Austria animal world. Parks and reserves in Austria. Analysis of the features and factors of development of the tourism industry in Turkey

According to statistics from Euromonitor International, in Austria, which has a population of 8 million people, there are 630 thousand pet dogs and 1.7 million cats, meaning almost every third Austrian has a pet. However, owning and keeping a pet in Austria is not so easy.

How to buy a pet?

Purebred pets in Austria, as in other countries, can be purchased in special nurseries. According to the Austrian Federation of Cynology, the most popular breeds of dogs in the country are medium and large, including hunting dogs (great Danes, bulldogs, hounds), followed by miniature Chihuahuas.

Traditional dog breeds bred in Austria are the Alpine Dachsbracke (Alpenländische Dachsbracke), the Austrian Red and Black Hound (Österreichische Glatthaarige), the Austrian Pinscher (Österreichischer Pinscher), the Styrian Rough-Coated Hound (Steirische Rauhhaarbrack) and the Tyrolean Hound ( Tiroler Bracke).

However, Austrians often prefer animals kept in shelters to purebred dogs and cats. Taking such a pet under your roof is considered a more noble and socially beneficial matter.

In Austria itself there are no stray animals, so stray dogs and cats are brought into the country for “adoption” from neighboring countries with less developed animal protection services - Slovakia, Poland, Romania and even Russia.

The most famous shelters in Vienna are Animalhope Nitra and Animalcare International. When “adopting,” the future owner will have to undergo a special interview with the shelter staff. And if he is not confident in his capabilities, he can take the animal for foster care (Pflegestelle).

All animals kept in shelters already have a microchip and have been vaccinated and dewormed. However, shelters do not give up their pets for free - “adoption” costs from 200 to 300 euros.

This measure is intended, on the one hand, to compensate for the shelter’s costs of maintaining and processing the pet, and on the other hand, it forces “adoptive parents” to think carefully before taking responsibility for the animal.

How to register a pet?

All pets over three months old in Austria must be registered for tax purposes (Hundeanmeldung) at the place of residence of their owner. When moving, even within the same city, the owner of the animal is obliged to provide the department new address.

Registration, depending on the locality, takes place at the local council (Gemindeamt) or magistrate (Magistrat). You can usually get this information from your veterinarian. In Vienna, registration takes place at MA 6 (Stadtkasse) and is possible online.

To register, the animal must have a microchip implanted - the procedure is carried out by a veterinarian at the owner’s expense (an average of 20 euros).

A microchip is a glass cylinder the size of a grain of rice with a passive radio transmitter and an electronic chip that contains an individual identification number. The microchip is implanted under the pet's skin using an injection.

Using the chip number entered into a special database, the animal can be identified if it gets lost. It also contains information about vaccinations, registration and the owner of the animal.

The number and date of implantation of the microchip must be indicated in the pet's medical passport, which is mandatory for all pets in Austria and issued by a licensed veterinarian.

In addition, the microchip number must be duplicated on a special tag on the pet’s collar, which also contains other information (name of the chip manufacturer, owner’s phone number, tax payment stamp). In some states all pets must wear a tag, in others, such as Vienna, this is optional.

Features of keeping dogs in Austria

Owners of pets in Austria are obliged to provide them with the necessary nutrition, care and medical care in accordance with the type and breed of the animal. Cruelty to animals is a criminal offense.

Austria has a superbly developed “dog” infrastructure: there are many well-equipped areas in the cities, there are dog hotels, and the services of dog sitters are available who walk the animals and take care of them while the owners are away or at work.

Dog owners are required to remove dog waste from sidewalks and lawns. Violation of this rule will result in a fine.

In addition to the tax, the animal owner also faces other expenses:

1. medical insurance for a pet (30-40 euros annually) and/or
   1. payment for regular visits to the veterinarian (20-50 euros per visit);

1. a small overpayment in property insurance (1-4 euros);
2. purchasing a ticket for a large dog on some types of transport (1/2 of the standard fare).

In Vienna and some others populated areas When registering, the dog owner must take out liability insurance in case of damage caused by the pet. Municipal authorities may establish other requirements.

For example, the city authorities of Graz oblige dog owners registering their pets for the first time to take a beginner dog owner information course (Hunderkundenachweis) costing 30-40 euros. You must listen to it within a year after registration and provide a certificate of completion to the magistrate.

In Vienna there is a voluntary (on this moment) licensing. To obtain a license, the cost of which is 25 euros, the owner of the animal will have to pass a short written text concerning the basic skills of controlling, caring for, and communicating with his pet.

Obtaining such a license is convenient for owners of dogs of fighting breeds (pit bulls, Staffordshire terriers, etc.), including mixed breeds. Owners of these animals need to obtain a mandatory license costing €72, but today a voluntary license is a more cost-effective alternative approved by the authorities.

If a pet dies, its owner is obliged to report it to the veterinary service or the police. Self-burying deceased pets is prohibited in Austria. The animal's corpse must be transferred for burial to a special municipal service; or bury him in a special cemetery or in a columbarium for pets.

Typically, the owner of his own land plot is allowed to bury no more than one pet on it, provided that the cause of death was not an infectious disease. However, in some states this possibility is also limited by law.

Laws protect not only pets, but also other representatives of the animal world in Austria. For example, farmers are prohibited from keeping chickens in cramped cages or livestock on too short a leash. Also in Austria, keeping wild animals in circuses is completely prohibited.

Rules for importing animals into Austria

In large cities and main tourist regions of Austria today there are hotels that are friendly to four-legged pets and offer them special services. In these hotels you can find playgrounds for dogs, doggy swimming pools, grooming salons, dog sitter services and even special restaurants with special menus.

However, to freely enter Austria from Russia, an animal (dog, cat or tame ferret) must have:

1. Microchip. In Austria, the European chipping standard is used - an individual number of 15 digits (ISO 11784/11785). If the microchip contains a number in a different format, the animal owner must have an appropriate scanner with him when entering the country so that it can be used to check and register the pet. A cheaper alternative may be to implant a European-style chip into your pet.
2. Rabies vaccination. According to Austrian rules, the vaccine must be given no later than 21 days before the first entry into the country, and remain valid at the time of departure. For repeated entries, subject to regular revaccination, the “21-day rule” may not be observed.

Rules for passing Russian border more stringent (vaccination must be done no later than 30 days before departure, but earlier than 11 months and 1 day before the trip), so it is better to focus on them.

