Since humanity can remember itself within state entities Attempts at globalization were continuously carried out, that is, attempts to create a kind of universal world state. We will not touch upon the time of the Egyptian cosmopolitan pharaohs; let us turn to more recent examples.

No. 1 “The Power of Alexander the Great”(life years of Alexander the Great 356-323 BC). A native of the Macedonian governing elite, he exterminated all potential competitors (including his closest relatives), subjugated the city-states of Ancient Greece and organized a “campaign of vengeance” for the Greek world against the then huge Persian kingdom.

As a result of military victories, a huge power was organized in the territory of part of Europe, the Near and Middle East. The ruler died in the capital Babylon in quite early age. Poisoning is suspected. Alexander the Great is considered perhaps the first famous globalist. He tried to mix peoples and establish uniform orders. Alexandria as a trade and financial center (New York at that time) formed as a result of an attempt at globalization.

No. 2 “Ancient Rome”. Beginning - 754 BC. (royal period), ending with the fall of the western part of the Roman Empire (476). Enough famous story: growth of coverage areas and changes in the quality of the universal state. The most ancient tsarist period - republic - empire - general crisis of economics and morality - collapse. A “world state” of that time, but the population in the same territories is extremely small compared to the present.

The expansion of the Romans in all directions around the Mediterranean gave way to barbarization, economic and demographic crisis and collapse under external influences. The empire, while it was strong, established its own laws and customs throughout the world.

#3 Arab Caliphate(632 - 1517). Huge territories from the “heart” - the Arabian Peninsula to the east to Asia, to the west across the Middle East and North Africa to modern Spain. States currently professing Islam give ideas about the boundaries of this civilization. The caliphate in Europe was stopped by purely military means. Lost to Europe (at the last historical stage) for technological and political reasons.

Islam unified the population according to religious principles, Islamic law, Islamic traditions and so on. Currently, there is a process of renaissance of the idea as a geopolitical technology in new historical conditions. Europe is actively Islamizing through migration and the organization of religious (rather, religious-political) parishes. The process is informally encouraged by local authorities within the framework of the previously created multicultural (cosmopolitan) society. Europe repeats the socio-political trajectory of Ancient Rome.

No. 4 “Mongolian rush”(1206 - 1368). In 1294, the vast Mongol Empire was divided into independent uluses. The Golden Horde existed until 1483. An attempt by the Mongolian military elite to subjugate all nations to the “will of Heaven.” Vast territories from China to the Middle East and Eastern Europe. The state collapsed and was liquidated in the process of degradation of the governing elite.

A handful of desperate warriors captured vast areas of Eurasia that their descendants could not hold on to over time. Universal laws and customs. In particular, “fraud” (misrepresentation for personal gain) was punishable by death. Gradual Islamization of the elite and intra-family armed disputes. Fragmentation and collapse.

№5 Time of universal Christian monarchies of Europe. The first attempt to create a worldwide Christian state was made back in Ancient Rome, when Christianity was made the dominant religion of the empire (it is also appropriate to perceive religions as political parties). Ideology is “any power from God,” humility is the best quality, pride is the worst quality.

This is practically a managerial political technology. Egocentrism and monotheism. However, Christianity did not prevent the collapse of the western part of the empire. The surviving eastern part of the Roman Empire - Byzantium (395 - 1453) promoted the idea of ​​​​Orthodoxy as a universal religion as best it could (as far as the strength of the population was sufficient). However, as a result of the influence of a number of factors (constant wars, the economy, the crisis of the elite, the degradation of morality), the state gradually reduced the area of ​​its territory until it was finally destroyed.

Since the 15th century, the Christian monarchies of Europe (including the Kingdom of Muscovy with the idea of ​​​​"Holy Rus'") tried to achieve the same, but without success. The year 1918 summed up all the imperial undertakings of continental Europe, because it was not faith that won, but political technology and money.

No. 6 Napoleon Bonaparte's attempt. As a result of intrigues after the Great French Revolution (1789-1799), a young ambitious general, using his military genius, tried to create a common European (and world) state with “French firmware.” In London, this project was categorically not welcomed, so it ended as soon as the human resources of France were completely undermined on the battlefields. Napoleon surrendered to the British, was isolated and died in exile.

