Popov N.V. The joy of a teacher. Phenological observations // Donskoy Vremennik. Year 2011. pp. 60-65. URL: http://www..aspx?art_id=715

PHENOLOGICAL OBSERVATIONS.

literary sketches

Description of nature by seasons

Description of spring - March

It was March 1969. When the fine spring days came, I impatiently walked along the still viscous road to the country grove.

The grove greeted me with the melodious murmur of a stream, rapidly rushing towards a ravine lost in the thick of bushes and trees. The muddy stream, crashing into the polluted blockages of snow, exposed its lower clean layers, and in this snow-white rim it began to look surprisingly elegant.

In the depths of the grove, an open meadow is full of joyful spring bustle. Wherever you look - everywhere on the melted snow in the rays bright sun silver streams gleam rhythmically. There are so many of them that it seems as if the earth itself moved towards them. The mirror-like surface of puddles generously scattered across the clearing shines festively. In some places, tiny islands of thawed black earth triumphantly rise above the melted snow.

And around the dark wall stands a silent forest. And in this gloomy frame, the cheerful glade sparkled even brighter.

More more descriptions March see the tag#March

Description of spring - April

In the first half of April, dogwood is one of the first among the trees to bloom. All strewn with bouquets of golden yellow flowers, it burns like a night fire against the background of a dark, still bare garden. If at this time of spring from the window of a running train you see a bright yellow tree in a flashing garden, know that this is a dogwood blossom. Much more modest is the outfit of birch bark and elm that bloom a little later. Their thin branches with tufts of reddish anthers attract little attention of passers-by. And only hundreds of bees circling around the branches signal the height of flowering. The ash-leaved maple will soon bloom. Scattering branches and twigs far to the sides, he densely hung on them a green fringe of long pre-long stamens with brown anthers. Unsightly and this outfit, but the bees and cling to him. And not every beauty of gardens attracts as many winged admirers as an old maple tree. You walk past a buzzing tree and rejoice - spring!

For more descriptions of April, see the tag#April

Description of spring - May

May has come. And the calm watercolor colors of April were replaced by juicy, screaming strokes of the height of spring. This is the hottest time of the year for a phenologist, especially in hot, dry springs, when trees, shrubs, grass seem to stray from the age-old rhythm of the spring carnival and begin to dress randomly and hastily in expensive holiday clothes.

Golden currants are still burning furiously on the boulevards, the incessant rumble of bees is still standing over the jubilant cherries, and the fragrant bird cherry buds are just beginning to open, as a white flame on impatient pears shoots high into the sky. The fire immediately spread to the neighboring apple trees and they instantly flared up with a pale pink glow.

A hot dry wind blowing up the fire of spring even more strongly, and it was as if a shower of flowers poured onto the ground. Horse chestnut, roughly pushing aside the beautiful lilac, arrogantly stepped forward with festive torches blazing brightly among the dark foliage. Stunned by unheard of impudence, the lilac managed to restore its shattered prestige only two days later, throwing thousands of luxurious white, cream, purple, purple bouquets to the envy of its neighbors.

For more descriptions of May, see the tag#May

Description of summer - June

At the beginning of June, the so-called “early summer” begins - the most intense, but also the most joyful, like a noisy holiday, time of the year, when concern for the growing offspring dominates all wildlife.

From morning to evening, the bird choir does not stop in the steppe, groves and gardens. Thousands of discordant singers take part in it, whistling, chirping, chirping, croaking, squealing and squeaking in every way. The air rings from loud and quiet, joyful and dreary, melodic and harsh sounds. Birds sing standing, sitting and flying, during rest and during the hottest time of their working day. The bird world is seized with such joyful excitement that the songs themselves break free.

Won swallow with early morning until late in the evening tirelessly cuts through the air in pursuit of midges for insatiable children. Here, it would seem, there is no time for songs. And yet the swallow, storming the sky, chirps something cheerful and carefree.

Remember how black swifts squeal with delight on the fly. Yes, what to say! It is enough to listen at this time on the wall expanse to the sonorous trills of larks full of happiness in order to feel the enthusiastic thrill of the steppe, which engulfed it from edge to edge.

The bird choir is accompanied, as best they can, by field crickets, grasshoppers, bumblebees, bees, mosquitoes and mosquitoes, flies and flies and other countless insects chirping and buzzing.

