Platelets (PLT) are red blood cells that affect the rate of wound healing. The principle of operation of PLT: when bleeding occurs, platelets create a kind of plug (thrombus), which blocks the damage in the vessel wall, thereby stopping the bleeding.

The optimal level of PLT is 150-400*10 9 /l. With a decrease in platelets below 150 * 10 9 / l develops thrombocytopenia in which the blood loses its ability to clot.

Want to know more about platelets?? Then read more link.

Thrombocytopenia may be a separate disease or symptom various pathologies. Therefore, in order to find out the cause of such a deviation, the patient must pass a general blood test and undergo an appropriate examination (on the recommendation of a doctor).

In most cases, 3 sections can be distinguished that are directly related to a decrease in platelets, namely:

• Insufficient production of platelets by the bone marrow.
• Accelerated destruction of platelets.
• Incorrect distribution of PLT in vessels.

How is it manifested?

With prolonged thrombocytopenia, bleeding problems occur, namely:

1. Bruising (with minor skin lesions).
2. Prolonged bleeding with minor injuries.
3. Point hemorrhages in the form of a rash (hemorrhagic rash).
4. Prolonged bleeding from minor cuts.
5. Bleeding gums.
6. Stable nosebleed.
7. The appearance of blood in the urine, feces.

What are the symptoms of high platelets? Read more link.

1. Internal bleeding.
2. Profuse menstruation.
3. Damage to the eye capillaries.
4. Subcutaneous hemorrhage - occurs with slight pressure.

Reasons for the decline

The first step in the rejection of platelets is the exclusion of physiological causes that are temporary, namely:

• Menstruation.
• Pregnancy.
• Avitaminosis.
• Side effects after taking medications (antidepressants, hormones, antibiotics).
• Alcohol poisoning, heavy metals.
• Surgical intervention.
• Severe injuries.
• Improper nutrition, including the abuse of foods such as cherries, lemons, ginger, garlic or onions.
• Vitamin B12 deficiency (more common among men).

With a significant deviation of platelets, pathologies such as:

1. Tuberculosis.
2. Oncology, such as leukemia.
3. Hepatitis.
4. HIV infections.
5. Aplastic anemia.
6. Cirrhosis of the liver.
7. Rheumatoid arthritis.
8. Herpes.
9. ARI, SARS.
10. Heart failure.
11. Mononucleosis is a viral disease associated with damage to the nasopharynx, liver, spleen, and lymph nodes.
12. DIC is a bleeding disorder.
13. Allergic reaction.
14. Measles.
15. Among pregnant women - prematurity of the fetus, the conflict of blood groups between the child and the woman, asphyxia (oxygen starvation).

Features of the decline among children

The level of platelets directly depends on the age of the patient. So, in newborns (up to 10 days old) the PLT level is 100-400*10 9 /l, in children under one year old - 150-350 points, and in children from 1-18 years old - 180-320*10 9 /l. Read more about platelet norms among the younger generation. Here.

A low level of PLT among children is a frequent phenomenon, because the child's body has an increased sensitivity to many external factors. So, thrombocytopenia is set at rates below 100 * 10 9 / l.

For example, immediately after birth, a child has a reduced level of platelets, which is not a deviation. With normal fetal development, the PLT level is restored by the first year of life. At the same time, a low level of platelets is most often recorded among premature babies (75%).

With a significant PLT deviation in an older child (2-6 years), the gums, nose, color of feces and urine change, and prolonged bleeding from minor wounds is observed. So, thrombocytopenia can develop in the following cases:

• After vaccination.
• Allergy.
• The recovery period after a viral infection.
• Anemia.
• Poisoning.

Thus, several types of severity of reduced platelets can be distinguished, namely:

1. Light - occurs at rates of 80–100 * 10 9 / l. In this case, there are no external signs of such a deviation.
2. Moderate (60–80 * 10 9 / l) - minor cuts, scratches appear, in which blood for a long time does not stop.
3. Medium (30-60 * 10 9 / l) - medical intervention is required to stop bleeding.
4. Severe (below 30 * 10 9 /l) - can be fatal.

Thrombocytopenia among women

The optimal level of PLT among women is 180-320*10 9 /l. At the same time, women are more likely to experience a slight decrease in platelets (up to 150 * 10 9 / l) than men for a number of reasons, for example, heavy menstruation, pregnancy.