No. 7 “The British Empire on which the sun never sets”. Control of the world's seas as control of the world through trade routes. A combination of diplomacy, war and economics. Metropolis and colonies, the pound as a world trading currency.

The project was gradually closed following the organization of the US Federal Reserve in 1913 (including with the participation of bankers from England). Currently, they are trying to push Great Britain (what is left of it) into the European Union as a territory of supranational governance, dependent on the United States. Not everyone in Britain likes it, but no more. The metropolis and the colony were in fact swapped.

No. 8 The Soviet Union and the “Third Reich of the German Nation”. Both states sought to globalize in their own way, and in 1942 the collapse of Germany was not entirely a foregone conclusion. Due to the blood of the “subhuman Slavs” and other military-political and economic aspects, London and New York retained their leading positions in the world.

The Germans with their “Aryanism” were completely compromised. The fact of the military defeat of Germany and Japan created the UN as a “modernized” League of Nations on the terms of the banking families who controlled the USA, Great Britain, France and had interests in “ Chinese world" In 1948, the state of Israel was created by the hands of Stalin and Western conceptualists and, as a result, the Soviet Union was no longer needed by globalism. The British Empire in its former capacity also ceased to be needed. The collapse of the European colonial empires and the Soviet Union confirmed this.

No. 9 “The United States of America as a universal standard”. Until the beginning of the 20th century, it was a utopian country, which was built by banking capital with the hands of European emigrants. Since 1913 (the creation of the Federal Reserve System), world finance began to formalize the world state of provincial countries. Something similar to the Roman Empire with a different technological structure and a significantly increased population. A power center in Washington, a financial center in London and New York, a religious center in Jerusalem.

At this stage, under the pretext of a crisis, an attempt is being made to modernize the existing “world state”, to transfer human society to a new quality. Thus, how many people remember themselves in state forms, these forms have always sought to increase the coverage of territories, that is, they carried out globalization on their own basis. Competition got in the way. The main question is the place of this or that people in this historical process.

Actually, all modern conflicts clarify in what capacity certain territories will be presented further. Metropolises and colonies, consumers and donors, administrators and externally controlled ones. Competition for the rights and opportunities of territories, for the status of influential families, is now the only competition even in conditions of formal consensus.

Many great undertakings and imperial nations have long since faded away, while others are, as they say, surviving. The main modern geopolitical trends: the Iranian and Chinese issues (the quality of these territories in a world state), the settlement of Europe with new residents, promising integrity or collapse Russian Federation. Let us note that after the collapse of the USSR, Russia is used by the world state exclusively as a donor territory. The ideologically and economically dependent territory will completely repeat European trends in increments of one generation (biblical 40 years). That is, for the Russian population, 2018 is approximately the same as in Europe once 1978.

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2 comments:

