02.05.2020
Weapons and equipment of the Second World War. Presentation on the topic "technique of the Great Patriotic War." Submarine "Narodovolets"
Photo. Multi-purpose all-wheel drive army vehicle
Willys-MV (USA, 1942)
Unloaded weight 895kg. (2150lbs)
Engine carburetor liquid cooling 42 hp / 2500 rpm 4-cycle. 2200cm²
Gearbox: 3 speeds + 1 reverse
Maximum speed on the highway: 104 km/h.
Fuel consumption 14l/100kl.
Tank 57l.
Photo. Anti-tank gun. M-42. 45 mm. Caliber 45mm. Barrel length 3087mm. Maximum rate of fire is 15-30 rounds per minute.
Photo. Katyusha. BM-13 rocket launcher. Created in 1939 design bureau of A. Kostyukov. Performance characteristics: Caliber: 132mm. Weight without shells: 7200 kg. Number of guides: 16 Firing range: 7900m.
Photo. 122 mm. Howitzer. Model 1938 Created in 1938 design group of F. Petrov. Tactical and technical characteristics: Weight: in combat position 2400 kg. Firing range: 11800m. Maximum elevation angle + 63.5°. Rate of fire 5-6 rounds/min.
Photo. 76 mm. Divisional Cannon. Model 1942 Created in 1938-1942. design bureau of V. Grabin. Tactical and technical characteristics: Weight: in combat position 1200 kg. Firing range: 13290m. Maximum elevation angle + 37°. Rate of fire 25 rounds/min.
Photo. 57 mm. Anti-tank gun. Model 1943 Created in 1938-1942. design bureau of V. Grabin. Tactical and technical characteristics: Weight: in combat position 1250 kg. Firing range: 8400m. Maximum elevation angle + 37°. Rate of fire 20-25 rounds/min.
Photo. 85 mm. Anti-aircraft gun. Model 1939 Created in 1939 G. D. Dorokhin. Tactical and technical characteristics: Weight: in combat position 4300 kg. Firing range in height: 10500m. Horizontal: 15500m. Maximum elevation angle + 82°. Rate of fire 20 rounds/min.
Photo. Barrel 203 mm. Howitzers. Model 1931 Designers F. F. Pender, Magdesnev, Gavrilov, Torbin. Tactical and technical characteristics: Weight: in combat position 17700 kg. Firing range: 18000m. Maximum elevation angle + 60°. Rate of fire 0.5 rounds/min.
Photo. 152 mm. Howitzer gun M-10. Model 1937 Created in 1937 design group of F. Petrov Tactical and technical characteristics: Weight: in combat position 7270 kg. Firing range: 17230m. Maximum elevation angle + 65°. Rate of fire 3-4 shots/min
Photo. 152 mm. Howitzer D-1. Model 1943 Created in 1943 design group of F. Petrov Tactical and technical characteristics: Weight: in combat position 3600 kg. Firing range: 12400m. Maximum elevation angle + 63.30°. Rate of fire 3-4 rounds/min.
Photo. Field kitchen. KP-42 M.
Photo. Heavy Tank IS-2. Created in 1943 design group of Zh. Ya. Kotin, N. L. Dukhova Tactical and technical characteristics: Combat weight: 46 tons. Reservation: hull forehead; 120mm; hull side; 90mm; tower 110mm. Speed: 37 km/h Highway range: 240 km. Armament: 122mm cannon; 3 machine guns 7.62mm; anti-aircraft machine gun 12.7mm Ammunition: 28 shells, 2331 rounds Crew: 4 people.
Photo. Heavy Self-Propelled Artillery Mount ISU-152 Created in 1944. Tactical and technical characteristics: Combat weight: 47t. Reservation: hull forehead; 100mm; hull side; 90mm; cutting 90mm. Speed: 37 km/h Highway range: 220 km. Armament: 152mm howitzer gun; 12.7mm anti-aircraft machine gun Ammunition: 20 shells Crew: 5 people
Photo. Heavy Tank IS-3 Developed under the direction of designer M. F. Blazhi. Adopted into service in 1945. Tactical and technical characteristics: Combat weight: 45.8 tons. Speed: 40 km/h Cruising range on the highway: 190 km. Power: 520hp Armament: 122mm D-25T cannon, model 1943. 7.62mm DT machine gun, 12.7mm DShK machine gun. Ammunition: 20 shells Crew: 4 people.
Information from the Museum of the Battle of Stalingrad, in the city of Volgograd.
Military equipment from the Great Patriotic War, installed as monuments and museum exhibits in St. Petersburg.
Wall newspapers of the charitable educational project “Briefly and clearly about the most interesting things” (website website) are intended for schoolchildren, parents and teachers of St. Petersburg. They are delivered free of charge to most educational institutions, as well as to a number of hospitals, orphanages and other institutions in the city. The project's publications do not contain any advertising (only founders' logos), are politically and religiously neutral, written in easy language, and well illustrated. They are intended as informational “inhibition” of students, awakening cognitive activity and the desire to read. Authors and publishers, without pretending to provide academic completeness of the material, publish interesting facts, illustrations, interviews with famous figures of science and culture and thereby hope to increase the interest of schoolchildren in the educational process. Send feedback and suggestions to: pangea@mail.. We thank the Education Department of the Kirovsky District Administration of St. Petersburg and everyone who selflessly helps in distributing our wall newspapers. We thank the “Book of Memory” project, the Military Historical Museum of Artillery, Engineering and Signal Corps, the Sestroretsk Frontier Museum and Exhibition Complex and Sergei Sharov for the materials provided in the issue. Many thanks to Alexey Shvarev and Denis Chaliapin for their valuable comments.
This issue is dedicated to military equipment that fought on the fields Great Fatherland war, and is now installed as monuments on the territory of St. Petersburg. With the help of these tanks, ships, planes and guns, the Armed Forces Soviet Union won a victory over fascist Germany, driving the enemy out of the territory of our country and liberating the peoples of Europe. These combat vehicles (and some of them remained in single copies) deserve to be carefully preserved, studied, remembered and proud of them. The issue was prepared in collaboration with the “Book of Memory” project, whose task is to find and systematize all monuments dedicated to the events of the Second World War of 1939–1945 in St. Petersburg and Leningrad region. “Behind the scenes” of the newspaper there are still post-war monuments: the T-80 tank on the Oil Road, the “rocket train” in the Museum of Railway Equipment, the S-189 submarine on the Lieutenant Schmidt embankment, the MIG-19 aircraft in Aviator Park , the submarine "Triton-2M" in Kronstadt and some others. We plan to dedicate a separate newspaper to military equipment installed on pedestals in the Leningrad region. Also in a separate issue we will talk about the extensive collection of the Artillery Museum on Kronverksky Island.
Admiralteysky district
1. 305 mm railway artillery mount
Photo: Vitaly V. Kuzmin
The Museum of Railway Equipment at the former Warsaw Station displays many unique exhibits. One of the most interesting is a huge weapon. The explanatory sign says: “Railway artillery installation TM-3-12. Gun caliber – 305 mm. The maximum firing range is 30 km. Rate of fire – 2 shots per minute. Weight – 340 tons. Built at the Nikolaev State Plant in 1938. A total of 3 installations of this type were built, using guns dismantled from the battleship Empress Maria. They took part in the Soviet-Finnish war of 1939–1940. From June to December 1941, they took part in the defense of the Soviet naval base on the Hanko Peninsula (Finland). They were disabled by Soviet sailors during the evacuation of the base, and subsequently restored by Finnish specialists using the guns of the Russian battleship " Alexander III" They were in service until 1991, decommissioned in 1999. The installation arrived at the museum in February 2000.” The same artillery transporter stands in the Moscow museum on Poklonnaya Hill. Address: Obvodny Canal Embankment, 118, Museum of Railway Equipment.
2. Railway armored platform
This 22-ton armored platform was manufactured in 1935. During the Great Patriotic War, such armored platforms, equipped with anti-aircraft guns or machine guns, were used to protect trains from attacks by enemy aircraft. Address: Obvodny Canal Embankment, 118, Museum of Railway Equipment.
Vasileostrovsky district
3. Icebreaker "Krasin"
Photo: website, Georgy Popov
The icebreaker "Krasin" (until 1927 - "Svyatogor") was built in 1916 in England by order of the Russian government. For several decades, she was the most powerful Arctic icebreaker in the world. In 1928, Krasin rescued the surviving members of the expedition to the North Pole on the airship Italia, which crashed off the coast of Spitsbergen. After this, “Krasin” became known throughout the world. During World War II, the famous icebreaker acquired naval artillery and paved the way for “polar convoys.” This was the name given to caravans of ships with military and civilian cargo that our allies (the USA and Great Britain) sent to the USSR. The Krasin sailed dozens of ships through the ice of the Kara Sea, the Laptev Sea and the White Sea. Over 300 Krasin residents received government awards for the courage and bravery shown during the piloting during the war years. Since 2004, the icebreaker has been a branch of the Museum of the World Ocean. Address: Lieutenant Schmidt embankment at the 23rd line of Vasilyevsky Island.
4. Main caliber turrets of the cruiser "Kirov"
Photo: website, Georgy Popov
The Soviet light artillery cruiser Kirov was built at the Baltic Shipyard No. 189 in Leningrad and launched in 1936. On the very first day of the war, he repelled an air raid on Riga with anti-aircraft caliber, then massive air raids on the Main Base of the Baltic Fleet in Tallinn. After the relocation of the Baltic Fleet squadron to Kronstadt and until the end of the war, the Kirov remained the flagship (this is the name given to the ship on which the commander is located). He actively participated in the defense of Leningrad. In total, during the war, Kirov repelled attacks by 347 enemy aircraft. In 1942–44, he occupied a position mainly between the Palace Bridge and the Lieutenant Schmidt Bridge, from where he conducted live fire. At the end of the war, it supported the offensive operations of our army with its main caliber. 100-kilogram shells fired from triple 10-meter-long guns hit the target at a then-record distance of 40 kilometers. More than a thousand crew members were awarded government awards for heroism and courage. In 1961, the Kirov was retrained as a training ship and regularly made trips with cadets around Baltic Sea. After the ship was removed from the lists of the fleet in 1974, it was decided to install its two bow 180-mm turrets and propellers as a Memorial to the feat of the sailors of the Baltic Fleet. Installed in 1990. Address: Morskaya embankment, 15-17.
5. Torpedo boat of the Komsomolets project
Photo: lenww2.ru, Leonid Maslov
Although this boat on a granite-lined pedestal is post-war, it was installed in memory of the feat of the sailors of the torpedo boats of the Red Banner Baltic Fleet in the Great Patriotic War. Similar torpedo boats of the Komsomolets project of the Baltic Fleet sank 119 enemy ships and vessels during the war years. Installed in 1973. Address: Gavan, territory of the Lenexpo exhibition complex, Bolshoi Avenue of Vasilievsky Island, 103.
6. Submarine "Narodovolets"
Photo: website, Georgy Popov
This diesel-electric torpedo submarine was built at Baltic Shipyard No. 189 in Leningrad in 1929. At first, such boats were called “Narodovolets”, then they were renamed “D-2” (after the first letter of the name of the lead ship - “Decembrist”). The boat took a direct part in the battles of the Great Patriotic War. The first ships sunk by it were transports loaded with coal and a sea ferry. After the end of the war, the boat continued to serve in the Baltic Fleet, and was then based in Kronstadt as a training station. In 1989, after restoration work, the boat was installed on the shore as a monument to submarine heroes, scientists, designers and shipbuilders of the Great Patriotic War. The submarine museum opened in 1994. Address: Shkipersky Protok, 10.
Vyborg district
7. "Katyusha"
This legendary “Katyusha” (a multiple launch rocket system based on a 6-wheeled, 4-ton off-road truck “ZIS-6”) is a monument to the military and labor glory of the Karl Marx Machine-Building Association, on whose territory it was installed. At the enterprise, which traditionally produced spinning machines for cotton and wool, with the beginning of the war they began to make ammunition and weapons, including Katyushas. On the granite pedestal there is an inscription: “To you who left here for the front, to you who remained to forge the weapon of Victory, to the soldiers and workers of the Great Patriotic War, this monument was erected.” To the right and left behind the car are bronze groups of soldiers and workers. The monument was opened in 1985. Address: Bolshoi Sampsonievsky Avenue, 68.
