10.03.2020
Didactic units. Didactic units 1934 USSR joined the international organization
As a result, the League of Nations organization emerged, designed to streamline the most current issues international relations.
The idea of including the USSR in the League of Nations was periodically discussed by members of the organization, but was considered a matter of the distant future. Thus, in December 1920, members of the League supported the position of Swiss representative D. Mott that Russia “is a people in a state of ferment,” and its rulers show disrespect for the League and its members. Taking into account the revolutionary events and subsequent civil war in Russia this position seems fair. Italy, in which it will be established in the 30s. fascist regime, through her delegate Viviani outlined the position: free and democratic countries, united in the League, will wait for Russia to come to democratic changes, “outside of which there is only anarchy and despotism.” The Bolsheviks' ideas about world revolution and the establishment of the dictatorship of the proletariat only worsened their relationship with the League.
In the mid-20s. In European diplomacy, thoughts about Russia's entry into the League began to appear. The Chairman of the League Assembly, Japanese K. Ishii, noted in 1923: “The League of Nations will not have of great importance until it includes America, Germany and Russia.” An interesting fact is that the beginning of the adjustment own positions coincided with the deployment in Russia of the New Economic Policy, which was based on commodity-money relations, i.e., in fact, capitalism.
For its part, the USSR also gradually changed its diplomatic rhetoric towards the League - from sharply negative and even rude to critical only of certain principles of relations between the member states of the organization and the articles of the League Charter. Despite the USSR's decrease in the degree of rejection of this organization, the question of accession was not resolved positively.
USSR Plenipotentiary Representative in France H. G. Rakovsky was sure: “The question of joining the League of Nations is a question of the balance of forces. With their current distribution, the League of Nations is an organization that will tie us both hand and foot, and where the capitalist states will dictate to us.” The Politburo agreed with Rakovsky. In the existing one in the 20s. international political situation, the USSR refused to join this organization.
The situation changed by the 1930s:
- Totalitarian regimes came to power in Germany, Italy and Japan.
- In the Versailles-Washington system, which functioned successfully after the First World War, economic, political and social problems accumulated to a critical threshold.
- "Revanchist" sentiments of the first losers world war countries affect the interests of many European states.
- In 1933, Japan and Germany left the organization.
- There is no security system.
Germany’s “revanchism” affected the interests of France, which, in order to strengthen its positions, invited the USSR to join the League of Nations.
As a result of the serious diplomatic work of France and the USSR, in an interview with a correspondent of one of the American newspapers on December 25, 1933.
On September 18, 1934, the general meeting of the League of Nations adopted a resolution on the admission of the USSR to the League and the inclusion of its representative in its Council as a permanent member.
The League of Nations is an international organization aimed at developing cooperation between peoples and guaranteeing peace and security, was created after the First World War in 1919. The main bodies of the League of Nations were: Assembly (Assembly sessions were held annually in September and all members of the League participated in their work Nations), the Council of the League of Nations and the permanent secretariat headed by the Secretary General.
The official languages of the League of Nations were French and English.
The Charter of the League, developed by a special commission created at the Paris Peace Conference of 1919-1920, and included in the Treaty of Versailles of 1919 and other peace treaties that ended the First World War of 1914-1918, was originally signed with 44 states , including the 31st state that took part in the war on the side of the Entente or joined it, and 13th states that adhered to neutrality during the war. The United States did not ratify the charter of the League of Nations and did not become one of its members.
From the moment of its creation, the League of Nations was one of the centers where anti-Soviet actions of the imperialist powers were planned and developed. The Soviet government fought against attempts by the League of Nations to interfere in the internal affairs of the young Soviet republic. Nevertheless, it actively participated in conferences and meetings on disarmament held under the auspices of the League of Nations. In the mid-1930s. due to the growing threat from fascist Germany, fascist Italy and militaristic Japan, the governments of some states began to seek cooperation with the USSR both within the framework of the League of Nations and outside it.
On September 15, 1934, thirty delegates of the League of Nations addressed the Soviet government with a telegram inviting the USSR to join the League and “bring its valuable cooperation.” Delegates from four more countries communicated their decision to vote in favor of adoption in the usual diplomatic way. Soviet Union. On the same day, the Soviet government responded with a letter to the Chairman of the Assembly accepting the proposal international cooperation in the interests of peace and readiness to become a member of the League.
