28.10.2019

Pig bakers. Lifestyle and habitat of peccary pigs. Peccary Collared Wild Pigs Peccaries

bakers bakers

family of non-ruminant artiodactyls. Body length up to 1 m, weight up to 30 kg. They are similar in appearance to pigs. 2 genera (3 species), in the forests of South and Central America. 1 species in the IUCN Red List.

BAKERS

BAKERS (Tajassuidae), a family of artiodactyl mammals of the non-ruminant suborder; includes two genera and three species. Body length up to 1 m, weight up to 30 kg. In appearance, peccaries are similar to pigs, in contrast to which they have three instead of four fingers on their hind limbs. The upper fangs of the peccary are directed downwards, like those of predators, and not upwards, like those of pigs. A peculiarity of the peccary is an odorous musky gland located in the middle of the back. When the animal is excited, the gland is exposed. His bristles are thick, especially long on the back of the head, neck and back, the tail is short and hidden in the hair, the legs are short and thin. Bakers are common in the forests of South and Central America.
Collared peccary(Tayassu tajasu) is so named because of the light stripe on the shoulders, reminiscent of a harness harness; lives in Central and South America. Bakers are active mainly at night. Unlike wild boars, they gather in large herds of 10–40 or more heads. Each herd has its own plot of 75–250 ha. In the bush and grass, such herds lay paths-tunnels.
Animals feed at night, and spend the day on the haul. The main food is herbaceous plants, their fruits, bulbs, rhizomes, less often small animals. There is no specific breeding time, but young are usually born in July-August after the rainy season. Pregnancy lasts 142–149 days. Usually same-sex piglets are born, which after a few hours run after their mother. Unlike pigs, mother and baby join the herd the next day. Peccaries are favorite prey for jaguars and cougars; object of trade (meat, skin). Chak peccary (Catagonus wagneri) is listed in the International Red Book.


encyclopedic Dictionary . 2009 .

Synonyms:

See what "bakers" are in other dictionaries:

    Peccaries Collared peccaries Scientific classification Kingdom: Animals Type: Chordates Subtype: Pozvono ... Wikipedia

    A family of non-ruminant artiodactyls. Body length up to 1 m, weigh up to 30 kg. They are similar in appearance to pigs. 2 genera (3 species), in the forests of Yuzh. and Center. America. 1 species in the IUCN Red List ( international union nature conservation and natural resources) … Big Encyclopedic Dictionary

    Exist., number of synonyms: 5 apua (3) animal (277) musky pig (1) ... Synonym dictionary

    MUSK PIG or BAKERS See this word. Dictionary foreign words included in the Russian language. Chudinov A.N., 1910. BAKERS Muscovy pig in South America. Explanation of 25,000 foreign words that have come into use in the Russian language, with ... ... Dictionary of foreign words of the Russian language

    - (Tayassu) a genus of non-ruminant artiodactyl mammals of the pig family. Some zoologists distinguish P. in a separate family. Body length 75 100 cm, height 44 57 cm, weigh 16 30 kg. Outwardly, they resemble small pigs. They are more different... Great Soviet Encyclopedia

    Family of non-ruminant artiodactyls. Length body up to 1 m, weight up to 30 kg. According to ext. look similar to pigs. 2 genera (3 species), in the forests of Yuzh. and Center. America. 1 species in the IUCN Red List. Collared peccary with cubs ... Natural science. encyclopedic Dictionary

    bakers- pekariai statusas T sritis zoologija | vardynas taksono rangas gentis apibrėžtis Gentyje 2 rūšys. Paplitimo arealas - P. ir Centr. America, S. Amerika iki Arizonos valstijos. atitikmenys: lot. Tayassu English. colared and white lipped peccaries;… … Žinduolių pavadinimų žodynas

    bakers- pekariniai statusas T sritis zoologija | vardynas taksono rangas šeima apibrėžtis Šeimoje 2 gentys. Kūno masė – 18 50 kg. atitikmenys: lot. Tayassuidae engl. peccaries vok. Nabelschweine; Pekaris rus. bakers; bakery pranc. pecaris;… … Žinduolių pavadinimų žodynas