To check the level of PLT, a woman must pass a complete blood count. The next step is a visit to a hematologist, who (if necessary) determines an additional examination and prescribes the appropriate treatment (read more in the next chapter).

Pregnancy

A slight deviation of platelets (within 10%) during the period of gestation may be associated with an unbalanced diet and individual characteristics of the body. So, the PLT norm is 150-400*10 9 /l.

But with a decrease in PLT values ​​below 100*10 9 /l, thrombocytopenia develops, which can lead to the following consequences:

• Risk of bleeding during childbirth.
• Miscarriage (at the beginning of the term).
• Gestosis - late toxicosis.
• premature birth.
• Lethal outcome (with significant blood loss).
• Internal bleeding.

Therefore, a pregnant woman must comply with all the doctor's prescriptions and stably take blood tests. So, to confirm thrombocytopenia, a woman needs:

1. Pass a general (repeated) blood test.
2. Make a coagulogram (blood clotting test).
3. Get tested for thrombophilia (a pathology in which blood clotting is impaired).
4. Comply with other doctor's requirements.

Important! After childbirth, the platelet count returns to normal on its own.

What to do?

If thrombocytopenia is suspected, the patient needs to visit a hematologist, who can prescribe an additional examination, for example: a blood test (repeated); bone marrow biopsy; coagulogram; analysis for the detection of antibodies; Ultrasound of the liver, spleen; MRI (magnetic resonance imaging) of the abdominal cavity.

Only after identifying the cause of such a decrease in platelets, the doctor prescribes the appropriate treatment, which may include both preventive measures (with a slight deviation in PLT) and medication (or other) treatment.

Prevention

At an early stage of the disease, the patient should do the following:

• Exclude physical activity (except for morning exercises).
• Choose an office job.
• Sleep at least 9 hours.
• Work no more than 8 hours a day.
• Change the diet in favor of the following products: vegetables; fruits; eggs; greenery; fish; citrus; nuts; red meat; cheese; rose hip; buckwheat; legumes.
• It is worth excluding: pickles and pickled foods; smoked meats; spicy, fried food; cold drinks; alcohol; smoking; sugar.
• Do not take anti-inflammatory drugs, for example, Aspirin, Analgin.
• Take a blood test at least 2 times a year.
• Take vitamin complexes (if necessary).
• Drink at least 2 liters of plain water daily.

Treatment

When PLT drops significantly, doctors may use the following treatments:

1. The use of glucocorticosteroid hormones - suitable for the treatment of autoimmune diseases.
2. Intravenous injections of immunoglobulin - antibodies that have been obtained from blood plasma ( a large number of donors).
3. Transfusion of donor platelet mass - is used with a significant decrease in platelets, as well as with the development of DIC.
4. Taking drugs, for example, Sodecor, Thrombin, Prednisolone, Revolade, Vincristine, Dicynon.
5. Splenectomy - removal of the spleen.
6. Bone marrow transplantation.

The average course of treatment is 1-7 months, depending on the severity of the disease. But sometimes treatment continues throughout life, for example, with chronic hepatitis, lupus erythematosus, HIV infections.

You can learn more about low platelets from the following video:

In conclusion, it should be said that low platelets are characterized by mild symptoms. At the same time, this factor does not affect the development of serious pathologies that can lead to death. Therefore, with a decrease in PLT, thrombocytopenia develops, which in question in this material.

The process of blood clotting occurs with the participation of platelets. These colorless blood cells are also responsible for the restoration of damaged vessels. Their number in the blood is not constant: the volume of platelets changes not only with age, but also in the presence of diseases.

What are platelets?

Platelets are small blood cells, the size of which reaches 2-4 microns. The name comes from the fusion of two Greek words: "clot" and "cell". From this it follows that these cells are directly involved in the formation of blood clots during bleeding. With the development of pathology, platelet aggregation occurs - they stick together, as a result of which a clot is formed that clogs the hole in the blood vessel.