On September 18, the issue of the USSR joining the League of Nations was considered at a meeting of the Assembly. 39 members of the League voted for the admission of the USSR to the League of Nations, 3 were against (Holland, Portugal and Switzerland), and 7 members abstained from voting. Not a single vote was cast against the inclusion of the USSR in the League Council, but representatives of ten countries abstained. Thus, the USSR was admitted to the League of Nations and became a permanent member of the Council.
Accepting the proposal to join the League of Nations, the People's Commissariat for Foreign Affairs of the USSR M. M. Litvinov noted that the USSR could not identify with all the decisions of the League of Nations and considered its Charter far from perfect. In particular, the 12th and 15th articles in some cases legalize war, and the 23rd does not provide for racial equality of all peoples. He said that the Soviet Union completely understands the idea of uniting nations, since the USSR itself is a League of Nations, with 185 nationalities living in it.
Card system of supplying the population January 1, 1929 - January 1, 1935On December 7, 1934, the Decree of the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR dated December 7, 1934 N 2684 “On the abolition of the card system for baked bread, flour and cereals and the system for the sale of industrial crops with bread” was issued, published in No. 286 of the Izvestia of the Central Executive Committee of the USSR and the All-Russian Central Executive Committee dated December 8, 1934.
It said:
Based on the achieved successes in the development of socialist Agriculture, The Council of People's Commissars of the USSR, in order to further improve the supply of workers and expand trade turnover between city and countryside, decides:
To abolish the rationing system for baked bread, flour and cereals from January 1, 1935 and to expand everywhere the trade of baked bread, flour and cereals from state and cooperative stores on the following grounds:
I.
On the introduction of unified state retail prices for bread and cereals.
In order to abolish the current high commercial and too low standardized retail prices for baked bread, flour and cereals, establish from January 1, 1935, unified national state retail prices for baked bread, flour and cereals...
***
The expansion of socialist industrialization, and subsequently the socialist reconstruction of agriculture, gave rise to a number of new phenomena in trade turnover and the state of money circulation. The price scale and level have changed wages and other monetary incomes of the population, the purchasing power of the ruble has changed. These changes mainly occurred during 1929–1935.
The growth of cities in connection with the industrialization of the country, the rapid increase in the number of industrial workers, as well as the need to provide bread to the peasant population in industrial crop areas led to a significant increase in the demand for bread and other food products, as well as for agricultural raw materials. Given the predominance of small-scale farming, characterized by low marketability, and the strong resistance of the kulaks to state grain procurements, this increased demand could not but cause a significant increase in market prices, which posed a serious threat to the purchasing power of the ruble and real wages.
Workers and employees in 1928–1929 They also bought up to 25% of the products they needed on the private market. Meanwhile, market prices of products increased sharply: in the year 1928/29 alone they increased by almost 50%.
As long as the socialist agricultural sector could not yet satisfy the need for consumer products, measures had to be taken to maintain real wages and provide workers with bread according to their needs. low prices from government reserves. This measure was the introduction of the card system in 1929.
This was a forced measure, without which it was impossible to resolve the immediate tasks of socialist construction. While protecting the ruble from depreciation, the card system at the same time limited the role and meaning of money.
The rationed supply did not fully meet the food needs of the urban population. Market resource utilization was still relatively high, while market prices continued to rise rapidly.
Under these conditions, in order to strengthen the ruble, it was necessary to ensure the further expansion of Soviet trade and the ousting of capitalist elements from the sphere of trade turnover.
In 1931, the private trader, whose share in 1929 accounted for 13.5% of retail turnover, was completely forced out. At the same time, contracting is being widely deployed commercial products Agriculture - new form trade turnover between city and countryside.
A special form of Soviet trade, designed to improve the supply of workers and influence market prices in the direction of their reduction, was state commercial trade at increased prices.
Commercial trade has been widely developed since 1933. Along with collective farm trade, commercial trade was an important means of maintaining the purchasing power of the ruble. The reduction in prices in commercial trade, which was carried out in a planned manner, led to a general decrease in prices on the collective farm market. Thus, by March 1934, market prices had decreased by more than 45% compared to the same month in 1933. Nevertheless, the prices of the collective farm market and commercial trade were significantly higher than the prices of closed trade.