05.08.2018

A lot has been said, but... Due to the failure to name the reason, purpose, driving forces (more precisely, the driving force), much remains unnamed, including the essential, and what is named appears in the form of some kind of random mess. (From the little things: well, for example, the Turkic Empire is not named, the important remnants of which for our country were the Khazar Khaganate, the Volga Tatars, the Ottoman Empire, Turkey. China also sought to subjugate everything around it, and not without success: Japan, Korea, Vietnam , for example, they used, and in some places still use, Chinese characters and principles; and China itself was not so homogeneous before. The USSR and Hitler’s Germany were thrown into one pot, while with regard to the topic of “globalism” they are very different: in the USSR, a mechanism of disruption was initially laid down (“sovereign union republics”; the same, but in a weaker form, mechanism exists in the USA - if management there gets out of control, they will begin “perestroika”; would you please try to explain why and by whom was this mine planted?); and Germany was united (which means the authors were slightly different). It is not even mentioned that Byzantium with its “orthodoxy” (not “Orthodoxy”!) was destroyed by the “good Christians” of the Latin christian church; the Turks only finished off; and not at all “internal contradictions”, etc. And the Mayans, Aztecs, Incas...) This point of view on “geopolitics”, as if everything happens “naturally” and “spontaneously” in it, is similar to the theory of the origin of life from the “primary soup” - which, it seems, everyone has already abandoned. “Globalization” is indeed in our nature, like the desire to create a “unified field theory” in physics. At least within the space we see.
According to legend, humanity was already united in the beginning, with a single language; only the machinations of the “Prince of this world” divided him. And the reunification of humanity would be a very positive thing. However, seeing the inevitability of such a unification, the Evil Prince headed it in order to pervert it and put it in his service. (We must keep in mind that all of these are “metaphors” that can be interpreted quite “realistically”.)
The landmark event in the history of “globalization” was indeed the activity of Alexander Filippovich. And not only because he defeated the Persians and reached their sphere of influence in India. These conquests of his were purely “symbolic”; he could not maintain or administer them. But the main thing is that the post-Alexander “Hellenistic” “Ptolemaic” states gave birth to modern Judaism. There was no such Judaism before Alexandro-Hellenism!
Alexander was a student of Aristotle (Aristotle was his home teacher), while Aristotle was a student of Plato (a boxer like Klitschko). Plato seemed to have created a “philosophy of unity” and an absurd theory of ideas as separate entities (for example, the idea of ​​yellow supposedly exists separately from yellow objects in a certain realm of “pure ideas”).
In the era of Alexandro-Hellenism, Aristotle and Plato (not so famous philosophers during their lifetime; for example, Democritus had much greater fame) were raised to the shield, and not only because Aristotle was the teacher of the hegemon, but, most importantly, adherents of the dark became interested in this teaching cult of Jehovah-Adonai (Prince of this world), based in Babylon (as the only real city of those times), and then in “New York” - Alexandria. It was in Alexandria, in the 2nd - 1st centuries. "BC." The Hebrew Bible, the Tanakh, was written. Before that there was no Bible!
The official ideology in Alexandria was Neoplatonism - a slightly modified and supplemented teaching of Plato. The Jews took an active part in the formation of Neoplatonism (Iamblichus and others). Before the Alexandrian Jewish sages fused their dark cult with Platonism, Judaism was not monotheism at all. It would never even occur to anyone to attribute to Jehovah: a) uniqueness (there are no other gods); b) omnipotence and, in particular, the creation of everything; c) omniscience; d) “all-goodness” (no matter what he does, everything is good). All these properties came to Jehovah from Platonism. Such properties contradict logic; but Platonism, the heir of the Sophists, was not embarrassed by this. (Just like modern Plato, Klitschko is not embarrassed by the contradiction: “Not everyone can look into the future. Or rather, not only everyone can look...”)
A sufficiently developed worldview is a great and horrible power! (We saw this in the example of Marxism.) Judaism, starting from the Alexandrian era, first underwent “prenatal development.” Less than 200 years after the formation of Judaism, it gave birth to Christianity, which already possessed all the necessary qualities for the Jews to conquer the globe.
If the theory of Judaism was written by scholars who knew tradition, Christian scriptures by “fishermen,” then the next son of Judaism, “Islam,” represents the greatest degradation of the intellect, presenting no reasonable criteria for judgment. (Perhaps the “Islamization” of Europe is precisely intended to sow complete chaos in the minds of the slaves, the Slavs.)
The role of Judaism, or more precisely, proto-Judaism, Judaism before Alexandria, has not actually been studied. But here is an indicative fact: Catholic missionaries were surprised to discover in the Chinese city of Kaifeng in the bend of the Yellow River, in the place where the “Silk Road” to the Middle East began and where the oldest “artifacts” of Chinese civilization are found - they discovered a Jewish community that existed there from time immemorial (the Jews of Kaifeng were yellow and cross-eyed and also revered Confucius). In their synagogue, missionaries discovered Torah scrolls. And two sisters from this community - one became the wife of Chiang Kai-shek, the other - Mao Zedong.
Conclusion: “globalization” comes in different forms. “Our” globalization is good, “theirs”, i.e. guided by the devil - bad.

If we look at historical facts, we will see two sets of opposing phenomena that excite these two opposing assessments of the idea of ​​a world state.