Platelets are spherical and do not contain a nucleus. The formation of new cells occurs in the red bone marrow. Their life span is 7-10 days. At the end of this period, cell renewal occurs. If the balance between the synthesis of new and the death of old platelets is disturbed, pathology develops. With a deficiency, the risk of bleeding increases, and with an excess of platelets, there is a tendency to thrombosis. In what volume platelets are present in the blood, the norm in women by age, the table of concentrations is given below.

The role of platelets in the body

For most of their life, platelets in the human body are in an inactive state. In case of violation of the integrity of blood vessels, the development of bleeding, cells are activated, which are sent along the bloodstream to the area of ​​damage. By sticking together and attaching to the vascular wall, platelets help stop bleeding, eliminating severe blood loss. This is the main role of platelets. In the active state, the cells change their shape, increasing the surface, facilitating the process of aggregation and adhesion. Other functions of platelets include:

1. Plasma coagulation- they form a permanent platelet plug during a complex biochemical reaction and interaction with high molecular weight proteins.
2. Regeneration- Giving their surface to restore the integrity of the vessel, platelets provide nutrition to the cells that make up the walls of blood vessels, supporting the structures of microcapillaries. Destroyed, the platelet releases growth factors that enhance vascular repair.
3. Transport- participate in the transfer of enzymes and hormones.
4. phagocytic- destroy viruses and antigens.

Blood test for platelets

The most common laboratory test to determine the average platelet count is a complete blood count. Directly this study helps to assess the function and condition of platelets. By carefully examining the cells under a microscope, doctors determine the presence of several groups of platelets:

• young;
• mature;
• old;
• forms of irritation;
• degenerative forms.

In the course of a general blood test, the concentration of all these forms is established, but not of individual groups. To determine the ratio of all types of platelets in the blood, doctors conduct a coagulogram or hemostasiogram - a study that helps determine the state of the blood coagulation system. In most cases, it is carried out in conjunction with a general blood test. What platelets are in the blood, the norm in women by age, a table with the values ​​\u200b\u200bis given in the article.

Why donate blood for platelets?

Doctors recommend monitoring the number of platelets at least once a year. At the same time, with age, the need for a general blood test increases. After the age of 40, women should undergo this examination at least twice a year. Of great importance is such a diagnosis after 60 years, when the likelihood of developing strokes and heart attacks sharply increases. Doctors also pay attention to this indicator during the period of bearing a child by a woman. Other possible indications for analysis include:

• liver disease;
• diseases of the cardiovascular system;
• a history of stroke or heart attack;
• period of menopause;
• preparation for anticoagulant therapy.

How to take a blood test for platelets?

To accurately determine the level of platelets in the blood, to eliminate the need for a second examination, doctors recommend following some rules. The sampling of material should be carried out in the morning, on an empty stomach. The day before, about a day before the expected time of analysis, a woman should exclude fried foods, fatty foods, soda, and alcohol from the diet. You can not take Aspirin before the analysis, which thins the blood, which will affect the result of the study.

A blood sample is taken by a laboratory assistant from the patient's finger. However, some clinics also practice vein sampling. It depends directly on what methods of analysis and devices for diagnostics are used in a particular medical institution. At the same time, biomaterial from a vein is considered more preferable, since it allows an objective assessment of the state of the blood coagulation system.

The norm of platelets in the blood in women

As mentioned above, the rate of platelets in the blood changes with age. An increase or decrease in the concentration of these blood cells may be due to the presence of pathology or physiological processes in the body. When evaluating this indicator, it uses several measurement values. More commonly, doctors use thousands per microliter (thousand per microliter) to determine the concentration of platelets in a blood sample.

Platelets - the norm in women by age

It should be noted that in women this indicator is subject to greater fluctuations than in males. This is due to cyclic changes in the reproductive system, the presence of menstruation in women of reproductive age. Given this factor, the changes that platelets undergo, the norm in women by age changes as follows:

1. Girls– 120–300 thousand/µl.
2. Adolescents 11-15 years old (puberty)- 183-340 thousand / μl.
3. After 18 years- 180-320 thousand / µl. This concentration of platelets is normally established in women of reproductive age. How many platelets are contained in the blood, their norm in women by age, the table of values ​​\u200b\u200bis given below.

