Feeding diet for captive sika deer in summer. Experience of feeding deer in Russia. Deer feeding norms by months of the year

Recommended perennial crops sown outside the enclosure are mowed annually just before flowering, and then one or two more times. After the first mowing, it is desirable to feed non-pure legume and alfalfa herbage with nitrogen fertilizers (60-80 kg/ha), which will increase their yield and the amount of crude protein. The last cutting can be carried out after the first frosts, keeping the forage moist in small piles under sheds in feeding grounds or in sunny glades, where it thaws in the thaw or early spring.

The sooner the hay is dried, the higher its quality. The most common method of field drying of herbs in loose form is the most irrational and leading to the greatest losses. nutrients. The stalks of legumes need to be flattened, which speeds up the drying of the mowed mass by 1.5-2 times, and the loss of nutrients is reduced by 15-20%. With repeated drying after rain, a sharp decrease in the quality of hay occurs: the amount and digestibility of protein, sugar and starch are reduced by 4-5, fat - by 2 times. Noteworthy is the technology of harvesting loose hay with a moisture content of 25-30% with treatment with anhydrous ammonia (10-15 kg / t), which prevents stacks from self-heating, increases the protein content and helps to preserve the crop from rodents.

A more advanced technology is the pressing of hay with a moisture content of 20-25% from windrows into bales, rolls or rolls wrapped with polyethylene film, which allows you to save nutritional value, significantly improves the digestibility of crude protein and reduces the cost of feed by about 20-30%. This technology is widely used in agriculture in Western European countries and in our advanced farms.

It is better to store loose, baled or rolled hay in sheds and under sheds, in the worst case, in stacks with a bed of slug. It should be taken into account that when open access in a few days, wild boars can destroy tons of oat or oat-vetch-pea straw, alfalfa, goat's rue or rapeseed hay in a few days and leave deer without food. Therefore, when deer and wild boar are kept together, high-quality hay should be stored only in closed sheds or outside the enclosure.

Hay should not be placed in typical roofed nursery feeders, usually recommended for deer in all hunting publications. They are small-sized, very time-consuming to maintain, the hay in them quickly weathers, turns white, loses the last moisture, and ungulates, roe deer in particular, do not eat such food. In any case, it is more expedient to lay out hay from storages on snow. In the thaw, it will become more humid and, accordingly, more attractive and useful for ungulates.

Ropes, twine, twine and wire should not be in the hay, otherwise they tangle the legs of the animals, cutting into the skin to the bone, or hang on the horns, which leads to the death of the animal caught on the tree. There should also be no polyethylene, which ungulates often eat, getting intestinal volvulus. Another, more expensive way is high-temperature drying of crushed herbaceous crops or woody pulp from waste from cutting sites for the production of grass and wood flour, chaff, granules, briquettes and feed mixtures in AVM-type units, which ensures maximum preservation, digestibility and assimilation of nutrients and vitamins, significantly increases the productivity of animals, simplifies the process of distribution of feed and ensures high economic efficiency. Herbal flour from goat's rue and rapeseed "00" exceeds grain crops by almost 1.5 times in protein content, and 2.5-3 times in the amount of mineral substances. Alfalfa granules with special mineral additives and biologically active substances are the main food of deer and wild boar on many North American and European ranches. industrial production of this feed in Russia promises considerable benefits to farmers and businessmen.

Given the choice, all wild ungulates prefer more moist protein (from legumes) feed - haylage (45-60% water) and non-acidic silage (65-85% water). In terms of nutritional value, these feeds are close to the green mass of grasses. The best silage is obtained from a mixture of crops: sunflower with peas, vetch or corn, oats with peas or corn, corn with soybeans or peas. Haylage and grain haylage are often prepared from oats or barley with the addition of vetch, peas and sunflower. The main preservative factor that ensures the preservation of plant mass during hermetic storage is carbon dioxide (CO2). The technology of haylage and ensiling is relatively simple and well-established in agriculture. Shredded (3-4 cm) green mass in silo and haylage trenches and mounds, treated with chemical or biological preservatives, is carefully compacted and immediately covered on all sides with a polymer film to isolate it from air and precipitation.