Please note that the primary vaccination is the one done after the microchip is installed. Therefore, even if your pet has been vaccinated against rabies previously, after installing a microchip it must be vaccinated again and meet the established period before entering the EU for the first time.

At the time of writing, Russia is considered a country that has no problems with regard to animal rabies, so your pet does not need to have a rabies test to enter Austria. However, when traveling with a stopover or in transit through a disadvantaged country (including Ukraine), you will have to take a test and wait for the established period after it - 3 weeks.

1. Veterinary certificates. To cross the Russian border you will need a certificate of the established form (No. 1) from the state veterinary clinic. At the airport or at the veterinary control point when crossing the border by land, this certificate is exchanged for an international certificate of form No. 5A in English and Russian. To issue a certificate, an inspection of the animal is required.

In addition, to enter Austria you need a so-called European certificate (international veterinary passport), filled out in block letters in English or German languages. The microchip number must be indicated in the certificate and certificate. The certificate is valid for 10 days before crossing the border and 4 months after entering the EU.

1. Permission from Rosselkhoznadzor. It is necessary when exporting more than two animals from Russia, for example to an exhibition.

Austria allows the import from Russia of puppies and kittens under three months of age that have not been vaccinated against rabies, but this must be indicated in the international certificate.

When entering Austria, the animal must appear healthy. Otherwise, when passing through customs control, you may need to consult a veterinarian, which is provided for a fee, at the expense of the animal owner.

Conclusion

It is worth remembering some of the designations that are accepted on “dog” signs in Austria:

Hundekot-Säckchen-Spender or Gackerl-Sackerl– a special trash container for dog waste with free bags. They are found in large numbers in dog parks, parks and dog walking areas.

Leinenpflicht– means that the dog must be kept on a leash. This sign can even be found in the entrances of apartment buildings.

Maulkorb– the dog needs a muzzle (a common requirement for public transport). The muzzle can be either soft leather or hard metal.

Perhaps you have already traveled with your pet to Austria? Share your impressions in the comments!

Even more interesting and relevant information about life, work and holidays in Austria can be found in new articles on our blog. Subscribe to our newsletter!

Austria's nature is highly diverse, with an estimated 43,000 native species in its flora and fauna, while Germany, being much larger in area than Austria and with access to the sea, is home to 48,000 species (only 5,000 more) .

This diversity reflects the diversity of Austria's geographical environment, which ranges from the alpine ecosystem to the steppe lakes of Burgenland in the east of the country. Different altitudes of ecosystems and climatic conditions serve as the main factor in the formation of animal biodiversity and flora Austria.

But there is also historical reasons why Austria serves as a favorite destination for lovers. At the beginning of the Tertiary period (approximately 65-70 million years ago), the vegetation of Austria was similar to the montane rainforests of Southeast Asia in modern times. At the end of the Tertiary period (about 25 million years ago), heat-loving plants gradually disappeared.

The influence of the Ice Age on the formation of the nature of Austria

By the time of the Ice Age, the basis of the flora of the Alps was spruce and various types of broad-leaved trees. During the Ice Age, many northern plant species migrated from the northern Alps to areas that were not covered by glaciers. Some mountain ranges reached the maximum thickness of glaciers and during this period, separate islands of various flora and fauna formed.

An example of this development of wildlife is the Kapuzinerberg mountain in Salzburg, which is still home to animal and plant species found nowhere else in central Europe. The Ice Age was a time of exchange between alpine and arctic ecosystems. The alpine ecosystem today consists of animals that migrated with Caucasus mountains, Baltic region and Arctic part of Europe.

Fauna of Austria

For bird lovers, we recommend stopping in the east of the country, in particular in the Neusiedler See National Park where about 320 species of birds nest throughout the year. Here you can observe (Merops apiaster), bustard (Otis tarda), and a large population of greylag geese (Anser Anser). On the nearby rivers and lakes of the Neusiedler National Park you can see the common kingfisher (Alcedo atthis) and gray heron (Ardea cinerea). Austria is rich in birds of prey, in particular falcons (Falco), as well as the white-tailed eagle (Haliaeetus albicilla).

Of the reptiles, the most common are beautiful and large Green lizard(Lacerta viridis) and Common grass snake (Natrix natrix). Mammals are largely represented by the wild boar (Sus scrofa), the common badger (Meles meles), the blackbuck (Rupicapra rupicapra), the mountain goat (Capra), European roe deer, roe deer, wild goat or simply roe deer (Capreólus capreólus), red deer (Cervus elaphus) and the common or red fox (Vulpes vulpes). There is also a small population of brown bear(Ursus arctos) who moved from Slovenia.

In Grossglockner Hochalpenstrasse or other areas of the alpine terrain, it is quite possible to meet a very funny animal - the alpine marmot (Marmota marmota).

Flora of Austria

Thanks to its rich topographic diversity, Austria has a significant amount of vegetation. Austria is one of the countries in Europe with the largest forest cover (about 44% of the country's territory is covered with forests). Typical for the country are deciduous forest(oak, beech) and mixed forest (beech, fir), and in the mountainous regions spruce, larch and pine grow. The alpine flora of Austria is the most diverse and colorful: orchids, edelweiss, gentian, alpine carnation, arnica, rhododendron (alpine rose), heather and much more grow here. The northern part of the Alps is dominated by grasslands, scrub forest typical of the Pannonia region, mixed deciduous forest and steppe marshes.

Austria

About 3 percent of the country's area is occupied by protected lands on which seven national parks:

1. Hohe Tauern National Park is the largest in Austria and one of the largest national parks in Europe. It covers a total area of ​​1800 square kilometers and is located on the territory of three contiguous federal states: Tyrol, Salzburg and Carinthia;
2. Nockberge National Park is a park located in the Nockberge Mountains in the federal state of Carinthia. The park's area is approximately 216 square kilometers;
3. The Neusiedlersee - Seewinkel National Park is a very special one, covering 95 square kilometers, including the steppe plains of Lake Neusiedler in the Burgenland nature reserve. It was founded in 1993 and is associated with the Fertő-Hanszág National Park (Vngria). Together these two parks cover approximately 300 square kilometers of land;
4. Donau-Auen National Park - protected area in Lower Austria, which consists of the last large river meadows remaining in Central Europe. It covers only 9,300 hectares of land;
5. Kalkalpen National Park is a park located in the south of Upper Austria and has an area of ​​21 square kilometer. From a botanical point of view, this is a very attractive place, as more than 1000 different species can be found here. higher plants. Much of the park's flora and fauna is typically alpine;
6. Tayatal National Park - covers 1330 hectares of land in the north of Lower Austria and is located on the border with Czech Republic. It joins the Podyji National Park (Czech Republic) and is famous for its narrow valley through which the Die (Taya) river flows;
7. Gesoise National Park is a park located on the territory of the federal state of Styria. Famous for its untouched wildlife and beautiful mountain scenery. The current area of ​​the park is 110 square kilometers, but there are plans to expand it to 125 square kilometers in the future.