And at night, from dawn to dusk, passionate serenades of nightingales rumble in the groves and, like an ugly echo, hundreds of frogs on the river respond to them. Having settled down in rows along the water's edge, they jealously try to shout down each other.

But this feast of nature would not have been a feast if plants had not taken the most ardent part in it. They made every effort to decorate the land as beautifully as possible. Thousands fled across the fields and meadows and turned into emerald carpets with intricate patterns from bright rims of all colors of the palette.

The air is filled with the aroma of wall herbs. White ships-clouds float high in the blue sky. The steppe feasts.

See even more descriptions of June by tag#June

Description of summer - July, August

The jubilant early summer quickly passes, and by the end of June the steppe begins to burn out. The most terrible months for herbs are coming - July, August. The sultry sun without fire and smoke almost completely incinerated the steppe vegetation. From the steppe breathed a lifeless semi-desert. Not a single encouraging green speck is visible.

But at the scorched steppe there are still preserved in some places the corners, full of unusual beauty. Over there, on a cliff, descending in steps to the river valley, some mysterious spots are whitening. But it's hard to guess what it is. Closer, closer, and a wonderful pale pink clearing opens up in front of you, completely overgrown with low bushes of yurei (head-headed). Widely stretched on the ledge of the slope, it smoothly falls to the valley. The incessant buzz of bees stands over thousands of pale pink bushes.

The glade is not large, but it stands out so strikingly and beautifully against the background of faded herbs that it absorbs all your attention and therefore seems huge and especially beautiful. The impression is that you are standing in the middle of a luxurious mountain meadow.

For more summer descriptions, see the tag#Summer

Description of autumn - October

October came, and with it Golden autumn, that autumn that asks for the artist’s canvas, Levitan’s - affectionate, thoughtfully sad, indescribably beautiful.

Autumn does not like the flashy colors of a stormy spring, the blinding daring sun, the furiously roaring thunderstorm. Autumn is all in subtle colors - soft, gentle, charming. She listens with quiet sadness to the rustle of falling leaves, the silence of the forest going to rest, the farewell cries of cranes in the high sky.

Shrubs give a lot of color to autumn landscapes. Various by appearance, autumn color and brightness, they fill the undergrowth and forest edges in a motley crowd. The gentle blush of currants and scarlet lashes of wild grapes, orange-red hawthorn and crimson svidina, flaming skumpia and blood-red barberry, skillfully woven into the compositions of autumn paintings, enrich them with a unique play of colors on their leaves.

On the edge of the forest stands a slender ash tree in a beautiful cloak of countless elusive golden-greenish halftones, radiating streams of calm light. Gilded openwork leaves are sharply minted on the dark bark of the trunk and branches, then, hanging in the still air, they seem translucent, somehow fiery and fabulous.

The high svidina, all engulfed by the autumn fire, having moved close to the ash tree, created an incomparable play of colors - gold and crimson. On the other side handsome forest the short cotoneaster has skillfully decorated its leaves with pink, red and orange tones and halftones and scattered them in intricate patterns on thin branches.

This forest picture in kind is so good that, admiring it, you feel in your soul a feeling of wonderful music. Only on these unforgettable days of the year can one observe in nature such an extraordinary richness and harmony of colors, such a rich tonality, such subtle beauty penetrating all of nature, that not visiting a forest or a grove at this time means losing something very valuable and dear.

For more descriptions of autumn, see the tag#Autumn

Beautiful, fabulous description of nature in winter

Not a single season can compare in beauty and splendor with snow-white elegant winter: neither bright, cheerful, jubilant spring, nor summer, unhurried and dusty, nor enchanting autumn in farewell attire.

Snow fell, and such a fabulously wonderful world suddenly appeared outside the window, so much captivating beauty, poetry opened up in the street boulevards, squares and parks that you looked closely at, that it was impossible to sit in the room. I was irresistibly drawn to perceive with my own eyes the immense milky-white dome of the sky, and the myriads of playful snowflakes falling from the heights, and the newly revived trees and shrubs, and all the transformed nature.

Winter has no other brush than white. But look at the inimitable skill with which she wields this brush. Winter does not just sweep away the autumn slush or the ugly traces of a broken thaw. No, she, skillfully using the play of chiaroscuro, creates picturesque corners of the winter landscape everywhere, gives everything an unusual, artistic look.