It is preferable to place haylage and silo storages inside the aviary. In this case, the animals will feed directly from trenches or mounds, in which the food does not freeze even in very coldy due to the heat generated. It is important at the same time to prevent the animals from opening the feed from above and from the sides, which usually leads to its freezing, contamination with excrement and spoilage. Succulent feed imported from outside (haylage, silage, root and tuber crops), laid out in small piles on feeding grounds in winter, usually freezes heavily and becomes inedible. It is preferable to lay out such food in small portions only in the thaw or in spring in places well warmed by the sun. Juicy food largely contributes to the gradual transition of ungulates from winter food to green spring food. Therefore, in a severely frosty period, the diet of animals should be hay, in a slightly frosty period - mixed, in spring period- mainly haylage and silage.

Concentrated feed (grain, grain mixtures, grain waste, waste from flour-grinding, baking, starch, sugar, brewing industries, etc.) are rich in protein and are readily eaten by ungulates. Grain and any grain mixtures, however, cannot fully satisfy the needs of animals for essential nutrients. They need a variety of feeds and micro-additives in various combinations and ratios in the composition of compound feeds. The biological usefulness of the latter is usually achieved through the introduction of premixes (1-5% by weight of compound feed), which include synthetic preparations of vitamins, amino acids and enzymes, mineral salts, antibiotics, antioxidants, natural minerals, immunomodulators and other biologically active substances that contribute to prevention of diseases associated with a lack of vitamins and microelements, normalizing metabolism and energy, increasing feed digestibility and animal productivity. Along with compound feeds, the feed industry produces protein-vitamin concentrate (PVK), which is added to grain mixtures from 25 to 50%, and protein-vitamin-mineral supplements (BVMD), which are usually added to compound feed up to 25-35% by weight. They cannot be used in their pure form (for more details on feeds and biologically active feed additives for animals, see: Mukhina et al., 2008).

Domestic compound feeds and premixes are specially designed for poultry of all kinds and game birds, pigs of all ages, large cattle, horses, sheep and goats, herbivorous and carnivorous fur-bearing animals, laboratory and pet animals, dogs and domestic reindeer. Wild ungulates have been left out of technological progress, and there is also a vast field of activity for technologists and businessmen.

Ungulates need to feed grain (but not store it!) in a crushed or flattened form - this way it is much better digested by the body. They eat mixed feed, bran, flour, cake and meal willingly and in large quantities, which often leads to blockage of the esophagus, cessation of chewing gum and belching, swelling of the scar and death of animals. Therefore, it is better to give these feeds in small portions mixed with silage, haylage and chopped root crops or after soaking them for 3-4 hours in cold water which prevents the food from swelling in the stomach. Complete feed mixtures prepared during haylage, ensiling or immediately before feeding are the most useful and promising in farming.

Concentrated feed is laid out for animals in feeders and on feed tables raised above the ground to the height of their chest, or on snow to increase humidity. It should be taken into account, however, that wild boars can eat part of the reindeer food: they stand on their hind legs, rest against the edge of the feeder with their front legs, reach for food or drop it to the ground with their snouts.

All feed should be not only high-calorie, but also of high quality. Their quality is usually determined by smell and color. Hay should be green and fragrant. Good-quality silage smells like pickled apples. A musty and putrid smell, the presence of mold, gray, brownish or brown color of hay, haylage, silage and grain feed are obvious signs of their unsuitability.

Feeding of ungulates in hunting parks should be regular and plentiful throughout the autumn-winter and early spring period, and with their high density - almost all year round. For one roe deer, about 1.5 kg of succulent, 0.2 kg of concentrated feed and about 1 kg of high quality hay per day are required. The diet of spotted and red deer in maral and deer farms usually consists of 1.5-2 kg of high-quality hay, 2-6 kg of silage and 0.3-1 kg of concentrated feed with year-round provision free water, and its structure is not the same for the seasons of the year (Table 4). With a shortage of natural food and on severely frosty days, the calculation rate is almost doubled. One maral in winter period approximately 10-13 q of coarse, 12-15 q of juicy and about 2-2.5 q of concentrated feed are required, sika deer and fallow deer, respectively, about 6, 8 and 1.5-2 q, roe deer - a little less, since they are more picky in food and leave a significant part of the feed laid out in the feeders. It is less labor-intensive to lay out a double portion every other day, but in severe frosts you have to feed the animals daily. Animals usually go to the feeders twice a day - in the morning and in the evening, but hungry - at any time of the day.