The human spirit has an uncontrollable desire for pan-humanity and universality. But at the same time we see that nations that create states lay in them various basic ideas of power, each of which has the character of universality, and therefore they cannot organically merge. On the contrary, as development progresses, they become increasingly opposed to one another. In any union of people, as a result of the combined action of many individuals, certain middle lines are formed further development, which acquire an organic character, that is, an internal tendency towards the development of an established type of coexistence, according to its internal logic until the latest conclusions.

At the same time, the higher the development of various national-state types, the less capable they are of transitioning from one to another. We constantly observe in history that nations and states, once firmly embarked on one or another path of development, are no longer able to change it. Their past determines their future. They are able to act only in those ways that are inherent in their past. Quibus mediis fundantur, iisdem retinentur - says the ancient rule of empirical politics. New type sometimes appears, but only at the cost of the death of the former state. And we constantly see several such different, stable, incapable of merging types of state existing simultaneously in the world.

But with such stubborn stability of individual non-merging types of nationalities and states, unable to give up their individuality and sovereignty, nevertheless in humanity * The unification is undoubtedly developing and strengthening.

* I am not talking about humanity in the sense of a fantastic “collective personality” - Etre Supreme l "Humanite - in which unbelieving thought has created for itself a surrogate deity. Neither “humanity”, nor a nation, nor a state constitute a “person”. The only real person is himself "man". Humanity in this sense does not exist, since it is an abstract concept, and not an "object". But the human race as a collection of individuals exists. It is not a "political reality" only because it has not formed into one common union. And such a connection is logically conceivable if people found a common principle of power on which they could unite.

The human race has not previously formed one union. But some interaction between these hundreds of millions of disparate individuals has always existed, so that even the “history of mankind” appears to our minds. People in their earthly existence, even without knowing each other, go to some common goal, due to the unity of their psychological and material nature.

The idea of ​​“world history,” which has some common providential meaning and purpose for all humanity, is a religious idea in origin, and even “revealed by God.” It was brought into the world by Israel, the Jewish people, and it is closely connected with the idea of ​​​​the connection between man and the Divine. In Christianity, “world history,” the history of the entire human race, became even more clear, and in the prophetic visions of the Old Testament seers and in the Apocalypse it even presented a general picture of the existence of humanity from its creation to the end of the world. Of course, the unity of humanity in the common destinies of the world is not state unity. But nevertheless, the very fact of the unity of nature of individuals who, as people, as children of the Heavenly Father, are incomparably closer to each other than as members of political unions - this unity brings each person psychologically closer to all of humanity, more than to his own state. He is brought closer to the state by common power, common interests, joint activities with citizens. With humanity, it is the very nature of personality. This is such a powerful fact of psychology that once religion has been revealed to people, it has remained ineradicable for consciousness even with the loss of religion.

During historical life This psychological closeness of man with all other people has made enormous progress. And we must not forget that all your social unions are fundamentally psychological phenomena. Consequently, the growing awareness of the closeness of people among themselves can lead to the unity of the external union. In addition to this internal psychological fact that develops in history, actual relations between all parts of the human race also develop in it.

History is a process of bringing peoples closer together. At first they pressed without even knowing about their mutual existence. Now they all know each other. They had not previously had any relations outside the circle of their closest neighbors. Nowadays, ever-closer ties span the entire globe. Previously, people considered foreigners to be enemies, barbarians, “Germans” (non-speaking). Now the same inner dignity is generally recognized in man of all tribes, and contempt for other peoples has been greatly reduced. The idea of ​​universal brotherhood is spread by Christianity even among non-Christians. The commonality of science has become a fact in all parts of the world. Material ties are also growing between the most diverse peoples by leaps and bounds. In short, the actual rapprochement of peoples over the course of history has made enormous progress, and in this respect the pre-Christian world and the Christian world differ beyond recognition. External means - mental, moral and material - for uniting all peoples into certain allied relations have developed to the extreme. The general trend of these facts, of course, strengthens the possibility of uniting people into one world state.

But it is impossible to draw a conclusion from this regarding the emergence of a world state. All this bringing together of various tribes, states and countries of the world creates in general human life famous cultural unity. This does not yet mean state unity.

Unity spiritual, mental, industrial - all these are forms free communication between people. But social and especially state phenomena are unthinkable without general power.