In winter, elegant attire, one cannot recognize either a decrepit gnarled apricot, or a rickety dilapidated fence, or an ugly heap of garbage. In the place of a faceless lilac bush, such a wonderful creation of the mistress of winter suddenly appeared that you involuntarily slow down your steps in admiration for it. And really, you can’t immediately tell when the lilac is more charming - in May or now, in winter. Even yesterday, the boulevards, drearily wet in the rain, today, at the whim of winter, have become a festive decoration.

But the sorceress of winter, in addition to magical snowflakes, has one more invincible weapon in store for conquering human hearts - precious pearls of hoarfrost.

Billions of needles of hoarfrost turned modest squares into fabulous radiant halls that suddenly appeared at the crossroads of streets. In the hitherto gloomy blackened bare forests, the trees, throwing on fragile pearl clothes, stand like brides in wedding dresses. The restless wind, having flown on them, froze with delight on the spot.

Nothing moves in the air. Silence and silence. The Kingdom of the Fairytale Snow Maiden.

The days of February are running. And now it's March again. And again, seasonal pictures of nature that we have seen dozens of times before pass before our eyes. Boring? But nature does not stamp its creations according to the eternal pattern. One spring is never a copy of another, just like the rest of the year. This is the beauty of nature and the secret of its enchanting power.

The charm of pictures of nature is similar to the charm of immortal works of art: no matter how much we admire them, no matter how much we revel in their melodies, they do not lose their inspiring power.

The beauty of nature develops in us a noble sense of beauty, awakens creative imagination, without which a person is a soulless machine.

For more descriptions of winter, see the tag#Winter

Nature Conservation and School Local History

It remains to say a little about the protection of nature. Faithful guardian of nature - disinterested love for her. Schoolchildren's care of the school garden, floriculture, experimental work at school sites, at young naturalist stations - all this is not enough to educate schoolchildren in a loving, caring attitude towards nature, native steppe, forest. In all such pursuits, there is a certain mercenary beginning. A schoolboy takes care of “his” tree with love and immediately breaks “someone else's”. The schoolgirl admires the richness of forms and colors in the gladioli and peonies she breeds and does not notice the wonderful clearings in nature.

In the fight for the preservation of native nature school local history may be one of the effective measures. The teacher, who has become close to nature, has an unselfish, careful attitude to her, unfeigned, without a shadow of any sentimentality, a manifestation of joyful emotions caused by the colors of many-sided nature, native landscapes, will involuntarily slip and be transmitted to schoolchildren on excursions, hikes and other similar cases. This will strengthen the ranks of faithful defenders of nature.

Finishing my story, I will note that I am not yet a decrepit, dissatisfied grumbler with everything. To the best of my ability, I continue to conduct phenological observations, I do not interrupt my scientific connection with the Phenocenter (Leningrad), I try to follow methodical literature, I give feedback on the work sent occasionally, I write. In a word, I have not yet climbed onto a warm stove.

school phenology

I also invested a lot of time and effort in school phenology. Phenological observations provide less food for the creative search of the teacher than innovative work with visual aids, but even they can add a lot of life-giving element to the work of the teacher.

In 1918, in connection with the collection of a herbarium, I began to conduct fragmentary phenological observations on plants and some animals. Having obtained some literature on phenology, I ordered my observations and continued them quite successfully.

In the spring of 1922, students of grades 5-6 of the railway school were involved in phenological observations by me. I made simple devices - a tenemeter and a goniometer, with the help of which the schoolchildren observed the apparent movement of the sun. A year later, our first wall charts appeared with a colorful image of the observed phenolic objects, the spring course of the sun and temperature. None guidelines there was no school phenology in the literature of that time and, of course, my undertaking had blunders and failures. And yet it was an interesting, exciting job. Phenological observations often posed before me questions, for the solution of which it was necessary to look sharply and thoughtfully at the phenomena of nature, to rummage through books, and then little secrets of nature were revealed.