    - (Dicotyles) a mammal from the family of pigs (Suidae); 38 teeth: 4 incisors in the upper jaw and 6 in the lower and 2 canines and 12 molars in each. The fangs are not twisted upward and do not pierce the upper lip. The body, head and snout are short; snout end ... ... Encyclopedic Dictionary F.A. Brockhaus and I.A. Efron

    bakers- p ekari, non-squel., husband. (animal) ... Russian spelling dictionary

Books

  • Food. Feast, Chefs and Recipes, David Salaria, Richard Tames. How did the Romans prepare the dormouse animal? Why in the 19th century Did the bakers add gypsum to the flour? Why were skulls made from sugar? And when it was considered good tone regurgitate what you eat during lunch? Book…

Collared peccary(Pecari tajacu)
Class - mammals

Detachment - artiodactyls

Suborder - non-ruminants

Family - bakery

Genus - bakers

Appearance

The height at the shoulders is from 30 to 50 cm. The body length is 80-100 cm. The weight is 15-25 kg. Collared peccaries are often confused with pigs due to their resemblance. The coat is greyish in color almost all over the body, with the exception of the cheeks, where the coat has a yellowish color, and a whitish-yellow collar that covers the mane, shoulders and neck. There is no sexual dimorphism. Juveniles are yellowish-brown and black stripe on the back. Collared peccaries have short, straight, sharp fangs on their muzzle, which with every movement of the jaw are capable of inflicting severe injuries. On the sacrum are special dorsal glands that are unique to this species. Of the sense organs, smell and hearing are most well developed, vision is rather poor.

Habitat

Collared peccaries are common in New Mexico, Texas, Arizona in the USA, in most of Mexico and Central America, in the Amazon basin, the Pacific coastal forests of Colombia, Ecuador and Peru, the lowland forests of Venezuela and Guiana, in Paraguay, Bolivia, Brazil, where the range is becoming increasingly fragmented, and in the north of Argentina.

In nature

Collared peccaries have very tight social relations. They live in herds that number from 5 to 15 animals. Herd members feed and sleep together. Sometimes old and sick individuals can move away from the rest, preferring to die alone. There is a certain hierarchy in the herd. Males always dominate, the position of the remaining members is determined mainly by body size. The sex ratio is almost the same. The herds are permanent, with little mixing between neighboring groups. The area of ​​the territory belonging to one herd ranges from 6 to 1,260 hectares. Territory marking is carried out with the help of feces and secretions of spinal glands. Both males and females are very jealous of their territory. If a fight breaks out between bakers, they begin to bite each other and beat with fangs. Two members of the same herd greet each other, rubbing themselves from head to rump. The lifestyle of collared peccaries is very much affected by the ambient temperature.

Collared peccaries are herbivorous animals with a complex stomach structure, which is necessary for the digestion of rough food. In the southern part of the range, peccaries feed on a variety of foods, including roots, bulbs, nuts, mushrooms, and may occasionally eat eggs, carrion, small snakes, and frogs. In the northern part of the range, roots, bulbs, beans, nuts, berries, various herbs and cacti form the basis of nutrition. They can also eat agricultural crops.

reproduction

Collared peccaries do not have any specific breeding season. They can breed all year round. Mating is affected by climate, especially rainfall. Cubs are born at the same time rainy season. The dominant male tends to mate with all the females in the herd. The rest of the males should not leave the herd, but they are not allowed to approach the females. Therefore, herds of "bachelors" are not formed.

Pregnancy lasts 141-151 days. Born from 1 to 3, less often 4 cubs. Before giving birth, the female is separated from the herd, otherwise the newborns can be eaten by the rest of the bakers. The mother returns to the herd 1 day after birth. Lactation lasts 2-3 months. Sexual maturity occurs at the age of 11 months for males and 8-14 months for females.

The only difference between keeping peccaries and pigs is that peccaries are more thermophilic, so heating should work in the covered part of the pigsty during the winter. It can be an ordinary incandescent light bulb closed by a box, or a heater. And of course there should be more straw.

Life expectancy in captivity is 24 years.

Otherwise, musk pigs are called bakers. Initially, they were attributed to the pig family. However, the musk pig has little in common with ordinary hogs. Now these pigs are classified as a family of peccaries - non-ruminant artiodactyl mammals.

Muscovy pig - where does the name come from

A gland with a musky-like secret is located on the back of animals (in its posterior half). Animals, raising their bristles over the gland, forcefully vomit a terribly smelling secret, marking their habitat. Because of this terrible smell, the musky pig got its name.