By the end of 1934, large-scale mechanized production had become established in agriculture. Collective and state farms took a dominant position in agriculture. Serious successes have been achieved in their organizational and economic strengthening. On this basis, the state received at its disposal, both through government supplies and through purchases at increased prices, sufficient a large number of bread in order to fully ensure the supply of the population without cards in open Soviet trade at uniform prices. (Mukhin Yuri Stalin - master of the USSR)
Despite the complexity of the situation in Europe, Stalin’s Soviet diplomacy continued to base its policy on the possibility of uniting the efforts of the powers in the struggle for the moral legalization of Bolshevism and its advancement deeper into Europe as a counterbalance to the threat of fascist aggression. The Soviet government persistently sought means of ensuring collective security against Germany.
In September 1934, the Soviet Union accepted an invitation from 30 states to join the League of Nations. After Germany and Japan left the League of Nations, Stalin had certain opportunities to use the League as a weapon for the spread of Bolshevism on the one hand, for protection in the event of an attack from the outside while constantly promoting ideas of peace and “exposing” the “provocateurs” of war on the other hand.
In the official statement of the Soviet representative M.M. Litvinov, it was emphasized that the USSR entered the League of Nations with the only goal and the only promise to cooperate worldwide with other peoples in preserving an indivisible world. “I know,” said Litvinov, that the League of Nations does not have at its disposal the means of completely abolishing wars. I am convinced, however, that with a strong will and friendly cooperation of all its members, very much can be done in every this moment to minimize the chances of war. But this is quite an honorable and noble task, the implementation of which will bring innumerable benefits to humanity."
The Soviet government did not stop working on this task throughout its existence. From now on, it wants to combine its efforts with the efforts of other states represented in the League."
A possible enemy (most likely England) had to oppose an overwhelming combination of forces and in this way prevent the success of actions aimed at preparing and unleashing an attack. Regional mutual assistance pacts involving a wide range of European states could be of particular importance in this regard.
This point of view Soviet state was positively assessed primarily in France, which was traditionally threatened by Germany. The Soviet-French non-aggression pact, signed by the Herriot government on November 29, 1932, served as a good basis for further rapprochement between both countries.
On October 31, 1933, Paul Boncourt raised the question of possible joint local countermeasures on the part of the USSR and France in the event of increased German preparations for war. In December 1933, the People's Commissariat of Foreign Affairs of the USSR made proposals that stipulated that the USSR did not object to the conclusion of a regional agreement within the League of Nations on mutual defense against aggression from Germany; agrees to the participation in this agreement of Belgium, France, Czechoslovakia, Poland, Lithuania, Latvia, Estonia and Finland or some of these countries, but with the obligatory participation of France and Poland; Regardless of the circumstances, under an agreement on mutual defense, the parties to the agreement must undertake to provide each other with diplomatic, moral and, if possible, material assistance, also in cases of a military attack not provided for by the agreement itself.
At that time, France stood on the threshold of important events. On the evening of February 6, 1934, a performance of French fascists took place on the streets of Paris, led by Colonel de la Rocque and supported by the chief of the Parisian police, Chiappe. The cohesion and unity of action of the French left parties and workers' organizations doomed the fascist actions to failure. On February 12, a grandiose demonstration of proletarian solidarity was held in Paris. It served as an impetus for the development of a broad democratic movement in the country, which later culminated in the creation popular front.
In the new cabinet, which was the result of a compromise between the right-wing parties and the center, Louis Bartu received the portfolio of Minister of Foreign Affairs.
Louis Barthou, although he was a member right party, was an expression of the foreign policy course that was dictated by a sober consideration of the threat of Hitler's aggression and the national interests of France.
According to Barthou, France's defense against the fascist danger had to be based on a system of alliances concluded with Poland, Czechoslovakia, Romania and Yugoslavia. He also tried to maintain Franco-English cooperation, fearing, however, that France, as Clemenceau put it, would end up in the role of a horse, and England in the role of a rider.
The alarm of Barth and his supporters regarding the growing threat from German militarism was confirmed by numerous facts.