In trophy farms, during the period of horn growth, males significantly increase the share of concentrated feed: crushed oats, wheat and barley, as well as corn and mixed feed with biologically active feed additives, bran, cake and meal - up to 0.5-0.7 kg per day for one roe deer and up to 1.2-2 kg per individual for different types deer and fallow deer. It will not be superfluous at this time to add bone, meat and bone and fish meal, feed precipitate, monocalcium phosphate, diammonium phosphate, crushed chalk and complex feed mineral additives (DKMK). It would be very nice if our feed industry mastered the production of special concentrates for "trophy" animals. Females need an increased rate of concentrates in the last two months of pregnancy.

With high-quality, plentiful and balanced nutrition, rapid growth of young animals, high fecundity of females and rearing good offspring, and the males will have powerful antlers, which has been proven by many years of antler reindeer breeding. Boar feeding. This ungulate needs specific protein food (in nature - earthworms, insects, animal carrion, cereals and legumes, fruits), which ensures the maximum accumulation of fat reserves. In hunting and farming farms for wild boar, grain waste or grain of oats, barley, wheat and rye, as well as corn, peas, sunflowers, lupins, potatoes, beets, carrots, Jerusalem artichoke, apples, pears, acorns, beech nuts, compound feed, cake , various wastes of food enterprises, meat and bone meal. With such an assortment, it will be very useful for the farmer to have close friendship with the heads of grain elevators and various food enterprises. Often such food is brought into enclosures and left in heaps in the open air, which leads to its spoilage. Wild pigs, despite their omnivorous nature, do not eat all the feed offered to them, but, as practice shows, only benign, highly nutritious and mostly moist. In most cases, animals that have a well-developed instinct for self-preservation do not approach spoiled food until they have the opportunity to find another. In hunger, they eat such food, but the consequences can be sad for both animals and farmers. Cases of poisoning and death of wild boars, especially underyearlings, with poor-quality food are recorded everywhere.

It should also be noted that wild pigs they are very careful about any new food and, even when they are hungry, do not immediately eat it. Sometimes they ignore Jerusalem artichoke or grain feed for weeks if it contains a large proportion of vetch seeds. They do not immediately eat silage, especially corn silage. Carrots, cabbage and turnips are eaten by them poorly, in a crushed form - more willingly.

Whole grains must be crushed before being placed in the feeders. As our experiments show, its digestibility by a wild boar in this case increases by almost a third, and the farmer, accordingly, does not “throw out” a third of the feed into manure! Wild boar's favorite food is corn and peas. Potatoes are also considered the best food, although this is not entirely true. They are rich in carbohydrates, but contain little protein, so this food can only be regarded as "supportive". In all respects, Jerusalem artichoke is much more valuable.

Wheat, barley, soybeans, oats, vetch-pea-oat mixture, grain and leguminous mixtures of crops, mowed at the stage of milky-wax ripeness, dried and stored in piles and piles - is also good and, most importantly, relatively cheap food. Delivery of non-threshed stacks, folded during stacking on drags (cut branched trees), to winter shelters animals in enclosures can become one of the main methods of feeding. Wild boars also willingly eat stacks of alfalfa and green rapeseed, mowed after a frost and stored in heaps on feeding grounds.