Photos of Austrian nature

Video about the beautiful nature of Austria

Occupied area 83.8 thousand square meters. km; population 8 million people. The capital is Vienna, home to 1.6 million people. The form of government is a federal republic.
Official language: German.
The national composition of Austria is made up of ethnic Austrians - 96%, Croats, Hungarians, Slovenes, Czechs, Italians, Serbs, Romanians.
The main religion is Christianity (Catholicism).
The national flag of Austria is a rectangular panel with an aspect ratio of 2:3, consisting of three equal horizontal stripes - top red, middle white and bottom red.
The flag of Austria was adopted in 1919. Then, in 1933, it was canceled and again restored as a state one in 1945.
In the Republic of Austria, the single-headed black eagle, which served as the country's coat of arms in the 12th-13th centuries, was returned as a coat of arms in 1919. and became a symbol of power (the imperial crown on the eagle was replaced by a tower with three prongs, symbolizing the bourgeoisie, peasantry, workers and artisans). In the eagle's claws there is a hammer and sickle, also a symbol of the union of peasants and workers. In 1945, a new symbol appeared on the Austrian coat of arms - a broken chain holding the paws of an eagle. This is a memory of the Anschluss ("annexation") of Austria to the German Reich, which took place in 1938.

Geography of Austria

Climate of Austria

Vegetation of Austria

Fauna of Austria

Water resources of Austria

Minerals of Austria

1.Natural features

2. Environment

2. Economic situation

2.1 general information

2.2 Geography of foreign economic relations

3. Tourist attractions.

3.2 Lower Austria

3.3 Upper Austria

Introduction

Austria is a country of alpine peaks, meadows, mountain lakes and cool forests. Cozy ancient cities living in their own leisurely and serene rhythm. Austria is called the "open heart of Europe". Vienna is a recognized city Cultural Center Europe with many art galleries, luxurious palaces, concert halls, majestic squares, picturesque streets. A city of poets and musicians, surrounded by the green necklace of the Vienna Woods.

Holidays in Austria are especially loved by fans of winter sports. Tyrol, the highest mountainous region of Austria, is rightfully considered one of the most popular holiday destinations. Resorts in Austria offer a lot of opportunities for a great holiday: 22,000 km. perfectly prepared slopes, the best ski schools in the world, the most modern equipment that can be bought or rented.

1.Natural features

Natural contrasts have formed diverse landscapes in the center of Europe, which attract with their beauty and uniqueness. The Alps are a forested region. The influence of the inhabitants of Austria greatly affected the nature of the Alps. In place of dense forests there are now pastures and agricultural lands, thanks to which this small country fully provides its population and a large army of tourists with products. Almost two-thirds of Austria's area is occupied by mountainous terrain. And only one third is located in the cozy valleys of the foothills with a mild, even, temperate climate. The mountainous nature of the country determines the presence of a large number of valleys and foothills in which a large number of alpine villages and resorts. Almost all the lands here are ideally suited for skiing, the topography of its surface is so rugged. Austria - skiing, two complementary concepts. This small country is located not only horizontally, but also vertically, which is facilitated by the high mountains of the Alps. Here you can find yourself in completely opposite types of climate during the day - from subtropics to frosts and snowstorms.

The main thing that determines the natural features of almost the entire territory of Austria is the Alps. Their white-headed peaks are visible from everywhere in the country. Almost ¾ of the country is occupied by the Eastern Alps, which are lower and wider than the Western Alps. The border between them coincides with the western border of Austria and runs along the upper Rhine valley. The Eastern Alps have fewer glaciers and more forests and meadows than the Western Alps. The highest point in Austria - Mount Großglockner in the Hohe Tauern - does not reach 4 thousand meters. (3797 m). WITH highest peaks the largest glacier of the Eastern Alps - Pasierce - over 10 km long flows down. Other peaks of the ridge granite-gneiss zone of the mountains - the Ötztal, Stubai, and Zillertal Alps - are also covered with snow and ice. In this crystalline zone, the so-called alpine landforms are most pronounced - sharp ridges, steep-walled valleys plowed by glaciers. To the north and south of the ridge zone is the famous ice - Eisriesenwelt (world of the ice giants) in the Tennengebirge mountains, south of Salzburg. The names of the mountain ranges themselves speak about the inhospitability and wildness of these places: Totes-Gebirge (meter-high mountains), Hellen-Gebirge (hellish mountains), etc. The limestone Alps to the north turn into the Pre-Alps, descending in steps to the Danube. These are low, rugged mountains, overgrown with forest, their slopes are plowed in places, and the wide, sunny valleys are quite densely populated.

If the geological young Alps are appropriately compared with the Caucasus, then the mountains lying on the other, left side of the Danube resemble the Urals. These are the southern spurs of the Sumava, part of the ancient Bohemian massif, almost to its foundation, destroyed by time. The height of this border hill is only 500 meters and only in a few places it reaches 1000 meters.

Areas with calm relief, flat or hilly lowlands occupy only about 1/5 of the country's area. This is, first of all, the Danube part of Austria and the adjacent western edge of the Middle Danube Plain. The vast majority of the population lives here and is the “center of gravity” of the entire country.

1.2. Climate.

Large relief contrasts - from lowlands to snowy mountains - determine the vertical zonation of climate, soils, and vegetation. Austria has vast areas of fertile land, a warm and fairly humid (700-900 mm of precipitation per year) “grape” climate. This word has it all: a fairly warm, long summer with an average July temperature of + 20 degrees and a warm, sunny autumn. On the plains and foothills there is a relatively mild winter with an average January temperature of 1-5 degrees. However, most of the alpine part of the country is “deprived” of heat. With every 100 meters of rise, the temperature drops by 0.5 - 0.6 degrees. The snow line is at an altitude of 2500-2800 meters. Summer in the high mountains is cold, damp, windy, and wet snow often falls. In winter, there is even more precipitation here: gigantic layers of snow accumulate on the mountain slopes, which often break off for no apparent reason and rush down in avalanches. crushing everything in its path. Rarely does a winter go without casualties; Homes, roads, power lines are destroyed... And sometimes in the middle of winter the snow suddenly disappears. This was the case, for example, during the “white” Olympics in early 1976 in the vicinity of Insburg. Usually snow is “driven away” by warm southern winds - foehns .