The rate of platelets during menstruation

The period of menstruation is stressful for the entire female body. A woman experiences mood swings, a constant deterioration in well-being. A blood test at this time can be an additional burden on the nervous and circulatory systems. Given this, doctors try not to prescribe a laboratory test during menstrual flow. If necessary and urgent for this analysis, it is necessary to make some adjustment when evaluating the results.

During menstruation, platelets in the blood of women are contained in smaller quantities. In this way, the circulatory system tries to protect the woman's body from possible bleeding. Strong, excessive secretion menstrual blood in the presence of a pathology of the reproductive system, it can lead to the development of uterine bleeding. To prevent this from happening, part of the platelets is involved. Their concentration in the blood during menstruation is 75-220 thousand / μl. How many platelets are contained in the blood, the norm in women by age - the table is given above.

The norm of platelets during pregnancy

Platelets during pregnancy in the blood future mother may be present in different concentrations. Over the entire gestation period, the values ​​​​of this indicator change repeatedly. At the same time, evaluating blood counts, doctors adhere to the norm of 150-400 thousand / μl. This difference in the values ​​of the upper and lower limits is due to different periods of pregnancy, for each of which its own norm is set.

According to the observations of doctors, it was found that as the date of the birth of the baby approaches, the concentration of platelets in the blood increases significantly. This is due to the preparation of the woman's body for a difficult and important period of the entire gestation process - delivery. At this time, the risk of developing uterine bleeding is significantly increased. In the short term, platelets are lowered due to a rapid increase in circulating blood volume.

Platelets are elevated - what does this mean?

Elevated platelets in the blood are the reason for a comprehensive examination of a woman. The conclusion is made only after receiving all the results of laboratory and hardware studies. Elevated platelets can be fixed in the following pathologies:

• oncological diseases of the blood (leukemia, hemoblastosis);
• the presence of an inflammatory process in the body;
• anemia;
• pulmonary tuberculosis;
• lymphogranulomatosis;
• a consequence of recent surgical interventions;
• taking certain medicines.

Platelets in the blood are lowered - what does this mean?

Decreased platelets in the blood are a sign of pathology. A similar picture is observed in the following diseases:

• viral and bacterial infections;
• anemia;
• lack of vitamin B12;
• splenomegaly (enlargement of the spleen);
• congenital thrombocytopenia.

Platelets are important cells in the body of any person, regardless of gender. They are produced by the bone marrow and can only survive for a few days. The rate of platelets in women is largely different from the same indicator in the male half of the population. This phenomenon has its own special reasons for which their number will change at different intervals of time.

First of all, platelets are known for their effect on blood clotting. In addition, they help the healing process, as they stimulate the repair of damaged cells. Platelets are an important component of the plugs that bridge the gaps in the vessels. Finally, they help nourish endothelial cells ( inner surface vessels and cardiac cavities).

Platelets are one of the most important cells in the human body.

Preparation for analysis

Platelet levels in women can only be checked with a blood test. To denote this indicator, the RLT index is used. Usually it is considered together with the rest of the data studied in the general blood test.

There are several rules that must be followed before checking in order to get the most reliable result:

• You should not eat for 8-12 hours before the test. That is why most often people come to the procedure in the morning, on an empty stomach.
• It is permissible to drink in the morning clean water, but other drinks are prohibited, especially if they contain sugar or caffeine, and carbonated drinks are also prohibited.
• You must stop smoking 3 hours before the analysis.
• It is best not to drink alcohol and other substances that can affect blood clotting the day before the examination.
• If the patient is taking any medications, then it is better to inform about them in advance, especially if these medications can affect the performance.
• Before checking, it is best to rest, not to expose yourself to strong physical or mental stress.

Usually, capillary blood is taken from a finger to analyze the number of platelets in women or men. In rare cases, doctors may ask you to donate blood from a vein. As a rule, a general analysis is carried out, but sometimes a special one is also done, concentrating only on the number of platelets.

Venous blood is usually taken from pregnant women. In this case, the examination is called a coagulogram. Based on the results of the analysis, doctors compile a table in which they consider the number of platelets, their rate of clotting, and other characteristic features.

To analyze the level of platelets, blood is most often taken from the finger.

What is the normal rate for women?

The rate of platelets in the blood in women depends on a number of various factors. First of all, age will affect the indicator, since it is directly related to certain changes occurring in the body.