A wonderful product for animals (but so far expensive for a farmer) is granular compound feed intended for fattening domestic pigs to fatty conditions. It is preferable to put grain feed and compound feed in strong, long and stable wooden or metal troughs or on platforms made of boards built on the ground, which prevents food from trampling into the mud and reduces the risk of helminth infection, and in winter it is better to pour the feed in small portions on the snow to increase humidity . Part of the food remains in the snow, however, as it melts, all the food will be eaten. To avoid competition for food and fights leading to injury, it is desirable to spread the food as wide as possible. Separate feeding grounds are arranged for underyearlings, fenced from the penetration of adults, which will ensure their food supply, significantly reduce injuries and make it possible to carry out deworming. In the case of a joint keeping of a wild boar and a red deer, the feeding grounds for the former will also have to be fenced off, since the deer dominate, quickly eat the food and at the same time shit in the troughs.

The estimated period of feeding wild pigs in hunting farms is 70-165 days, depending on climatic conditions, daily rate calculations - 1-3 kg per head, depending on the type of food and the severity of winters. The annual feeding rate in Zavidovo is 100-110 kg of potatoes and about 7 kg of peas per individual, which is not enough in snowy winters. In January - March, the calculation rate is increased to 2-3.5 kg per animal. IN Belovezhskaya Pushcha and in the Berezinsky Reserve, one animal per day is laid out from 0.5 (November) to 2-4 kg (until March). On frosty days, the daily ration is increased to 3-4 kg per individual. In fact, in natural conditions during the snowy period, each wild boar requires at least 300-500 kg of high-quality top dressing. In open-air cages with a large number of livestock and a shortage of natural feed, each wild boar needs at least 1 ton of feed per year, which is very noticeable for a farmer's wallet. Otherwise, the animals will die.

Deer. Deer do not leave their offspring. Often they hide the young, so if you happen to meet a deer in the field, do not try to help him until you are sure that his mother is dead. If you still had to take care of a deer for the first time, then it will be useful to learn the following initial recommendations. If your yard is not fenced, put up a fence with a perimeter of about 15 m. This area will be enough for the baby. It is better to use metal poles, which are easy to mount and dismantle, and use a metal mesh for fencing.

It is desirable that there are trees and shrubs inside the fenced area. As the fawn grows up, it will gradually be able to reach the lower branches and soon begin to feast on green leaves.

A dwelling can be built from plywood, enclosing three sides with it. Another sheet of plywood should be put on the roof, and covered with roofing paper on top so that water does not penetrate. The case remains for a small front door- and here's the finished corral for the deer. There should always be fresh water and a small piece of lick salt in the paddock.

Feeding a deer is not difficult. Basically, this is any kind of milk with the addition of its substitutes and various nutritional mixtures. It is best to feed with a half-liter bottle. Pre-prepared formula is stored in the refrigerator and must be refrigerated before use. hot water for heating. At first, the five daily feedings must be strictly adhered to, then gradually reduced as the fawn begins to nibble on grass and leaves, and also shows interest in the offered grain food. By this time, the nutrient mixture can be given in the feeder, pouring it on top of a slice of wheat bread. The fawn will start by sucking the milk mixture out of the bread and then get used to taking any food in this way.

From a flock of flies the best protection are bamboo curtains that darken a certain place where deer hide from annoying insects. You can lubricate the animal with a special protective solution, but you must first consult a specialist. Deer are unusually attached to people and will follow you around like dogs. They love treats - carrots, apples, peanuts, marshmallow root. Further fate the animal will do well if it is brought up in the area where it was picked up and where its relatives are found. Then, by the time of release, the deer will be sufficiently acclimatized. If there are other deer in the area, he will definitely find them. Sometimes young deer have diarrhea - a consequence of a violation of the diet. "¦ Do not try to treat animals on your own with home-grown remedies, do not give drugs at random. It is better to contact a veterinarian, he will prescribe the right remedy.

Hickman M., Guy M. Care for wild birds and furs.- M .: Lesn. prom-st. - 87 p.