Nothing escaped the keen eyes of the schoolchildren. in early spring, nor in winter time. So, on December 12, they noticed frogs swimming under the ice, and on December 28, a toad jumping in the yard. This was interesting news not only for schoolchildren, but, frankly, for me as well. And so our first wall table appeared in the classroom with the April pheno-observations. What only was not shown on it! Under the graph of the course of the sun and the weather, drawn by me, in the order of the onset of phenomena, the following were depicted: the beginning of a molt in a cow, a horse, a dog, a cat, the passage of birds, the arrival of swallows, the appearance of lizards, frogs, butterflies, the flowering of grasses and trees, and others. The drawings were made by students and pasted on old, scribbled paper, which we had found with difficulty in the office. railway station. The table was far from shining in appearance, but in terms of content it was interesting and useful in terms of teaching. We were proud of her.

Soon, having established contact with the research institute of the Central Bureau of Local Lore (TsBK), I began to send him summaries of my phenomenal observations. The awareness that your observations are used in research work The CBC and you thereby participate in them stimulated these classes.

The CBC, for its part, supported my undertakings at school, supplying current literature on phenology.

When the first All-Russian Conference of Phenologists was convened in Moscow in 1937, the TsBK invited me. The meeting was very small, and I was the only representative of the schools.

Starting with ingenuous observations of the course seasonal events nature, I began to gradually turn from a simple observer into an inquisitive local historian-phenologist. At one time, while working at the Novocherkassk Museum, I sent out phenological questionnaires on behalf of the museum throughout the Azov-Chernomorsky Territory, repeatedly spoke at regional and city conferences of teachers with reports on the formulation and significance of school phenological observations published in regional and local newspapers. My reports on phenology at the All-Union Geographical Congress in Moscow (1955) and at the All-Union Congress of Phenologists in Leningrad (1957) received a positive response in the central press.

From my many years of practice in school phenology, I well remember the spring of 1952, which I met in the distant village of Meshkovskaya, lost in the Upper Don steppes. In this village, I lived with my sick wife, who needed the healing steppe air, for about a year. Having got a job as a teacher at the age of ten, in order to organize phenological observations, I began to explore local opportunities for these classes. According to students and local residents, in the vicinity of the village in some places the remnants of virgin steppes still untouched by the plow have been preserved, and the beams are overgrown with shrubs, trees and herbs.

The local steppes species composition plants differed from the steppes of the Lower Don known to me. For a phenologist, all this was extremely tempting, and I looked forward to the arrival of spring.

As always, schoolchildren of grades 6-10 were involved in phenological observations, living both in the village itself and in the surrounding farms, that is, 5-10 kilometers from it, which significantly expanded the area of ​​our phenological observations.

In early spring, the school hung in a conspicuous place a large wall chart depicting the still bare “phenological tree”, on which seasonal phenomena were noted during the course of spring. A small board with three shelves was placed next to the table, on which there were bottles of water to display living plants.

And now on the table appeared images of the first heralds of spring: starlings, wild ducks, geese, and a few days later, to my amazement, bustards (?!). In the steppes of the Lower Don, there was no trace of this giant bird a long time ago. So our table gradually turned into a colorful “phenological tree”, and live flowering plants with labels filled all the shelves. The table and the plants on display attracted everyone's attention. During the spring in front of students and teachers about 130 species of plants. A small reference herbarium was compiled from them.

But this is only one side of the matter, so to speak, service. The other consisted in the personal experiences of the teacher-phenologist. It is impossible to forget the aesthetic pleasure that I experienced at the sight of the lovely woods, in a great number of doves under the still sleeping trees in the ravine forest. I was alone, and nothing prevented me from perceiving the subtle beauty of nature. I had many such joyful encounters.

I described my experience at the Meshkovskaya school in the journal Natural History at School (1956, No. 2). In the same year, the drawing of my Meshkovsky "phenological tree" was placed in the Great Soviet Encyclopedia (V. 44. P. 602).

Phenology

(Pensioner)

After I retired, I devoted myself entirely to phenology. Based on his long-term (1934-1950) observations, he compiled a calendar of nature for Novocherkassk (The calendar of nature presents a list of seasonal natural phenomena arranged in chronological order indicating the average long-term dates of their onset at this point. N. P.) and its environs.

I subjected my phenomaterials to mathematical processing in order to find out their practical suitability in the local economy. I tried to find signaling devices among flowering plants best timing carrying out various agricultural activities. It was research and painstaking work. Armed with Pomorsky's "Variational Statistics" manual, I sat down to tedious calculations. Since the results of the analyzes turned out to be encouraging in general, I tried not only to find agricultural signaling devices among flowering plants, but also to predict the time of their flowering, which significantly increased the practical significance of the proposed method. Hundreds of analyzes I have done have confirmed the correctness of the theoretical conclusions. It remains to put the theory into practice. But this was the work of the collective farm agronomists.

