Holidays in Tanzania: climate, geographical location, interesting places. Where is Tanzania in Africa

Tanzania is located on the continent of Africa, in GMT+3 time zone (with current time: 17:32, Wednesday). Offset from its time zone: h. The country is located on an area of ​​945087 km² with a population of about 41.9 million people. Neighboring countries: Mozambique, Kenya, Democratic Republic of Congo, Rwanda, Zambia, Burundi, Uganda, Malawi.

The capital of the country Tanzania?

The capital of Tanzania is Dodoma.

TZA latitude and longitude

Tanzania on the world map

Tanzania

Largest cities in Tanzania

Dar es Salaam
Mwanza
Zanzibar
Arusha
Mbeya
Morogoro
Tanga
Dodoma
Kigoma
Moshi
Tabora

Tanzania, United Republic / Constitutional foundations, characteristics of the form of government

Between 1961, when Tanganyika's independence was declared, and 1977, when the permanent constitution of the United Republic of Tanzania was adopted, Tanzania underwent five constitutions:

Constitution of Independence - the first constitution of independent Tanganyika was put into effect on December 9, 1961 by a proclamation of the British Governor-General and was an annex to the Constitutional Order in Council - an act of the English Crown that legally formalized the approval of the first constitution in states that were former British colonies.

Tanganyika was declared a dominion within the Commonwealth of Nations. Legislative powers English Parliament on its territory were cancelled.

The National Assembly (NA) became the highest legislative body, but the head of state remained the Queen of England, represented in the country by the governor-general appointed by her.

Republican Constitution.

Map of Tanzania in Russian

On December 9, 1962, the Tanganyika Constituent Assembly adopted a new constitution, which declared Tanganyika a sovereign republic. The president of the republic was declared the head of state and government, and he also became the commander-in-chief of the armed forces. The 1962 Constitution retained some features of the English parliamentary model, namely the system of elections to parliament and local authorities, adapted to a multi-party system, according to which the organization was provided for higher authorities state power and management.

Provisional Constitution of the United Republic of Tanganyika and Zanzibar.

In connection with the formation of the United Republic of Tanzania in April 1964, the 1962 constitution was amended to provide for the division of competencies between the union bodies of ORT and government agencies Zanzibar; on the representation of Zanzibar in the union government and parliament.

The modified constitution was called the Provisional Constitution of the United Republic of Tanzania and Zanzibar 1964.

Provisional Constitution of 1965.

On July 8, 1965, the new Provisional Constitution came into force. Subsequently (it was in force for 12 years), numerous amendments and additions were made to it, the most significant after the adoption of the Arusha Declaration. The Constitution of 1965 reflected some features characteristic of the constitutional legislation of those African countries who declared a socialist orientation, namely: a declaration that political power belongs to the people; consolidating the position that the people exercise this power through their revolutionary democratic party; consolidation in the constitution of the leading role of the revolutionary democratic party, which is a united national democratic front of all revolutionary forces country and serving as the political basis of the state; formulation in basic legislation of a new social and legal status of a citizen; prohibition of racial, national and tribal discrimination; securing state property for the people as the basis for the development of the state along a non-capitalist path.

In this constitution the tendency of strengthening and centralization was further developed executive power, - all power is concentrated in the hands of the president.

The permanent constitution of the United Republic of Tanzania of 1977, with a number of amendments, is in force to this day. It was adopted by the National Assembly on April 25, 1977.

It consists of a preamble and 10 chapters. There are 152 articles in the constitution, making it one of the longest in the world. Changes and additions were made to it 14 times. Nevertheless, there is a growing need for new changes to the constitution.

For example, it still defines Tanzania as a country with a socialist orientation, while the government implements free market principles and practices.

The Constitution proclaims democracy and socialism as the basic principles of the political system. The state must be “governed by society on the basis of the principles of democracy and socialism” (preamble). One of the stages in the development of democratic rights and freedoms was the inclusion of ORT in the constitution in 1984.

a series of articles called the Bill of Rights. It was this addition that legally secured such fundamental human rights and freedoms as the right to life, personal freedom, privacy, equality before the law for all men and women, regardless of race, religion and social status, freedom of movement, freedom of speech, conscience and so on.

Citizens are also given the right to work, to remuneration for work without any discrimination, forced labor is prohibited; the right to participate in the management of state affairs: receiving education and information (Art.

12–19). The Articles on the Duties of Citizens (25–28) deal with the observance of the constitution; protection of freedom, sovereignty, territorial integrity of the country, state property. Until 1992, the leading role of the Revolutionary Party was enshrined in the constitution. In 1992, an amendment was introduced to introduce a multi-party system in the country.

According to the form of government, Tanzania is a federation, the members of which are Tanganyika and Zanzibar.

For reference federal bodies include: changes to the constitution; external relations; defense; citizenship; international trade; transport and communications; money turnover; higher education etc. Zanzibar has its own constitution (dated January 12, 1980, as amended in 1984), its own authorities and administration and judicial system.

Tanzania is a presidential republic. Art. 3 of the Tanzanian Constitution defines the United Republic as “a democratic and socialist state which adheres to the principle of multi-party democracy.”

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  • Heads of state (presidents) 1962–2014
  • Heads of government (prime ministers) 1972–2014
  • Heads of the Republic of Zanzibar (presidents) 1964–2014
  • Heads of the Republic of Zanzibar (chief ministers) 1983–2014
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  • Main economic indicators in 1990–2010
  • Tanzania's GDP structure, according to the World Bank in 2011
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  • Participation in international organizations and international regimes, main foreign policy counterparties and partners, relations with Russia
  • External and internal security threats
  • Tanzania's ranking on the Corruption Perceptions Index, 2001–2012
  • Placement of the country's territory in an area of ​​increased risk of natural disasters
  • Economic threats
  • Threats to human security

Tanzania- a state in East Africa. In the north it borders with Kenya and Uganda, in the south with Mozambique, Malawi and Zambia, in the west with the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Burundi and Rwanda. In the east it is washed by the Indian Ocean. Tanzania also owns the islands of Zanzibar and Pemba.

The name of the country comes from the name of the united countries of Tanganyika and Zanzibar.

Capital

Dodoma (official), Dar es Salaam (actual).

Square

Population

Administrative division

The state is divided into 25 regions.

Form of government

Republic.