1.3 Environment

The environment in most of Austria is not yet as threatened by pollution as in most other industrialized countries in Europe. First of all, this concerns the Alps with their sparse population and generally insignificant industry in relation to this vast territory. The Austrian authorities, interested in attracting foreign tourists to the country, are taking some measures aimed at limiting environmental pollution, but not to an sufficient extent. The democratic public and scientific community in Austria are sounding the alarm about the unacceptable level of industrial waste pollution in the Danube below Vienna and the Mur and Mürz rivers. Nature reserves play an important role in the system of nature conservation measures. There are 12 of them in Austria with a total area of ​​0.5 million hectares. They are found in all natural areas - from the steppe surroundings of Lake Neusiedler See to the high Tauern. Most of the reserves are located in the Alps.

2. Economic situation

2.1 General information.

Austria is a developed industrial-agrarian country. It is one of the most developed countries in Europe. GDP per capita in 2002 amounted to 24.7 thousand euros (in 1995 prices). This figure is constantly growing (in 1990 it was 20.1 thousand, in 1995 - 21.4 thousand euros), and in US dollars at current prices and at purchasing power parity in 2001 - 28.2 thousand (with an average in the EU 25.5 thousand). Thus, Austria was ahead of Sweden, Great Britain, Italy, France, Germany, and was second only to Denmark, the Netherlands, Ireland and Luxembourg.

GDP in constant prices in 2002 amounted to 200.7 billion euros. GDP production per 1 employed person in 2001 (labor productivity) - 58.3 thousand euros.

The Austrian economy is characterized by a relatively low level of inflation (in 2002 - 1.8%) and unemployment (in 2000 - 3.7% of the working population, in 2002 - 4.3%). The consumer price index in 2002 by 1996 was 108.8, while in the EU as a whole it was 110.8.

Approximately 2.2% of GDP is produced in agriculture and forestry, 32.3% in industry, energy and construction, 65.5% in services, trade, transport and communications, banking and insurance systems. One third of the volume of industrial production falls on the public sector of the economy.

However, the Austrian economy faces a number of problems related to European integration. The agro-industrial sector is of particular concern due to the new conditions of competition dictated by the countries of a united Europe. The EU's price and quota policies are contributing to a painful transformation of agriculture, which is causing increasingly harsh opposition from Austrian farmers. As a result of Austria's adherence to the EU's common agricultural policy, 69% of all agricultural land turned out to be unprofitable.

The total volume of accumulated foreign direct investment in Austria at the end of 2001 was estimated at 23-24 billion euros. Of these, about 45% are in Germany, 28% in other EU countries, 12% in Switzerland and Liechtenstein, 7% in the USA and Canada, and 8% in other countries.

By attracting foreign investment and collaborating with foreign partners, Austrian companies are beginning to form the most important technological sectors that were practically absent in the country's economy (telecommunications equipment).

2.2 Geography of foreign economic relations.

The Austrian economy cannot develop without close ties with foreign countries, and its import of goods and capital exceeds their export. But the services it provides to foreign partners are superior to the services it receives from them. We are primarily talking about tourism, which plays a big role in the country’s economy.
Austria's foreign trade has a negative balance, that is, the value of its imports exceeds its exports. A significant place in Austrian exports is occupied by raw materials and semi-finished products: wood and products of its partial processing, ferrous metals, chemical products, electricity. Some types of machinery and equipment and river vessels are exported from finished products. Food is exported in small quantities.
Predominantly finished products are imported, and primarily consumer goods; imports of machinery and equipment, automobiles, and household and industrial electronics products are somewhat less important. Oil, natural gas, coal and coke, metal ores, and chemical raw materials are imported in large quantities. They also import food and flavoring goods, tropical agricultural products, and a lot of feed.
In general, more than 85% of Austria's foreign trade is oriented towards the world capitalist market. Germany occupies the first place both in exports and especially in imports of Austria.
The policy of state neutrality pursued by Austria is a good basis for the further development of foreign economic relations with all countries of the world.

3. Tourist attractions.

Austria is certainly a country for year-round holidays. Despite the fact that many people associate Austria with winter tourism, sightseeing, cultural and historical buildings in a country with rich traditions and a glorious musical taste can easily be combined with any time of year.

Regarded as the most beautiful country in Central Europe, tourists are attracted to Austria by the beauty of Vienna and its famous ski resorts, as well as the picturesque alpine villages of Tyrol, magnificent national parks and the “Lake District” in the west of the country.

Vienna, located in the most picturesque place of the middle reaches of the Danube and surrounded by the beautiful spurs of the Vienna Woods, is one of the most beautiful cities world and "music capital of Europe". The fusion of many cultures over the centuries has created a unique architecture here, severely damaged during the Second World War, but almost completely restored by the hardworking Viennese.

The symbol of the city is St. Stephen's Cathedral (Stephansdom), the patron saint of the capital of Austria. The cathedral is more than 800 years old. Under the cathedral there are ancient catacombs - the burial place of representatives of the Habsburg dynasty, his interior decoration simply bewitchingly beautiful, and in its spire there is a Turkish cannonball, which fell into the cathedral during the Turkish siege of the city in the 16th century. On the walls of Stefansdom you can see the measures of length, size and weight, by which goods were checked when purchasing in the Middle Ages, and from its observation deck there is a magnificent view of the Danube and Vienna. Opposite the cathedral lies the beautiful Stephansplatz square and the post-modern glass building of the Haas House commercial center. The Graben street, the “heart of the city”, another symbol of Vienna, departs from the square, where such famous sights as the Peitzeule Column, the Sacher Hotel and the Peterskirche Church are concentrated. The most fashionable shops are also located here. It is interesting to get acquainted with the nearby Mihalerkirche, St. Marie am Gestad, Franciskanerkirche, the neo-Gothic Town Hall (1872-1883), one of the most beautiful squares in the world - Josephplatz with the Palace Chapel and Burgtheater (1874-1888), the building located on it Parliament (1883), in front of which stands the statue of Pallas Athena, and the famous Vienna Opera (1861-1869) - the venue for the iconic annual Opera Ball.