8. ZIS-3 cannon on Muzhestva Square
Photo: lenww2.ru, Olga Isaeva
A memorial composition consisting of the legendary ZIS-3 cannon of the 1942 model and four anti-tank hedgehogs. Flowers on the pedestal are planted in the form of the inscription “Remember”. The 76-mm ZIS-3 divisional gun became the most popular Soviet artillery gun produced during the Great Patriotic War (a total of 103,000 guns were produced). This gun is also recognized by experts as one of the best weapons of the entire Second World War - due to its outstanding qualities, efficiency and simplicity. In the post-war period, the ZIS-3 was in service with the Soviet Army for a long time, and was also actively exported to a number of countries, in some of which it is still in service today. The memorial was opened in 2011. Address: Courage Square.
Kalininsky district
9. ZIS-3 gun on Metallistov Avenue
Photo: lenww2.ru, Olga Isaeva
During the war years in the building of the North-Western Regional center EMERCOM (Ministry of the Russian Federation for Civil Defense, emergency situations and disaster management), there was a local air defense school and artillery courses. In honor of this, a 76-mm ZIS-3 cannon, which took part in the defense of Leningrad, was installed in the park in front of the building on a granite slab. Eight stars are painted on the cannon shield - according to the number of enemy aircraft shot down. To the left of the gun, on a separate granite pedestal, there is a symbolic open book, the pages of which depict St. Isaac's Cathedral during the Siege and the Victory salute. Address: Metallistov Avenue, 119.
Kirovsky district
10. Tank "IS-2" on the territory of the Kirov plant
Photo: website, Georgy Popov
On the territory of the Kirov Plant association there is an IS-2 tank produced at the end of the war in Chelyabinsk. On a pedestal made of granite blocks there is a bronze plaque with the text: “1941–1945. This heavy tank is installed here in memory of the glorious deeds of the tank builders of the Kirov Plant.” "IS-2" was the most powerful and best armored of the Soviet serial tanks during the war and one of the strongest tanks in the world at that time. These tanks were produced since 1943 at the Chelyabinsk Kirov Plant, created in the shortest possible time on the basis of equipment evacuated from Leningrad. Tanks of this type played a big role in the battles of 1944–1945, especially distinguishing themselves during the assault on cities. After the end of the war, the IS-2s were modernized and were in service with the Soviet and Russian army up to 1995. The memorial was opened in 1952. Address: Stachek Avenue, 47.
11. Tank KV-85 on Stachek Avenue
Photo: website, Georgy Popov
This example (one of two known surviving ones) of the KV-85 tank was installed in 1951 on the initiative of the tank designer Joseph Kotin. “The Victorious Tank” is part of the “Kirov Val” memorial, which is part of the “Green Belt of Glory of Leningrad”. The heavy tank “KV” (“Klim Voroshilov”) was produced at the Chelyabinsk Tank Plant from 1939 to 1942 and for a long time had no equal. The index “85” means the caliber of the gun in millimeters. Shells fired from standard German anti-tank guns bounced off him without leaving any damage to the armor. It was produced only in August-October 1943. A total of 148 vehicles of this type were manufactured. The predecessor of the IS heavy tank. Address: Stachek Avenue, 106–108.
12. “Izhora Tower” on Korabelnaya Street
Near the well-preserved bunker (Long-term firing point) there is the so-called “Izhora Tower” - an armored machine-gun turret for a heavy machine gun of the Maxim system of the 1910-1930 model. The tower was found by searchers on the Karelian Isthmus near the Yatka River. The thickness of the armor is 3 centimeters, weight is about 500 kilograms. Such machine-gun armored turrets were produced by the Izhora plant and were actively used on the defense lines of Leningrad. The memorial appeared here in 2011 with the support of the Kirov district administration. Address: Korabelnaya Street, in the park at the intersection with Kronstadt Street.
Kolpinsky district
13. “Izhora Tower” in Kolpino
Photo: lenww2.ru, Alexey Sedelnikov
The same armored turret was installed in Kolpino as part of the memorial to the “Armored Soldiers of the Izhora Plants”. The armored tower lay in the Sinyavinsky swamps for more than 50 years and was found by the Zvezda search team. It has marks from artillery shell fragments. The inscriptions on the stone, also brought from Sinyavino, read: “A low bow to all the creators of Russian armor at the Izhora factories” and “The memorial sign “To the armored workers of the Izhora factories” was installed in the year of the 100th anniversary of the birth of M.I. Koshkin, the general designer of the tank.” T-34"". Mikhail Koshkin insisted that the turret of his famous tank also be made of heavy-duty armor cast using Izhora technology. The memorial sign was installed in 1998. Address: Kolpino, at the intersection of Proletarskaya street and Tankistov street.
Krasnogvardeisky district
14. 406-mm gun at the Rzhev training ground
The barrel length of this unique B-37 cannon is 16 meters, a two-meter projectile weighs more than a ton, and the firing range is 45 kilometers. A sign is attached to the armored turret: “406-mm gun mount of the Navy of the USSR. This weapon of the Red Banner NIMAP (Scientific Test Naval Artillery Range) took an active part in the defense of Leningrad and the defeat of the enemy from August 29, 1941 to June 10, 1944. With accurate fire, it destroyed powerful strongholds and centers of resistance, destroyed military equipment and manpower of the enemy, supported the actions of units of the Red Army of the Leningrad Front and the Red Banner Baltic Fleet in the Nevsky, Kolpinsky, Uritsk-Pushkinsky, Krasnoselsky and Karelian directions.” Clarification from the NIMAP website: From this gun “in January 1944, during the breakthrough of the siege of Leningrad, 33 shells were fired at the enemy. One of the shells hit the building of power plant No. 8, occupied by the enemy. As a result of the hit, the building was completely destroyed. A crater from a 406-mm shell with a diameter of 12 m and a depth of 3 m was discovered nearby.” This experimental installation was the most powerful Soviet artillery system used during World War II. It was planned to arm four battleships of the Sovetsky Soyuz type, laid down in 1939–1940, with such guns in three-gun turrets. Due to the outbreak of war, none of the ships of this project could be built.
15. 305-mm gun at the Rzhev training ground
Photo: aroundspb.ru, Sergey Sharov
This naval cannon was manufactured on a Zhuravl-type testing machine at the Obukhov plant in 1914. Four such cannons made up one of the batteries of the Krasnaya Gorka fort during the Great Patriotic War. Two similar former Russian guns are currently in Finland, and only one has survived in Russia - this. Text on the plaque: “A 305-mm naval gun mount fired at Nazi troops during the defense of Leningrad from August 29, 1941 to June 10, 1944.” The most powerful weapon ever serially installed on ships of the Russian or Soviet navy. The Rzhev testing ground, called the “experimental artillery battery,” was established more than a century and a half ago with the purpose of testing new types of guns. Over time, the battery turned into the main artillery range of Tsarist Russia and then the Soviet Union. The Scientific Test Naval Artillery Range (NIMAP) today occupies a significant area northeast of St. Petersburg. Unique artillery pieces that took part in the defense of Leningrad during the Great Patriotic War are stored here. For now, the territory of the test site is closed to visitors, but the issue of assigning these famous guns the status of monuments of history and culture of the Russian Federation is being discussed.
16. Anti-aircraft gun "52-K"
Photo: lenww2.ru, Alexey Sedelnikov
The 85-mm anti-aircraft gun of the 1939 model “52-K” is an exhibit of the State Museum of the History of St. Petersburg. This blockade military weapon, together with the “Traffic Controller” memorial sign, is part of the “Road of Life – 1st Kilometer” memorial complex. The memorial was installed in 2010. Address: Ryabovskoe highway, near house 129.
Krasnoselsky district
17. Plane, tank and anti-aircraft gun in the village of Khvoyny
Photo: lenww2.ru, Alexey Sedelnikov
The village of Khvoyny is a “piece” of the Krasnoselsky district of St. Petersburg, surrounded on all sides by the territory of the Gatchina district of the Leningrad region. This is an active military unit, but access to the memorial is free. On the stele with a bas-relief depicting besieged Leningrad, there is a quote from the speech of L.I. Brezhnev (leader of the USSR in 1966-1982) when presenting Leningrad with the “Golden Star of the Hero”: “...Legends of hoary antiquity and tragic pages of the not so distant past pale before that an incomparable epic of human courage, perseverance and selfless patriotism, such as the heroic 900-day defense of besieged Leningrad during the Great Patriotic War. This was one of the most outstanding, most stunning mass feats of the people and army in the entire history of wars on earth.” Nearby on the site is a T-34/85 tank (1944) with the inscription “For the Motherland”, a 130-mm KS-30 anti-aircraft gun (1948) and a model of the Yak-50P aircraft. Under the anti-aircraft gun there is a memorial plaque with the inscription: “To the anti-aircraft gunners who defended Leningrad during the Great Patriotic War of 1941–1945. Leningrad was saved by the courage of the brave. Eternal glory to the heroes."
Kronstadt district
18. Torpedo boat of the Komsomolets project
Photo: wikipedia.org, Vasyatka1
Post-war torpedo boat of the Komsomolets project, similar to the one installed in Gavan. Here, in the area of the former Litke base, torpedo boats were based during the war. The boat's armament is clearly visible - two 450 mm torpedo tubes and a stern twin mount of 14.5 mm machine guns. “To the Baltic boat sailors,” it says on the sign. There is a park around the monument and linden trees are planted. Historical information from the newspaper “Kronstadt Bulletin”: “During the Great Patriotic War, the Baltic boats of torpedo boat brigades mainly took part in the combat operations of surface ships in the shallow waters of the Gulf of Finland, which was completely strewn with mines. They were fearless and daring, and their attacks caused great damage to the enemy. And many commanders of these small but formidable ships became Heroes of the Soviet Union. Both during the war and decades after it, trawling teams, which included special flat-bottomed boats - minesweepers, worked in the mine-strewn Gulf of Finland. During operations to clear the fairways, more than ten such ships and more than a hundred sailors were killed. This sign is erected in memory of the courage and dedication of the boat sailors.” The memorial was opened in 2009. Address: Kronstadt, Gidrostroiteley street, 10.
19. Artillery installation of the battleship "Gangut"
Photo: lenww2.ru, Oleg Ivanov
76-mm two-gun artillery mount 81-K of the battleship "Gangut" (after 1925 the battleship was called "October Revolution"). "Gangut" was laid down in 1909 at the Admiralty Shipyard in St. Petersburg under the leadership of the outstanding Russian shipbuilder A.N. Krylov. Took part in the First World War. During the Great Patriotic War, it took part in the defense of Leningrad and was damaged by German artillery fire and aircraft. Since 1954 it was used as a training ship, in 1956 it was excluded from service Navy and disassembled. The text of the plate on the gun: “Two-gun installation of the 1st class petty officer Ivan Tambasov.” The monument was opened in 1957. Address: Kronstadt, Kommunisticheskaya street, intersection with the Obvodny Canal. Nearby are two anchors of the famous battleship.
20. The cabin of the submarine “Narodovolets”
Photo: lenww2.ru, Leonid Kharitonov
Part of the fencing of the diesel-electric torpedo submarine of the Narodovolets series (D-2). Text on the plaque: “The first-born of Soviet submarine shipbuilding. Laid down in 1927 in Leningrad. It entered service in 1931. From 1933 to 1939 it was part of the Northern Military Flotilla. From 1941 to 1945, she conducted active military operations against the fascist invaders in the Red Banner Baltic Fleet (KBF). During the war, she sank 5 enemy ships with a total displacement of 40 thousand tons.” Located in the closed territory of the 123rd Red Banner Submarine Brigade.