“The need to create a global society is dictated by urgent needs. One or another of these needs concerns almost every person, and their continuous manifestation is opposed by completely removable difficulties - undoubtedly serious, but removable - prejudices, passions, enmity, racial and national bias, selfishness and similar changeable and ephemeral things embedded in human consciousness education and indoctrination. None of them contribute to the well-being and survival of the people under their influence or the states, cities and associations in which they predominate.

The creation of a world state can today be promoted or opposed by many real and powerful forces; but the building of such a state is pushed by a force much more powerful than all others - the growing power of the intellect of mankind.

There are now a small but growing number of people in the world - historians, archaeologists, ethnologists, economists, sociologists, psychologists, educators, etc. - who are doing for public institutions the same work of creative analysis that was done by the scientists of the 17th and 18th centuries. centuries in the field of materials and mechanisms useful in human life, creating telegraphy, means of rapid travel by sea, land and air and thus making possible thousands of previously impossible things, as well as providing their followers with the opportunity - which they themselves hardly suspected - find out what and how needs to be done to satisfy the urgent needs of humanity.

World State: utopia or probable future?

"World State: Utopia or Possible Future?"

The question of whether the existence of a world state is possible has worried the minds of people for centuries. The beginnings of this theory appeared in ancient times, so it, like history, passes from generation to generation. Opinions, both before and now, are divided into two opposing camps: one side believes that the construction of a world state is a utopia, and the other, that it is an inevitable phenomenon of the evolution of mankind. Each point of view is not accidental, because there are a number of reasons that can reasonably prove whether the unification of people into one state is a utopia or an inevitable future.

Some scientists believe that the processes taking place in modern society have strengthened the spirit of supporters of the theory of the world state, for whom it has become a kind of program for the development of society. This is explained by the fact that the need to build global state is dictated by the needs of humanity, many real forces can contribute to its creation or, conversely, slow down this process, and there are also a number of principles on which it will be based. One of the main ones will be a single world religion, but it should be more simplified, generalized and accessible to understanding by a wide range of people with completely different origins and, most importantly, worldview. Through this religion, human thoughts and motives can be turned away from their own ego and directed towards achieving universal human unity and power. A single state is obliged to provide all segments of the population with education of a quality and scale that surpasses all previous experience. The process of education, in accordance with needs, will continue throughout life, this will contribute to the fact that the residents of a given state will engage in self-education. Extensive employment opportunities when acquiring a certain profession will help to avoid unemployment; in an ideal sense, each person will be involved in the field of activity that is closest and most interesting to him, which means he will make a greater contribution to the development and functioning of the state and society. Such an outcome will contribute to a favorable economic organization of the state, based on the equal distribution of all natural resources; production will be more aimed at general consumption rather than profit-making. state global humanity

It will be possible to talk about the beginning of a new historical era. Also, the main principle will be to reduce the consumption of all natural resources, associated with the military-industrial complex, because even the very concept of “defense” will become meaningless. There will be no wars, which means there will be no reason to create weapons, an army and other elements of defense.

There will be a significant increase in the standard of human life, and it will be possible to release a huge potential of talents and opportunities that were previously limited by social injustice. A world state will make it possible to eliminate stultifying, hard physical labor by creating various robots, but this does not mean that people will completely stop working, they will work freely, meaningfully and actively.

It cannot be ignored and ecological problems, which are especially relevant in modern society. The creation of a world state would mark the beginning of a more effective solution to this problem, since it would be in the interests of people to save the entire planet, and not just a separate territory of their state. The protection of animals and endangered species would take on a new meaning, because it would become a problem for the whole world. Economic equality among people would help save the lives of animals from poachers who kill them for their own profit and accumulation of wealth.

Of course, the creation of a world state will entail changes in the field of legal proceedings, because the existing judicial system will be unsuitable. Young people will have to be prepared for the activities of this plan from school, this is necessary for the development of insight and understanding of ailments human soul. Such a detailed study will enable an extremely cautious approach to the defendant, and for judges - a more objective verdict. The role of such judicial workers is very great. Most likely, prisons as a form of punishment will no longer be so relevant, because the main form of punishment will be correction through labor and psychological assistance to convicts. It is possible to create specialized institutions whose main function will be the correction of criminals.