Throughout my long work on the issues of agricultural phenolic alarms, I kept a business relationship with the phenosector Geographic Society(Leningrad). On this topic, I have repeatedly made presentations at meetings of pest control specialists. Agriculture in Rostov, at the All-Union Congress of Phenologists in Leningrad (1957). My article "Phenosignalizers in Plant Protection" was published in the journal Plant Protection (Moscow, 1960). Rostizdat in 1961 published my small work "Signals of Nature".

As an ardent popularizer of phenological observations among the general population, for my many years of activity in this field, especially after retirement, I made many reports, messages, lectures, conversations, for which I made at least a hundred wall tables and as many more small ones.

This ebullient period of my phenological activity always evokes gratifying memories in my soul.

Behind long years communication with nature and, in particular, over the past 15-20 years, when from the end of March to the end of October I was almost daily in the steppe or grove, I became so accustomed to nature that I felt among plants, as among close friends.

You used to walk along the blooming June steppe and joyfully greet old friends in your soul. You will bend over to the indigenous inhabitant of the former steppe freedom - field strawberries and “ask with your eyes” how she lives this summer. You stand in the same silent conversation near the mighty handsome iron ore and walk to other green acquaintances. It was always unusually joyful to meet after a long winter with spring primroses - golden goose onions, delicate bouquets of tiny (1-2 cm high!) Semolina and other pets of early spring.

By that time, I was already over seventy, and as before, like a three-year-old boy, I admired every steppe flower. It was not senile lisping, not cloying sentimentality, but some kind of inspiring merging with nature. Something similar, only incomparably deeper and finer, is probably experienced by great artists of the word and brush, such as Turgenev, Paustovsky. The elderly Saryan said not so long ago: “I never cease to be amazed by nature. And this delight before the sun and spring, before the blossoming apricot and the majesty of giant mountains, I try to depict on canvas ”(Izvestia. 1966. May 27).

Years passed. In 1963, I turned 80 years old. Old people's diseases began to set in. In the warm season, I was no longer able to go, as in previous years, 8-12 kilometers into the steppe or sit without getting up at a desk for ten hours. But I was still irresistibly attracted to nature. And I had to be content with close walks out of town.

The steppe beckons to itself with its endless expanses, mysteriously blue distances with ancient mounds on the horizon, an immense dome of the sky, songs of jubilant larks ringing in the heights, lively multi-colored carpets underfoot. All this evokes high aesthetic experiences in the soul, enhances the work of fantasy. True, now that the virgin lands are almost completely plowed up, the steppe emotions have somewhat weakened, but the Don expanses and distances have remained just as immense and enticing. So that nothing distracts me from my observations, I always wander through the steppe alone, and not along rolled lifeless roads, but along paths overgrown with impassable thickets of grasses and shrubs, steppe slopes untouched by a plow, rocky cliffs, deserted gullies, that is, in places where steppe plants and animals hide from people.

Over the long years of studying phenology, I have developed the habit and skills to look closely at the beauty of the surrounding nature, whether it is a wide open landscape or a modest violet lurking under a bush. This habit also affects the conditions of the city. I cannot pass by the mirrored puddles scattered on the panels by a swooping summer cloud, so as not to look for a moment into the bottomless wonderful blue of the overturned sky. In April, I cannot help admiring in passing the golden caps of dandelions that flared up under the doorway that sheltered them.

When my failing health did not allow me to roam the steppe to my heart's content, I moved closer to my desk.

Beginning in 1934, brief summaries of my phenological observations were published in the Novocherkassk newspaper Znamya Kommuny. In the early years, these were dry information messages. Then I began to give them a descriptive character, and from the end of the fifties - a narrative one with some pretense of artistry.

It used to be a joy to wander the steppe in search of plants unknown to you, to create new devices and tables, to work on the burning issues of pheno-signaling. This developed creative thought and ennobled life. And now my creative fantasy, which had been hushed up due to old age, again found its use in literary work.