The most important thing in reindeer farming is feeding, the red deer is less demanding on the variety of food than the cow, but very demanding on quality and quantity.
The biggest mistake I have seen with other farmers is dividing into small paddocks. In a small space, animals, they say, are better controlled and driven from paddock to paddock, but here we are faced with another problem - a trampled field. At the project in Smolenskaya, my boss was of a mathematical mindset, and how he could (and he could do it well) drove me his view of things. I decided to digitize the deer, digitize their vitality, this is useful for me and was familiar to management.
Here's what I got: In a large paddock, the grass left much more slowly than in a small one. Pure proportion - X sq. m area per 1 deer for 1 day, it was not possible to display. For 7.5 ha it was 17.4, and for 2 ha it was 25. All because the deer trampled down part of the field. After all, there is a concept - the living and total area of ​​\u200b\u200bthe apartment, for a small paddock, the percentage of area for hauling and trails was noticeably higher, and hence the lack of feed and poor condition for the breeding season. If you don't feed then our animals will approach the autumn mating thin and emaciated, and this is a minus for reproduction, and if we feed, then we get into another problem. Deer are wild animals and will eat as long as there is food, especially as tasty as compound feed. He calculated the dose incorrectly, and females will come to mating with obesity, and this is also a minus for reproduction. Therefore, every reindeer breeder should strive to keep his livestock on natural feeding as long as possible, this is physiologically correct and economically feasible. The area of ​​feeding pens must be calculated taking into account the amount and value of grass cover, rainfall, soil structure, geography, and many other factors. After talking with other reindeer herders, I came to the conclusion that for a normal meadow Middle lane, paddocks should be 6-8ha. You don't need more, you don't need less. Have 4 pieces of small paddocks of 1.5-2 hectares for various zootechnical purposes.

That is why every respectful reindeer breeder must determine externally, I would even say - from afar, the condition of their animals and correct it in time so that by September it comes up in perfect condition, otherwise we will lose in calves.

I give you a sign from the site, maybe someone will come in handy. Notice how thin the line is between Good and Very Good Condition.
So, autumn came, we coped and the second stage of feeding began.
We need to deceive the deer, they, like any females, including the human race, will never become pregnant if they do not have a guarantee of a good apartment and the opportunity to feed a deer child. We need to deceive the females, to do this, make them think that everything will be fine. Avoid crowding and abundant feeding. In autumn, the grass is not the same, so we add silage / haylage and grain to the diet. Here you don’t have to worry too much that you overfeed - you won’t get particularly fat in the fall, especially with such physical activity that the male experiences, but still don't overdo it. After all, a deer is a herbivore and an excessive amount of concentrated feed causes acidosis and death of the animal. The normal dose is considered to be 1–1.5 kg per adult deer and 0.5–0.75 kg per calf, depending on feed quality and temperature. environment.
We put a family of deer (20–25 females per male) on an area of ​​​​2 hectares, and small paddocks came in handy. For industrial breeding, where the accuracy of whose calf and from whom is no longer important, then we put one hundred females and 4–5 males on 8 ha, naturally without horns.

Carrying out the main production campaigns (rutting, calving, raising young animals), the preservation of livestock, and the preservation of pastures from trampling depends solely on the proper organization of grazing.

The livestock of reindeer is divided into herds. herd size depends on the territory allotted for grazing, on its fodder capacity. In the tundra regions, herds are created with a larger livestock than in the forest zone. The size of the herd of 1200–1700 heads allows for good supervision, proper veterinary and zootechnical service and makes it possible to save the pasture from premature etching. The composition of the herd is determined by the direction of the economy.

Exists three main areas of reindeer herding:
1. The main production of the economy is meat;
2. Main products - skins
3. Raising reindeer for use as transport.
Depending on the direction of the economy, the number of breeding and bovine livestock is set.

Feed for reindeer.

For reindeer, food is usually divided into the following types:

1. summer green: herbs and leaves of shrubs (they eat especially well sedge, vaginal cottongrass, actophila, shift, mountaineer, arctic astragalus, dwarf birch and willow);
2. winter green: winding pike, water sedge, cat's foot, reed horsetail;
3. moss: deer lichen, forest lichen, soft lichen and mountain lichen;
4. woody: lichens kosmach and vislyanka.

The most favorite foods for deer are mushrooms, especially white cap mushrooms, aspen mushrooms, birch boletus and others.