Resort area
21. Artillery semi-caponier “Elephant”
Photo: lenww2.ru, Olga Isaeva
Caponier (from the French word “deepening”) is a defensive structure for conducting flanking (side) fire in both directions. Accordingly, the semi-caponier is designed to fire at the enemy in only one direction along the fortress wall. In the photo - artillery semi-caponier No. 1 (call sign - “Elephant”) of the forward line of the Karelian fortified area (“KaUR”), built to protect the old Soviet-Finnish border. The caponier is the main exhibit of the Sestroretsk Frontier museum and exhibition complex. During the Great Patriotic War, the “Elephant” swept with artillery fire the lowland from Kurort to Beloostrov, the approaches to the Sestra River and the railway bridge. The museum has restored the interior of the half-caponier and houses a collection of search finds. The outdoor exhibition includes various types of small fortifications: two reinforced concrete firing points delivered from the area of Beloostrov and Copper Lake, the already familiar Izhora tower, an observation tower of the 1938 model, firing points based on the turrets of the T-28 and KV tanks -1", "T-70", "BT-2", Finnish machine-gun armored cap, gouges, hedgehogs, barriers and other interesting exhibits. Address: Museum and exhibition complex “Sestroretsky Frontier”, Sestroretsk, not far from the intersection of Primorskoye Highway with the Kurort-Beloostrov railway.
22. Firing point from the hull of the T-28 tank
Photo: lenww2.ru, Olga Isaeva
This is a copy of a firing point discovered by search engines on the Karelian Isthmus. It was built from the body of a three-turreted T-28 medium tank, produced in 1933–1940 at the Kirov plant in Leningrad. The tank was turned over, placed on a wooden foundation and covered with earth. The entrance was through the removed radiator grille. This procedure was described in the book “Manual for Engineering Troops: Fortifications” in the chapter “Using an inverted tank hull to construct a machine gun blockhouse.” Museum and exhibition complex "Sestroretsky Frontier".
23. Firing point with the turret of the KV-1 tank
Photo: Sergey Sharov
This is a copy of the turret of the KV-1 tank, which was installed on a concrete casemate built in 1943 on the Karelian Isthmus. Such tower artillery installations with 76-mm cannons mounted in the turrets of KV tanks were intended to strengthen the anti-tank defense of fortified areas. Museum and exhibition complex "Sestroretsky Frontier".
24. Defensive-offensive armored sliders
Photo: Sergey Sharov
Two armored sliders are on display at the Sestroretsky Frontier museum and exhibition complex. It is known about one of them that he was armed with a casemate artillery mount based on a 76-mm tank gun of the 1938 model and had the call sign “Halva” (he is in the background in the photo). In B.V. Bychevsky’s book “City-Front” there is the following description: “...The creation of the so-called “armor belt” around Leningrad began. Developed mass production technology various types prefabricated pillboxes. Once they brought a front-line machine gunner to the Izhora plant to check the squat structure that had just been made from armor plates. The machine gunner climbed under the hood, examined it inside and climbed out. “You know what, friend,” he turned to the welder, “let’s cut a wider hole in the bottom. We’ll make a frame out of logs for this thing and put it right on the trench.” “Or maybe we could also weld a towing hook to the wall? - suggested the welder. - Go on the offensive and take it with you. You can safely drag a tractor or a tank!” “And that’s true,” the machine gunner rejoiced. “He will be kind of like a slider for us: both for defense and offense.” That’s how we christened this design that day - “defensive-offensive armored slider.” Under this name she became widely known throughout the Leningrad Front.” Museum and exhibition complex "Sestroretsky Frontier".
Moskovsky district
25. T-34-85 tanks of the Pulkovo Frontier memorial
Photo: lenww2.ru, Alexey Sedelnikov
The Pulkovo Frontier Memorial is part of the " Green belt glory." It was here that the front line of the defense of Leningrad passed in 1941–1944. The memorial includes a mosaic panel dedicated to the military and labor exploits of Leningraders, a birch alley and concrete anti-tank pillars. On both sides of the memorial are two T-34-85 tanks with side numbers 112 and 113. T-34-85 is a Soviet medium tank of the Great Patriotic War period, adopted for service in 1944 and forming the basis of the tank forces of the Soviet Army until the mid-1950s. The installation of a more powerful 85-mm cannon significantly increased the tank's combat effectiveness compared to its predecessor, the T-34-76. The memorial was opened in 1967. Address: 20th kilometer of Pulkovskoe highway.
Nevsky district
26. Tank "T-34-85" on the territory of the Zvezda plant
Photo: lenww2.ru, Olga Isaeva
The T-34-85 tank was installed on the territory of the Zvezda machine-building plant, which until recently was named after K.E. Voroshilov. On the pedestal there is a bronze plaque: “In memory of the military and labor feats of the Voroshilovites.” It was founded in 1932 in Leningrad on the basis of the Mechanical Engineering Department of the country's oldest enterprise - the Bolshevik plant (now the Obukhov Plant) and initially specialized in the production of tanks. In the pre-war period and during the Great Patriotic War, the plant produced about 14.5 thousand tanks. During the war, evacuated factory workers created almost 6 thousand T-34 tanks in Omsk and more than 10 thousand tank engines in Barnaul. In the workshops of the plant in besieged Leningrad, tanks were repaired, mines and armor shields were produced. The monument was opened in 1975. Address: Babushkina street, 123, on the territory of JSC Zvezda.
27. Firing point with the turret of the KV-1 tank
At the bunker of the Izhora defensive line there is a model of the KV tank turret installed. As the press service of the city administration reported, “during the war, a similar tower was located in the same place, as evidenced by the tank’s rotating mechanism mounted in the top of the pillbox. Enthusiasts, relying on historical drawings, restored the tank’s turret, returning the pillbox to its original appearance.” The memorial was restored in 2013. Address: Rybatskoye, Murzinskaya street, near the intersection with Obukhovskaya Defense Avenue.
Petrogradsky district
28. Cruiser "Aurora"
Photo: wikipedia.org, George Shuklin
Aurora, a 1st rank cruiser of the Baltic Fleet, was launched in 1900 at the New Admiralty shipyard, one of the oldest shipbuilding enterprises in Russia. Emperor Nicholas II ordered the ship to be named “Aurora” (the Roman goddess of dawn) in honor of the sailing frigate “Aurora”, which became famous during the defense of Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky during the Crimean War of 1853–1856. During the Great Patriotic War, the cruiser was stationed in Oranienbaum and protected Kronstadt from air raids. Nine 130-mm guns removed from the cruiser (along with part of the crew) became part of the Duderhof battery, which heroically fought with German tanks. Monuments and memorials included in the “Green Belt of Glory” were built at the positions of the Aurora battery guns. Since 1948, the Aurora has been permanently moored at the Nakhimov Naval School. In 2010, the cruiser was withdrawn from the Navy and is a branch of the Central Naval Museum. In September 2014, the Aurora was towed to the repair dock of the Kronstadt Marine Plant, where it will remain until 2016.
29. “Three-inch” of the late 19th century in the Artillery Museum
Photo: VIMAIViVS
A 3-inch (76 mm) experimental rapid-fire field gun of the 1898 model on the outdoor display of the Artillery Museum. This is one of the first famous “three-inch” guns, which became famous as one of the best guns of its time. Previously, guns were loaded from the muzzle, which was time consuming and ineffective. Thanks to the efforts of outstanding Russian artillery scientists, a completely new weapon was developed at the Putilov plant in St. Petersburg. Thus, these guns were the first to use a high-speed piston bolt with locking, impact and ejection mechanisms and a fuse, an elastic carriage and opener, a recoil brake and an inclinometer. Excellent qualities new gun were confirmed on the fields of the Russian-Japanese (1904–1905) and the First World War (1914–1918). After modernization in 1930, these guns were actively used throughout the Great Patriotic War, proving to be an effective means of combating light German tanks. Address: Military History Museum artillery, engineering and communications troops, Kronverksky Island.
30. Guns from the 1930s in the Artillery Museum
Photo: Sergey Sharov
305 mm howitzer model 1939 (in the foreground) and 210 mm cannon model 1939. These powerful weapons were created by the famous Soviet designer Ilya Ivanov. The collection of cannons from the 1930s at the Artillery Museum is of particular interest - with these guns, so familiar to us from war films, the Red Army entered the Great Patriotic War. Their uniqueness also lies in the fact that they were created in record time. Among the guns of the same period, the famous divisional ones should be noted (76-mm guns of the 1936 and 1939 model, chief designer Vasily Grabin), and corps, army guns (107-mm cannon of the 1940 model and 152-mm howitzer-gun of the 1937 model, chief designer Fedor Petrov). There is also a weapon here (122-mm howitzer model 1938), which was in service with our country until the 1980s. Address: Military Historical Museum of Artillery, Engineering Troops and Signal Corps, Kronverksky Island.
31. Artillery 1941–1945 in the Artillery Museum
Photo: Sergey Sharov
These systems were created directly during the Great Patriotic War. During this period, excellent samples were produced using the high-speed method, taking into account the experience of combat use of artillery. Many of them are associated with the name of the famous Soviet designer Fedor Petrov. The photograph shows one of his developments, a 152-mm howitzer of the 1943 model D-1. It’s hard to imagine, but less than three weeks were spent on its creation, and it was in service for more than thirty years. Next to it are the first powerful 100-, 122- and 152-mm self-propelled artillery units - thunderstorm German tanks and self-propelled guns. Address: Military Historical Museum of Artillery, Engineering Troops and Signal Corps, Kronverksky Island.
Photo: Sergey Sharov
The 57-mm anti-tank gun of the 1943 model “ZIS-2” (left) is the most powerful weapon of this caliber during the Great Patriotic War. This gun had the ability to penetrate 145 mm of armor, so it could hit all German tanks. A special place among the guns of the war years is occupied by the 76-mm divisional gun of the 1942 model - the famous ZIS-3 (center). It became more compact and as much as 400 kg lighter, and also significantly surpassed its predecessor of the 1939 model in all other respects. For the first time, a muzzle brake was used for divisional guns - a special device that made it possible to reduce the recoil of the barrel. Guns of this design were inexpensive to produce (three times cheaper than before). They were very maneuverable and reliable. All this was clearly confirmed in combat conditions. The formidable and beautiful gun earned respect even from enemies. Hitler's artillery consultant Wolf believed that it was the best gun of the Second World War, "one of the most ingenious designs in the history of barrel artillery." Address: Military Historical Museum of Artillery, Engineering Troops and Signal Corps, Kronverksky Island.
Photo: Sergey Sharov
It will be interesting to know that Soviet anti-aircraft artillery successfully hit not only air targets, but also ground targets, including tanks. This 14.5-mm quad anti-aircraft machine gun mount designed by Leshchinsky “ZPU-4” destroyed both aircraft (at altitudes up to 2000 meters) and lightly armored ground targets and enemy personnel. Its rate of fire is 600 rounds per minute. Almost everything is represented in the museum's courtyard anti-aircraft guns, created and in service in the pre-war and war years. These are 25- and 37-mm automatic anti-aircraft guns of the 1940 and 1939 model and an 85-mm anti-aircraft gun of the 1939 model, which proved themselves well during the Great Patriotic War. Address: Military Historical Museum of Artillery, Engineering Troops and Signal Corps, Kronverksky Island.
Photo: pomnite-nas.ru, Dmitry Panov
Heavy self-propelled artillery unit based on the IS tank - ISU-152, model 1943. The main armament of the self-propelled gun was the 152-mm howitzer-cannon “ML-20”, the firepower of which made it easy to deal with “Tigers” and “Panthers” - the main enemy tanks. For this, the famous self-propelled gun received the nickname “St. John’s wort”. In the post-war period, the ISU-152 underwent modernization and was in service with the Soviet army for a long time. The development of ISU-152 was carried out under the leadership of Joseph Kotin, chief designer of the Chelyabinsk Tractor Plant, built on the basis of the evacuated Leningrad Kirov Plant. Address: Military Historical Museum of Artillery, Engineering Troops and Signal Corps, Kronverksky Island.
32. Historical weapons in the Peter and Paul Fortress
Photo: website, Georgy Popov
152-mm howitzers of the 1937 model “ML-20” in the Peter and Paul Fortress on the square near the Naryshkin Bastion. “In 1992–2002, these howitzers served as signal guns for the Peter and Paul Fortress and carried out the traditional midday shot every day,” the information plaque says. Every Saturday (from late May to October) a guard of honor ceremony is held here five minutes before noon. Howitzer "ML-20" takes pride of place among best designs barrel artillery. These are the guns that were installed on the Zverovoi, powerful self-propelled artillery units. Address: Peter and Paul Fortress.