And the joyful torments of creativity began. In order to sketch a sketch of the life of nature for a newspaper or magazine, I often sat for hours at my desk. Notes were regularly published in the Novocherkassk and Rostov newspapers. The consciousness that my notes open the eyes of the townsfolk to the beauty in the familiar nature and thereby calling them to its protection, gave importance to these activities. Based on their materials, I wrote two small books: Notes of a Phenologist (1958) and Steppe Etudes (1966), published by Rostizdat.

How you will be understood by others largely depends on the ability to correctly express your thoughts. It is for this reason that the Russian language is one of the main subjects school curriculum. It begins with calligraphy in the first grade and is taught throughout the entire period of study. For many, it is quite problematic to learn to write without errors - this is evidenced by the culture of a person’s speech, the way he expresses himself and speaks. Some educators believe that the ability to speak correctly largely determines the literacy of the individual and his ability to express his thoughts. It is for this reason that the educational program is aimed rather not at memorizing the rules of the Russian language, but at developing the ability to stylistically correctly build one's reasoning. To this end, the school a large number of works aimed at description. Their examples are quite simple: or, say, how the child spent the holidays.

Such tasks allow the student to develop the ability to correctly select the right words and, as a result, to express themselves correctly.

What is a description

A description is any passage of text or saying that reveals the meaning of what is seen or heard. In fact, the same description of nature comes down to the verbal transfer of what he saw to paper. As a rule, for the first time a person encounters this type of text at school in Russian language lessons. Modern educational programs are constructed in such a way that junior middle school students, namely the fifth or sixth grade, write essays in which they need to make, for example, a description of flowers or a person. In fact, there is nothing difficult or unusual in such a task, however, the child may have certain difficulties for the reason that he has never described anything in a coherent text before.

Types of description

In general, all descriptions can be conditionally divided into two large groups: living and non-living. The first type should include people, animals, plants, nature, in a word, everything that can be considered animated. The second type is also quite common: this includes a description of the city, seasons, things, technology. Despite such a division, the ways of narrating can overlap, since in the works there must certainly be some literary presentation, involving the use of means of artistic expression. Of course, this comes with time, and the first compositions will not at all look like perfectly written texts. But with the proper level of erudition of the child, over time, he will learn to depict anything with suitable words, whether it is a description of nature or a person.

Description plan

Despite the fact that in the lessons the teacher is obliged to give the students the plan according to which the description should be made, examples of such work may be different. Let's try to consider a certain universal way of writing such essays. First, you need to highlight for yourself the main points on which the structure of the work will be built, namely the introduction, main part, conclusion or conclusion.

It is important to note that in such works is absent. This is logical, because it is difficult to single it out if the task is, for example, a description of a city. Each part has its own size. The introduction is short, a couple of general sentences that set the tone for the entire essay. The main part is more detailed, here will be the main points. The conclusion is general impression from the described object. In the introduction, it should be said about how the object was created - if it is a picture, then by whom and when it was painted, if it is a building, then who is its architect. The main part will be discussed below, and in the conclusion, as a rule, they write about whether they liked or disliked the object and why.

How to Express Your Thoughts

When writing such a work, it is very important how the author will lead the story. One of the most successful methods of description is the choice of the brightest details and their detailed analysis. There is another way, which consists in a general overview of all available details. Here it is very important to guess if, for example, the Artist could make a certain accent that needs to be caught. In this case, the description will be bright. Still very important point is that it is necessary to accurately select expressions so that the reader of the work can clearly imagine the described object. Of course, such skill is inherent only to talented writers, but with hard work you can achieve good results.

Description at school

The most acute issue is school descriptions, since it is here that the first difficulties are revealed. In general, only some types of work are used in tasks, having analyzed them, you can successfully cope with any task. How to do this will be the subject of the second part of the article. As a rule, description tasks are based on various paintings by famous artists.

Surely an artistic description of nature is what every student first of all encounters. There is no need to be afraid of this, because there is a certain plan, following which you can cope with the task without much difficulty. So, there is a task that requires a description. Let's look at examples below.

Description of the landscape

First, you must follow exactly the plan that was presented above. We are interested in the main part, since it raises the most questions. There is such a rule: when describing any picture, you should move in one direction. What does it mean? Everything is pretty simple. If there is a landscape, then it is necessary to describe objects, for example, from top to bottom or vice versa. This will allow you not to forget a single detail and get a holistic view of the picture. Further, when moving, it is required to select any object and describe its position in the overall composition, not forgetting to use expressions, as this will make the presentation more literary.