In March 1934, the French government received additional information about the forced rearmament of Germany. The number of personnel of the German armed forces, the National Socialist Motorized Corps, the National Socialist Air Corps, the Labor Front and the Todt Organization, reached almost one million people. Expenditures on the Reichswehr in 1934-1935. increased from 344.9 million to 574.5 million marks.
On April 17, 1934, the French government sent a note to Great Britain in which it again raised the question of the security of France, which it did not separate from the security of other European states. “In fact,” the note read, “the German government, without waiting for the results of the negotiations, wished to confront us with its decision to continue rearmament in all types and to the extent that it determines at its own discretion, ignoring the terms of the Treaty of Versailles.”
British diplomacy, while verbally supporting the idea of a collective security system for Europe, in fact helped the Nazis to disrupt the organization of such a system.
Under these conditions, the USSR and France jointly advocated concluding an agreement on collective resistance to Germany. During 1934, Soviet diplomacy negotiated with France to conclude an Eastern Pact. At the proposal of Louis Barthou, the pact was to include Germany, the USSR, Poland, Lithuania, Latvia, Estonia, Finland and Czechoslovakia. The parties to the pact, in the event of an attack on one of them, were supposed to automatically provide assistance to the party that was attacked, military assistance.
France took upon itself the guarantee of the implementation of the pact, without being a direct party to it. From this provision it followed that in the event that any of the parties to the pact refused to comply with the decree of assistance to the country that was attacked, France itself would be obliged to act against the aggressor.
In May 1934, in response to French proposals, the People's Commissariat of Foreign Affairs stated its readiness to discuss with France the issue of signing a separate pact. After a series of conversations, by the end of June it was possible to finally develop the Franco-Soviet draft of the Eastern Pact.
On June 27, 1934, the draft Eastern Pact was transferred by the French government to the English government. The project provided for the conclusion of two agreements on mutual assistance, interconnected into a single system: a mutual assistance pact between the USSR, Germany, Poland, Czechoslovakia, Estonia, Finland, Latvia, Lithuania and a Franco-Soviet mutual assistance pact.
Germany categorically refused to become a party to the pact. The fascist government claimed that it had “fear of Soviet aggression” and that “the pact served the purpose of encircling Germany.” The fear, it must be admitted, was very, very justified. The USSR was militarizing at a tremendous pace, purges and replacements continued across all layers of society, and the propaganda of a “great unlimited power” was growing.
In an effort to enlist the support of England, Bartha visited London. However, a cold reception awaited him in London. French Ambassador Corbin told Bart: “Your Excellency, the British will consider you a person inspiring some suspicion. The proposal to conclude a pact with Russia will be very poorly received...” The ambassador’s words were completely justified. England stood firmly on its feet and could not help but notice two potential aggressors in Europe.
On September 14, 1934, the Polish government announced its refusal to take part in the Eastern Pact. Bart's trip to the capitals of Eastern Europe was not successful. To a large extent, all this was explained by the opposition of British diplomacy.
Characterizing England's attitude to the organization of a system of collective security in Europe, the Soviet embassy reported to the People's Commissariat for Foreign Affairs: "The British government has essentially always treated the Eastern Pact not kindly... The Eastern Pact should have greatly strengthened our international positions, secured our western border and ease our situation Far East... The Eastern Pact, which would inevitably have to cement all French ties in the East and to the greatest extent guarantee the security of France itself, would contribute to the extraordinary growth of French international power. That is why British diplomacy could not be enthusiastic about the Eastern Pact."
On June 19, 1934, the head of the Soviet diplomatic mission in London told the British permanent undersecretary for foreign affairs, Vansittart, that public opinion/?!/ of the Soviet Union “attributes to England pushing not only Japan, but also Germany to war with us, and this only explains England’s resistance to the East European Pact.”
The conclusion of an agreement on collective security in Europe, put forward by the USSR together with France, was thwarted by the efforts of Germany, Poland and England.
Taking this into account, Stalin’s diplomacy took effective measures to conclude a mutual assistance agreement with France, as well as to improve relations with a number of neighboring countries.
On June 9, 1934, diplomatic relations between the USSR, Czechoslovakia and Romania were restored.
Bibliography
Dobrokhotov S.V. (MAI) USSR in 1934.