Head of State

The president.

Supreme legislative body

National Assembly (parliament).

Supreme executive body

Government.

Big cities

Zanzibar, Mwanza, Dar es Salaam, Tanga. Official language. Swahili, English.

Religion

50% are Christians, 30% are Muslims.

Ethnic composition

99% are Africans (more than 120 groups in total), 0.2% are Europeans.

Currency

Tanzanian shilling = 100 cents.

Climate

Tanzania's climate varies depending on altitude and distance from the coast.

Thus, on the ocean coast the climate is tropical, with an average annual temperature of about + 27 °C.

Where is Tanzania? - country on the world map

Inland it is hotter and drier. The islands have a mostly tropical climate, but the heat is reduced by ocean winds. The rainy season lasts from December to May. The greatest amount of precipitation falls on the western coast of Lake Victoria (up to 2000 mm per year), the least - on the inner plateau (about 250 mm).

Flora

In the west and south of the country there are dry deciduous woodlands, in the coastal lowlands - park savannas, in the northeast and in the center - grassy savannas.

On the slopes of the mountains there are moist evergreen forests. Mahogany and camphor laurel grow in large quantities in the forests of Tanzania.

Fauna

Representatives of the animal world of Tanzania are antelope, zebra, elephant, hippopotamus, rhinoceros, giraffe, lion, leopard, cheetah, monkeys. The Serengeti National Park is the only one in the world where natural seasonal migration of wild animals exists.

Rivers and lakes

The main rivers are Pangani, Rufiji, Ruvuma. The largest lakes are Tanganyika, Victoria, Nyasa.

Attractions

In Dar es Salaam - the National Museum (1937), in Zanzibar - the State Museum of Zanzibar, in Tanga an ethnographic museum-village - the picturesque Amboni caves and the ruins of an Iranian fortress of the 16th century.

Tourists are attracted primarily by nature reserves, safaris and. Kilimanjaro.

Useful information for tourists

Traditional souvenirs are products made from ebony wood, malachite, soapstone, and beads.

Tanzanite, a blue diamond, is mined in Tanzania. Jewelry with tanzanite - an expensive and unique souvenir.
It is customary to tip driver-guides if you like their work.

Mountain guides receive an average of $10 per day, cooks and porters - $5 each. At a hotel or inn, you can give 500 shillings to the porter or servant, or leave a slightly larger amount with the accommodation service when you leave.
While staying in Tanzania, you must take medications against tropical malaria and get vaccinated against yellow fever before traveling. Tap water should not be drunk. For drinking, use only water from bottles, after checking that they are well sealed.

Water intended for drinking, brushing teeth, and making ice must be boiled or otherwise disinfected.
You should not move away from the main streets of cities to avoid the risk of being robbed.

Do not carry a large amount of money with you, do not wear expensive gold jewelry, and do not walk down the street with audio and video equipment. At night, you should avoid appearing in deserted, unfamiliar places.

United Republic of Tanzania
Main capital: Dodoma
Official language: Swahili, English
territories: 945,087 km²
population: 46,218,000 people
Form of government: Presidential republic
currency: Tanzanian shilling
Tanzania is a map on the Sputnik search portal.

Incorporated into the Commonwealth.

The president of the state and government is the president. The legislative body is the National Assembly.
Administrative division: 25 regions.

In the east it washes the waters of the Indian Ocean.

Most of Tanzania's territory is located on the East African plateau (altitude 1000 m). The highest point is Mount Kilimanjaro (5895 m). In the west of the plateau it is bordered by a system of tectonic depressions involved in the Rift Valley region. On the border - Lake Victoria, Tanganyika, Nyasa (Malawi). On the ocean coast, a narrow belt of soil expands, surrounded by coral reefs. In Tanzania, the turning point of three major African rivers Congo, fed by water from Lake Tanganyika, Nile - Lake Victoria (the southern coast of which is in Tanzania) - Zambezi - Lake Nyasa.

The main rivers are Pangani, Rufigi, Ruvuma.
The climate is mainly equatorial-monsoon. The average temperature of the warmest month is from 25 to 27 °C, the coldest is from 12 to 22 °C. Precipitation is 500-1500 mm per year.
The country's territory is dominated by bright rainforests deciduous trees (“miombo”) and various types of Savannah (gardens, shrubs, meadows). Grassy savanna covers the floor of the Ngorongoro volcano crater.

Tropical rainforests remain only here and there on the mountainside. On the ocean shore and at the mouth there is a mangrove river. The animal world of Tanzania is rich and diverse, especially in reserves and national parks, the largest of which are Serengeti, Ngorongoro, Arushi, Manyara, Mikumi, Ruaha, Kilimanjaro, Rungwe. In the cities of the savannah there are still many elephants, giraffes, zebras, there are large herds of various antelopes, black rhinoceros, buffalo, lions, and in the forests there are many species of monkeys (including a rare black and white colored long-haired colony) and very large birds.

Where is Tanzania?

National parks - Serengeti, Kilimanjaro, Ruah, Tarangi, etc.; Selous Nature Reserve, Ngorongoro, Rungwa and others.

Population: Nyambezi, Swahili, Hehe, Makonde people, etc. Official language is English and Swahili..

Believers are Christians, Muslims, representatives of local traditional beliefs.

V 7.-8. The Arabs occupied the territory of Tanzania for centuries; In the 16th century, the Portuguese were replaced by Arabs. By the beginning of the 19th century, Fr. Zanzibar and the coast of mainland Tanzania were under the rule of the Sultans of Muscat.

In 1856, the independent Suntanate of Zanzibar was created. Land in Tanzania was taken over by Germany in 1884 (a German colony became a base for East Africa.), and after World War I a mandate, in 1946 a trust territory under British control (called Tanganyika); In 1890, a British protectorate was created over Zanzibar. In December 1961, the independence of Tanganyika was proclaimed in December 1963 - Zanzibar.

In April 1964, Tanganyika and Zanzibar founded the United Republic of Tanzania. The ruling party in Tanzania was the Revolutionary Party - Chama Cha Mapinduzi (founded in 1977). In 1992, the multilateral system was introduced.

Tanzania is an agricultural state. GDP per capita is US$2,900 (2007). Main products: coffee, cotton, sisal, cloves. Animal husbandry.