Also important is the way the author called his picture. From this we can conclude what should be paid special attention. If, for example, he called the painting "Summer", this means that you should pay attention to all the attributes of this season and try to find them on the canvas. In this case, the description of the summer will be quite successful. For example, a description of such a picture may briefly look like this: “In the painting by artist N, we see a picturesque landscape captured in a hot summer season. The sun is at its zenith, so we can conclude that it is noon now. The weather is calm, there is no wind , do not move. The bright colors on the field emphasize that now is June - the juiciest time" and so on.

Description of people

The second most popular task is the description of various portraits. In fact, it is not much different from any other species, but the principle here is slightly different. If you want to make an example, you can consider in any work of classical literature. The professional author easily "runs" over the appearance of the hero, examining his clothes, face and stopping attention on some distinctive features, which allows you to revive the story. This technique will look very advantageous in any work. But it is necessary to have a sense of proportion, namely, not to dwell on one detail. The very essence of the description is to most accurately convey the main features of the object in the shortest possible time.

Description of plants

A favorite topic of many artists is the image of plants, which is why one often has to face the problem of describing them. Here you should pay attention to the fact that, as a rule, such objects are small in size, so the author of the picture focuses on the details.

Description of colors can serve a prime example. If the picture is a still life, then you will have to try to notice all the features that the artist conveyed. Dewdrops, broken stamens, or irregularly shaped petals are all important details that convey the mood of the painting and should therefore be included in the description. In general, there are no cardinal differences. The only thing to pay attention to is the paints. The color of a plant can play a rather significant role, so it is necessary to turn to materials that reveal the meaning of color symbols.

Other descriptions

In addition to the notorious pictures, another type of task can be a description of the holidays. Probably, everyone wrote about how he spent them, without fail including a description of the summer in his story. Here it is worth paying attention to some general details that are associated with a particular season, something that anyone can easily imagine. Then the work will look very advantageous.

Conclusion

Of course, you can give a lot of advice on how to write a description. Examples will not be superfluous, but they can be. When writing any work, style is very important. Its presence in most cases can significantly help, even if a person does not have the information. Borrowing other people's thoughts can lead to blunting the writing talent that everyone has. And this, in turn, is fraught with the fact that in high school or on exams it will be difficult for the student to concentrate and correctly express his thoughts. If a child is independently able to complete the description of an object, it means that he not only knows how to correctly express his thoughts, but does it confidently and quickly. Undoubtedly, this needs to be learned, and only practice will be useful here. Knowing the Russian language is the duty of every citizen of Russia.

Description of nature

Karnaukhova Larisa Veniaminovna,
teacher of Russian language and literature
GBOU secondary school №583
Primorsky district of St. Petersburg

Lesson Objectives:

Training: get acquainted with the features of texts describing nature: composition, style of speech, language means;

Prepare for writing an essay, using the works of masters of the word (Russian poets and writers) as a sample.

Developing: to develop the mental and speech activity of students, the ability to analyze, compare, develop communication skills, creative abilities.

Educational: to cultivate a careful and responsible attitude to the word; sense of beauty; improve ethical interpersonal communication skills.

Based on the wording of the topic, form the objectives of the lesson.

Use key words:

1. Get to know ....

2. Study....

Problem tasks of the lesson:

How to write a description essay winter nature(how to create a description text, what means (language) to use; what parts will it consist of, in what style will it be written?)

Today at the lesson we will work in groups. Leaders organize the activities of the groups. A good beginning is an assistant to the cause.

Group work

1. Get acquainted with the features of the description of nature;

2. Prepare for writing an essay - a description of winter nature.

Checking the group assignment completed in the previous lesson. Each group worked with the text describing the nature of the exercises.

What is a landscape? Remind me. (Landscape is a description of nature.)

And with the help of what (besides words) can a landscape be created? (With the help of colors - painting, sounds - music)

Take a look at the reproduction of I Grabar's painting "February Blue". The artist used transparent, cold tones. The whole picture is permeated with a feeling of freshness, purity.

I. Grabar: “All nature celebrated some kind of holiday - the holiday of the azure sky, pearl birches, coral branches and sapphire shadows on lilac snow.”

What unites different types art?

(Love of writers, poets and artists to native nature, admiring its charms).

Well, we must describe the winter nature in words and choose them correctly.