As for government management, this system will include the training of personnel who will be able to be true professionals in their field, as well as those with high degree interest in the prosperity and smooth functioning of the state.

But, unfortunately, no matter how ideal the idea of ​​a world state is, no matter how many prospects it holds for the development of humanity, I believe that building this form of organizing people’s lives in the foreseeable future is a utopia.

I see the root cause of the dubiousness of this theory in its illusory nature and inconsistency with modern world trends and realities of life. For example, over the past fifty years since even detailed plans for the construction of this world structure began to appear, nothing has changed in the international legal system. Nothing happened that could indicate, if not the beginning of the construction of the plan, then at least the formation of prerequisites for the further evolution of the idea.

In connection with these conditions, it should be noted that the idea of ​​​​building a world state is similar to the equally majestic and, as the experience of a number of countries has shown, illusory idea of ​​​​building communism. Both ideas carry the goal of making all of humanity happy, but this is even theoretically impossible to achieve.

In order to understand and more objectively evaluate the theory of the world state, and at the same time the related theories of world government, world citizen and others, it is necessary to pay attention to its political, social and economic, as well as historical origins. This means that not a single theory that claims recognition and long-term existence arises out of nowhere. Speaking about the theory of the world state, it should be noted that it is closely related to cosmopolitanism. At a certain period of time, some ideas of cosmopolitanism were transformed into the ideas of world law and a world state. However, what is the point of this? After all, the possibility of the existence of a global state in a contradictory world consisting of a huge number of peoples, nations, and states interconnected and interacting with each other is extremely small. The main problem is that this theory does not take into account existing realities modern society, as well as contradictions standing in the way of building a world state.

When developing this theory and making claims about its viability, a number of factors were not adequately taken into account.

And the first of these factors will be the rather contradictory perception of the idea of ​​world unification by different layers of different national societies. In this case, we are talking not so much about the presence of interethnic, class or other contradictions that traditionally exist in every society, but rather about a different type of contradiction that arises from the incompatibility of interests and views on the world and prospects for its further development between narrower groups of people. For example, between supporters of cosmopolitanism and patriots of their Motherland and people, respectively, between supporters of building a world state and its opponents.

The second factor is the contradictions that exist between religious confessions, cultural and everyday ways of different nationalities, which often transform into open confrontation and which do not at all contribute to the formation of some kind of human unification, and in the future the creation of a world state on its basis. In addition to the problems generated by the cultural orientation of individuals and entire nationalities, problems arise that generally call into question the idea of ​​​​creating such a state or, at a minimum, create huge obstacles to its implementation. By these problems it is necessary to understand the difficult to achieve compatibility of such civilizations and their representatives as Eastern and Western culture, as Muslim and Christian worldviews and worldviews, as radical left and radical right ideologies and others. There is also the problem of incompatibility between Western civilization and Russian civilization, which is justified by the unique development of Western countries and Russia.

The third factor is interstate conflicts that have arisen since the formation of the first states on Earth and in certain periods, escalating to extremes. These circumstances do not at all create a favorable environment for the formation of a world state. This means not only the contradictions between developed and undeveloped countries, but only between highly developed states that set the pace of life throughout the world. Basically, the struggle between countries takes place in the economic, technological and financial spheres. The enormous moral and material damage caused by the First and Second World Wars, it would seem, has not been ignored and should contribute to a conflict-free, global state, but in reality everything is not so ideal: the sad experience of loss and destruction is repeated many times.

Also, the negative aspect of this theory lies in the fact that, being created in the interests of a transnational oligarchy and dominant modern world countries, as rightly noted by G.I. Tunkin: “Disorients peoples, both internally and externally. international law", "distracts attention from pressing problems of improvement international relations and organizations as instruments for ensuring peace and developing international cooperation"

Thus, I believe that the creation of a world state, at least in the foreseeable future, is an unattainable phenomenon. This is explained by a number of reasons due to the characteristics of the modern world community. Firstly, this is a confrontation between different religious movements that will never be able to come to a common compromise. Secondly, conflicts based on nationality, when one nation elevates itself above others. Thirdly, this is the desire of some, stronger and more developed states to control others, to control all their activities. And, finally, different attitudes towards the theory of the world state itself.