Fishing. Cleaning precious wood. Mining of diamonds, phosphates, gold, etc. Processing of agricultural raw materials. Oil refining, chemistry, cement, woodworking, metalworking. The main port is Dar es Salaam. Exports: coffee, cotton, spices, Indian walnuts, sisal, tobacco, tea, diamonds, etc.

The main foreign trade partners are Great Britain, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, and Japan.

The currency is the Tanzanian Shilling.

Embassy of Tanzania

• Katsman V.

  I. Modern Tanzania. M., 1977.

• Ovchinnikov V.E. History of Tanzania in modern and modern times. M., 1986.
• Lundberg U.-L. Islands in the center of Africa. M., 1987.
• Agriculture in Tanzania since 1986. — Washington: The World Bank: intern. Food Policy Research Institute, 2000.
• Tanzania: social sector. — Washington: World Bank, 1999.
• United Republic of Tanzania.

  - M.: Nauka, 1980.

If you want to see truly colorful Africa, but without the fear of hostile natives and without worrying about the possibility of sharks for lunch, you should visit Tanzania. This is the safest country on the “black” continent, but at the same time offering an unlimited variety of options for active and educational, exotic and extreme, environmental and ethnographic tourism. Here you can lie to your heart's content on the clean beaches, satisfy your desire to get acquainted with local attractions, as well as book a safari in national parks and even go trophy fishing.
Until 1996, the capital of the state was Dar es Salaam, but after that the status of the main city passed to Dodoma.

Swahili is spoken in the country, as well as English, which means travelers should have no problems communicating with the locals. But American dollars will still have to be exchanged for Tanzanian shillings in order to pay for purchases in stores and markets.
Most of Tanzania's territory is occupied by plateaus.

The country is washed from the east by the Indian Ocean. The water area includes part of the three largest lakes in Africa - Victoria, Tanganyika and Nyasa. And it is in Tanzania that the highest mountain on the continent is located - Kilimanjaro.

The state is located in the southern hemisphere and is dominated by equatorial climate monsoon type. It is celebrated along the entire coast high humidity, and the central plateau receives very little rainfall throughout the year.
Approximately half of Tanzania's population identifies as Christian. A significant part of the residents (30%) are Muslims.

Geography of Tanzania

Local autonomous beliefs are also represented here.
To visit Tanzania for tourism purposes, Russians need a visa. However, getting it is not a problem. This can be done upon arrival in the country, directly at the airport.
There are still few direct flights to Tanzania. A charter flight (for example, to Zanzibar) lasts about 10 hours.

However, in most cases, flights have connections, which means they take longer.
The best time to visit the kingdom wildlife and the real pearl of East Africa is considered to be the period from mid-June to October. In winter, it is better to avoid traveling here due to heavy rains that wash out the roads. By the way, there are two rainy seasons here - from October to November and from March to early June (minor deviations are possible depending on the region).

The United Republic of Tanzania is a secular state. The country's constitution proclaims equality of opportunity for all citizens, regardless of their religion (Article 9), prohibits discrimination on religious grounds (Article 13) and guarantees the right to freedom of religion (Article 19). Religious associations are registered with the Ministry of Internal Affairs or the General State Registrar (for Zanzibar).

Just over half of Tanzanians (55% - 60%) are Christians. The share of Muslims is estimated at 30% - 32%. Another approximately 12% of the population adheres to local autochthonous beliefs.

The first Christians appeared in Tanzania in 1499.

These were the Augustinian monks who sailed with Vasco da Gama. Over the next two centuries, a Catholic mission operated in the country, which was expelled with the arrival of the Arabs. Catholics resumed missionary activity only in 1860. Later they were joined by Protestants: Anglicans (1864), Lutherans (1886), Moravian Brethren (1891), Adventists (1903).

In the 1930s, missionaries from various Scandinavian and American Pentecostal organizations arrived in Tanzania.

In 1956, Baptists from Nigeria began a mission in Dar es Salaam.

In 2010, 31.8% of Tanzanians belonged to the Catholic Church, while 27.3% were Protestants. The largest Protestant denominations are Lutherans, Pentecostals and Anglicans (more than two million each). Orthodoxy is professed by 41 thousand.

Tanzanians.

Christians make up the majority among such peoples of Tanzania as the Bemba, Bena, Gogo, Jugga, Zanaki, Zinza, Kamba, Kikuyu, Konongo, Kuria, Matengo, Namwanga, Ngonde, Ndali, Ndamba, Pangwa, Pimbwe, Pogoro, Suba, Fipa, Haya, Hangaza, Hehe and Hutu. Europeans living in Tanzania - Greeks, British, French, Germans, etc. - are also Christians.

The first Muslims in what is now Tanzania were Arab merchants who entered Zanzibar and the East African coast during the late Middle Ages.

Islam initially spread to coastal cities; In the 19th century, Islam began to penetrate the continental part of the country. During this period, a number of African leaders converted to Islam. During the period between the two world wars, the spread of Islam accelerated markedly.

In the second half of the 20th century, immigrants from India and Pakistan joined the Muslim community. In 1969 it was created National Muslim Council of Tanzania, who manages Muslim affairs and elects the mufti.

Currently, Islam is practiced by the Arabs, Digo, Zigua, Kwere, Kutu, Matumbi, Machinga, Ngindo, Ndengereko, Rangi, Rufiji, Somali, Swahili and Shirazi. Muslims also make up about half among the Zaramo, Mwera, Nyamwezi, Pare and Shambhala; the second half of these peoples profess Christianity.

Muslims live on the islands of the Zanzibar archipelago, as well as in major cities of the country.

The majority of Tanzanian Muslims adhere to the Sunni branch of the Shafi'i school of law; there are also Hanafis. Among the foreigners and immigrants living in Tanzania there are many Shiites (Ismailis and Imami); People from Oman adhere to Ibadism.

Since 1934, the Ahmadiyya Muslim community has been active in Tanzania.

The share of supporters of local beliefs fell steadily throughout the 20th century; from 90.5% in 1900, to 32% in 1970 and 16% in 2000. Currently, the cult of ancestors and the veneration of the forces of nature are widespread among the peoples of Tanzania; In case of illness, many Tanzanians turn to healers and sorcerers.