Somewhat southwest of the Graben and Josefplatz lies the majestic complex of the imperial Hofburg Palace (XIII-XIX centuries), built on the site of a Bavarian fort (1278), which now houses a number of government organizations of the country and the OSCE. In the premises of the palace there is a Spanish riding school - the famous Habsburg Winter Arena (1735), an exhibition of treasures "Schatzkammer" (its collection includes the crown of the Holy Roman Empire and the Austrian imperial crown made in 962), a separate room of the "Burgundian Treasury" (regalia , ceremonial vestments, jewels and relics of the Order of the Golden Fleece and the Dukes of Burgundy, including the "Sacred Lance" with which the crucified Christ was supposedly pierced), the imperial reception hall and the bedroom of Kaiser Franz Joseph.

The separate buildings of the complex house the Vienna House of Arts, the unique Austrian National Library (XVIII century), which contains more than 2 million books, notes, manuscripts and ancient manuscripts, as well as the Augustinkirche court church and one of the richest art collections in the world - the Albertina Gallery (1800). Near the Hofburg Palace there is a unique Petit Pointe workshop, where handbags, brooches and miniature snuff boxes embroidered with tiny crosses have been made for many centuries.

You should definitely visit the Church of St. Ruprecht and the summer residence of the Habsburgs - Schönbrunn Palace, which has more than 1,400 rooms and halls. Nowadays there is a Museum of Weapons, a collection of costumes and horse-drawn carriages "Wagenburg", a beautiful park with fountains, a greenhouse and a zoo. Excellent examples of architecture are the palace of Prince Eugene of Savoy, located on a hill in the south-eastern part of the city - Belvedere Castle (1714-1723) with the Gallery of Austrian Art of the 19th-20th centuries. (the largest collection of Klimt, Schiele and Kokoschka) and the chambers of Archduke Ferdinand, the baroque Karlskirche (1739) and Stadtpark, the University, the palace of Count Manfeld-Fondi and the Vatican Church.

The pride of Vienna is its beautiful parks, varied in appearance and purpose. Prater Park is considered the most “people's” park in Vienna (it has been in operation since the 18th century) and is famous for the largest Ferris wheel in the world (65 m) and excellent restaurants. The historic Augarten Park regularly hosts dozens of musical performances and symphony concerts. The famous Vienna Woods park, located in the vicinity of the capital, in the foothills of the Eastern Alps, is a whole forest area with its own towns and hotels, resorts and thermal springs. Bounded on one side by the picturesque Danube valley and vineyards, and on the other by the famous resort area of ​​Baden and Bad Voslau, the “Vienna Woods” is a favorite holiday destination for Viennese and guests of the country. There are probably more interesting things in the Austrian capital museums than in any other city in the world.

Not a single tourist can resist the temptation to visit the famous Viennese cafes and restaurants, which are as integral an attribute of the city as the Stefansdom or the “crooked house” of the Hundertwasser House. Viennese cafes are the oldest in the world. The most famous are the classic "Maria Theresa", the fashionable "Do-and-Co", the modernist "Museum", as well as "Mozart", "Fiacre", "Central", "Melange" and "Demel", where the most varied audience gathers, Freud's favorite cafe is "Landman", the respectable "Sacher" and "Havelka", the walls of which are decorated with paintings left as payment by famous artists, as well as "Dommeier", in which Strauss made his debut.

The capital's restaurants are no less famous and charming. The historic Piaristenkeller has two of its own museums and serves dishes based on 18th-century recipes. Restaurant "Greichenbeisl" is the oldest "drinking establishment" in Vienna; a tavern operated here already in the 16th century. Almost all the famous people of the country and the world visited it - from Bekhoven and Strauss, to Mark Twain and Chaliapin. Also famous are the restaurants "Plashutta" on Auchofstrasse, "Temple" on Praterstrasse, "Hansen" and "Stomach", as well as the wine cellars ("heuriger") of the Grinzing district. In total, there are more than 180 cozy “heuriger” in Vienna - from tiny ones, no larger than a living room, where regulars come from neighboring streets, to huge, luxuriously furnished halls, where you can meet both a simple crowned prince and an aristocrat from the “high society”.

Neighborhoods of Vienna

The surroundings of Vienna are no less beautiful than the capital itself. On the banks of the Danube, 70 km west of Vienna, lie the ruins of the Durnstein fortress (12th century), of which the legendary English king Richard the Lionheart was a prisoner. In Tulln, at Atzenburg Castle, concerts dedicated to Schubert are held all year round (the estate of the great composer’s uncle, which he often visited, was located in these places). According to the "Song of the Nibelungs", it was here that the first battle of the legendary Siegfried with the king of the Huns Etzel (Attila) took place. Nearby lie the ruins of the Araburg fortress, the last stronghold of Protestants in Austria. The Cistercian monasteries of Heiligenkreutze are located 25 km southwest of Vienna. Gumpoldskirchen is home to the castle of the German knights with the parish church of St. Michael and the statue of St. Nepomuk on the picturesque bridge, as well as famous wine cellars. Very close to Vienna is the town of Klosterneuburg, where local monks have been producing wine for almost a thousand years, so the local winemaking school is considered one of the oldest in Europe.

3.2 Lower Austria

25 km south of the capital, among the green hills of the Vienna Woods, fields and vineyards lies the famous Baden. This resort with healing hot sulfur springs was known back in the days of Ancient Rome - here in the 2nd century. n. e. The camp of the Roman cohort was located here; Marcus Aurelius spent the last years of his life here. In 1804-1834. the city was the summer imperial residence, all the nobility and cultural and artistic figures came here. The healing water of Baden is still used today for bathing, drinking and preventing rheumatic diseases, arthrosis, diseases of the spine and joints, as well as for general recovery and wellness procedures. Be sure to visit Theresienbad ("Theresian Baths") and Theresiengarten ("Theresian Garden") with many exotic plants, which was founded in 1792 in honor of Empress Maria Theresa.

Baden's parks are attractions in themselves - in the Spa Park there is a daily orchestra and a gazebo "Beethoven Temple", a flower clock and monuments to Strauss and Lanner, and from the end of June to the beginning of September there is an Operetta Festival in the "summer arena". Doblhofpark is famous for the Schloss-Weikersdorf castle and the wonderful rose garden, where the famous “Baden Rose Days” are held annually. City gardens and parks on the outskirts of the city smoothly merge with the Vienna Woods and the vineyards of the Helental valley.

