PTU - what kind of education? Vocational School

Sooner or later, every high school student has a question about what to do with his life next. And getting a specialized education is directly related to this issue. Many are beginning to wonder: "Vocational school - what kind of education is this?" Let's figure it out.

When did these institutions appear?

Advantages of vocational schools

The main advantage of vocational schools lies in their narrow specialization. And this means that in young man they will not pour in mountains of information that is not at all useful to him in his chosen profession. If you happened to study at a university, you yourself can estimate how much of the material learned there remained unclaimed, or even completely evaporated from memory as unnecessary. Knowledge, of course, is not to be carried behind your back, but the time spent will not return.

In addition, the very structure of the vocational school is focused on ensuring that after graduation the student is assigned to work. At the universities, this moment there is no such practice.

What are the specialties in vocational schools?

What is needed for admission

In order to enter the city vocational school after graduating from the 9th grade, it will be necessary to take entrance exams. In addition, you will need the following package of documents:

1. Application to the director of the school.
2. Certificate of education.
3. 6 photos 3x4 cm.
4. Medical certificate.
5. Information about vaccinations.
6. Certificate of residence.
7. Copy of birth certificate (or passport).
8. Copy of identification number.

How to get the most out of learning

Even the best teacher in the world will not be able to teach a student anything until the student wants to learn. Therefore, first of all, it is necessary to start with your attitude towards education.

Don't let those around you discourage you. And remember the purpose of admission - the acquisition of practical skills that will help you provide for yourself. Consider the period of study as an investment in the future. Time is one of the most valuable resources that we all have. Don't be foolish enough to throw it into the wind.

How to achieve this? Just try to listen carefully. Try to be truly interested in your chosen profession. In the end, it was with this case that you decided to connect your life, at least for the next few years. Why deliberately turn these years into hard labor, if it is quite possible to get real pleasure from an interesting business?

What are the prospects after graduating from vocational school

A vocational school diploma will give you the opportunity to immediately get a job in your specialty. Often the head of the school is in charge of securing the availability of job vacancies. You will have certain options already when you pass the mandatory

In addition, such education (vocational school) gives you the opportunity to continue your studies if you wish. And if you enter the same specialty, then most likely you will be provided with some benefits. This may be enrollment immediately in the second or third year of the university, or the opportunity to enter without entrance exams.

Modern terminology

PTU - what kind of education? In fact, this question has already become archaic. Because we no longer have official vocational schools. Today there are PU - vocational schools and PL - vocational lyceums. However, it will not be long before such a familiar abbreviation - PTU - will disappear from our public consciousness.

If we compare total former vocational schools and the total number of current launchers and submarines, it turns out that the latter have become fewer. However, the number of professions offered for development has increased significantly.

The attitude towards vocational schools in the USSR was ambiguous. While the state, speaking modern language, in every possible way promoted vocational education, high school students were not too eager to join the ranks of "petushniks". And adults more often frightened their obstinate children than encouraged their desire to master a working specialty: “If you study poorly at school, you will go to a vocational school!” What were the Soviet vocational schools, and why did it become unprestigious to study there over time?

A bit of history

Two years after the 1919 decree of the Council of People's Commissars of the RSFSR laid the foundation for the dissemination of vocational and technical knowledge, the first FZU appeared in the country - schools of factory apprenticeship. In this form, they existed until 1940, when, after the creation of a system of state labor reserves, the FZU schools were transferred to a new department and reorganized into vocational schools and schools of the FZO - factory training.

After the transformation in 1959 of the Main Directorate of Labor Reserves into the State Committee of the USSR Council of Ministers for Vocational Education, the FZO and vocational schools were reformed. Instead, vocational schools appeared - vocational schools, which were divided into three main types:

- urban and rural vocational schools to receive working specialty with a training period of 1-2 years;

SPTU - secondary vocational schools, where young people with an 8-year education were admitted. The term of study in them was 3-4 years. During this time, students received a general 10-year education and mastered a working profession;

TU - technical schools, where for 1 to 1.5 years they taught working specialties to young people who graduated from high school.

In this form, Soviet vocational schools lasted until the collapse of the USSR. Graduates were issued a certificate of secondary education and appropriate qualifications were assigned.

Who went to vocational school and why?