Local traditional beliefs are followed by most of the Datong, Isanzu, Mbunga, Ndendeule and Sandawe. Traditional religions are also common among a significant proportion (40-60%) of the Jita, Iraku, Kwaya, Mambwe-Lungu, Maasai, Nyambo, Sangu and Sukuma peoples; another part of these peoples converted to Christianity.

Finally, in the third group of peoples (Ikizu, Safwa, Sumba and Ha), animists make up 30-40%; some of these peoples profess Christianity (30-40%); the rest are Islam.

The Hindu community (375 thousand in 2010) consists of descendants of workers who migrated to Tanzania at the beginning of the 20th century.

By ethnicity, the majority of Hindus are Gujaratis. The number of Hindus also includes supporters of neo-Hindu religious movements - Brahma Kumaris, Hare Krishnas, followers of Sathya Sai Baba.

After the Second World War, a Baha'i community emerged in the country.

The National Spiritual Assembly of Tanzania has been operating since 1964. In 2005, the number of supporters of the Baha'i faith was 191 thousand.

Descendants of immigrants from South and East Asia profess Buddhism (60 thousand). The majority of Punjabis living in Tanzania are Sikhs (13 thousand). Among the foreigners there are communities of Jains (10 thousand), Jews, and Zoroastrians.

Non-believers and atheists in Tanzania are 0.4% of the population (134 thousand).

In eastern Africa, on the coast of the Indian Ocean, there is a republic that was formed in 1964 as a result of the merger of two former colonies - Tanganyika and. The name emphasizes the unification of two countries into one.

Now the popularity of this country among tourists is associated, first of all, with the many that introduce all visitors to real African nature and the huge diversity of the animal world. These reserves, located in vast virgin territories, are home to common and rare species, the number of representatives of which is so large that it is sometimes measured in the thousands. And they all live their usual lives, in freedom.

In these places, safari originated, which is very interesting for any person, and therefore is very popular among tourists. After all, by immersing yourself in the natural conditions for wild animals in Africa, you can not only look at them, but also get to know the centuries-old soul of the continent.

The local weather is different from what we are used to, because Tanzania is located in the southern hemisphere. During the European summer months it is cooler here. And yet the country is ready to receive guests in all seasons, since there are conditions for this.

Capital of the country Tanzania

Just as Tanzania has a double name, formed from two states, it can be proud of two capitals:

• Dodoma;
• Dar es Salaam.

Dodoma is the official capital of Tanzania, this appointment happened in 1973, when all the main government bodies moved to this city. Dar es Salaam is the historical capital, which is now considered the center for preserving the culture and economy of the country.

Educated Dodoma at the end of the 19th century in the center of the modern republic. Then it was a settlement of German colonists, and was located on the trade route connecting Lake Tanganyika and the ocean coast.

The peculiarity of the geographical location of this city is that it is located on a plateau, the height of which can reach almost 1300 m. In this regard, Dodoma experiences a monsoon climate, characteristic of equatorial zones. Average annual temperature here it can fluctuate within 10 degrees Celsius, while it is warmest at the beginning of the year, when the mercury averages +26 degrees Celsius.

There are different weather periods and precipitation amounts:

• drought - June-October;
• rains - November-May.

The spring months are called the most unfavorable in these places, as then abundant humidity is combined with high temperatures.

The outskirts of the city are located in low-grass savannas, so the vegetation here is dominated by:

• acacia;
• camphor laurels;
• coniferous trees;
• thorny bushes.

Here you can also see wild animals and birds common in Africa (antelope, elephant, giraffe, lion, hippopotamus, cheetah, ostrich).

This legislative capital of the country of Tanzania unites mainly the African population (99%). Among the residents there are representatives of various nationalities:

• Maasai;
• Nyamwezi;
• chaga;
• gogo.

The remaining 1% comes from residents foreign origin(from Europe and Arab countries).

They officially speak two languages ​​in Dodoma:

• English;
• Swahili.

The majority of believers in the city are Christians (mostly Catholics); there are also Muslims. The traditional faith remained in only a few local families.

For modern tourists, the capital of Dodoma is practically uninteresting, since the local architecture is not outstanding and there are very few attractions. Among the interesting places we can highlight only a few:

• buildings of state residences;
• Train Station;
• a sacred Sikh temple, where every guest can be treated to sacred sweets;
• Geological Museum;
• a huge local market.

Such cultural poverty discourages tourists, who may come here only to go to Dar es Salaam or the national parks.

And here Dar es Salaam is very large port city, the largest in Tanzania and along the entire East African coast. It contains prints different eras, therefore, different cultures influenced his appearance. In this regard, there is even a division of the city into parts:

• African;
• Asian;
• European.

There is a lot here industrial enterprises Also in Dar es Salaam there are various educational institutions that are popular in the country, so there are a lot of students in the city.

Interesting places former capital Tanzania:

• National Museum with unique exhibits ancient history states;
• Botanical Garden with representatives of the flora of the equatorial and tropical climates;
• "Little Theater" - drama theater and many others.

Tourists come to Dar es Salaam with pleasure, as there are the best conditions for an interesting, educational vacation, because this city is conducive to relaxation, knowledge of local culture and ancient history.

When planning a vacation in Tanzania and studying information about the country, many tourists are surprised that this country actually has two capitals. The official, legislative capital of Tanzania is located in the city of Dodoma, and the administrative center of the country is Dar es Salaam.

The official capital of Tanzania, Dodoma, is located in the central part of the country, 320 km from the coast. in the city and its surroundings due to the equatorial January is about 26 degrees, and July - about 17 degrees. The rainy season occurs from November to May. The period from June to October is very dry, with virtually no precipitation at this time. The surroundings of Dodoma abound with various representatives of African fauna. Here you can see antelopes, elephants, monkeys, giraffes, rhinoceroses, lions, leopards, cheetahs, hippos and many other animals. It is no coincidence that many tourists choose the outskirts of the capital for safari in Tanzania.

Dodoma has a population of approximately 320 thousand people. About 99% of the city's population are representatives of various African nationalities: Nyamwezi, Haya, Jugga, Gogo, Maasai and others. The remaining residents are descendants of immigrants from Asia, as well as European countries. State languages are English and Swahili. The former is mainly used in business, while the latter is used in everyday communication. As for religion, the capital is mainly dominated by adherents of Christianity (Catholicism) and Islam. A small percentage are adherents of traditional folk religions.