Baden has Europe's largest casino in the magnificent Congress Palace, a gallery in the Beethoven House Museum, the majestic Villa Menotti, the Jünger Gallery, the Emperor Franz Josef Museum, a museum of puppets and games, a wonderful hippodrome, many quiet alleys with houses and villas in the " Biedermeier", a large pedestrian area, cozy coffee and heurigers. Near Baden there is the beautiful Klosterneuburg church, historic Purkersdorf, as well as many luxurious villas and parks.

St. Pölten

The federal province of Lower Austria lies in the lower reaches of the Danube in the northeast of the country, on the border with the Czech Republic and Slovakia. The capital of the province is St. Pölten. It is the oldest Austrian city and the youngest state capital. It is interesting to visit the City Hall, the Im-Hof Museum on Hessstrasse, Pottenbrunn Palace with a collection of medieval cups, Schallaburg Palace, the city cultural center with the Festival Hall, Exhibition Hall and a modern tower, Historical Museum Lower Austria and the Museum of Modern Art in the Baroque Karmeliterhof Palace, the Roman-Gothic Domplatz Cathedral, the Bischofshof Episcopal Museum and Herzogenburg Abbey, Nussdorf and the Treismauer Dinosaur Park.

Most excursions to the beautiful vineyard region of the Wachau Valley, to the countless small lakes of the Waldviertel region surrounded by dense coniferous forests, or to the foot of the picturesque Voralpenland mountain begin from St. Pölten. In Asparn an der Thaya there is a Prehistoric Open Air Museum, in Spiez an der Donau there is a shipping museum, and in Waldkirchen an der Thaya there is a doll museum.

Castles and palaces

Medieval castles and palaces are scattered throughout the region. The Artstetten Palace (16th century) is very interesting with the Franz Ferdinand Museum, the palace church and the crypt, where Franz Ferdinand and his wife, killed in Sarajevo in 1914, are buried. The baroque Riegersburg (1735) is considered the most beautiful palaces in Lower Austria. and the Renaissance Shallaburg. However, they are not inferior to the ancient fortress of Rappotgenstein, one of the strongholds of Freemasonry - the Baroque Rosenau Palace, the Renaissance Weitra Palace (1606), the former border fortress of Raabas (11th century), the Wiener Neustadt fortress (13th century) with the chapel of St. George (1460), the Renaissance castles of Graillenstein and Resenburg, Orth Castle (13th century) in Orth an der Donau with a fishing museum and a local history museum, the summer residence of the emperor - Laxenburg and many other majestic buildings.

Monasteries

The local monasteries are also beautiful - the Benedictine abbeys of Seitenstetten (1112, rebuilt in 1719-1947), the masterpiece of the Austrian Baroque - Melk (976, rebuilt in 1702-1736), Altenburg (1144) and Göttweig ( 1083), Augustinian Durnstein (1410), Herzogenburg (1244) and Klosterneuburg (1114) with a magnificent treasury of works of art, as well as the Cistercian Abbey of Heiligenkreuz (1133) with a Romanesque church, chapel (1295 .) and stained glass windows of the 13th century.

National parks

The Donau-Auen National Park is the largest nature reserve in Central Europe and protects more than 5 thousand species of animals and birds, while also being a wonderful holiday destination. The Taiatal National Park is located in the valley of one of the most beautiful rivers in Europe - the Taia, which is the westernmost point where many plant species typical of Pannonia grow. The surrounding area of ​​the river is “strewn” with beautiful meadows, beautiful cliffs of Paleozoic rocks and mountains abounding in cliffs, which gives the park a unique appearance.

Styria is a federal province of Austria, bordering Slovenia and famous for its huge number of medieval castles and the “Land of Lakes” Salzkammergut. Ancient castles and monasteries are scattered throughout the region. Here are the largest baroque fortress in the country, Riegersburg, with a Gothic chapel, a real knight's hall and a collection of medieval weapons, the Renaissance Herberstein castle (XIII-XVII centuries) with an armory and a hall of family portraits, the pilgrimage church of Mariazell (1157) with a treasury, a chapel with a silver altar (1727) and a miraculous statue of the 13th century, the former abbey of the Cistercians in Neuberg (1350-1612), the Augustinian monastery in Forau (1163), the oldest Austrian monastery of the Cistercians in the Rhine (1129) .) or the unique Benedictine monastery in Göss (1000), as well as many other historical and architectural monuments.

The administrative center of Styria, Graz is one of the ancient outposts of the Austrian Empire on the Turkish border and one of the most distinctive cities in the country. In the city you can see the episcopal palace, the ruins of the Schlossberg castle (XI century) destroyed in 1805 by Napoleon with the Urturm clock tower and the Glockenturm bell tower, the Cathedral of the Teutonic Knights (XIII century), the old Town Hall (XVI century), the Domkirche church (XII century). c.), Mausoleum of Emperor Ferdinand II (1614), the famous Opera House, which hosts the Opera Ball in January and the "Christmas in Styria" festival (January), the University, the Styrian Museum (including the Museum of Applied Arts with a rich collection tin and iron products), Museum of Forensics, Arsenal (Zeughaus) with the world's largest collection of medieval weapons (more than 30 thousand exhibits), Museum of Aeronautics, Schloss-Egenburg Castle (1625) with an archaeological museum, Alte Gallery -Galleries with a large collection of medieval art and the Herbstein Palace (17th century), which now also houses an art gallery.

Salzkammergut

The most attractive holiday destination in Styria is the “Land of Lakes” Salzkammergut. Lake Grundlsee (6 km long, about a kilometer wide) together with Lake Altaussersee forms a picturesque alpine landscape, which has attracted the attention of tourists and artists for many decades. Lake Toplitzsee, with its rugged rocky shores and cliffs of the Dead Mountains, has long been the subject of legends. Lake Stubenbergsee in eastern Styria is no less picturesque and charming, and near Peggau there are beautiful stalactite caves.

Southern Carinthia

Southern Carinthia, which is often called the “Austrian Riviera” for the beauty of its nature, has countless mountains and valleys, about 1,270 picturesque lakes, along the shores of which small resort towns with first-class hotels, beautiful beaches and complete recreation infrastructure are scattered, as well as famous ski resorts. centers.