Characteristic features

Bakers have significant distinguishing features that distinguish them from ordinary pigs. According to its characteristics, the musky pig is a non-ruminant ungulate. There are three sections in her stomach. The anterior one is formed by 2 sausage-shaped blind sacs.

The hind legs have three toes instead of four. The direction of the upper powerful trihedral, very long (contacting with the lower) fangs is the same as that of predators - down. The jaw is filled with thirty-eight teeth. Any musky pig is smaller than true boars. The weight of animals varies from 16 to 30 kg, maximum height 57 cm, and the length does not exceed 100 cm.

In appearance, individuals resemble ordinary pigs. They have a large wedge-shaped head, a short neck, tiny eyes, and slightly rounded ears. Their body is covered with thick bristles. She, elongated at the neck, nape and back, forms a beautiful mane. The animal has a short tail, hidden in the bristles, stands on thin short legs.

habits

Cautious animal - the musky pig hears excellently, due to which it practically does not fall into the field of view of a person. Rather, you can hear the characteristic clicking of teeth and the stomp of fleeing individuals, rather than themselves.

The pigs eat herbaceous plants, fruits, roots and bulbs. They are relatively little interested in living creatures, although they may well have a snack on insects, lizards, small animals and even carrion. During dry periods, they prefer to eat succulent plants, such as prickly pear or agave.

habitats

The distribution area captures the southwestern United States and deepens into Central Argentina. Both dry steppes and tropical forests are suitable for dwelling musk pigs. Animals, huddled in herds, actively feed at night, and during the day they settle down on the beds.

A natural threat to peccary habitats is jaguars and cougars. Coyotes also dare to attack the young. Mothers, driven by instinct, vigorously protect their young. Attacking predators, they inflict bites on them, refraining, unlike a pig, from blows with fangs. Enraged and frightened animals characteristically click their fangs.

reproduction

In the place where the herd left droppings, a lot of mounds of excrement are formed. Females are ready for mating at 8-8.5, and males at 11-11.5 months. There is no specific mating period for peccaries. However, young growth, as a rule, appears in July - August, following the rainy season and the rapid growth of greenery.

The gestation period ranges from 142-149 days. An individual that has felt the approach of childbirth is removed from the herd to a secluded place. Often, childbirth occurs in a hole. There are usually 2 piglets in a litter, but 3 or 4 gilts are rare. For the most part, the musk pig brings single-sex piglets (only 20% fall on the birth of heterosexual young animals).

The very next day, the babies with their mother join the herd, they feed on milk in a standing position (a couple more differences from real boars). Milk in females flows only into the two rear pairs of nipples. Piglets begin to eat adult food, having lived up to 6-8 weeks.

Types of musk pigs

Peccaries are represented by two subfamilies and twenty genera. There are four modern look musk pigs are white-bearded, chucky, giant and collared peccaries.

peccary family

(Tayassuidae)*

* The foliar family is an analogue of pigs in the New World. The upper fangs point downwards. The tail is short, almost invisible from the outside, the stomach has 3 sections. The bones of the metacarpus and metatarsus fuse, on the hind legs - only 3 fingers (the outer one disappears).


hallmarks bakers serve teeth, of which there are 38, four incisors on the top and six on mandible, four fangs and six molars on each side of both jaws. The fangs are not twisted upward and do not pierce the upper lip. The body is short, the head and snout are also short, the end of the snout is pointed, the ears are small, narrow, with a blunt tip; the hind legs do not have a small outer hoof, so they have only three hooves. The tail is poorly developed, there is a special gland on the back of the back, and the female has only two nipples.
Collared peccary(Tayassu tajaeu). This is a small pig with a short head and a blunt muzzle, however, the physique is rather slender. Long dense bristles at the base of a dark brown color, then yellow and black alternate in an annular fashion; at the end, the bristles are again blackish-brown. Between the ears and in the middle of the back, it lengthens without forming a mane. General color animal is dark brown, turning on the sides into yellowish-brown, mixed with white. The belly is also brown, the chest is white in front, a whitish-yellow, rather wide stripe descends from the shoulders. From the dorsal gland constantly flows a liquid with a strong odor, which, apparently, the animals really like, since they often mutually rub their noses against the gland.