The norm in women by age (thousand / μl):

• 120-300 . This number of platelets is typical for little girls.
• 183-340 . This indicator is considered normal for girls in the formation of childbearing function. Usually at this time, menstruation begins. Estimated age is 15 years.
• 180-320 . This is a classic indicator for mature and healthy women. It is observed almost at any time after the age of 18, including in women after 40 or 50 years.
• 75-220 . A similar decrease in the number of platelets occurs during menstruation. The low value persists for a week after the end of bleeding. It is important to know that the stronger the bleeding, the stronger the decrease in the indicator.
• 100-420 . So far from each other, the boundaries of the norm are observed in women during pregnancy.

When carrying a child, expectant mothers are regularly tested for platelet count. During this period, their body works for two, and the blood has a more liquid consistency. Analyzes carried out in each trimester allow you to monitor the health of the pregnant woman.

Normal platelet counts

Why are changes happening?

If the platelet counts according to the result of the analysis are normal, then this indicates that there are no problems with blood clotting in a woman. If deviations are observed, up or down, then this may indicate a variety of diseases.

Note. Non-pathological factors, such as strong physical exertion or nutritional problems (lack of vitamins, especially from the group B).

If the tests showed a significant increase in the number of platelets, up to 1000, then the patient is diagnosed with thrombocytosis. This means that a person has a high risk of circulatory problems, blockage of blood vessels and strokes. The reasons for this increase are varied. First of all, it's age.

In older people, the blood gradually becomes thicker, especially if they do not consume enough water. Combined with the consumption of junk food, lack of fluid increases the viscosity of the blood, leading to an increase in the number of platelets.

Serious increases usually tell doctors about the development of diseases. It could be:

Another common reason for an increase in the rate is internal bleeding, especially if it is associated with the removal of the spleen. This also often occurs as a result of transferred operations.

At elevated level platelets in the blood in the body, inflammatory processes can occur

Low platelet count

If a blood test showed that a person has not a high, but, on the contrary, a low level of platelets, then he will be diagnosed with thrombocytopenia. This condition is characterized by low blood viscosity, increased fragility of blood vessels and other associated symptoms.

If a low platelet count is detected, the doctor may suspect one of the following diseases:

• Anemia,
• Pathologies endocrine system,
• leukemia,
• Diseases of the liver and spleen,
• heavy metal poisoning,
• brain pathology,
• immunodeficiency virus,
• Problems in the work of the bone marrow.

In addition to serious diseases, excessive consumption of alcohol and a variety of drugs can reduce the platelet count. Deviations are observed due to blood transfusion and during childbearing. It happens that a low level is an innate feature of a person.

Although usually people start to panic only at high rates, for example, high pressure or cholesterol low rates is also cause for concern. With an insufficient number of platelets, the risk of cerebral hemorrhage increases, so it is important to notice the problem in time and go to the doctor for a solution.

Symptoms of deviations

It is possible to speak with confidence about the deviation of the platelet norm only after the analysis. However, in order for girls or older women to think about the need for such a check, something must hint to them about possible problems.

First of all, the reason for the examination may be frequent headaches. Other symptoms of elevation include:

• Puffiness and cyanosis of the skin,
• Pain in the fingertips
• Prostration,
• vision problems,
• skin itch,
• Easy bruising
• Frequent nosebleeds
• Subcutaneous bleeding.

If the platelets are below normal, then the symptoms include bleeding gums, the appearance of a rash on the skin, as well as prolonged and heavy menstruation. However, any of the signs does not guarantee problems with platelets. In general, it is important for women over 40 to be regularly examined by doctors, including taking a general blood test. This will help to notice the problem in time.

Based on the results of the platelet test, the doctor prescribes treatment, which can be not only medication. To normalize platelets, you need to conduct healthy lifestyle life

Normal platelets: how to achieve them?

After diagnosing abnormalities in the number of platelets, the doctor will prescribe the appropriate treatment. Usually it is carried out in a complex way, with the help of medications and lifestyle changes. In terms of pills for high platelets, patients are prescribed antiplatelet agents and anticoagulants.

In terms of lifestyle, women should watch their diet:

• They should consume food that thins the blood. This includes tomatoes, onions, fish oil and olive oil.
• Daily consumption of garlic helps fight blood clots.
• It is important to drink enough liquid, about two liters of a species. Sometimes ordinary water can be replaced with green or herbal tea, as well as fruit drinks and compotes.