Livestock accounting reindeer are carried out 2 times a year: the first - in corrals before the herd moves from autumn to winter pastures; the second - during the transition of the herd from winter pastures to spring. In the first period, the herd is culled, and in the second, the pregnant queens are separated from the rest of the livestock. Calves are branded in the first days after birth with a notch or pluck on the ear.

In winter, lichens do not provide the body of deer with protein, minerals, vitamins. In this regard, feeding on lichens during the snowy period, the deer always strives to eat plants that are partially or completely preserved under the snow in a green state. In the total stock of forage grasses preserved on pastures in winter time, rags predominate, i.e. dry browned shoots and leaves, and only 5-10% of the total stock of green fodder grasses falls on live green shoots. In the green parts of wintering plants, about 50% of the protein is retained, and in rags - 35-40%. In winter, the majority of sedges and grasses, which make up the bulk of snow reserves, contain 5-6% protein (in absolutely dry matter). With a sufficient supply of snowy green fodder, deer maintain average fatness throughout the entire winter period.

Wintergreen food includes about 80 plants, but only a few species are of significant importance for deer: certain species of sedge, cereals, forbs and horsetails. Some sedges (water, swollen, roundish, Vilyui) and cotton grass (vaginal, narrow-leaved) keep up to 50% of terrestrial organs in a green state under the snow. Deer also eat the browned dry parts of these plants, and in some species of sedge, they also eat rhizomes. In those areas where cotton grass is widespread, they make up to 90% of the diet of deer. Young shoots of cotton grass contain up to 4.5% minerals and up to 20% protein. In winter, the nutritional value of sedge is somewhat reduced, but the ash content is still quite high. Therefore, they are valuable as a source of enrichment of the body of a deer with salts.

Cereals are nutritionally superior to sedges. Their green mass under the snow is preserved by 25-30%, and aftermath - by 50%. The most important are the sinuous pike, the squat fescue, the sheep fescue, and the yellow arctoila. Only some types of forbs are quite important in the nutrition of deer in winter. This is a cat's paw and northern linnaeus. The rhizomes of the three-leaf watch and the marsh cinquefoil are well eaten by the deer.

Horsetails are readily eaten by deer both in green and browned condition. The greatest practical value for reindeer breeding as winter green fodder is marsh and reed horsetail, as well as wintering horsetail and Komarova horsetail.

The surviving remains of green plants, although they have a lower nutritional value than in summer, but compared to the main food of deer - reindeer moss - contain 3-4 times more protein, 2-3 times more minerals and richer in vitamins. The presence of such plants under the snow is important, as it makes it possible to replenish the body of deer with protein, minerals and vitamins.

Summer green fodder. Green plants as the main pasture food for reindeer provide the body with all the necessary nutrients and vitamins. In summer, when choosing food, the deer has a wide range of plants: from 318 species of fodder plants reindeer 268, or 84%, are summer foods.

Most willingly, deer eat grasses, sedges, foliage of shrubs - various types of willows and dwarf birch. Plants such as shift, mountaineer, ragwort, lagotis, astragalus, bluegrass, foxtail, reed grass, arctophila, and horsetail are especially valuable for them in terms of food. The leaves of tundra willows and dwarf birch are of the greatest value. Deer are always very picky in the choice of food. They usually do not touch bruised or broken plants, but choose and bite individual leaves and tops of stems and shoots of their favorite, freshest, young plants. From the assortment available on the pasture, the deer usually chooses those plants that are in the phase of leafing, throwing shoots, budding and flowering, always preferring fresh young greens. A plant of the same species is eaten by a deer more or less willingly, depending on the phase of its development. Since spring, deer willingly eat sedges and grasses, but after flowering, when the leaves and stems coarsen, the palatability of these plants decreases sharply. In autumn, when the foliage of shrubs falls with the onset of cooling. The importance of monocotyledonous plants in the diet of deer increases again.

Shrubs. Of great importance in the diet of deer are the leaves of shrubs, especially willows and birches. In terms of nutrient content, the leaves of shrubs are of great nutritional value. Deer eat them during the entire growing season up to leaf fall. In some areas of reindeer breeding, bush forage accounts for up to 80% of all forage eaten in summer. Willows and birches are widespread in reindeer herding areas.