Klagenfurt and main resorts

Capital of Carinthia , Klagenfurt, founded in 1252 near the picturesque lake Wörther See. This is a very beautiful place, famous for its Minimundus park - a museum of masterpieces of world architecture reduced by 25 times, as well as a miniature but fully functioning railway and a small port with model ships. Local attractions include the Renaissance Town Hall with the "arms of arms", the baroque bishop's palace (18th century), the cathedral (16th century), the Carinthian Museum, as well as the Happ Reptile Zoo and Dinosaur Park - one of the richest collections of amphibians in Europe. In the western bay of Wörther See, among the forested spurs of the Alps, lies Velden - one of the best lake resorts in the country with the most modern hotels, casinos, beach cafes, shops and excellent cuisine, as well as the beautiful resorts of Pertschach with a water entertainment center, Warmbad Villach with its thermal springs and national park (20 hectares), green Krumpendorf and picturesque Maria Werth on a small peninsula on the southern shore of the lake. The thermal complex of Bad Blumau (15 thousand sq. m of water area) with indoor and outdoor thermal pools (water temperature +36 C) is considered one of the most modern and technically equipped in Europe - here you can undergo almost all conceivable and inconceivable procedures.

Fortresses and monasteries

Carinthia has many medieval fortresses and monasteries - Portia Castle on the Drau (Drava) River, Landkron above Lake Ossiacher See and the main Carinthian fortress - Hochosterwitz Castle, as well as the Dominican monastery of Friesach with a magnificent basilica (1300), the Benedictine abbeys of St. Paul im Lavantal (1091), Ossiach (founded approximately 1028) and Millstatt (1060-1068) with a basilica (12th century), a Romanesque arcade and an excellent museum. In Maria Saal there is an open-air Museum of Wooden Architecture, presenting real life-size peasant huts, as well as the architectural features, traditions and way of life of the Austrian countryside. Treffen is home to the Ellie Riel Doll Museum, which displays beautiful dolls (more than 650) created by the owner of the museum herself. In Gmünd there is a private Porsche Museum - more than 30 models of cars of the famous brand dating back to the 50s of the 20th century.

Nature of Carinthia

But the real treasure of Carinthia is its nature. Here lie the most famous lakes of the country - Wörther See, Ossiacher See, Millstätter See and Weißen See, as well as small Afritzer See, Faaker See with unique landscapes, Feld See, Köchacher See, Klopeiner See (the most warm in Austria), Pressegger See and Langsee, where the water is amazingly clean and, thanks to thermal springs, warm. Mount Obir, located near Eisenkappel in southwest Carinthia, is famous for its stalactite caves. IN national park Nockberg, which is located at an altitude of 1300-2440 m, you can enjoy the majestic mountain landscapes and get acquainted with the centuries-old traditions of Austria. Hohe Tauern National Park covers an area of ​​1187 square meters. km, attracts with the beauty of its peaks, glaciers, lakes and waterfalls, alpine flora and fauna, as well as the wonderful mountain village of Heiligenblut (“holy blood”), turned into a modern tourist center. Rosegg Nature Reserve protects over 350 different animal species and fragile alpine flora. Nearby is the terrible Ragga gorge, over which hanging bridges are stretched at a great height.

3.3 Upper Austria

The federal province of Upper Austria is located in the north of the country, on the border with the Czech Republic and Germany.

Linz is the main city of the state and major port on the Danube. The main attractions of Linz are the Trinity Column (1723), Landhaus (Town Hall, 16th century), Alter Dom Cathedral (17th century), Kefermarkt People's Garden and Weinberg Castle (15th century). Like many cities in Austria, Linz is famous for its museums - the Upper Austrian Museum, the City Museum, the New Gallery and the Diocesan Museum.

Castles and monasteries

Upper Austria also has a huge number of historical castles - Walchen in Vöcklamarkt, the palaces of Orth and Lanschloss (XVII century) in Gmunden, the former residence of the Landfürst in Wels (VIII century), the largest castle in Upper Austria - Schaunberg, the Klam fortress with an arched Renaissance courtyard and two Gothic chapels, the Renaissance Grainburg Castle with a vaulted gallery (1621), a hall for special events, a chapel and a shipping museum, as well as many other equally remarkable buildings.

The most famous of the country's provincial monasteries, the Baroque St. Florian (1071), is located in the city of the same name on the burial site of St. Florian. Magnificent rooms, collections, a chamber music festival and theatrical performances at Tillisburg Palace (July) attract thousands of tourists. Anton Bruckner is buried in the monastery church, and nearby is the original Fire Museum and the former hunting castle (1729) with a hunting museum in Hohenbrunn. No less interesting are the monasteries in Mondsee (748) - the oldest monastery in Upper Austria, the Benedictine abbey in Lambach (1056) with a church dating back to 1080, the Trappist monastery in Engelszell (1293), the abbey in Schlägl (1218) with an underground chapel, or the Benedictine abbey in Kremsmunster, founded in 777, famous for its Imperial Hall (1694) and observatory (1759).

The popular "Lake District" Salzkammergut continues into Upper Austria. The lakes Attersee, Irrsee, Traunsee, Kamersee, Hallstattersee and Mondsee are ideal for water sports and leisure activities. On the banks of the Wolfgangsee lies the beautiful resort of St. Wolfgang with a doll museum and the majestic Villa Wachler, and many interesting places. In Mondsee there is the Rauchhaus open-air farming museum. In Steyr, you should definitely visit the museums of its famous arms factories. In Obertraun there are stalactite and ice caves. In Natterbach there is the largest Wild West amusement park in Austria, in Hinterbüchle there is a unique underground lake, and in Ganserndorf there is a Safari Park.

The federal province of Tyrol, bordering Italy, Switzerland and Germany, is often called the “heart of the Alps”. There are more than 600 peaks - “three thousand meters” and 5 glaciers. Combined with excellent ecology, this allows the region to be considered one of the best winter resorts in the world.

The main city of Tyrol is Innsbruck. Known since the 13th century, and since the 16th century. was the residence of Emperor Maximilian. It is a center of arts and crafts and watchmaking, as well as one of the country's legendary mountain resorts. Innsbruck is a skiing legend: the city has twice hosted winter Olympic Games(1964 and 1976). All six ski areas around the city are combined into a single “Great Innsbruck Ski Pass” of 52 lifts. There are about 120 km of well-prepared trails at altitudes from 900 to 3200 m, more than 100 km of flat trails, a snowboard park and many trekking trails along the slopes of the surrounding mountains, and the city itself is a network of shops and restaurants, fascinating night life and casino.