Frunze district
33. Firing point with the turret of the KV-1 tank
Photo: kupsilla.ru, Denis Chaliapin
covered with earth and construction waste The firing point was accidentally discovered by a local resident in the summer of 2014. Historians became interested in the find, achieved the status of a monument for the fortification, and raised money for its restoration. An exact copy of the turret of the KV-1 heavy tank was made, which was solemnly installed in its original place. This bunker was part of the Izhora defensive line, built in 1943. Kupchinsky local historian Denis Shalyapin commented on the opening of the monument: “A tank turret installed on a concrete casemate (which in itself is a rare case) on one of the central highways of the city will be noticed by everyone passing along the avenue. Thus, Kupchino will receive a unique monument, which can rightfully become one of the symbols of the region.” The monument was opened in 2015. Address: Slavy Avenue, opposite house 30.
A sharp leap in the development of weapons and military equipment occurred during the Second World War. “The influence of scientific and technological advances on the nature of this war was enormous and multifaceted. Simply put, before 1918, military operations were carried out in two dimensions (on land and at sea) within the limits of simple visibility with weapons of short range and lethal force. During the war of 1939-1945. Huge changes took place - the third dimension (air), the ability to “see” the enemy at a distance (radar), the spaces in which battles were fought, and the power of weapons were added. To this we must add all kinds of countermeasures. The most big influence for combat operations in the war of 1939-1945. provided air power. She revolutionized the strategy and tactics of war on land and at sea."
In Fig. 89 shows aircraft from the Second World War.
In service with aviation different countries consisted of aerial bombs weighing from 1 kg to 9 thousand kg, small-caliber automatic guns (20-47 mm), large-caliber machine guns (11.35-13.2 mm),
rockets.
Rice. 89.
Soviet aircraft: 1 - MiG-3 fighter; 2 - La-5 fighter;
3 - Yak-3 fighter; 4 - front-line dive bomber Pe-2; 5 - front-line bomber Tu-2; 6 - Il-2 attack aircraft; 7 - Il-4 long-range bomber; 8 - long-range bomber Pe-2 (TB-7). Foreign aircraft: 9 - Me-109E fighter (Germany); 10 - Ju-87 dive bomber (Germany); 11 - Ju-88 bomber (Germany); 12 - Spitfire fighter (Great Britain); 13 - Ercobra fighter (USA); 14 - Mosquito bomber (Great Britain); 15 - strategic bomber "Lancaster" (Great Britain); 16 - B-29 strategic bomber (USA).
Tanks played the most important role in World War II (Fig. 90). Nazi Germany entered the Second world war, having in service the following tanks: light T-1 and T-II, medium T-Sh and T-IV.
However, already at the beginning of the Great Patriotic War, Soviet T-34 and KV tanks showed complete superiority over Nazi tanks. In 1942, Hitler's command modernized medium tanks - a 50 mm gun was installed on the T-Sh instead of a 37 mm one, and a long-barreled 75 mm gun was installed on the T-IV instead of a short-barreled one, and the thickness of the armor increased. In 1943, heavy tanks - T-V "Panther" and T-VI "Tiger" - entered service with the Nazi army. However, these tanks were inferior to the Soviet T-34 tank in maneuverability, and to the IS-2 tank in weapon power.
During the Great Patriotic War, the main Soviet tank was the famous T-34. During the war, it was modernized several times - in 1942, the thickness of the armor was increased, the design was simplified, a commander's cupola was introduced, the four-speed gearbox was replaced with a five-speed, and the capacity of the fuel tanks was increased. In the second half of 1943, the T-34-85 with an 85 mm cannon entered service. In the fall of 1941, the KV tank was replaced by the KV-1C tank, whose speed increased from 35 to 42 km/h by reducing its weight due to armor. In the summer of 1943, a more powerful 85 mm cannon in a cast turret was installed on this tank - the new vehicle was named KV-85. In 1943, a new heavy tank IS-1, armed with an 85 mm cannon, was created. Already in December of this year, a 122 mm cannon was installed on the tank. The new tank - IS-2 and its further modification IS-3 were rightfully considered the most powerful tanks of the Second World War. Light tanks in the USSR, as in other countries, did not receive much development. On the basis of the T-40 amphibious tank with machine gun armament, by September 1941 the T-60 light tank with a 20-mm cannon and reinforced armor was created. Based on the T-60 tank, the T-70 tank, armed with a 45-mm cannon, was developed at the beginning of 1942. However, in the second half of the war, light tanks turned out to be ineffective and their production ceased in 1943.
Rice. 90.
- 1 - heavy tank KV-2 (USSR); 2 - heavy tank IS-2 (USSR);
- 3 - medium tank T-34 (USSR); 4 - heavy T-V tank I "Tiger" (Germany); 5 - heavy tank T-V "Panther" (Germany);
- 6 - medium tank "Sherman" (USA); 7 - light tank "Locust" (USA);
- 8 - infantry tank (Great Britain).
In the development of tanks of the main warring armies, medium tanks became the most widespread. However, since 1943, there has been a tendency to create new types of heavy tanks and increase their production. Medium and heavy tanks of the Second World War were single-turret, with shell-resistant armor, armed with 50-122 mm cannons.
At the beginning of the Great Patriotic War of 1941-1945. Soviet troops fired the first salvo from rocket artillery combat vehicles (Katyusha) (Fig. 91). During World War II, jet weapons were also used by the Nazi, British and American armies. In 1943, the first large-caliber breech-loading 160-mm mortar entered service with the Soviet troops. Self-propelled artillery units (SPG) became widespread in World War II (Fig. 92): in the Soviet Army with guns of 76, 85, 100, 122 and 152 mm caliber; in the Nazi army - 75-150 mm; in English and American armies- 75-203 mm.
Rice. 91.
Rice. 92.
1 - SU-100 (USSR); 2 - 88-mm anti-tank self-propelled artillery unit “Ferdinand” (Germany); 3 - English 76-mm self-propelled artillery mount "Archer"; 4 - American 155-mm self-propelled artillery unit M41.
During the Second World War, small automatic weapons (especially machine guns and submachine guns), flamethrowers of various types, incendiary ammunition, cumulative and sub-caliber projectiles, and mine-explosive weapons received further development.
During the Second World War, ships of various classes were used in the fight on sea and ocean theaters of war (Fig. 93). At the same time, aircraft carriers and submarines became the main striking force of the fleet. Anti-submarine defense ships (sloops, corvettes, frigates, etc.) have received significant development. Many landing craft (ships) were built. During the war, a large number of destroyers were built, but they only in some cases carried out torpedo attacks, and were mainly used for anti-aircraft defense and air defense purposes. The main types of naval weapons were various artillery systems, improved torpedoes, mines and depth charges. The widespread use of radar and hydroacoustic equipment was important for increasing the combat effectiveness of ships.
Rice. 93.
- 1 - cruiser "Kirov" (USSR); 2 - battleship (Great Britain);
- 3rd battleship "Bismarck" (Germany); 4 - battleship "Yamato" (Japan); 5 - liner "Wilhelm Gustloff" (Germany), torpedoed by the Soviet submarine S-13 under the command of A.I. Marinesko; 6 - liner "Queen Mary" (Great Britain);
- 7 - submarine of the "Shch" type (USSR); 8 - American ships.
In 1944, the Nazi army used V-1 guided missiles and V-2 ballistic missiles.
- B.L. Montgomery. A brief history of military battles. - M.: Tsentrpoligraf, 2004. - P. 446.
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Military equipment of the Great Patriotic War of 1941-1945
Plan
Introduction
1. Aviation
2. Tanks and self-propelled guns
3. Armored vehicles
4. Other military equipment
Literature
Introduction
The victory over fascist Germany and its allies was achieved through the joint efforts of the states of the anti-fascist coalition, the peoples who fought against the occupiers and their accomplices. But the Soviet Union played a decisive role in this armed conflict. It was the Soviet country that was the most active and consistent fighter against the fascist invaders who sought to enslave the peoples of the whole world.
On the territory of the Soviet Union, a significant number of national military formations with a total strength of 550 thousand people were formed, about 960 thousand rifles, carbines and machine guns, more than 40.5 thousand machine guns, 16.5 thousand guns and mortars were donated to them. , over 2300 aircraft, more than 1100 tanks and self-propelled guns. Considerable assistance was also provided in the training of national command personnel.
The results and consequences of the Great Patriotic War are enormous in scale and historical significance. It was not “military happiness”, not accidents that led the Red Army to a brilliant victory. Throughout the war, the Soviet economy successfully coped with providing the front with the necessary weapons and ammunition.
Soviet industry in 1942 - 1944. produced over 2 thousand tanks monthly, while German industry reached a maximum of 1,450 tanks only in May 1944; The number of field artillery guns in the Soviet Union was more than 2 times, and mortars 5 times more than in Germany. The secret of this “economic miracle” lies in the fact that, in fulfilling the intense plans of the military economy, the workers, peasants, and intelligentsia showed massive labor heroism. Following the slogan “Everything for the front! Everything for Victory!”, regardless of any hardships, home front workers did everything to give the army the perfect weapons, clothe, shoe and feed the soldiers, ensure the uninterrupted operation of transport and the entire national economy. The Soviet military industry surpassed the fascist German one not only in quantity, but also in the quality of the main types of weapons and equipment. Soviet scientists and designers radically improved many technological processes and tirelessly created and improved military equipment and weapons. For example, the T-34 medium tank, which has undergone several modifications, is rightfully considered the best tank of the Great Patriotic War.
Mass heroism, unprecedented perseverance, courage and dedication, selfless devotion to the Motherland of the Soviet people at the front, behind enemy lines, the labor feats of workers, peasants and intelligentsia were the most important factor in achieving our Victory. History has never known such examples of mass heroism and labor enthusiasm.
You can name thousands of glorious Soviet soldiers who performed remarkable feats in the name of the Motherland, in the name of Victory over the enemy. The immortal feat of the infantrymen A.K. was repeated more than 300 times during the Great Patriotic War. Pankratov V.V. Vasilkovsky and A.M. Matrosova. The names of Yu.V. are inscribed in golden letters in the military chronicle of the Soviet Fatherland. Smirnova, A.P. Maresyev, paratrooper K.F. Olshansky, Panfilov heroes and many, many others. The names of D.M. became a symbol of unbending will and perseverance in the struggle. Karbyshev and M. Jalil. The names M.A. are widely known. Egorova and M.V. Kantaria, who hoisted the Victory Banner over the Reichstag. More than 7 million people who fought on the war fronts were awarded orders and medals. 11,358 people were awarded highest degree military distinction - the title of Hero of the Soviet Union.
Having watched various films about the war, and heard in the media about the approaching 65th anniversary of the Great Patriotic War, I became interested in what kind of military equipment helped our people defeat Nazi Germany.
1. Aviation
In the creative competition of design bureaus that developed new fighters in the late thirties, great success achieved by the team led by A.S. Yakovlev. The experimental I-26 fighter he created passed excellent tests and was branded Yak-1 was accepted into mass production. In terms of its aerobatic and combat qualities, the Yak-1 was among the best front-line fighters.
During the Great Patriotic War it was modified several times. On its basis, more advanced fighters Yak-1M and Yak-3 were created. Yak-1M - single-seat fighter, development of the Yak-1. Created in 1943 in two copies: prototype No. 1 and a backup. The Yak-1M was the lightest and most maneuverable fighter in the world for its time.