In terms of nutritional value, willows are in the first place: gray, shaggy, spear-shaped.

Gray, or gray, willow widespread in the tundra, forest-tundra and mountainous regions; forms extensive thickets in floodplains and in low places in the tundra. To the east of the Lena River, this willow is less common. The leaves of gray willow are readily eaten by deer throughout the summer; they remain tender until leaf fall and fall late. The gray willow reaches 1.5 m in height, has dark brown branches with gray-shaggy summer shoots, the leaves are narrowed at both ends, entire-extreme, densely gray tomentose above, bluish below. Flower catkins develop later than leaves.

hairy willow, with the exception of the Far East, is found everywhere in the river valleys along the watersheds. Deer eat leaves and young shoots. It reaches 1.1 m in height, the branches are thick, knotty, old ones are brown, young ones are gray tomentose. Blooms before the leaves open. Leaves usually hold until snow.

spear willow- a widespread shrub, found in the form of thickets in river valleys (forms thickets along rivers and streams), as well as among the tundra on watersheds. Bushes reach 1.8 m in height; branches are dark brown, young shoots are yellowish, pubescent. The leaves are thin, with a finely serrated edge, dull green. Blooms before leaves appear.

Willows such as iron, tree-like, Lappish, beautiful, Krylova, Sakhalin, Korean.

The leaves of birches bloom later than those of willows, and they coarsen earlier. In this regard, in the second half of the growing season, their palatability decreases. Birch leaves are characterized by a high content of nutrients and minerals, while the most important in the diet of deer are dwarf birch, skinny, Midendorf.

birch dwarf often found in the southern tundra and forest tundra, enters the forest zone. In the mass it is distributed in the western regions of the Far North, to the east of the Yenisei its massifs are thinning out. Its leaves are excellently eaten by deer.

Mushrooms. In the regions of the Far North, when deer are grazing, some cap mushrooms (boletus, boletus, goat, flywheel, russula, etc.) are of no small importance as a food source. Reindeer eagerly eat mushrooms that appear in the tundra and forest-tundra from the second half of summer and autumn. Even early winter deer dig dried or slimy remains of mushrooms from under the snow.

Mushrooms contain a significant amount of nitrogenous substances (up to 45% of absolutely dry matter), from 9 to 17% carbohydrates and 5-10% ash. Mushrooms are also rich in vitamins; they contain a significant amount of vitamin A, vitamins from group B, vitamins C, D and PP are found in them. Mushrooms are characterized by a significant fiber content, mostly in the range of 20-30%, and the fiber of mushrooms is poorly digested. Mushrooms contain 84 to 93% water. Mushrooms increase the digestibility of other feeds due to the high content of enzymes. The reasons for the deer's addiction to eating mushrooms have not been studied. It is believed that this is due to the presence of a significant amount of nitrogenous substances and vitamins in rough.

The yield of mushrooms depends on weather conditions and varies from 10 to 100 kg/ha over the years. There are more mushrooms in the taiga zone and forest tundra, in the arctic and mountain tundra there are fewer of them.

concentrated feed. Deer eat various grain feeds rich in carbohydrates (cereal grains). With success, you can feed deer oats, barley, corn and other grains of cereals in a flattened or crushed form. Deer willingly eat grain processing products - bran, rye flour, crackers, baked bread, etc. The digestibility and nutritional value of grain feed for deer on average do not differ significantly in comparison with other farm animals.

Food of animal origin is well eaten and used by reindeer - fish and meat and bone meal. Deer are especially willing to eat fishmeal, which is used for feeding more often than other feeds.

Fishmeal is highly valued in reindeer herding because it is a local food and contains in a small amount all the elements necessary for nutrition that are missing in the winter pasture food. Feeding with fishmeal stimulates the eating of reindeer moss. The nutritional value of fishmeal for deer is estimated at 75-80 fodder units. per 100 kg of feed, with a content of 43-45% digestible protein.

It is advisable to use meat and bone meal prepared in the areas of development of the marine fur trade for reindeer feeding. Magadan region from waste products of zhirotopny production, meat and bones of a sea animal.