If platelets are low and they need to be increased, then among the products it is necessary to give preference to pomegranates, bananas and chokeberry. Sweet pastries also belong to the permitted food, as well as dishes with a lot of protein and fat. Finally, regardless of whether a person suffers from thrombocytosis or thrombocythemia, he should try to avoid stress and lead a measured life.

Blood is the internal environment of the body. As long as all the cellular elements of the blood are within the normal range, no pathological changes occur. However, when their number falls below the allowed values, this negatively affects the functioning of the body. So, for example, this happens in the case of a decrease in platelets.

Platelets are called red blood cells, the main task of which is to provide normal blood clotting. When the number of platelets in the blood decreases significantly, the cells lose their ability to perform their function properly. This pathological condition is called thrombocytopenia. His symptoms: an increase in the time necessary to stop bleeding, regular ejections of blood from the mucous membranes of the nose and mouth, the appearance of bruises of unknown origin on the body.

A low platelet count can be congenital. In this case, they speak of a rare disease called hemophilia. If in the case of an insignificant decrease in platelets in the blood there is no talk of harm to health, then hemophilia is fraught with a serious danger. Any bleeding can end lethal outcome.

Causes

May contribute to a decrease in platelets various diseases and pathological conditions. These include:

• blood diseases: leukemia, anemia, etc.;
• the use of certain drugs: antibiotics, diuretics, analgesics, cytostatics, antihistamines and psychotropic drugs;
• alcohol intoxication;
• hereditary diseases caused by a decrease in platelet production;
• the period of menstruation, bearing a child;
• diseases of infectious origin;
• exposure to heavy metals;
• increased consumption of platelets;
• bone marrow damage.

Thus, a low level of platelets in the blood can be an independent disease or a symptom indicating the presence of serious disorders in the body. To correctly diagnose and determine the cause of thrombocytopenia, it is necessary to carefully examine the patient. Competent diagnostics will allow you to choose the right course of treatment and exclude all possible problems with health.

How to raise

With a decrease in the level of platelets, it is necessary to evaluate your condition. In certain cases, the level of platelets drops to a critical level, which requires immediate treatment - on an outpatient or inpatient basis. However, most often the violation is so minor that it can be dealt with at home.

In order to independently raise the level of platelets, use the following recommendations:

• Make the right diet. Include greens, citrus fruits, kiwi, tomatoes and berries in it. Eliminate undiluted coffee, alcohol, overly fatty and high-calorie foods, refined sugar.
• Include foods rich in omega-3 fatty acids in your diet. These foods include: fatty fish, eggs, linseed oil. A worthy alternative can be fish oil capsules.
• Follow the daily routine. Try to get up and go to bed on time, sleep at least 8 hours a day. Don't forget about the vacation, which gives the body the opportunity to "reboot".
• Drink liquid at room temperature. The use of cold drinks disrupts the functioning of the gastrointestinal tract, contributes to poor absorption of nutrients.
• Enrich your diet with minerals and vitamins. You can get them from wholesome food or from special vitamin-mineral complexes.
• go in for sports. In physical activity, the emphasis should not be on power loads, but on “cardio”. Cardio loads affect the body in the most positive way: they normalize blood circulation and strengthen the immune system.

The child has

A low platelet count in a child's blood may be a sign serious pathologies. Therefore, when the first symptoms of thrombocytopenia of the baby are detected, it is necessary to show the pediatrician as soon as possible.

The following symptoms may indicate the presence of thrombocytopenia in a child: vomiting with blood interspersed, black feces, bruises, pink or red urine, subcutaneous hemorrhages, bleeding disorders, retinal hemorrhages, headaches, rash.

In the early stages of the disease, it is possible home treatment without placing the child in a hospital. In this case, it is necessary to provide the baby with bed rest and make up the right diet for him. Food should be rich in iron and hemoglobin, vitamins, not thermally processed fruits and vegetables.

In some cases, treatment is supplemented by the introduction of immunoglobulins, the use of hormonal agents, blood transfusion from a donor. IN severe cases when conservative treatments fail, surgery is performed to remove the spleen.