In 1934, the USSR joined international organization, which was called:
a) Security Council
c) Comintern
d) League of Nations
^ By the period of radical change in the Great Patriotic War (1941- 1945) refer to:
b) Berlin operation
c) Liberation of Belarus
d) Battle of Moscow
The post-war period of history (1945-1953) includes:
b) philosophical ship
c) Leningrad affair
d) the case of M.N. Tukhachevsky
^ One of the main results of the formed industrialization carried out in the USSR in the late 1920s - 1930s was:
b) creation of large machine production
c) introduction of universal labor conscription
d) establishment of cost accounting at enterprises
^ An international organization created by the decision of the Yalta Conference of Heads of State anti-Hitler coalition(February 1945):
b) League of Nations
d) Comintern
^ The largest operation of the Red Army in the summer of 1944 was the Belorussian operation, which had the code name:
b) Hurricane
c) Overloader
in 1937, a case was fabricated in which leading Soviet military leaders were accused of plotting against Stalin:
b) the doctors' case
c) Leningrad affair
^ To the events of the foreign policy of the USSR in the 1930s. not applicable:
b) armed clash between the USSR and Japan at Lake Khasan
c) Soviet-German non-aggression pact
d) participation in the Genoa Conference
The question of opening a second front during the Second World War became the most important at the _________ conference:
b) Moscow
c) Yalta
d) Tehran
For the socio-political life of the USSR in 1945-1953. was characteristic:
b) fight against cosmopolitanism
c) the beginning of the “thaw”
d) persecution of dissidents
^ By the mid-1920s. as a result of the introduction of a new economic policy:
b) the rental of enterprises was prohibited
c) nationalization of industry was carried out
d) most small businesses became private
^ To the events of the foreign policy of the USSR in the 1920-1930s. applies:
b) Cuban missile crisis
c) input Soviet troops to Czechoslovakia
d) Treaty of Rapala
^ On May 8, 1945, the Act of Unconditional Surrender of Germany was signed by the USSR Marshal on behalf of the Supreme Commander-in-Chief:
b) A.M. Vasilevsky
c) K.K. Rokossovsky
d) I.H. Baghramyan
^ To the events of the period " cold war" relate:
b) Korean War
c) Soviet-Polish war
d) Soviet-German non-aggression pact
The venue for the conference of the heads of state of the anti-Hiller coalition: USSR, USA, Great Britain in 1943 was the city:
b) Rapallo
d) Brest
One of the initiators of the transition from sectoral to territorial principles of economic management in the late 1950s. was:
b) L.I. Brezhnev
c) M.S. Gorbachev
d) A.N. Kosygin
^ The Red Army counteroffensive near Moscow begins
Events of post-war history (1945-1953) include:
b) preparation of the Marshal plan
c) creation of the “Anti-Comintern Pact”
d) creation of the Entente
^ According to the USSR Constitution of 1936, supreme body state power was proclaimed:
b) Supreme Soviet of the USSR
c) Federal Assembly
d) Council of People's Commissars
to foreign policy events of 1945-1953. not applicable:
b) severance of relations with Yugoslavia
c) Korean War
d) formation of CMEA
The plan for the counteroffensive of Soviet troops near Stalingrad had the code name:
c) Bagration
d) Rail War
In the “Leningrad case” he was repressed:
b) S.M. Kirov
c) N.A. Voznesensky
d) A.A. Zhdanov
The USSR signed a non-aggression pact with Germany (Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact) in ____________:
The war plan of Nazi Germany against the USSR, approved in 1940, was called:
d) Barbarossa
^ One of the results of the socio-economic policy of the USSR in the post-war period (1945-1953) was:
b) creation of concessions
c) introduction of surplus appropriation
d) carrying out price liberalization
The period of diplomatic recognition of the USSR by the leading powers of the world began in _______:
^ In the first post-war years (1945-1950) in the USSR there were:
b) an 8-hour working day and vacations were introduced
c) food cards were introduced
d) pensions were introduced for collective farmers
^ To the characteristics of the Soviet foreign policy in 1933-1939 the term refers to:
b) appeasing the aggressor
c) collective security system
d) détente of international tension
^ One of the results of the Soviet-Finnish war of 1939-1940. was:
b) UN agency
c) recognition of the USSR by European countries
d) conclusion of a Soviet-German non-aggression pact
^ Germany declared war on Russia:
in 1939-1940 The USSR included the following territories:
b) Sudetenland
c) Manchuria
d) South Sakhalin
When did the second world war start
People's Commissar for foreign affairs in August 1939 it was:
b) Sokolnikov
c) Litvinov
d) Molotov
The massive creation of collective farms, carried out in the late 1920s - early 1930s, accompanied by the liquidation of individual farms:
b) collectivization
c) creation of state farms
d) industrialization
What was meant by the concept of “fighting the fifth column” in the USSR:
b) the fight against German saboteurs during the Second World War
c) fight against separatism
When did the Great Patriotic War end?