The official capital of Tanzania is rather poor in architectural monuments. The city's attractions include the government and presidential residences, as well as the building railway station, erected at the beginning of the 20th century. There is also a sacred Sikh temple in the city, where all travelers are treated to tea with local sweets called “prassad”. In addition, Dodoma also houses the Geological Museum. As for higher educational institutions, they are absent in the capital.

The historical capital of Tanzania, Dar es Salaam, is the country's largest city and plays a vital economic role. The city is home to over 2.5 million inhabitants. Dar es Salaam is located on the east coast. The city lost its official status as the country's capital to Dodoma in 1970.

The first European to land in Dar es Salaam (then called Mzizim) was Albert Roscher from Hamburg. This event took place in 1859. The current name of the city was given by the Sultan of Zanzibar named Seyid Majid. Dar es Salaam is translated from Arabic as “house of peace.” After the death of the Sultan in 1870, the city fell into decline, in which it remained until 1887, when the East African Company from Germany decided to open its office here. The rapid development of the city was also facilitated by the construction of the railway, which began operating at the beginning of the twentieth century.

TANZANIA

(United Republic of Tanzania)

General information

Geographical position. Tanzania is a country in East Africa. In the north it borders with Kenya and Uganda, in the south with Mozambique, Malawi and Zambia, in the west with the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Burundi and Rwanda. In the east it is washed by the Indian Ocean. Tanzania also owns the islands of Zanzibar (the largest coral island off the coast of Africa) and Pemba.

Square. The territory of Tanzania occupies 945,087 square meters. km.

Main cities Administrative division. The capital of Tanzania is Dar es Salaam. Largest cities: Dar es Salaam (1,734 thousand people), Zanzibar (375 thousand people), Mwanza (223 thousand people), Dodoma (204 thousand people), Tanga (188 thousand people .). Administrative division of the country: 25 regions.

Political system

Tanzania is a republic. The head of state is the president, the head of government is the prime minister. The legislative body is the National Assembly. The country is part of the Commonwealth.

Relief. There is a small plain along the coast, but most of the country is occupied by a plateau, the average height of which is about 1,290 m above sea level. Small groups of mountains rise in the northeast and southwest. Mount Kilimanjaro, the highest point in Africa (5,895 m), is located on the northeastern border of the country.

Geological structure and minerals. The country's subsoil contains reserves of tin, iron ore, coal, phosphates, diamonds, and gold.

Climate. Tanzania's climate varies depending on altitude and distance from the coast. On the ocean coast, the climate is warm, tropical, with an average annual temperature of about +27°C. Further inland the climate is hotter and drier. The climate on the islands is mainly tropical, but the heat is reduced by ocean winds. The average annual temperature in Zanzibar is about +27°C, the rainy season lasts from December to May.

Inland waters. Three of the continent's greatest lakes are located on the borders of Tanzania and partly within its borders. Lake Tanganyika is on the western border, Victoria is on the northwestern border, Nyasa (Malawi) is on the southwestern border. Lakes Nyasa and Tanganyika lie within the East African Rift, which stretches from the Middle East to Mozambique.

Soils and vegetation. The most common species in the forests of Tanzania are mahogany and camphor laurel.

Animal world. The country's fauna is represented by antelopes, zebras, elephants, hippos, rhinoceroses, giraffes, lions, leopards, cheetahs, and monkeys. One of the main attractions of the country is the Serengeti National Park, the only one in the world where there is a natural seasonal migration of wild animals.

Population and language

The population of Tanzania is about 30.608 million people, the average population density is about 32 people per 1 sq. km. Ethnic groups: more than 120 groups, the largest of which are the Sukuma and Nyamwezi (about 20% of the country's population each), as well as the Haya, Ngonde, Chagga, Gogo, Ha, Hehe, Ngoni, Yao, Maasai; Pakistanis, Indians, Europeans. Languages: Swahili, English (both official), about 100 local dialects.

Religion

Muslims, Christians (mostly Catholics), pagans (groups distributed approximately equally).

Brief historical sketch

Tanzania was created in 1964 as a federation of two states: Zanzibar and Tanganyika. The history of these two regions is significantly different. Zanzibar and other islands east coast Africa back in the 8th century. became a base for Arabs trading with the mainland. They were called the Land of Zenj. Over time, Zanzibar became an independent sultanate. In the 16th and 17th centuries. he was under the influence of the Portuguese, and in the 18th century. came under the influence of the Sultans of Oman and Muscat. In 1832, the Sultan of Oman, Sayyid Said, moved his residence to Zanzibar. The territory of Zanzibar and the surrounding mainland was a commercial rather than a territorial empire.

At the end of the 19th century. As a result of a dispute between Germany and Great Britain, Zanzibar was declared a British protectorate (1890). Zanzibar had partial self-government and gained independence in December 1963. A few weeks later, a bloody coup took place in the country, bringing the regime of Sheikh Abeid Amani Karume to power. Tanganyika, inhabited by numerous Bantu ethnic groups, came under German rule in 1886 after a series of negotiations between European powers, which, hoping to turn the territory into lucrative coffee and tea plantations, invested in the region large amounts. In 1918, after the defeat of Germany, Great Britain received a mandate to govern Tanganyika. In December 1961, Tanganyika gained independence. In April 1964, Zanzibar and Tanganyika united into a federation. However, the political systems remained different on the mainland and on the island. Only in 1977 there was a real rapprochement between the two parts of the federation.

Brief Economic Sketch

Tanzania is an agricultural country. Main crops: coffee, cotton, sisal, cloves. Animal husbandry. Fishing. Blank valuable wood. Mining of diamonds, phosphates, gold, etc. Processing of agricultural raw materials. Oil refining, chemical, cement, woodworking, metalworking enterprises. Exports: coffee, cotton, spices, cashew nuts, sisal, tobacco, tea, diamonds, etc.

The currency is the Tanzanian shilling.

Brief sketch of culture

Art and architecture. Dar es Salaam. National Museum with a rich collection of historical, ethnographic and archaeological exhibits. Zanzibar. State Museum Zanzibar. Tanga. The picturesque caves of Amboni and the ruins of an Iranian fortress of the 16th century.