Designers: Lavochkin, Gorbunov, Gudkov - LaGG
The introduction of the aircraft did not go smoothly, since the aircraft and its drawings were still quite “raw”, not finalized for serial production. It was not possible to establish continuous production. With the release of production aircraft and their arrival at military units, wishes and demands began to be received to strengthen armament and increase the capacity of tanks. Increasing the capacity of gas tanks made it possible to increase the flight range from 660 to 1000 km. Automatic slats were installed, but the series used more conventional aircraft. Factories, having produced about 100 LaGG-1 vehicles, began to build its version - LaGG-3. All this was accomplished to the best of our ability, but the plane became heavier and its flight performance decreased. In addition, winter camouflage - a rough surface of the paint - worsened the aerodynamics of the aircraft (and the dark cherry-colored prototype was polished to a shine, for which it was called “piano” or “radiola”). The overall weight culture in the LaGG and La aircraft was lower than in the Yak aircraft, where it was brought to perfection. But the survivability of the LaGG (and then La) design was exceptional. LaGG-3 was one of the main front-line fighters in the first period of the war. In 1941-1943. factories built over 6.5 thousand LaGG aircraft.
It was a cantilever low-wing aircraft with smooth contours and a retractable landing gear with a tail wheel; it was unique among fighters of the time because it had an all-wood construction, with the exception of its metal frame and fabric-covered control surfaces; The fuselage, tail and wings had a wooden load-bearing structure, to which diagonal strips of plywood were attached using phenol-formaldehyde rubber.
More than 6,500 LaGG-3 aircraft were built, with later versions having a retractable tailwheel and the ability to carry jettisonable fuel tanks. Armament included a 20 mm cannon firing through the propeller hub, two 12.7 mm (0.5 in) machine guns, and underwing mounts for unguided rockets or light bombs.
The armament of the serial LaGG-3 consisted of one ShVAK cannon, one or two BS and two ShKAS, and 6 RS-82 shells were also suspended. There were also production aircraft with a 37-mm Shpitalny Sh-37 (1942) and Nudelman NS-37 (1943) cannon. The LaGG-3 with the Sh-37 cannon was called a “tank destroyer.”
In the mid-30s, there was, perhaps, no fighter that would have enjoyed such wide popularity in aviation circles as the I-16 (TsKB-12), designed by the team headed by N.N. Polikarpov.
In appearance and flight performance I-16 was sharply different from most of his serial contemporaries.
The I-16 was created as a high-speed fighter, which simultaneously pursued the goal of achieving maximum maneuverability for air combat. For this purpose, the center of gravity in flight was combined with the center of pressure at approximately 31% of the MAR. There was an opinion that in this case the aircraft would be more maneuverable. In fact, it turned out that the I-16 became practically insufficiently stable, especially during gliding, it required a lot of attention from the pilot, and reacted to the slightest movement of the handle. And along with this, there was, perhaps, no aircraft that would have made such a great impression on its contemporaries with its high-speed qualities. The small I-16 embodied the idea of a high-speed aircraft, which also performed aerobatic maneuvers very effectively, and compared favorably with any biplanes. After each modification, the speed, ceiling and armament of the aircraft increased.
The armament of the 1939 I-16 consisted of two cannons and two machine guns. The aircraft of the first series received a baptism of fire in battles with the Nazis in the skies of Spain. Using subsequent production vehicles with missile launchers, our pilots defeated the Japanese militarists at Khalkhin Gol. I-16s took part in battles with Nazi aviation in the first period of the Great Patriotic War. Heroes of the Soviet Union G. P. Kravchenko, S. I. Gritsevets, A. V. Vorozheikin, V. F. Safonov and other pilots fought on these fighters and won many victories twice.
I-16 type 24 took part in the initial period of the Great Patriotic War. I-16, adapted for dive bombing/
One of the most formidable combat aircraft of World War II, the Ilyushin Il-2 was produced in huge quantities. Soviet sources give the figure as 36,163 aircraft. A characteristic feature of the two-seat TsKB-55 or BSh-2 aircraft, developed in 1938 by Sergei Ilyushin and his Central Design Bureau, was the armored shell, which was integral with the fuselage structure and protected the crew, engine, radiators and fuel tank. The aircraft was perfectly suited to its designated role as an attack aircraft, as it was well protected when attacking from low altitudes, but it was abandoned in favor of a lighter single-seat model - the TsKB-57 aircraft, which had an AM-38 engine with a power of 1268 kW (1700 hp). s.), a raised, well-streamlined canopy, two 20 mm cannons instead of two of the four wing-mounted machine guns, and underwing missile launchers. The first prototype took off on October 12, 1940.
Serial copies designated IL-2, in general they were similar to the TsKB-57 model, but had a modified windshield and a shortened fairing at the rear of the cockpit canopy. The single-seat version of the Il-2 quickly proved itself to be a highly effective weapon. However, losses during 1941-42. due to the lack of escort fighters, they were very large. In February 1942, it was decided to return to the two-seat version of the Il-2 in accordance with Ilyushin's original concept. The Il-2M aircraft had a gunner in the rear cockpit under the general canopy. Two of these aircraft were flight tested in March, and production aircraft appeared in September 1942. A new version of the Il-2 Type 3 (or Il-2m3) aircraft first appeared in Stalingrad in early 1943.
Il-2 aircraft were used by the USSR Navy for anti-ship operations; in addition, specialized Il-2T torpedo bombers were developed. On land, this aircraft was used, if necessary, for reconnaissance and setting up smoke screens.
In the final year of World War II, Il-2 aircraft were used by Polish and Czechoslovak units flying alongside Soviet units. These attack aircraft remained in service with the USSR Air Force for several post-war years and for a slightly longer time in other countries of Eastern Europe.
To provide a replacement for the Il-2 attack aircraft, two different prototype aircraft were developed in 1943. The Il-8 variant, while maintaining a close resemblance to the Il-2, was equipped with a more powerful AM-42 engine, had a new wing, horizontal tail and landing gear, combined with the fuselage of the late-production Il-2 aircraft. It was flight tested in April 1944, but was abandoned in favor of the Il-10, which was a completely new development with an all-metal design and improved aerodynamic shape. Mass production began in August 1944, and evaluation in active regiments two months later. This aircraft first came into use in February 1945, and by the spring its production had reached its peak. Before the German surrender, many regiments were re-equipped with these attack aircraft; a significant number of them took part in short but large-scale actions against the Japanese invaders in Manchuria and Korea during August 1945.
During the Great Patriotic War Pe-2 was the most popular Soviet bomber. These aircraft took part in battles on all fronts and were used by land and naval aviation as bombers, fighters, and reconnaissance aircraft.
In our country, the first dive bomber was Ar-2 A.A. Arkhangelsky, which represented a modernization of the Security Council. The Ar-2 bomber was developed almost in parallel with the future Pe-2, but was put into mass production faster, since it was based on a well-developed aircraft. However, the SB design was already quite outdated, so there were practically no prospects for further development of the Ar-2. A little later, the St. Petersburg N.N. aircraft was produced in a small series (five pieces). Polikarpov, superior to the Ar-2 in armament and flight characteristics. Since numerous accidents occurred during flight tests, work was stopped after extensive development of this machine.
During the testing of the "hundredth" several accidents occurred. The right engine of Stefanovsky’s plane failed, and he barely landed the plane on the maintenance site, miraculously “jumping” over the hangar and the trestles stacked near it. The second plane, the “backup”, on which A.M. Khripkov and P.I. Perevalov were flying, also suffered an accident. After takeoff, a fire broke out on it, and the pilot, blinded by the smoke, landed on the first landing site he came across, crushing the people there.
Despite these accidents, the aircraft showed high flight characteristics and it was decided to build it in series. An experimental "weaving" was demonstrated at the May Day parade in 1940. State tests of the "weaving" ended on May 10, 1940, and on June 23 the aircraft was accepted for mass production. The production aircraft had some differences. The most noticeable external change was the forward movement of the cockpit. Behind the pilot, slightly to the right, was the navigator's seat. The lower part of the nose was glazed, which made it possible to aim during bombing. The navigator had a rear-firing ShKAS machine gun on a pivot mount.
Serial production of the Pe-2 unfolded very quickly. In the spring of 1941, these vehicles began to arrive in combat units. On May 1, 1941, the Pe-2 regiment (95th Colonel S.A. Pestov) flew over Red Square in parade formation. These vehicles were “appropriated” by F.P. Polynov’s 13th Air Division, which, having independently studied them, successfully used them in battles on the territory of Belarus.
Unfortunately, by the beginning of hostilities the machine was still poorly mastered by the pilots. The comparative complexity of the aircraft, the dive-bombing tactics that were fundamentally new for Soviet pilots, the lack of twin-control aircraft, and design defects, in particular insufficient landing gear damping and poor fuselage sealing, which increased the fire hazard, all played a role here. Subsequently, it was also noted that takeoff and landing on the Pe-2 is much more difficult than on the domestic SB or DB-3, or the American Douglas A-20 Boston. In addition, the pilots of the rapidly growing Soviet Air Force were inexperienced. For example, in the Leningrad district, more than half of the flight personnel graduated from aviation schools in the fall of 1940 and had very few flight hours.
Despite these difficulties, units armed with the Pe-2 fought successfully already in the first months of the Great Patriotic War.
On the afternoon of June 22, 1941, 17 Pe-2 aircraft of the 5th Bomber Aviation Regiment bombed the Galati Bridge over the Prut River. This fast and quite maneuverable aircraft could operate during the day in conditions of enemy air superiority. So, on October 5, 1941, the crew of St. Lieutenant Gorslikhin took on nine German Bf 109 fighters and shot down three of them.
On January 12, 1942, V.M. Petlyakov died in a plane crash. The Pe-2 plane on which the designer was flying was caught in heavy snow on the way to Moscow, lost orientation and crashed into a hill near Arzamas. The place of chief designer was briefly taken by A.M. Izakson, and then he was replaced by A.I. Putilov.
The front was in dire need of modern bombers.
Since the autumn of 1941, the Pe-2 was already actively used on all fronts, as well as in the naval aviation of the Baltic and Black Sea fleets. The formation of new units was carried out at an accelerated pace. For this, the most experienced pilots were attracted, including test pilots from the Air Force Research Institute, from whom the separate regiment Pe-2 aircraft (410th). During the counteroffensive near Moscow, Pe-2s already accounted for approximately a quarter of the bombers concentrated for the operation. However, the number of bombers produced remained insufficient. In the 8th air army near Stalingrad on July 12, 1942, out of 179 bombers there were only 14 Pe-2s and one Pe-3, i.e. about 8%.
Pe-2 regiments were often transferred from place to place, using them in the most dangerous areas. At Stalingrad, the 150th regiment of Colonel I.S. Polbin (later general, commander of the air corps) became famous. This regiment performed the most important tasks. Having mastered dive bombing well, the pilots launched powerful strikes against the enemy during the day. For example, near the Morozovsky farm, a large gas storage facility was destroyed. When the Germans organized an “air bridge” to Stalingrad, dive bombers took part in the destruction of the German transport aviation at airfields. On December 30, 1942, six Pe-2s of the 150th regiment burned 20 German three-engine Junkers Ju52/3m aircraft in Tormosin. In the winter of 1942-1943, a dive bomber from the Baltic Fleet Air Force bombed the bridge across Narva, dramatically complicating the supply of German troops near Leningrad (the bridge took a month to restore).
During the battles, the tactics of Soviet dive bombers also changed. At the end of the Battle of Stalingrad, strike groups of 30-70 aircraft were already used instead of the previous “threes” and “nines”. The famous Polbinsk “pinwheel” was born here - a giant inclined wheel of dozens of dive bombers covering each other from the tail and taking turns delivering well-aimed blows. In conditions of street fighting, the Pe-2 operated from low altitudes with extreme precision.
However, there was still a shortage of experienced pilots. Bombs were dropped mainly from level flight; young pilots were poor instrument fliers.
In 1943, V.M. Myasishchev, also a former “enemy of the people”, and later a famous Soviet aircraft designer, creator of heavy strategic bombers, was appointed head of the design bureau. He was faced with the task of modernizing the Pe-2 in relation to new conditions at the front.
Enemy aviation developed rapidly. In the fall of 1941, the first Messerschmitt Bf.109F fighters appeared on the Soviet-German front. The situation required bringing the characteristics of the Pe-2 into line with the capabilities of new enemy aircraft. At the same time, it should be taken into account that the maximum speed of the Pe-2 produced in 1942 even decreased slightly compared to pre-war aircraft. This was also affected by the additional weight due to more powerful weapons and armor, and deterioration in the quality of assembly (the factories were mainly staffed by women and teenagers, who, despite all their efforts, lacked the dexterity of regular workers). Poor quality sealing of aircraft, poor fit of skin sheets, etc. were noted.