In addition, in Innsbruck you can see the Hofburg Imperial Palace (XIV-XVIII centuries), the Franciscan Cathedral (XVI century), the Arsenal, the Triumphal Arch (1756), the Hofkirche court church (XVI century) with a bronze tombstone of the emperor, the castle Fürstenburg (XV century), St. Anne's Column (1703), City Tower, Maximilianeum Museum in the Goldenes Dahl Palace (Golden Roof), Ambras Castle, Ferdinandeum Ethnographic Museum with a collection of Gothic paintings, Alpine Zoo with a 360-degree panorama and the Museum of Tyrolean Art. In the town of Wattens, not far from Innsbruck, in an underground cave there is the Crystal Museum of the Austrian company Swarovski - the famous "Swarovski Crystal Worlds". This is a real labyrinth of seven rooms connected by narrow corridors and stairs. The halls display the smallest (0.8 mm) and largest (310 thousand carats) crystal crystals in the world, included in the Guinness Book of Records, as well as Dali’s famous “leaking clock” made of crystal, the ceremonial decoration of the Indian Maharajah’s favorite horse, and a mosaic path , a crystal hall and a wall lined with artificial crystals, 11 m high and weighing 12 tons!

Austria: Bratislava - Vienna / With Hungary: ... stylish cafe "Maximilian" in Austro- the Hungarian spirit or - if it arose...

Australia is the southern continent, animal world which is special compared to the fauna of other continents. Among the animals of Australia, monkeys, ruminants and pachyderm mammals cannot be found. Only in Australia can you find marsupial mammals that have a special fold of skin called a pouch, in which nipples are located for feeding babies. Being born very small, marsupial cubs immediately move into this pouch, and under its protection they grow until they reach the size and level of physiological development that allows them to begin an independent life.

Let's look at photos and descriptions of Australian animals.

One of the cutest and most unusual representatives of Australian animals is the platypus.

Appearance The platypus lives up to its name - it is a beaver-like mammal with a nose similar to a duck's beak. When in the 18th century the first news came to Europe about a strange animal from distant Australia, the scientific world did not believe in the existence of such an animal and accused the discoverers of cheating.

Platypuses, like reptiles, lay eggs. But female platypus babies are fed milk.

One of the symbols of Australia is the kangaroo.

A kangaroo will greatly surprise a European if he sees it for the first time. Most likely, a European will think that this is an artificially created mutant, consisting of parts of several animals. The head of a kangaroo is similar to the head of a roe deer or deer, while the ears are long like those of a donkey. The paws are similar to the paws of a hare, only proportionally larger.

Kangaroo is actually the name of a group of animals, there are several types of kangaroos of different sizes. Moreover, it is common to call large animals kangaroos, and small ones wallabies.

The next unusual representative of Australian animals is the koala.

Scientifically, in Latin, the koala is called Phascolarctos cinereu, which translates into Russian as “ashen marsupial bear.” The koala is indeed very similar in appearance to a bear, but from the point of view of biological classification it has nothing to do with bears.

The closest relatives of koalas are wombats, which also live in Australia, and which we will talk about a little later.

Koalas live throughout Australia from the colder south to the warmer north. Living closer to Antarctica, koalas in southern Australia have thicker, warmer fur to suit the cooler climate. Koalas from the warmer northern parts of Australia have lighter fur and are brown in color.

Koalas' only food is eucalyptus leaves. But it should be remembered that this plant is toxic, and koalas have the ability to digest the poison of eucalyptus trees.

Koalas practically do not drink water, as the leaves contain enough moisture. They prefer young, succulent leaves as they are softer and juicier. Koalas meet 90% of their water needs from leaves.

Koalas have a large nose and need it to recognize safe eucalyptus shoots.

Emu bird

The emu is depicted on the state's coat of arms and is often minted on various coins. Hundreds of places are named after the emu, and the bird is often the heroine of Aboriginal myths.

He looks like either a huge hamster or a small witch. This cute animal of Australia does not live on more than one continent.

Wombats dig holes, and not just holes, but entire underground dwellings with rooms and passages. Their brains are larger than other marsupials, so they can plan a labyrinth of underground communications very well. Length underground passages A wombat can reach 30 meters.

In the wild, the wombat is nocturnal. Coming out of their hiding place at night, they eat and in the morning return to their underground kingdom.

This underground hamster weighs up to 40 kilograms, and its body length reaches 120 centimeters.

One very special point in the structure of the wombat's back is interesting. It is simply armored; if a wombat hides in a hole, the predator will not be able to bite through its butt.

The Tasmanian devil is a stocky predator with a very stern disposition. Although the Tasmanian devil is comparable in size to a small dog, it is more like a tiny bear. The size of a large male Tasmanian devil reaches a maximum of 12 kilograms.

Now Tasmanian devils can only be found on the island of Tasmania, although they previously lived on the mainland.

Tasmanian devils had few enemies and could become prey for the marsupial wolf, which was exterminated by humans by 1936. Their main enemy is humans and viruses; they are very susceptible to the DFTD virus.

Now the Tasmanian devil is under threat from dingoes, a young Tasmanian devil may be killed by a speckled marsupial marten. In 2001, foxes appeared on the island of Tasmania, which also compete with them.

Speckled marsupial marten

Australia's next animal is the speckled marsupial marten, or quoll, a predator the size of a regular cat. This is a species of spotted marsupial marten, also called quoll.

Like Tasmanian devils, quolls have now disappeared from Australia and remain in Tasmania.

In nature, the speckled marsupial marten competes with the Tasmanian devil, feral cats and dogs. Recently, the fox was added to these animals.

The quoll is currently listed as Near Threatened.

Kiwi bird

Another unique resident of the Australian region, or rather New Zealand, is the kiwi bird.

Looking at the photo of a kiwi bird, you might think that it is not a bird, but a bun with legs and fur. The kiwi bird has practically no wings, and its feathers are very similar to wool.

These birds are record holders for life expectancy; they can live up to 60 years.

The wedge-tailed eagle lives on the mainland itself, as well as on the islands of Tasmania and New Guinea. This is a large species of eagle with a wingspan of up to 2.3 meters.

It hunts mainly small animals, but can also feed on carrion. Very rarely attacks calves or young kangaroos.