Tanzania is washed from the west fresh waters the deepest lake in Africa, and from the east - the salty waves of the ocean. Between them lie more than 900,000 km² of plains, forests and mountains of varying heights. The north is occupied by volcanic hills with a dry and relatively cool climate (no more than +27 °C on the hottest days). The south is hotter, and the coast and islands are saturated with moisture brought from the ocean.

The first rainy season in northern Tanzania begins in mid-March and lasts until the end of May. Clear weather follows and lasts until the end of September. The hottest months - October, November and December - are the second rainy season. In the south, one large “wet” season lasts from early December to late April, while in the west it rains mainly from October to May. Best season In Tanzania, the months considered are from July to October, as well as January and February.

On the inhabited coast, forests have long given way to plantations of spices and other useful plants. The central regions and shores of Lake Tanganyika, covered with a continuous carpet of jungle, are a different matter. This is the domain of primates and birds, while huge herds of antelope, buffalo, giraffe, zebra and elephant still graze in the northern savannas.

The reefs of Pemba and Zanzibar islands are considered the most popular diving spots on the entire continent.

Cities of Tanzania

All cities in Tanzania

Sights of Tanzania

All attractions of Tanzania

Story

It was on the territory of Tanzania that the idea came into the monkey’s head to get down from the tree and take the first step along the path of evolution. 2000 years ago the Bantu peoples came here, and a little later Arab merchants appeared on the coast. Two important slave trading roads passed through Tanzania: one led from modern Zambia to the city of Bagamoyo, the second from the shores of Lake Nyasa (Malawi) to the port of Kilwa. In the first half of the 19th century. slave markets on the mainland coast closed: African explorers played a significant role in this, for whom Zanzibar and Bagamoyo were the starting points for trips inland.

In the second half of the 19th century. Zanzibar remained the only slave trading center in the region, but by the early 1880s. power on the island actually passed to the British and the slave trade ceased (at least officially). The German Karl Petere launched his activities on the mainland, luring several native kings under the patronage of Berlin. So at the end of the 19th century. East Africa was divided into two parts - British and German. In August 1914, the competition between powers escalated into a war, the main hero of which on the African front was Paul von Lettow-Vorbeck. This German commander gave the enemy no rest for four years and ended the First World War as the undefeated “Lion of Africa.” Despite this, German possessions passed to the British in 1919 under the name of Tanganyika. Against the backdrop of a tourism boom, a national movement grew, allowing the country to become the first of the East African colonies to gain independence - this happened in 1961. Three years later, Zanzibar was liberated, where a bloody revolution immediately broke out, which led to the emergence in 1964 of the modern federal state of Tanzania.

Culture

The country is home to more than 100 peoples and tribes, but compared to its neighbors, it has been more successful in creating a national community and a unified culture. Tanzania is famous for its original musical traditions, which combine local motifs and European notes introduced by masters of Christian religious music.

Her contemporary paintings are known outside the country (especially the tinga-tinga style) and sculpture. Even in Kenya, the wooden mask or carved panel you buy may well be the creation of a Tanzanian artist. In the literary field, the country also has something to be proud of: who lived in the middle of the 20th century. Tanzanian writer and poet Shaaban Robert is revered as the "father of Swahili literature".

In science, Tanzania is famous for the Olduvai Gorge (Serengeti region), where the remains of the oldest ancestors were found modern man. But in sports, the country has still not been able to achieve such success as Kenya - since 1964, Tanzanian athletes have managed to win only two Olympic medals, both in 1980 in Moscow.

Kitchen

Residents of mainland Tanzania value simplicity and satiety, so there is always food rich in carbohydrates on the table - ugali made from corn flour, regular potatoes, sweet potatoes, or cassava. The natives of the coast and islands prefer rice, which is boiled with spices, to all this. (pilau) or with the addition of legumes - peas or lentils. The starchy base of the meal is complemented by meat, fish, fried bananas, pumpkin or sautéed spinach. Meat (usually goat meat and poultry) prepared simply - grilled (nyama choma) or boiled, serving broth as a first course. Flour in Tanzania is available in the form of flatbreads (chapati), filled pies (sambusa) and sweet baked goods (mandazi).

The cuisine of the islands and the coast is the kingdom of curry, that is, dishes that came from India. Products for them are crushed and then stewed with spices. The main difference from Indian cooking is that pepper is used by Swahili cooks without fanaticism.

Society

Tanzania remains rural: nothing warms the Tanzanian soul like shamba. This word, familiar to readers of Hemingway's hunting notes, means both a large plantation and a piece of land belonging to a poor peasant. Where there is a village, there is a community with its mutual assistance, so it is not surprising that it was in Tanzania in the 60s. "African socialism" was born (or ujamaa, meaning "big family").

The first thing that catches your eye when communicating with the natives of Tanzania is their politeness. The words "Jumbo!" ("Hello!") and "Caribou!" ("Welcome!") Here they pronounce it in such a way that it is impossible to resist. There is less sincerity in the residents of Zanzibar: they are too spoiled by the flow of tourists. Another distinctive feature Tanzanians have an unbreakable calm. Their favorite expression is “Field-field!” Remembering the Roman classics, it can be translated as “Hasten slowly!”

Tanzania National Park Service

In 1951, the first national (at that time "royal") park - it became the Serengeti. In 1959, a service responsible for the management of protected areas appeared in the colony’s government system. It is now called the Tanzania National Park Service (Tanzania National Park Authority, or TANAPA, www.tanzaniaparks.com). The organization's headquarters are located in Arusha (+255-027-2503471, 504082) , and the area of ​​responsibility includes 15 national parks, the last of which was created in 2008. (one more on the way). A territory of over 46,000 km² is guarded by only 1,650 people. Unlike Kenya, they only care for those reserves that are located on land. Another department is responsible for the protection of the marine nature of the republic - the Department of Marine Parks and Wildlife Sanctuaries. (Marine Parks and Reserves Unit, www.marineparks.go.tz), created as part of the Ministry Agriculture and fisheries in 1994. He controls 5 marine parks and one reserve. The cost of visiting protected areas in Tanzania depends on their demand among tourists. The most expensive - Gombe Street adults/children 5-16 years old 100/20 $) and Mahale Mountains (respectively, 80/30 $). In third place is Kilimanjaro 60/10 $), in fourth place is Serengeti (50/10 $) . Paying the fee gives you the right to stay in the park for 24 hours - after 24 hours you will have to leave or pay a new one. The rules for staying in the parks are the same as in Kenya and Uganda.