In an adult

Platelet norm for the male half of the population from 180 to 320*10^9 units/l. For women, the norm ranges from 150-380*10^9 units/l. In the case of a slight decrease in platelets (up to 10 percent), no action can be taken to increase their level. However, if symptoms of thrombocytopenia are observed, it is urgent to visit a doctor for a diagnosis and appropriate treatment.

If during the diagnosis it turns out that thrombocytopenia is an independent disease, the following methods are used to treat it: transfusion of a donor mass of platelets, treatment with glucocorticosteroids, anti-Rhesus D-serum, injections of immunoglobulin into a vein.

If a pregnant woman needs treatment, similar methods are used to increase platelet levels. The only thing is that hormone therapy and blood transfusion are used in the most severe cases. The entire course of treatment takes place under the close supervision of the attending physician.

On early stages thrombocytopenia successfully treated. The main thing is to notice the symptoms of the disease in time and turn to specialists for help.

Platelets are lowered (syn. thrombocytopenia) - a pathological condition that can develop in both an adult and a child. There are problems with increased bleeding and it is problematic to stop hemorrhages.

Among the reasons for the decrease in platelets in the blood are anemia, allergies, serious poisoning and pathological neoplasms. Provocateurs differ depending on the age category of the patient.

Bright and specific clinical signs for thrombocytopenia are not characteristic, however, the presence of a violation can be suspected due to frequent nosebleeds, hematomas and bruises.

A decrease in platelets can be detected after deciphering the results of a general clinical blood test. Additional diagnostic measures may be needed to find the causes of the anomaly.

Non-surgical methods are used to increase the platelet count. In order to fully return the indicators to normal, it is necessary to get rid of the provocateur disease.

Etiology

The fact that platelets are lowered in the body is said to be when their concentration falls below normal. It should be borne in mind that the allowable parameters may differ for children and adults. For example, for a newborn, the norm is 100–420x10^9 units / l, for children from 1 to 10 years old - 180–320x10^9 units / l. For women, the allowable platelet count is 150–380x10^9 units/l, and for men it is 170–320x10^9 units/l.

The etiological factors of pathology will also be different. For example, in newborns, the main provocateurs that platelets are lowered are the following:

• the birth of the baby before the due date;
• autoimmune diseases such as systemic lupus erythematosus;
• asphyxia at birth;
• anemia;
• Fanconi or Bernard-Soulier syndrome;
• any immunodeficiency states;
• incompatibility of the blood type of mother and child;
• congenital heart defects;
• hemangiomas;
• Wiskott-Aldrich disease;
• almost all pathologies of an infectious nature.

The most common sources of pathology in children older than 1 year:

• damage to the upper respiratory tract;
• DIC;
• thyrotoxicosis and other diseases of the endocrine system;
• anemia;
• hemodialysis;
• viral hepatitis;
• radiation sickness;
• long-term chemotherapy;
• hepatomegaly or a change in the size of the liver in a big way;
• irrational use of certain drugs, in particular antibacterial substances, analgesics, antidepressants and cytostatics;
• insufficient intake of folic acid;
• acute or chronic allergic reactions;
• severe intoxication.

In men and women, low platelets develop against the background of such conditions:

• anemia or leukemia;
• damage or neoplasms in the bone marrow;
• inadequate medication;
• chronic alcoholism;
• Werlhof's syndrome;
• profuse blood loss;
• previous surgery;
• ingestion of salts of heavy metals and other chemical and toxic substances;
• infectious diseases;
• autoimmune or hereditary pathologies;
• hemodialysis;
• prosthetic heart valves;
• uremia that develops with renal failure;
• splenomegaly - platelets are destroyed in the enlarged spleen;
• cirrhosis of the liver;
• portal hypertension.

For women, a low platelet count in the blood can be triggered by several physiological reasons, for example, the flow of menstruation or the period of bearing a baby.

Classification

Low platelets in the blood may differ depending on the mechanism of the formation of the disorder. Thrombocytopenia happens:

• alloimmune - a consequence of the destruction of small bloody plates due to incompatibility different groups blood;
• autoimmune - the body perceives such particles as a foreign element and produces specific antibodies against them;
• transimmune - blood antibodies penetrate the fetus through the mother's placenta;
• heteroimmune - associated with the appearance of antigens or viruses in the blood.