What was included in the “four D” policy announced at the Potsdam Conference:
b) declaration
c) democratization
d) decolonization
Where was the second front opened in World War II?
b) northern coast of France
c) on the Balkan Peninsula
Cross out the extra:
b) Yalta Conference
c) Tehran Conference
d) Conference independent states Africa
Select the extra:
b) republic
c) federation
d) absolutism
The system of transfer by the United States of America on loan or lease of weapons, ammunition, strategic raw materials, food, various goods and services to countries allied in the anti-Hitler coalition during the Second World War.
b) Lend-Lease
c) Atlantic Charter
Select what's redundant:
b) rehabilitation
c) repatriation
d) investment
One of the reasons for failure Soviet army at the beginning of the Great Patriotic War, This:
resistance to the enemy
b) the betrayal of General A.A. Vlasov, who surrendered his army to the enemy
c) the incompetence of I.V. Stalin and the indecisiveness of the high command
^ The name of the Soviet-German Non-Aggression Pact of August 23, 1939, rooted in socio-political and historical literature:
b) Munich Agreement
c) Riga Peace Treaty
d) Treaty “On Friendship and Borders”
The gap in prices for sold and purchased industrial and agricultural goods, characterizing the unequal exchange between city and countryside, between developed and developing countries in international trade:
b) price scissors
c) surplus appropriation
d) tax in kind
The process of creating large-scale machine production and on this basis the transition from an agricultural to an industrial society:
b) industrial revolution
c) scientific and technological progress
d) scientific and technological revolution
When did the Great Patriotic War begin?
When did World War II end?
What was not included in the “four D” policy announced at the Potsdam Conference:
b) denazification
c) decartelization
d) demarginalization
Cross out the extra:
b) Tehran Conference
c) Yalta Conference,
d) UN Conference on Trade and Development
A term denoting a state of military-political confrontation between states and groups of states, in which an arms race is being waged, economic pressure measures are being applied, and military-strategic bridgeheads and bases are being organized:
b) cold war
c) globalization
d) intervention
Return to their homeland of prisoners of war and civilians who found themselves abroad as a result of the war, as well as emigrants
b) rehabilitation
c) annexation
d) cartelization
Famine in the USSR in 1932-1933. was called:
b) increasing funds for the development of healthcare, carrying out a general education revolution
c) increasing funds for implementation wide range social rights of workers and employees proclaimed in the country in the 30s
^ How to explain Russia's traditional backwardness from Europe?
b) the long-term dominance of serfdom
c) a system of despotism
^ Year of entry of Soviet troops into Afghanistan:
b) 1979
c) 1985
d) 1977
VIII. USSR in 1953 - 1991 Russia at the end of the 20th and beginning of the 21st centuries
b) Beginning of virgin lands development 1954
c) XX Congress of the CPSU 1956
d) Launch of the first artificial satellite Earth 1957
e) First manned space flight 1961
f) Cuban Missile Crisis 1962
establish correspondence between events and dates
b) XX Congress of the CPSU 1956
c) Launch of the first artificial Earth satellite in the USSR 1957
d) Novocherkassk execution 1962
e) Election of Khrushchev as First Secretary of the CPSU Central Committee 1953
What problems NOT belong to the period of Brezhnev's reign
b) lack of reforms,
c) restriction of democracy,
d) abuse of official duties
e) democratization of society
f) de-Stalinization
^ Match events and dates
b) attempted coup d'etat (GKChP)
c) Yeltsin’s decree on the Dissolution of the Federal Assembly