Video: Lake Manyara, Serengeti National Park, Ngorongoro Game Reserve

Northern Tanzania

The north is the most touristic, and therefore the most accessible region of Tanzania. Easy to reach both from the Tanzanian coast and from abroad: Kilimanjaro International Airport , located between the cities of Arusha and Moshi, serves flights from Kenya Airways, KLM and Ethiopian Air. All East African airlines - such as Precision Air, ZanAir, Fly540, Air Uganda and RwandaAir. Arusha and Moshi are approximately 50 km from the airport, and, in addition, you can go on a safari directly from the arrivals hall - if, of course, you are met.

Domestic flights to Kilimanjaro are also served - for example, 3-4 daily Precision Air flights from Zanzibar and Dar es Salaam (1.5 hours, about 220 $).

You can travel to Arusha by bus from Kampala (Uganda), as well as Nairobi and Mombasa (Kenya). Operators include Kampala Coach, Akamba Public Road Service, Modern Coast. There is a chance to get to Moshi from Mombasa or Voi (Kenya). At least one operator works in this direction - Kenyan Tahmeed (in Mombasa - Kenyatta Av., +254-072-5473343). If you need to go to Moshi and the flight is only available to Arusha (or vice versa)- get on and go: there are many small buses constantly running between these cities (1.5 hours travel, 2500 sh.).

You can travel to Dar from Arusha via Moshi by Dar Express, Royal Coach, Sai Baba Express and Happy Nation buses (approx. 8 hours travel, 28,000 sh.).

The parks of this part of Tanzania - Arusha, Manyara, Tarangire, Serengeti, Ngorongoro and Kilimanjaro - are known in Tanzania as common name Northern Ring (Notherh Circuit).

West Tanzania

This part of Tanzania is the least explored by travelers, and yet the third natural wonder of the country is located here after Kilimanjaro and the Ngorongoro caldera. This is Tanganyika - the longest freshwater lake on the planet, second only to Lake Baikal in depth. Both bodies of water are very similar: transparent, full of life and lying in narrow intermountain gaps. Along the shores of Tanganyika lay the routes of the great pioneers of Africa - Burton, Speke, Livingston and others - and now there are interesting national parks.

The road to Western Tanzania lies through Tabora (Tabora), founded by slave traders on the caravan route from Zambia to Bagamoyo. 6 km south of the city, the house where David Livingston lived in 1872 has even been preserved - now it is a museum (9.00-17.00, entrance 2000 sh., round trip taxi 10,000 sh.). V. Tabora can be reached by train from Dar es Salaam or Mwanza. Both arrive in the afternoon, so if you decide to visit this city, you will have to spend the night there. The short Station Road starts from the station (Station Rd.), which faces the main street of the city Boma Road (Boma Rd.). Turning left, you can see the remaining colonial buildings and the most notable structure - a small German fort known as Boma (Boma, or German Boma, 15 min. walk, closed to the public).

Visa

The procedure for obtaining a visa at the Tanzania border is the same as in neighboring countries East Africa: immigration card, $50 cash - and a stamp in your passport. The difference is that Tanzanian border guards check for vaccination certificates (yellow fever, etc.). A special regime applies in Zanzibar. Although the archipelago is part of Tanzania, foreigners are still forced to present passports and health certificates - they even get stamps. You don’t need to pay anything, and you don’t need a new visa when returning to the mainland. Those leaving Tanzania permanently must pay an exit tax of $30, but this amount is included in the airfare.

Transport

Every city and nature reserve has, if not an airport, then at least a runway for light aircraft. International airports are located in Dar (Julius Nyerere International Airport), between Arusha and Moshi (Kilimanjaro International Airport) and on o. Unguja (Abeid Amani Karume International Airport or simply Zanzibar Int.Airport). They serve flights of many foreign airlines, but within Tanzania local air carriers are the leaders (average cost about $200):

• Precision Air (call center +255-022-2168000, +2550-0787888-417/408/409; www.precisionairtz.com) is the most famous Tanzanian airline. Many regular flights throughout the country. Offices in Dar (corner of Samora Av. and Pamba Rd., +255-022-284-3547), Arusha (Safari Hotel Building, Boma Rd., +255-027-2545489), Mwanza (Kenyatta Rd., +255-028-2500819, +255-0784402042) and Kigome (Mlole Rd., +255-028-2804720, +255-0783540680).
• ZanAir (call center +255-024-2233670; www.zanair.com)- Zanzibar airline, flies between the islands of Unguja, Pemba and the mainland.
• Coastal Aviation (+255-022-2842700, hotline+255-0752627825; www.coastal.co.tz)- regular flights to reserves from Dar, Arusha and Moshi. Also flies to the islands (including Mafia) and great lakes (Mwanza, Kigoma).
• Auric Air (call center +255-0783233334, www.auricair.com)- Based in Dar and Mwanza. Regular flights to Manyara and Serengeti parks, Selous Game Reserve. It also flies to the extreme south of the country - to Mbeya.
• Safari Air Link (+255-022-5504384, +255-0777723274, 077-3723274, 0783397235) - operates both charter and regular flights to Zanzibar and the Southern Ring reserves (Mikumi, Selous and Ruaha). Flies twice a week to Katavi and Mahale. Regular flights - with a minimum of 2 passengers.
• Fast Jet (in Dar +255-022-2866130; in Julius Nyerere Airport +255-0685680538; in Zanzibar Airport +255-0777680538; www.fastjet.com). New low-cost airline, flying between Tanzania airports since November 2012 (Dar, Kilimanjaro, Zanzibar and Mwanza), as well as in Nairobi and Entebbe.

Tanzania has two independent railway systems - not only are they run by different people, but they even have different gauges. Tanzania Railway Corporation (Tanzanian Railway Corporation, TRC, in Dar +255-022-2110599, www.trctz.com) carries passengers from Dar es Salaam to Kigoma via Dodoma and Tabora. This direction is called the Central Line (Central line)- the Germans built it on the eve of the First World War, and the modern corporation emerged in 1977. It also operates branches leading to the port of Tanga, Arusha, Mwanza, Mpanda and the town of Kidatu (Kidatu), where the TRC track connects with the only TAZARA line (TAZARA, in Dar +255-022-2860340, www.tazarasite.com). This road, more than 1,800 km long, was built by the Chinese in 1970-1975, and its main purpose is to transport Zambian copper to the piers of Dar es Salaam. Therefore, the width of TAZARA corresponds to the gauge adopted in Zambia. Along this road you can reach the Southern Ring reserves and Mbeya, the capital of the Tanzanian south.