Since 1943, Pe-2s have taken first place in the number of vehicles of this type in bomber aviation. In 1944, Pe-2s took part in almost all major offensive operations of the Soviet Army. In February, 9 Pe-2s destroyed the bridge across the Dnieper near Rogachov with direct hits. The Germans, pressed to the shore, were destroyed by Soviet troops. At the beginning of the Korsun-Shevchenko operation, the 202nd Air Division launched powerful attacks on airfields in Uman and Khristinovka. In March 1944, Pe-2s of the 36th regiment destroyed German crossings on the Dniester River. Dive bombers also proved to be very effective in the mountainous conditions of the Carpathians. 548 Pe-2s took part in aviation training before the offensive in Belarus. On June 29, 1944, Pe-2s destroyed the bridge across the Berezina, the only way out of the Belarusian “cauldron.”
Naval aviation widely used the Pe-2 against enemy ships. True, the short range and relatively weak instrumentation of the aircraft hampered this, but in the conditions of the Baltic and Black Seas, these aircraft operated quite successfully - with the participation of dive bombers, the German cruiser Niobe and a number of large transports were sunk.
In 1944, the average bombing accuracy increased by 11% compared to 1943. The already well-developed Pe-2 made a significant contribution here.
We could not do without these bombers at the final stage of the war. They acted throughout Eastern Europe, accompanying the advance of Soviet troops. Pe-2s played a major role in the assault on Konigsberg and the Pillau naval base. A total of 743 Pe-2 and Tu-2 dive bombers took part in the Berlin operation. For example, on April 30, 1945, one of the targets of the Pe-2 was the Gestapo building in Berlin. Apparently, the last combat flight of the Pe-2 in Europe took place on May 7, 1945. Soviet pilots destroyed the runway at the Sirava airfield, from where German planes were planning to fly to Sweden.
Pe-2s also took part in a short campaign in the Far East. In particular, dive bombers of the 34th Bomber Regiment, during attacks on the ports of Racine and Seishin in Korea, sank three transports and two tankers and damaged five more transports.
Production of the Pe-2 ceased in the winter of 1945-1946.
The Pe-2, the main aircraft of Soviet bomber aviation, played an outstanding role in achieving victory in the Great Patriotic War. This aircraft was used as a bomber, reconnaissance aircraft, and fighter (it was not used only as a torpedo bomber). Pe-2s fought on all fronts and in naval aviation of all fleets. In the hands of Soviet pilots, the Pe-2 fully revealed its inherent capabilities. Speed, maneuverability, powerful weapons plus strength, reliability and survivability were its hallmarks. The Pe-2 was popular among pilots, who often preferred this aircraft to foreign ones. From first to last day During the Great Patriotic War, “Pawn” served faithfully.
Airplane Petlyakov Pe-8 was the only heavy four-engine bomber in the USSR during World War II.
In October 1940, the diesel engine was chosen as the standard power plant. During the bombing of Berlin in August 1941, it turned out that they were also unreliable. It was decided to stop using diesel engines. By that time, the designation TB-7 had been changed to Pe-8, and by the end of serial production in October 1941, a total of 79 of these aircraft had been built; by the end of 1942, approximately 48 of the total number of aircraft were equipped with ASh-82FN engines. One aircraft with AM-35A engines made a magnificent flight with intermediate stops from Moscow to Washington and back from May 19 to June 13, 1942. The surviving aircraft were intensively used in 1942-43. for close-in support, and from February 1943 to deliver 5,000 kg bombs for precision attack on special targets. After the war, in 1952, two Pe-8s played a key role in the founding of the Arctic station, making non-stop flights with a range of 5,000 km (3,107 miles).
Making an airplane Tu-2(front-line bomber) began at the end of 1939 by a design team led by A.N. Tupolev. In January 1941, an experimental aircraft, designated "103", entered testing. In May of the same year, tests began on its improved version "103U", which was distinguished by stronger defensive weapons, a modified arrangement of the crew, which consisted of a pilot, a navigator (could, if necessary, be a gunner), a gunner-radio operator and a gunner. The aircraft was equipped with AM-37 high-altitude engines. During testing, the "103" and "103U" aircraft showed outstanding flight qualities. In terms of speed at medium and high altitudes, flight range, bomb load and the power of defensive weapons, they were significantly superior to the Pe-2. At altitudes of more than 6 km, they flew faster than almost all production fighters, both Soviet and German, second only to the domestic MiG-3 fighter.
In July 1941, it was decided to launch the "103U" into series. However, in the conditions of the outbreak of war and the large-scale evacuation of aviation enterprises, it was not possible to organize the production of AM-37 engines. Therefore, the designers had to remake the plane for other engines. They became M-82 A.D. Shvedkov, which have just begun to be mass-produced. Aircraft of this type have been used on the front since 1944. Production of this type of bomber continued for several years after the war, until they were replaced by jet bombers. A total of 2,547 aircraft were built.
Picked up from a front-line airfield, 18 red-star Yak-3 fighters met 30 enemy fighters over the battlefield on a July day in 1944. In a fast-paced, fierce battle Soviet pilots won a complete victory. They shot down 15 Nazi planes and lost only one. The battle once again confirmed the high skill of our pilots and the excellent qualities of the new Soviet fighter.
Airplane Yak-3 created a team headed by A.S. Yakovlev in 1943, developing the Yak-1M fighter, which had already proven itself in battle. The Yak-3 differed from its predecessor in having a smaller wing (its area was 14.85 square meters instead of 17.15) with the same fuselage dimensions and a number of aerodynamic and design improvements. It was one of the lightest fighters in the world in the first half of the forties
Taking into account the experience of combat use of the Yak-7 fighter, the comments and suggestions of the pilots, A.S. Yakovlev made a number of significant changes to the vehicle.
Essentially, it was a new aircraft, although during its construction the factories needed to make very minor changes to production technology and equipment. Therefore, they were able to quickly master the modernized version of the fighter, called the Yak-9. Since 1943, the Yak-9 has essentially become the main air combat aircraft. It was the most mass type front-line fighter aircraft as part of our Air Force during the Great Patriotic War. In speed, maneuverability, flight range and armament, the Yak-9 was superior to all production fighters fascist Germany. At combat altitudes (2300-4300 m), the fighter developed speeds of 570 and 600 km/h, respectively. To gain 5 thousand m, 5 minutes were enough for him. The maximum ceiling reached 11 km, which made it possible to use the Yak-9 in the country's air defense system to intercept and destroy high-altitude enemy aircraft.
During the war, the design bureau created several modifications of the Yak-9. They differed from the main type mainly in their weapons and fuel supply.
The team of the design bureau, headed by S.A. Lavochkin, in December 1941 completed the modification of the LaGG-Z fighter, which was being mass-produced, for the ASh-82 radial engine. The alterations were relatively minor; the dimensions and design of the aircraft were preserved, but due to the larger midsection of the new engine, a second, non-functional skin was added to the sides of the fuselage.
Already in September 1942, fighter regiments equipped with vehicles La-5, participated in the battle of Stalingrad and achieved major successes. The battles showed that the new Soviet fighter had serious advantages over fascist aircraft of the same class.
The efficiency of completing a large volume of development work during the testing of the La-5 was largely determined by the close interaction of S.A. Lavochkin’s design bureau with the Air Force Research Institute, LII, CIAM and A.D. Shvetsov’s design bureau. Thanks to this, it was possible to quickly resolve many issues related mainly to the layout of the power plant, and bring the La-5 to production before another fighter appeared on the assembly line instead of the LaGG.
Production of the La-5 quickly increased, and already in the fall of 1942, the first aviation regiments armed with this fighter appeared near Stalingrad. It must be said that the La-5 was not the only option for converting the LaGG-Z to the M-82 engine. Back in the summer of 1941. a similar modification was carried out in Moscow under the leadership of M.I. Gudkov (the plane was called Gu-82). This aircraft received a good review from the Air Force Research Institute. The subsequent evacuation and, apparently, underestimation at that moment of the importance of such work greatly delayed the testing and development of this fighter.
As for the La-5, it quickly gained recognition. High horizontal flight speeds, good rate of climb and acceleration, combined with better vertical maneuverability than LaGG-Z, determined a sharp qualitative leap in the transition from LaGG-Z to La-5. The air-cooled motor had greater survivability than the liquid-cooled motor, and at the same time was a kind of protection for the pilot from fire from the front hemisphere. Using this property, the pilots flying the La-5 boldly launched frontal attacks, imposing advantageous battle tactics on the enemy.
But all the advantages of the La-5 at the front did not immediately appear. At first, due to a number of “childhood diseases,” his fighting qualities were significantly reduced. Of course, during the transition to serial production, the flight performance of the La-5, compared to its prototype, deteriorated somewhat, but not as significantly as that of other Soviet fighters. Thus, the speed at low and medium altitudes decreased by only 7-11 km/h, the rate of climb remained almost unchanged, and the turn time, thanks to the installation of slats, even decreased from 25 to 22.6 s. However, it was difficult to realize the fighter's maximum capabilities in combat. Overheating of the engine limited the time for using maximum power, the oil system needed improvement, the air temperature in the cockpit reached 55-60°C, the emergency release system of the canopy and the quality of the plexiglass needed improvement. In 1943, 5047 La-5 fighters were produced.
The La-7, which entered mass production in the last year of the war, became one of the main front-line fighters. On this plane I.N. Kozhedub, awarded three gold stars of Hero of the Soviet Union, won most of his victories.
From the first days of their appearance at front-line airfields, La-5 fighters proved themselves to be excellent in battles with the Nazi invaders. The pilots liked the maneuverability of the La-5, their ease of control, powerful weapons, tenacious star-shaped engine, which provided good protection from fire from the front, and sufficient high speed. Our pilots won many brilliant victories using these machines.
The design team of S.A. Lavochkin persistently improved the machine, which had justified itself. At the end of 1943, its modification, La-7, was released.
The La-7, which entered mass production in the last year of the war, became one of the main front-line fighters. On this plane, I.N. Kozhedub, awarded three gold stars of the Hero of the Soviet Union, won most of his victories.
2. Tanks and self-propelled guns
Tank T-60 was created in 1941 as a result of a deep modernization of the T-40 tank, carried out under the leadership of N.A. Astrov in the conditions of the outbreak of the Great Patriotic War. Compared to the T-40, it had enhanced armor protection and more powerful weapons - a 20-mm cannon instead of a heavy machine gun. On this serial tank For the first time, a device was used to heat engine coolant in winter. Modernization achieved an improvement in the main combat characteristics while simplifying the design of the tank, but at the same time the combat capabilities were narrowed - buoyancy was eliminated. Like the T-40 tank, the T-60 chassis uses four rubberized road wheels on board, three support rollers, a front drive wheel and a rear idler wheel. Individual torsion bar suspension.
However, in conditions of a shortage of tanks, the main advantage of the T-60 was its ease of production in automobile factories with the widespread use of automotive components and mechanisms. The tank was produced simultaneously at four factories. In just a short period of time, 6045 T-60 tanks were produced, which played an important role in the battles of the initial period of the Great Patriotic War.
Self-propelled gun ISU-152
The heavy self-propelled artillery unit ISU-122 was armed with a 122-mm field gun of the 1937 model, adapted for installation in the control unit. And when the design team headed by F. F. Petrov created a 122-mm tank gun of the 1944 model, it was also installed on the ISU-122. The vehicle with the new gun was called ISU-122S. The 1937 model gun had a piston breech, while the 1944 model gun had a semi-automatic wedge breech. In addition, it was equipped with a muzzle brake. All this made it possible to increase the rate of fire from 2.2 to 3 rounds per minute. The armor-piercing projectile of both systems weighed 25 kg and had an initial speed of 800 m/s. The ammunition consisted of separately loaded rounds.
The vertical aiming angles of the guns were slightly different: on the ISU-122 they ranged from -4° to +15°, and on the ISU-122S - from -2° to +20°. The horizontal aiming angles were the same - 11° each side. The combat weight of the ISU-122 was 46 tons.