Another kind - white-lipped, or white-bearded, bakers(Tayassu pecan) is noticeably larger than the previous one, has a length of 1.1 m, including a poorly developed tail of 5 cm, with a height of 40 ^ 5 cm at the shoulders. It differs sharply from another species in a large white spot on the lower jaw and in the general coloration of the body. Thick, coarse, ribbed bristles very rarely cover the body, except for the back, starting from the back of the head, where it is somewhat longer. The coloration of the body is rather evenly grayish-black, and a bright light spot on the cheeks stands out unusually sharply.
In all woodlands South America up to 1000 m above sea level, both types of peccaries are common. White-lipped peccaries roam the forests in large herds of several hundred, led by the strongest boars; herds of collared peccaries are smaller and consist of only 10-15 head*.

* Animals mark the boundaries of the site with secretions of specific dorsal and periorbital glands, leaving an odorous liquid that quickly darkens in the air. There are also public "latrines", periodically visited by all members of the clan.


All of them daily change their place of residence, so that their constant wanderings have no end. According to Rengger, you can follow their tracks all day and not see a single one. “In their passages,” he says, “nothing delays them: neither open plains, which they usually avoid, nor water. If they reach open space, then they rush straight to it, but if a river or a stream blocks their path, then they, without hesitation for a minute, rush to swim. I saw them swim across the Paraguay River at a place where it was half an hour wide. During the crossing, a large crowd dominates in the herd. All males swim in front, and mothers with their cubs behind. Already from afar you can hear the approach of the herd, and not only by the muffled sounds that they make, but also by the crackling of the branches of the bushes broken along the way. " Bonpland was once on a botanical excursion with an Indian guide, who suddenly began to ask the naturalist to hide behind a tree, fearing lest a fleeing herd of these swine overturn Bonpland to the ground. Bakers seek their food day and night, and probably the lack of suitable food is the reason that makes them constantly migrate. This food consists of all kinds of tree fruits and roots. Their teeth are so strong , says Schomburgk, that they can crack through the hardest palm seeds.In populated areas, they break into plantations and devastate fields.It is said that in addition to plant food devour snakes, lizards, worms and caterpillars**.

* * IN tropical forests fallen fruits form the basis of bakers' nutrition. Herds of peccaries even accompany flocks of monkeys. picking up abandoned fruits and nuts after them. In the desert area, bakers eat a lot of agaves and cacti, satisfying the need not only for food, but also for water. They clean cacti from thorns, rolling on the ground or holding with a hoof and peeling off the skin with their teeth. Animal food makes up a very small percentage of the diet.


They are similar in movement and temperament to our wild pigs. During the day, they willingly climb into hollows or into holes under the roots. big trees; especially if they are hunted, they hide in such secluded corners ***. External senses are poorly developed, mental capacity limited. Hearing and smell, apparently, are better developed, vision is weak.

* * * Bakers do not dig their holes. For childbirth, females arrange dens in the thickets.


Some travelers tell wonders about the courage of these pigs; calm observers judge them impartially. “Walking,” says Schomburgk, “in one wooded oasis, we heard an unusual noise that could be compared with the noise of a running herd and which seemed to be getting closer. As soon as they saw us, they immediately stopped their wild run, uttered a cry similar to the grunting of our pigs, and set off to flee in the other direction. gnashing my teeth. Struck by such an extraordinary phenomenon that interrupted our silent journey, for the first minute I forgot to shoot and, not hearing the shots of satellites, in order to make up for the missed, I was just about to shoot, when my neighbor, an Indian, snatched my gun from me. This led me in even greater amazement, but soon the riddle was cleared up. main part the herd had already rushed past us, and behind were only the stragglers, then the guns and arrows were raised again and we killed four pigs. Surprisingly, the dogs behaved as calmly as we did, and even lay down on the ground. The Indians told me that it was extremely dangerous to shoot at such a herd, since all the animals scatter in different directions with fright and during such a flight they tear apart everything. Living being that come across them, and destroy everything with their tusks. While the angry herd was rushing past us, my Negro Hamlet, terrified and trembling, stood beside me and confirmed this story, saying that his father was thus killed, having received a mortal wound when he shot at such a fleeing herd. If you shoot at the retarded, then the main part of the herd continues its path without hindrance.

* In fact, bakers are more likely to run away when threatened. A cornered peccary can indeed inflict serious wounds with its fangs. Threatening, he opens his mouth wide. clatters its teeth, raising the fur on its back.