Compound feed can also be used to feed deer. Feeding horse compound feed leads to a rapid decrease in the performance of a deer, since its body is not adapted to the digestion of this type of feed; the mode of chewing gum and the activity of the stomach (rumen) are disturbed when feeding with this compound feed. The deer is forced to chew the rough parts of the feed more often and longer, which linger longer in the stomach. When feeding mixed fodder, a deer requires about twice as much drinking water (up to 3-4 liters per day) than when feeding with reindeer moss. The addition of 1 kg of compound feed per 2 kg of reindeer moss ensures complete feeding of the deer and does not cause disruption of the digestive tract.

The nutritional value of compound feed for deer is estimated at 60-66 feed units per 100 kg of feed, i.e. it is slightly lower than according to tabular data for other farm animals.

Concentrated feeds are important for feeding reindeer during periods of hard work in transport. Deer quickly get used to eating concentrates, especially fishmeal.

Roughage. Hay is eaten by deer much worse than fresh green fodder. When giving hay to their heart's content, deer eat about 0.3-0.5 kg per day, rare cases up to 1kg. The palatability of hay depends on its botanical composition and harvesting time. Deer prefer small-grass hay made from legumes, cereals and forbs, harvested no later than the flowering period. The reason for the poor eating of hay by a deer lies in the unsuitability of its stomach for processing. large masses dry roughage. Deer eat hay cuttings no better than hay, leaving a lot of food in the remnants, but they eat hay flour completely.

The nutritional value of hay for deer is estimated at 40-50 feed units per 100 kg of feed, and hay from willow leaves 74 feed units in the presence of 5-8% digestible protein.

In a mixture with reindeer moss, the digestibility and nutritional value of hay increase somewhat.

Brooms made of birch and willow can be successfully used as roughage. Deer willingly eat brooms harvested at the end of June-July. They should be dried in the shade, stored in germs. Per head per day give 0.3-0.5 kg.

Mineral food. When feeding with reindeer moss and eating snow instead of drinking water deer often experience mineral starvation. Therefore, mineral supplements are necessary. In some regions (Karelian Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic), mineral nutrition deficiency causes illness in 7-8 month old calves in winter - weakness appears, and then paralysis of the hind limbs.

Giving salt, ash with the addition of trace elements (copper sulphate and cobalt chloride) prevents the disease.

Of the mineral feeds, table salt and bone meal are of the greatest importance. Table salt is absolutely necessary to give to all deer in winter, during the period of feeding with lichen food. The addition of salt improves the deer's appetite and makes them search for pasture food more intensively. When top dressing with salt, the digestibility of lichen feed and the digestibility of nitrogenous substances slightly increase. As a result, deer that receive table salt in winter usually retain satisfactory fatness by spring, and the pregnant queens give a stronger, normally developed offspring.

Salt is fed to deer in ground form (table salt) or rock salt (lick salt). You can use brine - the brine remaining after salting the fish. The brine contains nitrogenous substances. It is frozen and given in the form of lumps that animals lick. Deer should be given salt at the rate of at least 5-6g per head per day. At a minimum, salt should be given during the most difficult pasture period - from February to May.

Description of work

Reindeer get their food in the harsh conditions of the Arctic, where snow cover makes it difficult to access food, and the nutritional characteristics of the food do not always satisfy the needs of the body. This is the reason for the specialization of nutrition according to the seasons on those feeds in which at other times there are no fats, vitamins and salts, as well as the reason for sharp fluctuations in the size of muscle mass and the content of salts and vitamins in the body. Having subjugated the reindeer, man took care of satisfying his needs. How better man knew them, the more successfully he bred deer and received more products. The folk school of reindeer husbandry is largely the science of how to feed the reindeer. In this direction, she has accumulated a number of observations that are of theoretical interest.

Content

Introduction…………..……………………………………………3
Features of the structure of the digestive organs, absorption of nutrients …………………………………………………………..4
Nutrient requirements………………7
Nutritional assessment. Feed digestibility……..8
Feed characteristics…………………………….…10
Conclusion……………………………………………….……19
References………………………………….………...20