The ISU-152 self-propelled gun based on the IS-2 tank was no different from the ISU-122 except for the artillery system. It was equipped with a 152-mm howitzer-gun, model 1937, with a piston bolt, the rate of fire of which was 2.3 rounds per minute.
The crew of the ISU-122, like the ISU-152, consisted of a commander, gunner, loader, locker and driver. The hexagonal conning tower is fully protected by armor. The gun mounted on the machine (on the ISU-122S with a mask) is shifted to the starboard side. In the fighting compartment, in addition to weapons and ammunition, there were fuel and oil tanks. The driver sat in front to the left of the gun and had his own observation devices. The commander's cupola was missing. The commander conducted observation through a periscope in the roof of the wheelhouse.
Self-propelled gun ISU-122
As soon as the IS-1 heavy tank came into service at the end of 1943, they decided to create a fully armored self-propelled gun on its basis. At first, this encountered some difficulties: after all, the IS-1 had a body noticeably narrower than the KV-1s, on the basis of which the SU-152 heavy self-propelled gun with a 152-mm howitzer gun was created in 1943. However, the efforts of the designers of the Chelyabinsk Kirov Plant and artillerymen under the leadership of F. F. Petrov were crowned with success. By the end of 1943, 35 self-propelled guns armed with a 152-mm howitzer gun had been produced.
The ISU-152 was distinguished by powerful armor protection and artillery system, and good driving performance. The presence of panoramic and telescopic sights made it possible to fire both direct fire and from closed firing positions. The simplicity of its design and operation contributed to its rapid mastery by crews, which was of utmost importance in wartime. This vehicle, armed with a 152 mm howitzer cannon, was mass-produced from the end of 1943. Its mass was 46 tons, its armor thickness was 90 mm, and its crew consisted of 5 people. Diesel with a capacity of 520 hp. With. accelerated the car to 40 km/h.
Subsequently, on the basis of the ISU-152 self-propelled gun chassis, several more heavy self-propelled guns were developed, on which high-power guns of 122 and 130 mm calibers were installed. The weight of the ISU-130 was 47 tons, the thickness of the armor was 90 mm, the crew consisted of 4 people. Diesel engine with a power of 520 hp. With. provided a speed of 40 km/h. The 130-mm cannon mounted on the self-propelled gun was a modification of the naval gun, adapted for installation in the conning tower of the vehicle. To reduce gas contamination in the fighting compartment, it was equipped with a barrel purging system compressed air from five cylinders. The ISU-130 passed front-line tests, but was not accepted for service.
The heavy self-propelled artillery unit ISU-122 was armed with a 122-mm field gun
Heavy Soviet self-propelled artillery systems played a huge role in achieving victory. They performed well during street battles in Berlin and during the assault on the powerful fortifications of Koenigsberg.
In the 50s, ISU self-propelled guns, which remained in service with the Soviet Army, underwent modernization, like the IS-2 tanks. In total, Soviet industry produced more than 2,400 ISU-122 and more than 2,800 ISU-152.
In 1945, based on the IS-3 tank, another model of a heavy self-propelled gun was designed, which received the same name as the vehicle developed in 1943 - ISU-152. The peculiarity of this vehicle was that the general frontal sheet was given a rational angle of inclination, and the lower side sheets of the hull had reverse angles of inclination. The combat and control departments were combined. The mechanic was located in the conning tower and monitored through a periscope viewing device. A target designation system specially created for this vehicle connected the commander with the gunner and driver. However, despite many advantages, the large angle of inclination of the walls of the cabin, the significant amount of rollback of the howitzer gun barrel and the combination of compartments significantly complicated the work of the crew. Therefore, the ISU-152 model of 1945 was not accepted for service. The car was made in a single copy.
Self-propelled gun SU-152
In the fall of 1942, at the Chelyabinsk Kirov Plant, designers led by L. S. Troyanov created, on the basis of the KB-1s heavy tank, the SU-152 (KV-14) self-propelled gun, designed for firing at troop concentrations, long-term strongholds and armored targets.
Regarding its creation in the “History of the Great Patriotic War” there is a modest mention: “According to instructions State Committee Defense at the Kirov plant in Chelyabinsk within 25 days (a unique period in the history of world tank building!) a prototype of the SU-152 self-propelled artillery mount was designed and manufactured, which went into production in February 1943.”
The SU-152 self-propelled guns received their baptism of fire at the Kursk Bulge. Their appearance on the battlefield was a complete surprise for the German tank crews. These self-propelled guns performed well in single combat with the German Tigers, Panthers and Elephants. Their armor-piercing shells pierced the armor of enemy vehicles and tore off their turrets. For this, front-line soldiers lovingly called heavy self-propelled guns “St. John’s worts.” The experience gained in the design of the first Soviet heavy self-propelled guns was subsequently used to create similar fire weapons based on heavy IS tanks.
Self-propelled gun SU-122
On October 19, 1942, the State Defense Committee decided to create self-propelled artillery units - light ones with 37 mm and 76 mm guns and medium ones with a 122 mm gun.
Production of the SU-122 continued at Uralmashzavod from December 1942 to August 1943. During this time, the plant produced 638 self-propelled units of this type.
In parallel with the development of serial drawings self-propelled gun back in January 1943, work began on its radical improvement.
As for the serial SU-122, the formation of self-propelled artillery regiments with the same type of vehicles began in April 1943. This regiment had 16 SU-122 self-propelled guns, which continued to be used to accompany infantry and tanks until the beginning of 1944. However, this use was not effective enough due to the low initial velocity of the projectile - 515 m/s - and, consequently, the low flatness of its trajectory. The new self-propelled artillery unit SU-85, which entered the troops in much larger quantities since August 1943, quickly supplanted its predecessor on the battlefield.
Self-propelled gun SU-85
Experience with the use of SU-122 installations has shown that their rate of fire is too low to perform escort and fire support tasks for tanks, infantry and cavalry. The troops needed an installation armed with a faster rate of fire.
SU-85 self-propelled guns entered service with individual self-propelled artillery regiments (16 units in each regiment) and were widely used in the battles of the Great Patriotic War.
The IS-1 heavy tank was developed at the design bureau of the Chelyabinsk Kirov Plant in the second half of 1942 under the leadership of Zh. Ya. Kotin. The KV-13 was taken as the basis, on the basis of which two experimental versions of the new heavy vehicle IS-1 and IS-2 were manufactured. The difference between them was in their armament: the IS-1 had a 76-mm cannon, and the IS-2 had a 122-mm howitzer gun. The first prototypes of IS tanks had a five-roller chassis, made according to the type of chassis of the KV-13 tank, from which the outlines of the hull and the general layout of the vehicle were also borrowed.
Almost simultaneously with the IS-1, production of the more powerfully armed model IS-2 (object 240) began. The newly created 122-mm D-25T tank gun (originally with a piston bolt) with an initial projectile speed of 781 m/s made it possible to hit all main types of German tanks at all combat distances. On a trial basis, an 85-mm high-power cannon with an initial projectile speed of 1050 m/s and a 100-mm S-34 cannon were installed on the IS tank.
Under the brand name IS-2, the tank entered mass production in October 1943, which was launched at the beginning of 1944.
In 1944, the IS-2 was modernized.
IS-2 tanks entered service with separate heavy tank regiments, which were given the name “Guards” during their formation. At the beginning of 1945, several separate guards heavy tank brigades were formed, including three heavy tank regiments each. The IS-2 was first used in the Korsun-Shevchenko operation, and then participated in all operations of the final period of the Great Patriotic War.
The last tank created during the Great Patriotic War was the heavy IS-3 (object 703). It was developed in 1944-1945 at pilot plant No. 100 in Chelyabinsk under the leadership of lead designer M.F. Balzhi. Serial production began in May 1945, during which 1,170 combat vehicles were produced.
IS-3 tanks, contrary to popular belief, were not used in combat operations of the Second World War, but on September 7, 1945, one tank regiment, which was armed with these combat vehicles, took part in the parade of Red Army units in Berlin in honor of the victory over Japan, and the IS-3 made a strong impression on the Western allies of the USSR in the anti-Hitler coalition.
Tank KV
In accordance with the resolution of the USSR Defense Committee, at the end of 1938, the Kirov plant in Leningrad began designing a new heavy tank with projectile-proof armor, called SMK (“Sergei Mironovich Kirov”). The development of another heavy tank, called the T-100, was carried out by the Leningrad Experimental Engineering Plant named after Kirov (No. 185).
In August 1939, the SMK and KB tanks were manufactured in metal. At the end of September, both tanks took part in the display of new models of armored vehicles at the NIBT Test Site in Kubinka, near Moscow, and on December 19, the KB heavy tank was adopted by the Red Army.
The KB tank showed its best side, but it quickly became clear that the 76-mm L-11 gun was weak for fighting pillboxes. Therefore, in a short time, they developed and built the KV-2 tank with an enlarged turret, armed with a 152-mm M-10 howitzer. By March 5, 1940, three KV-2s were sent to the front.
In fact, serial production of the KV-1 and KV-2 tanks began in February 1940 at the Leningrad Kirov Plant.
However, under the blockade it was impossible to continue producing tanks. Therefore, from July to December, the evacuation of the Kirov plant from Leningrad to Chelyabinsk was carried out in several stages. On October 6, the Chelyabinsk Tractor Plant was renamed the Kirov Plant of the People's Commissariat of Tanks and Industry - ChKZ, which became the only manufacturing plant of heavy tanks until the end of the Great Patriotic War.
A tank of the same class as the KB - the Tiger - appeared with the Germans only at the end of 1942. And then fate played a second cruel joke on KB: it instantly became outdated. KB was simply powerless against the “Tiger” with its “long arm” - an 88-mm cannon with a barrel length of 56 calibers. "Tiger" could hit KB at distances prohibitive for the latter.
The appearance of the KV-85 allowed the situation to be somewhat smoothed out. But these vehicles were developed late, only a few were produced, and they were unable to make a significant contribution to the fight against German heavy tanks. A more serious opponent for the Tigers could be the KV-122 - the serial KV-85, experimentally armed with a 122-mm D-25T cannon. But at this time, the first tanks of the IS series had already begun to leave the ChKZ workshops. These vehicles, which at first glance continued the KB line, were completely new tanks, which in their combat qualities far surpassed the enemy’s heavy tanks.
During the period from 1940 to 1943, the Leningrad Kirov and Chelyabinsk Kirov plants produced 4,775 KB tanks of all modifications. They were in service with tank brigades of a mixed organization, and then were consolidated into separate breakthrough tank regiments. KB heavy tanks took part in the fighting of the Great Patriotic War until its final stage.
Tank T-34
The first prototype of the T-34 was manufactured by Plant No. 183 in January 1940, the second in February. In the same month, factory tests began, which were interrupted on March 12, when both cars left for Moscow. On March 17, in the Kremlin, on Ivanovskaya Square, tanks were demonstrated to J.V. Stalin. After the show, the cars went further - along the route Minsk - Kyiv - Kharkov.
The first three production vehicles in November - December 1940 were subjected to intensive testing by shooting and running along the route Kharkov - Kubinka - Smolensk - Kyiv - Kharkov. The tests were carried out by officers.
It should be noted that each manufacturer made some changes and additions to the tank design in accordance with its technological capabilities, so tanks from different factories had their own characteristic appearance.
Minesweeper tanks and bridge laying tanks were produced in small quantities. A command version of the "thirty-four" was also produced, the distinctive feature of which was the presence of the RSB-1 radio station.
T-34-76 tanks were in service with tank units of the Red Army throughout the Great Patriotic War and took part in almost all combat operations, including the storming of Berlin. In addition to the Red Army, T-34 medium tanks were in service with the Polish Army, the People's Liberation Army of Yugoslavia and the Czechoslovak Corps, which fought against Nazi Germany.
military equipment patriotic war
3. Armored vehicles
Armored car BA-10
In 1938, the Red Army adopted the BA-10 medium armored car, developed a year earlier at the Izhora plant by a group of designers headed by such famous specialists as A. A. Lipgart, O. V. Dybov and V. A. Grachev.