Schomburgk further reports that the hunting of peccaries among the Indians is more common than others, because it is the most profitable. The dogs with which they hunt are trained in a very special way, and this is all the more necessary because both breeds of these pigs have an irreconcilable enmity towards them. "Training consists in the fact that the dogs, when meeting with the herd, must separate one from the stragglers and detain it until the hunters arrive and kill the animal. As soon as this one is killed, the dogs run after the herd and again separate the other, third, fourth and etc. If the dogs are too hot and throw themselves into the middle of the herd, then almost certain death awaits them, as they remain on the battlefield with their stomachs open. both animals seem to be aware of the danger and follow the herd from afar, preferring to attack the stragglers.Loud cries of joy are heard among the hunters if they manage to drive the herd of peccaries into the river.As soon as the animals get into the water, the Indians run after them and begin to beat them clubs; for this they hit once or twice on the snout; the second blow kills them without fail. The killed pig is calmly left to swim in order to finish off a few others with a mortal blow, and when it is no longer possible to kill, they begin to catch the prey.
A. Humboldt and Rengger know nothing about the walking fabulous stories about bakers. “Bakers,” says the latter, “are hunted partly for meat, partly because of the damage they do on plantations. Usually they are searched for with dogs in the forests and killed by shots or blows of a spear. Not at all as dangerous as they said, attack herds of these animals.Some inexperienced hunter, of course, could receive several wounds if he alone dared to go against a large herd; if you hunt with dogs and approach from the side or behind, then the hunter is not in danger, as the animals are in a hurry run away and defend themselves only against small dogs.
The female almost always throws one and very rarely two piglets, which, if not on the first day after birth, then at least very soon after, follow the mother everywhere and do not grunt, but rather bleat like goats. These piglets are easily tamed and, with good care, become real pets*.

* In the tropics, peccaries breed all year round. 1-3 broods per year. Pregnancy lasts 4-5 months. Usually two unusually large (400-800 g) and developed cubs are born. Already from 8 months, females are capable of reproduction, males - from a year.


Collared peccaries are brought to Europe in significant numbers, while white-lipped peccaries are much rarer. Both species tolerate our climate quite well and even breed. With ordinary pig feed, they live with us for several years **.

* * Young peccaries get along easily in captivity, usually several animals are kept in each Indian village. They breed well in zoos. In nature, the average life expectancy is 7-15 years, in captivity they live up to 24 years.


I didn’t notice any special friendship for a person in them: in a close fence, they turn out, on the contrary, to be nasty, quick-tempered, evil and vengeful creatures, which experienced watchmen fear more than major representatives this family.
The skin of the peccary is used for bags and belts, and the meat is eaten by the poor. It is quite tasty, but does not at all look like pork meat. They never have a thick layer of fat, but only a thin layer of rather liquid fat. If the collared peccary was driven for quite a long time before death, then the meat acquires the smell of a branch of the dorsal gland; to avoid this, it should be cut out as soon as possible. In other cases, besides estrus, the slaughtered pig may be allowed to lie in its skin until completely cooled, and the meat does not acquire any unpleasant taste or smell.

Life of animals. - M.: State publishing house of geographical literature. A. Brem. 1958

Peccary (Tayassuidae) - a family represented by several species of non-ruminant artiodactyl mammals, previously classified as a family of Pigs. The word "bakers" is translated as "a beast capable of making roads in the forest."

Description of bakers

Peccaries are small animals with a body length within a meter and a height at the withers of not more than 55-57 cm.. The average weight of an adult animal is 28-30 kg. All bakers are characterized by the presence of a wedge-shaped, somewhat heavy head on a short neck. The animal has a straight profile and an elongated snout, small eyes and neat rounded ears. The baker's legs are thin and short.

This is interesting! In America, the baker was nicknamed "musk pig", which is due to the specific and unpleasant odor of the secret secreted by a special gland located in the lower back, next to the tail.

The physique is of a lightweight type, with a rather short tail and a slightly hanging back. The body of the baker is completely covered with very thick bristles, which are much longer at the withers and in the back area, therefore, it resembles a kind of mane. At the stage of arousal, such a mane easily rises, which exposes the gland, spewing out a persistent and very "odorous" secret.