Symptoms

A low platelet count may be asymptomatic, but this is possible only with a slight deviation from the norm. Otherwise, characteristic clinical manifestations occur:

• frequent nosebleeds;
• hemorrhages in the conjunctiva;
• increased bleeding gums;
• prolonged hemorrhages that develop even after minor injuries;
• the occurrence of bruising after minor trauma;
• the formation of large hematomas with mild bruises;
• small multiple hemorrhages on the skin that take the form of a rash or can merge into large spots;
• heavy menstruation in women.

All symptoms of the disorder are expressed in the form of a violation of hemorrhage. If platelets are below normal, they cease to fully fulfill their leading role- form blood clots, acting as a "blockage" of damaged vessels.

Diagnostics

If one or more clinical manifestations occur, it is necessary to go to the hospital as soon as possible. medical institution for a complete blood count.

The sampling of the test fluid is carried out from the finger, less often venous blood is required, and the hematologist is engaged in deciphering the results. To obtain the most reliable information, it is recommended to conduct a study on an empty stomach and in the morning.

Such a laboratory test is not enough to identify the reasons why there are low platelets in the blood. In order for the doctor to be able to establish the etiological factor, patients need to undergo a comprehensive examination.

Primary diagnostics common to all includes:

• collection and analysis of anamnesis - information regarding the course of pregnancy, addiction to bad habits and medication, search for the cause of the anomaly;
• a thorough physical examination of the patient;
• assessment of the condition of the skin and eyes;
• a detailed survey of the sick person - to find out the intensity of the symptoms and the time of their first manifestation.

Additional laboratory tests, instrumental procedures and consultations of doctors of a different profile are prescribed individually.

Treatment

You can completely get rid of the problem by eliminating the main etiological factor. Sometimes it is enough to stop taking certain drugs, completely eliminate bad habits. However, often an integrated approach is required to neutralize the pathological trigger.

You can raise platelets in the blood of a newborn using the following actions:

• donor milk, which is given for a month - after that, mother's milk is gradually introduced into the diet with constant monitoring of laboratory parameters;
• intravenous administration of 2 milligrams of prednisolone per 1 kilogram of body weight - the course of therapy is 2 weeks;
• transfusion of donor platelet mass;
• the introduction of immunoglobulins;
• taking rutin and ascorbic acid.

Treatment in older children:

• immunoglobulin in the amount of 1500 milligrams per 1 kilogram - give 1 time for 2 days;
• the use of glucocorticosteroids;
• sodium etamsylate - 1 milliliter 1 time per day for 10 days;
• calcium pantothenate;
• replacement transfusion of thromboconcentrate blood components with preliminary plasma irradiation.

If there is a decrease in platelets in the blood in adults, the treatment regimen will be as follows:

• immunoglobulin injections;
• taking glucocorticosteroids;
• platelet transfusion;
• use of anti-Rhesus D-serum.

All patients are prescribed vitamin and mineral complexes, immunomodulators, menu enrichment fatty acids omega 3, physiotherapy and dosed physical activity.

You can quickly increase the concentration of platelets with folk remedies, but this should be done after prior consultation with your doctor. At home, they prepare healing decoctions and infusions based on the following components:

• nettle;
• sesame seeds;
• rose hip;
• chamomile;
• chokeberry;
• Oak bark.

Possible Complications

If the problem of reduced platelets is ignored, then the likelihood of developing unwanted complications is high. They should include:

• extensive internal bleeding;
• acute hemorrhage in the brain;
• serious blood loss;
• stroke;
• bleeding in the retina of the eye, which can lead to loss of vision.

All violations can lead to death.

Prevention and prognosis

So that a person does not have a problem with the fact that platelets in the blood are lowered, it is necessary to strictly observe a few simple rules. Prevention includes the following actions:

• rejection of bad habits;
• healthy and nutritious food;
• permanent strengthening of immunity;
• taking medications only as prescribed by a specialist;
• rationalization of the daily routine;
• maintaining an active lifestyle;
• regular complete medical examination and complete blood count.

The prognosis fully depends on the etiological factor. In any situation where platelets are low, the lack of treatment causes either negative consequences or complications of the underlying disease.