The car is the main Tanzanian transport. The minibuses here are not called matatu, but dala-dala: often it is just a mini-truck, the body of which is equipped with long benches and a rain canopy. The average cost of travel on such a chariot is about 2000 sh. / 50 km, the money is paid to the conductor. Large buses run between major cities- Darom, Arusha, Dodoma, Mbeya, etc. Travel from Dar to Arusha costs about Sh32,000, Bukobu - about Sh45,000.

Water transport is better developed in Tanzania than in neighboring countries. MV Victoria ferries operate on the Great Lakes (Lake Victoria, from 17,500 sh., night) and MV Liemba (Lake Tanganyika, from $50, twice a week), considered objects of historical heritage. "Lemba" maintains communication between the villages of the eastern coast of the long Tanganyika, and also allows access to Zambia. There is also a water taxi system (public 1000-6000 sh., private from 100 $).

Sea ferries operate between Dar es Salaam, Zanzibar and Pemba (from 20 $, high-speed from 35 $).

Currency

Tanzanian shilling (TZS) has been in circulation since 1966. The country currently uses banknotes of 500, 1000, 2000, 5000 and 10,000 shillings. There are three types of coins - 50, 100 and 200 shillings. Tanzanian money depicts notable structures and natural monuments. Of the politicians, Julius Nyerere and the first Zanzibar president, Abeid Amani Karume, were included in the banknotes.

Shillings are the main currency you will have to deal with in Tanzania. You can get them at an exchange office (Forex bureau) or ATM (Barclays and Standard Chartered Bank, 24 hours, do not let you down). When exchanging, you should ask for more 1000 and 2000 bills - they are the most popular. They also love US dollars in Tanzania, but they only accept fresh banknotes issued in 2000 and later.

Connection

Almost all Tanzanian hotels with room rates from $40-50 provide their guests with free Wi-Fi (the exception is those located in national parks). Every city in the country has an Internet cafe. (Internet cafe or Cyber ​​cafe, 500-1000 sh./1 hour).

Mobile communications are well developed - more than 20 million people in the country use cell phones. Operators include well-known Vodacom brands (www.vodacom.co.tz) Airtel (www.africa.airtel.com) and Zain (formerly Celtel Tanzania, www.zain.com), as well as local companies: Tanzania Telecom (www.ttd.co.tz),tiGO (www.tigo.co.tz) and ZanTel (www.zantel.co.tz). Tanzania Telecom appeared on the market earlier than others and uses the CDMA standard, all others use the familiar GSM. SIM cards and prepaid cards are sold everywhere (look for a flag or sticker with the desired logo), tariffs look cheap compared to roaming, the coverage area is extensive, and the communication quality is satisfactory.

Help

Russian Embassy in Dar es Salaam (73, Ali Hassan Mwinyi Rd., +255-022-2666006, 24/7 +255-07679197-56; www.tanzania.mid.ru). The white three-story embassy building is located north of the center, at the intersection of Ali Hassan Mwinyi Road and Kenyatta Drive. (Kenyatta Dr.). Reception of mail, Fri 8.00-12.30.

Emergency numbers: 999, from mobile 112.

Non-governmental medical care: Aga Khan Hospital in Dar (Ada Khan Hospital, corner of Ocean Rd. and Sea View Rd., +255-022-2115151 ,+255-0748550100).

Hunting

In the 1920s The British authorities of Tanganyika limited fishing for the first time: during the year, a gentleman with a gun could shoot no more than 268 animals belonging to 39 species of fauna. After the declaration of independence, the restrictions were lifted, but in 1973 the government went to the other extreme and banned the shooting of large animals throughout the country. It soon became clear that hunting had not gone away, but had simply become illegal. After some thought, the authorities again legalized it in 1978 under the control of the environmental department. There is a reason for this: having received a concession, the safari company quickly identifies the most skillful poachers in the vicinity and hires them as rangers. As a result, by allowing the legal killing of one elephant, the state saves the lives of three others.

In modern Tanzania there are more than 130 game reserves with a total area of ​​about 250,000 km². Since 1998, local communities have been involved in organizing sport hunting, defining the boundaries of the land and receiving a share of the income. The largest areas are open for hunting in the north of the country (in the area of ​​Lake Natron and Tarangire), in the west and southeast (in the Selous Game Reserve area). The hunting of 60 species of animals is allowed - from the “Big Five” you won’t only get rhinoceros. Hunting grounds are not fenced, but are managed by private hunting companies (South African citizens are leaders in this business).

The hunting season opens annually on July 1 and lasts until December 31. Shooting is allowed at a distance of at least 2 km from the borders of national parks and reserves, as well as at least 1 km from airfields, 500 m from the nearest watering hole or salt lick and 200 m from your jeep. For hunting lions, leopards, elephants and crocodiles, there are restrictions on the age and length of the animal (for elephants also based on the size of the tusks). Harvesting of females and young animals is prohibited. You can only hunt on foot (plane and car - for delivery to the camp and to the firing line), only during the day and without the use of automatic weapons. Pistols are not allowed, but a crossbow is welcome. Hunting licenses are issued by the National Park Service. (TANAPA), and permits for temporary import and use of guns are issued by the police. You won’t have to deal with both of them: the organizer is in charge of preparing the hunting tour (Outfitter). The duration of the safari depends on what animal you are targeting: the minimum period is 7 days - this time is allocated for shooting 2 buffaloes and 1 representative of any type of antelope. There are 21 days for the elephant and the lion.

Tanzania regulates the minimum caliber of hunting weapons - 375 (9.56 mm) for large and predatory animals or 240 (6.17 mm) for other game. A license is issued only to hunters who provide proof of ownership of a weapon of the minimum required caliber. The hunter has the right to use 3 rifled and 1 smoothbore guns (each barrel is allowed to have no more than 100 rounds of ammunition). There are no requirements for crossbows.

Registration of licenses and permits in Tanzania is free, but there is a fee for the right to export trophies. In general, hunting safaris are expensive.