The armored car was made according to the classic layout with a front-mounted engine, front steering wheels and two rear drive axles. The BA-10 crew consisted of 4 people: commander, driver, gunner and machine gunner.
Since 1939, production of the modernized BA-10M model began, which differed from the base vehicle by enhanced armor protection of the frontal projection, improved steering, external location of gas tanks and a new radio station. In small quantities, BA-10zhd railway armored vehicles with a combat weight of 5 were produced for armored train units. 8 t.
The baptism of fire for the BA-10 and BA-10M took place in 1939 during the armed conflict near the Khalkhin Gol River. They made up the bulk of the fleet of armored cars 7, 8 and 9 and motorized armored brigades. Their successful use was facilitated by the steppe terrain. Later, BA 10 armored vehicles took part in the liberation campaign and the Soviet-Finnish war. During the Great Patriotic War, they were used by the troops until 1944, and in some units until the end of the war. They have proven themselves well as a means of reconnaissance and combat security, and when used correctly, they successfully fought against enemy tanks.
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ARMED FORCES OF THE MAIN PARTICIPANTS IN THE SECOND WORLD WAR COUNTRY Number of armed forces (millions of people) By the beginning of 1941 By the beginning of 1945 Germany 7.2 9.4 Japan 1.7 7.2 Italy 1.5 - USA 1.8 11, 9 Great Britain 3.2 4.5 USSR 5.2 9.4 China (Kuomintang) 2.5 4.0 China (communists) 0.4 0.9
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THE RELATION OF FORCES OF THE USSR AND GERMANY IN THE MOSCOW DIRECTION IN THE AUTUMN 1941 Combat forces and means Red Army German troops Personnel (thousands of people) 120 1800 Number of tanks 990 1700 Number of guns and mortars (thousands) 7.6 14 Number of aircraft 667 1390
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Lend-Lease (from the English “lend” - to lend and “lease” - to rent) is a unique program for lending to allies by the United States of America through the supply of equipment, food, equipment, raw materials and materials. According to the Lend-Lease law, the United States could supply equipment, ammunition, equipment, etc. countries whose defense was vital for the States themselves. All deliveries were free of charge. All machinery, equipment and materials spent, used up or destroyed during the war were not subject to payment. Property left over after the end of the war that was suitable for civilian purposes had to be paid for.
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Share of Lend-Lease deliveries in the total quantity of products produced and supplied to the USSR
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Aircraft 22,150 Tanks 12,700 SUVs and all-terrain vehicles 51,503 Trucks 375,883 Motorcycles 35,170 Tractors 8,071 Rifles 8,218 Automatic weapons 131,633 Pistols 12,997 Boxcars 11,155 Locomotives 1,98 1 Cargo ships 90 Anti-submarine ships, etc. 105
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Il-2 is the most popular combat aircraft in history, more than 36 thousand were produced. In the Red Army, the plane received the nickname “humpback” (for the characteristic shape of the fuselage). The designers called the aircraft they developed a “flying tank.” The aircraft had a bad reputation among the Wehrmacht ground troops and earned several honorary nicknames, such as “butcher”, “iron Gustav.” The Il-2 took part in battles during all military operations of the Great Patriotic War, as well as in the Soviet-Japanese War. In February 1941, mass production began. The first production IL-2s were manufactured in Voronezh at plant No. 18 (in November 1941 the plant was evacuated to Kuibyshev). Il-2 was mass-produced at aircraft factories No. 1 and No. 18 in the city of Kuibyshev, and at aircraft factory No. 30 in Moscow.
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Development was started by the designers and engineers of the special NKVD design bureau, SKB-29, in mid-1938. Created on the basis of the experimental twin-engine high-altitude fighter "100", the Pe-2 made its first flight on December 22, 1939 and began mass production at the end of 1940. The Pe-2 also served as a flying laboratory for testing rocket boosters. The first flight with a functioning rocket launcher took place in October 1943. The speed increased by 92 km/h. Experiments with various options Pe-2 with rocket launchers continued until 1945
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The first three production Tu-2s, produced by plant No. 166, reached the Kalinin Front in September 1942. The vehicles ended up as part of the 3rd Air Army. Front-line pilots rated the Tu-2 very highly. They emphasized the high efficiency of the aircraft, capable of dropping large bombs on a target, powerful defensive weapons, ease of piloting and high flight performance. For the creation and organization of serial production of the Tu-2 bomber A.N. Tupolev was awarded the Stalin Prize, 1st degree, in 1943, the Order of the Patriotic War, 1st degree, and the Order of Suvorov, 2nd degree, in 1944, and was also promoted to major general of the engineering and technical service. In 1945, Tupolev became a Hero of Socialist Labor.
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Yak-7 Soviet single-engine fighter aircraft of the Great Patriotic War. It was developed at Plant No. 301 shortly after the start of the war on the initiative of the A. S. Yakovlev Design Bureau brigade located at this plant to assist in the development of the Yak-7UTI. The Yak-7 has been produced since 1941; a total of 6,399 aircraft of 18 different modifications were built, including training and combat ones. By the end of 1942, it began to be replaced at an accelerated pace by the more advanced Yak-9, which later became the most popular Soviet fighter of the Great Patriotic War.
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The La-5 fighter appeared under circumstances that were not entirely ordinary, if not dramatic, for the design team headed by S.A. Lavochkin. LaGG-Z fighter. for the production and improvement of which this design bureau was responsible, due to insufficient efficiency it was removed from production. And the very existence of the design bureau is now in question. Of course, the designers perfectly understood the nature of the LaGG's shortcomings and were already carrying out design work on its radical modification. Along with the need to dramatically improve flight data, the main thing in this matter was efficiency and the requirement for continuity of the LaGG-Z design and its new modification. Only if these conditions were met was it possible to transfer the plant to the production of a new aircraft before the Yak fighter appeared on the assembly line (as planned). And S.A. Lavochkin’s design bureau coped with this task successfully.
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To produce armored vehicles, the Tankograd military production complex was created in the Urals. Thousands of planes and tanks rolled off the assembly lines of defense enterprises. This made it possible to form air and tank armies, which played a decisive role in the offensive of the Soviet Armed Forces in 1943-1945.
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T-34 was the main tank of the Red Army until the first half of 1944, when it was replaced by the T-34-85 modification tank. From 1942 to 1945, the main production of the T-34 was launched at powerful machine-building plants in the Urals and Siberia, and continued in the post-war years. The leading plant for modifying the T-34 was the Ural Tank Plant No. 183. The T-34 tank had a huge impact on the outcome of the war and on the further development of world tank building. Thanks to the totality of its combat qualities, the T-34 was recognized by many specialists and military experts as one of the best tanks of the Second World War. During its creation, Soviet designers managed to find the optimal balance between the main combat, tactical, ballistic, operational, chassis and technological characteristics. The T-34 tank is the most famous Soviet tank and one of the most recognizable symbols of World War II.
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Serial production of the T-44 began in 1944, but during the Great Patriotic War it was carried out on a limited scale in order to prevent a reduction in the production of the T-34-85 during large-scale offensive operations. T-44
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In general, the tank fully met the expectations of the command as a means of qualitatively strengthening units and subunits intended to break through well-fortified enemy lines in advance, as well as storm cities. Is -2
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OT-34 - was created on the basis of the T-34. Unlike a linear tank, it was armed with an automatic powder piston flamethrower ATO-41, located in place of the forward machine gun, which, for example, compared to the solution for the KV-8, allowed the 76-mm cannon to be retained. OT-34
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Katyusha is the unofficial name of barrelless field rocket artillery systems that appeared during the Great Patriotic War of 1941-1945 (primarily and initially - BM-13, and subsequently also BM-8, BM-31 and others). Such installations were actively used by the Armed Forces of the USSR during the Second World War. The popularity of the nickname turned out to be so great that post-war MLRS on automobile chassis, in particular BM-14 and BM-21 Grad, were often called “Katyusha” colloquially. Subsequently, by analogy with “Katyusha”, a number of similar nicknames (“Andryusha ", "Vanyusha") was given by Soviet soldiers to other installations (BM-31, etc.) of rocket artillery, but these nicknames did not become so widespread and popular and, in general, are much less known.
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Balance of forces in the Stalingrad direction in November 1942 Forces and means Red Army Germany and its allies Personnel (thousands of people) 1134.8 1011.5 Number of tanks 1560 675 Number of guns and mortars 14934 10290 Number of aircraft 1916 1219
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Balance of forces in the Orel-Kursk direction at the beginning of July 1943 Forces and means Soviet troops German troops Personnel (thousands of people) 1336 900 Number of tanks and self-propelled guns 3444 2733 Number of guns and mortars 19100 10000 Number of aircraft 2172 2050
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PRODUCTION OF MILITARY EQUIPMENT IN THE LARGEST COUNTRIES IN 1943-1944. COUNTRY PRODUCTION OF TANKS (thousand units) PRODUCTION OF AIRCRAFT (thousand units) 1943 1944 1943 1944 GERMANY 19.8 27.3 25.2 38.0 JAPAN 1.0 1.0 16.3 28.3 USSR 24.0 29 .0 35.0 40.3 UK 8.6 7.5 23.7 26.3 USA 29.5 17.6 85.9 96.4
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Of the divisional guns, the most common was the 76 mm ZIS-3 cannon. In the initial period of the war, the 76-mm F-22 cannon and the 76-mm USV cannon were also used. Corps artillery was represented by 122-mm A-19 cannons, a 152-mm howitzer of the 1909/30 model, and also a 152-mm ML-20 howitzer-gun. Anti-tank guns included 45 mm 53-K, 45 mm M-42 and 57 mm ZIS-2 anti-tank guns. Anti-aircraft artillery used 37-mm 61-K anti-aircraft guns, as well as 76-mm 3-K and 85-mm 52-K cannons.
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Before the war, increased attention was paid to the development of automatic weapons - the ABC self-loading rifle was followed by the SVT and AVT. However, the main small arms of the Soviet army was the Mosin rifle. In addition, the PPSh submachine gun has also gained some popularity. Nagan revolvers and TT pistols were used as officer weapons. Main light machine gun there was a DP, and the Maxim machine gun, developed before the First World War, was used as an easel machine gun. Large-caliber weapons have also gained some popularity DShK machine gun, also used as an anti-aircraft gun.
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Mosin rifle.7.62-mm (3-line) rifle model 1891 (Mosin rifle, three-line) - a repeating rifle adopted by the Russian Imperial Army in 1891. It was actively used in the period from 1891 to the end of the Great Patriotic War, and was modernized many times during this period. The name three-ruler comes from the caliber of the rifle barrel, which is equal to three Russian lines (the old measure of length was equal to one tenth of an inch, or 2.54 mm - respectively, three lines are equal to 7.62 mm). Based on the 1891 model rifle and its modifications, a number of models of sporting and hunting weapons, both rifled and smooth-bore, were created.
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Shpagin submachine gun. 7.62-mm submachine gun model 1941 of the Shpagin system (PPSh) is a Soviet submachine gun developed in 1940 by designer G. S. Shpagin and adopted by the Red Army on December 21, 1940. The PPSh was the main submachine gun of the Soviet armed forces in the Great Patriotic War. After the end of the war, in the early 1950s, the PPSh was removed from service with the Soviet Army and gradually replaced by the Kalashnikov assault rifle; for a little longer it remained in service with rear and auxiliary units, units of internal troops and railway troops. It was in service with paramilitary security units at least until the mid-1980s. Also, in the post-war period, PPSh was supplied in significant quantities to countries friendly to the USSR, was in service with the armies of various states for a long time, was used by irregular forces and was used in armed conflicts around the world throughout the twentieth century.
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Pistol arr. 1933 (TT, Tula, Tokarev) - first army self-loading pistol USSR, developed in 1930 by Soviet designer Fedor Vasilyevich Tokarev. The TT pistol was developed for the 1929 competition for a new army pistol, announced to replace the Nagan revolver and several models of foreign-made revolvers and pistols that were in service with the Red Army by the mid-1920s. The German 7.63×25 mm Mauser cartridge was adopted as a standard cartridge, which was purchased in significant quantities for the Mauser S-96 pistols in service.
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