If in the pre-war and first post-war years, studying at vocational schools was, if not prestigious, then at least honorable (propaganda contributed to this to a large extent: the country needed strong and skilled workers), then by the 70s, vocational schools gradually turned into the same horror story for negligent schoolchildren, which we talked about at the beginning of the article. It was believed that those who were unable to study at a technical school or university went to vocational schools: lazy people, losers and simply idiots. No wonder at that time the abbreviation "PTU" was deciphered by some wits as "help the stupid get settled."

On the one hand, it's embarrassing. But something is still true. For admission to a technical school, institute or university, serious knowledge was required in the amount of high school. Now you can buy a diploma of higher education in any transition, and in Soviet time the vast majority of young people received diplomas solely due to their own knowledge and efforts. Whereas they entered vocational schools without exams - in other words, they transferred documents from one educational institution to another, and that's it. This was one of the main reasons why losers in the USSR had one road: to vocational schools. One of the main ones, but not the only one.

With the advent of scarcity in the same 70s, the concept of prestigious work for most young people shifted from working professions towards those that opened access to scarce goods. Against this background, more capable secondary school graduates began to apply more often to trade and culinary technical schools and universities, and their negligent classmates - to schools of a similar profile. Moreover, there were so many people who wanted to learn the profession of a salesman, cook or confectioner that at one time a system of entrance exams was introduced in specialized schools. And yet it was much easier to enter there than in a technical school or institute. And it was easier to study at vocational schools.

By the end of the 70s, Soviet youth no longer took vocational schools seriously. Often they were simply used as an intermediate link to achieve more serious goals. Thus, some young people used vocational schools as a springboard for further education. higher education, since when entering universities forthere were benefits for graduates of specialized vocational schools. Others, having somehow finished the 8th grade, dragged out time before the army, and at the same time received a profession that could be useful in the army. The third ones were almost forcibly determined by law enforcement agencies so that bad behavior would not lead a young man or girl to the dock.

In the mid-1980s, the system of Soviet vocational education began to degrade and completely sank to the bottom by the time the USSR collapsed in 1991. There were objective reasons for this: the decline in industry and production provoked a lack of demand for workers. As a result, the number of vocational schools has decreased significantly, and the remaining funds have not been updated. Experienced teachers left vocational schools. And in 1991, the vocational school system collapsed along with the country. Will the prestige of working professions ever rise? Maybe. But only on condition that the vector of public consciousness shifts from thoughtless consumption to positive creation. And this takes time.

To master some professions, it is not at all necessary to study at the institute - secondary vocational education happens to be enough. Such an education will take you much less time and will not require large financial costs, and the level obtained is quite enough to then find a job in the chosen specialty.

Secondary vocational education can be obtained at a college, technical school or vocational school. It should be noted that there are very few vocational technical schools left, now you can get not only technical education here, so the schools have turned from vocational schools into vocational schools.

College and technical school

In college, you can master the specialty of a technician, manager, lawyer, accountant and others. You can be admitted to college after graduating from 9th or 11th grade of school, after graduating from a vocational school or after receiving a secondary vocational education. College education lasts 2-4 years, depending on the education received. When studying in college, you get student status, a student ID card, and a transcript. After graduation, you will be issued a diploma of secondary specialized education in the chosen specialty, which gives you the right to enter a university or get a job in an appropriate position.

It is noteworthy that the programs and courses of study at the college are only slightly simpler than at the institute, and it is much easier and cheaper to enter here. In some colleges, study programs provide more than complete knowledge than at the institute, and the learning process itself is built in the same way as at the university - students listen to lectures, participate in seminars, pass tests and exams. In addition, discipline is more strict here and students get less freedom. Colleges are better adapted to the innovations taking place in the education system and in the labor market, therefore, you have a chance to gain more practical skills and useful knowledge that will be useful directly in the workplace.

In fact, a technical school is an analogue of a college, with the only difference being that in a technical school you get basic training, and in college you get more advanced training.

vocational school

In vocational schools you can get the specialty of a locksmith, fitter, hairdresser, electrician and others. These professions are in demand at any time. Vocational technical schools provide a basic level of knowledge, some of them are not at all difficult to enter after the 9th grade of school. Mostly those who do not like to study go there, especially since entrance exams are not required - just write an application. But there are also PUs in which 2-3 people apply for one place, and you will have to pass an exam in order to pass the competitive selection. After graduating from college, you can go to work in your specialty, but you are unlikely to be able to count on a promotion - for this you will have to receive additional education.