Appearance

Peccaries have a number of significant differences from pigs, which allows them to be classified as ruminant ungulates:

  • division of the stomach into three sections with a pair of blind sausage-shaped bags;
  • the presence of three fingers on the hind limbs;
  • downward-pointing upper trihedral fangs;
  • the presence of 38 teeth;
  • two pairs of mammary glands.

With the help of a special musky secret, adult bakers mark their territory by spraying a strong-smelling liquid on bushes, grass or stones.

Character and lifestyle

Non-ruminant artiodactyl mammals settled in a fairly vast territory are accustomed to different habitats, they feel absolutely equally comfortable not only in rainforests, but also in desert zones. White-bearded peccaries are most often found in arid wooded areas, and large boulders or limestone caves are used as shelter from enemies by such animals.

It is difficult to call settled bakers. A mammal in search of a new place of food is able to migrate from one territory to another. As a rule, bakers stay in one place for a day. Artiodactyl animals live in herds, the total number of which is often two hundred individuals. The head of such a large community is the oldest and most experienced female leader.

This is interesting! Bakers are active mainly in the dark, but in the daytime such mammals are often awake, resting on their haunches.

Thanks to big crowd individuals in a herd, animals are able to successfully protect not only themselves, but also their offspring from enemies. If non-ruminant artiodactyl mammals predators threaten, then all adult members of the herd are standardly lined up in a powerful defensive line. Regardless of age, bakers like to bathe in mud or dust, but they always defecate only in specially designated places for this purpose.

How long do bakers live

Despite the rather high mortality rates of bakers in nature, the life expectancy of such an animal in captivity often reaches 22-24 years.

sexual dimorphism

Males and females of many animal species differ greatly in their appearance or structural features, but bakers do not fall into this category. Distinctive feature bakers is the complete absence of signs of sexual dimorphism. However, the "pigs" themselves are quite ways to distinguish each other by gender.

Types of bakers

To date, there are only four types of bakers that have been well studied:

  • Collared peccaries(Pecari tajacu) are small and incredibly mobile animals. Their main feature is the presence of a yellowish-white stripe descending from the scapular region to the lower part of the head;
  • white-lipped or white-bearded bakers (Tayassu pecari) are larger and more powerful animals compared to collared bakers, preferring to inhabit areas near water. Their main feature is a large spot white color located on the bottom of the head;
  • Chaco bakers (Catagonus wagneri) were discovered in 1975. The animal lives in wild and arid places. A species feature is longer limbs, a host and ears, for which such an animal received the nickname "donkey pig";
  • Giant bakers (Pecari maximus) were discovered in Brazil in 2007. This species differs from any other of its relatives in its unique color and large sizes. Giant bakers lead a family lifestyle, preferring tropical, wild forests.

A couple of species of wild bakers, thought to be extinct, were rediscovered in the last century, when developing lands covered with tropical vegetation and savannah wastelands.

This is interesting! Bakers are classified as social animals, and communication is supported by a variety of sounds, including grunts.

Range, habitats

The total area of ​​the territory that belongs to one herd can vary from 6-7 to 1,250 hectares. Territory marking of the animal is carried out with the help of feces, as well as secretions from the spinal glands. Collared peccaries are the only species found in the United States where five to fifteen individuals form a herd.

The living area of ​​a herd of white-bearded bakers in the north of the range and to southern Mexico is 60-200 km 2. Large herds of this species are most often represented by a hundred or more heads. White-bearded peccaries are able to stay in a certain area for a couple of days, after which they look for food in another area. This species quite often feeds on food of animal origin.

Diet of bakers

Herbivores are distinguished by the complex structure of the stomach, which ensures the full digestion of coarse foods. In the southern habitats, peccaries feed on a wide variety of foods, represented by roots, bulbs, nuts and mushrooms.

Sometimes such animals are able to eat carrion and eggs, frogs and small snakes. In the northern part of the range, bulbs and roots, nuts and beans, various berries, herbaceous vegetation and cacti, worms and insects most often form the basis of the nutrition of such an animal.

In arid regions of habitat, rather sparse vegetation serves as food for such animals, so a wide variety of cactus species are used for food, which are very easily and quickly processed by a two-chamber stomach. Adult bakers, with the help of their hard muzzle, roll the plucked cactus on the surface of the earth, which saves it from thorns.



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