In the 1st-2nd year at the vocational technical school, general education subjects are provided, in the 3rd year they teach the basics of your future profession. There is an opportunity to do an internship at the enterprise. At the end of the vocational school, you will receive a high school diploma and a profession certificate. This does not give you any benefits when entering a higher educational institution, however, if you have sufficient work experience in your specialty or received a red diploma, then the university will provide you with benefits.

Now, having an idea about the level of education in a college, technical school and vocational school, you can decide on the choice of an educational institution. It is never too late to engage in self-education and, having received a secondary specialized education, you can always continue your studies at a university.

The Ministry of Education and Science, which has already completely exhausted schools and universities with its reformism, will not get to vocational education in any way, although it is in this area that the most big problems. Few people want to study working specialties - it is not very prestigious. But how to get out of the situation? After all, highly skilled workers are the basis of industry, the engines of the economy.

However, literally last days the situation began to change drastically. Either, sorry, someone pecked someone in one place, or the crisis and the need for import substitution put before the fact: something needs to be done in this area, and urgently!

Let's dive into the history of the issue first. In general, since the times of the USSR, it was believed that a vocational or vocational school or (PU or vocational school) is an educational institution where, along with the beginnings of a working profession, a secondary education is also given "automatically". In Russia (and in other countries former USSR) here they train skilled workers in professions that require an increased educational level.

Also, technical schools, or, as they say today, colleges, belonged to the category of secondary specialized educational institutions. The original predecessors of vocational schools were factory and vocational schools, which existed since the time Russian Empire. These educational institutions were considered not very prestigious. I remember from the time of my youth how wits once deciphered the abbreviation of vocational school - "help the stupid get settled" ...

It's a shame, of course, but still somewhat true. There often went those young people who were not given studies in high school, or those who simply did not go to college. Well, or those over which the ax of justice hung ...

Another five percent went to study "much higher" - vocational school graduates, provided they had good studies, had benefits when entering specialized universities. 20 percent went straight from vocational schools to the army. Interestingly, in modern Russia the list of professions that are trained in the vocational training system has expanded significantly, although the number of vocational schools in Russia has fallen catastrophically - they are barely 20 percent of the "Soviet" number.

According to experts, this is the weakest link in the education system that needs to be reformed. Soviet vocational schools practically ceased to exist, and in return, in fact, nothing equivalent was created ...

In fact, degradation domestic system vocational education began in the 80s, already under Gorbachev, as the stagnation in industry deepened. And in the early 1990s, the system finally “sank to the bottom” along with Russian industry: the number of schools and technical schools decreased several times, and the most qualified teachers left the rest, and fixed assets were worn out to the limit. And most importantly, vocational education has lost all connection with the needs of the labor market.

At that time, the natural process of personnel aging was going on at the enterprises. They were not updated. And now vocational education in all its components - primary, secondary, higher, the system of advanced training - has become a factor hindering the development of the economy as a whole and its individual sectors.

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PROFESSIONALLY TECHNICAL, oh, oh. related to technical professions. Vocational education. Vocational school (technical education school, vocational school). Dictionary Ozhegov. S.I. Ozhegov, N.Yu.… … Explanatory dictionary of Ozhegov

PROFESSIONALLY TECHNICAL, oh, oh. related to technical professions. Vocational education. Vocational school (technical education school, vocational school). Explanatory dictionary of Ozhegov. S.I. Ozhegov, N.Yu.… … Explanatory dictionary of Ozhegov

Books

• Romanovs, Sidorov A.N. Alexander Nikolaevich Sidorov was born on July 28, 1961 in Tyumen. In 1976 he finished 8 classes. In the same year, he entered vocational school No. 4 at the shipyard ...
• Romanovs, Sidorov Alexander Nikolaevich. Alexander Nikolayevich Sidorov was born on July 28, 1961 in Tyumen. In 1976 he finished 8 classes. In the same year, he entered vocational school 4 at the shipyard for ...