Let us recall the words of K. Paustovsky:

“If the writer, while working, does not see behind the words what he is writing about, then the reader will not see anything behind him either. But if the writer sees well what he writes about, then the simplest and sometimes erased words acquire novelty, evoke in him those thoughts, feelings, state that the writer wanted to convey to him.

1 group worked with the concept of text. (textbook Russian language grade 6, Baranova N.T., Ladyzhenskaya T.A., Trostentsova L.A. and others. exercise 277)

(Text by Ivan Bunin)

This statement is a text, since a text is a combination of sentences related in meaning and with the help of linguistic means.

That is, all the signs of the text are saved here:

1. Offers are mutually related;

2. There is semantic completeness;

3. There is intonation completeness;

4. Divided into parts.

The second part is bright, joyful colors.

In the third part - a description of the forest and its colors in the morning. (The deep shadow of the clearing, the blue shadow of the sledge track, the green crowns of the pines, the golden sunlight).

We called the text of Ivan Bunin - "Bright colors winter forest».

The essay should have a title that reflects the topic.

2 group worked with the concept of types of speech.

1. Narration - the image of successive actions. It consists of the beginning, the development of the action, the culmination (the highest moment of the action), the denouement. Questions that can be put to the narrative text: What happened? How did events develop?

Parts of speech: verbs predominate.

2. Description - the image of simultaneous signs of an object or phenomenon. Comprises:

1. General idea of ​​the subject;

2. Descriptions of details, parts;

Object of description: nature, man, animal, room.

Questions - what is the subject?

Parts of speech - adjectives predominate.

3. Reasoning is a type of speech that sets out the causes of phenomena or events, their interconnection. Comprises:

1. Thesis (a thought that needs to be proved);

2. Arguments (evidence), examples;

3. Conclusions.

Questions that can be asked for reasoning: why?

The speech type of this text is a description of a winter forest. The main idea is how bushes, stumps, branches look in a snowy forest. There are many adjectives in the text (a miserable bush, a tiny clearing, funny faces), comparisons (a bush that looks like a broom, brushwood looks like lace, fir branches like paws).

3 group worked with the concept of style of speech.

Conversational style; communication function, used in conversations, dialogues.

Features: ease, emotionality.

Colloquialisms, dialectisms are used.

scientific style; function-message, used in textbooks, scientific papers.

Features: accuracy, clarity.

Official business: function-message, used in documents, statements, regulations, laws.

Features: formality, accuracy.

journalistic; function-impact, used in newspaper or magazine articles, speeches.

Style fiction; function-emotionality;

It is used - in stories, novels, poems, poems.

Features: figurative and expressive means are used (epithets, metaphors, comparisons, personifications)

The text is a description of winter in a scientific style.

Winter is one of the four seasons.

The coldest time after autumn and before spring. (From dictionaries: Dictionary of the Russian language by Ozhegov and Shvedova and the dictionary of the living Great Russian language by V.I. Dahl)

The text is a conversational description of winter.

Went outside in the morning. Frost! Oh, and refrigeration! Oh! I'm running into the heat (Collusions, nouns with evaluative suffixes.)

In what style will you create your text?

So, we will learn how to create a text: a description of nature in an artistic style (that is, use various visual and expressive means).

Exercise.

Determine the season by its properties: long-awaited, magical, wonderful, dazzling, bewitching (winter).

With the help of what words will we highlight the qualities, signs of objects and phenomena? (epithets)

An epithet is an artistic, expressive definition.

Epithets convey sounds, meaning, color, mood, impression.

An epithet is an adjective in a figurative sense.

Exercise.

Let's see if each definition is an epithet. Each group works with two phrases, draws conclusions.

1. First group.

Stone building - stone face. (A building built of stone - a face that does not express any emotions (nothing), frozen).

Epithet: stone face, as in this case, in a figurative sense, the word stone is used in this expression. We think that the author uses this epithet to show something remarkable in a person's face, to create his image.

2.Second group

Golden ring- golden fire (A golden ring is a ring made of a precious stone-gold. The word is used in its literal sense. Golden fire is beautiful, brilliant, sparkling, similar to gold. The adjective is used figuratively.)

3.Third group

Deep Lake is a magical lake. (Deep lake - the adjective denotes the size in depth, has a direct meaning, is a simple designation). (Magic lake - the epithet means: the lake is charming, captivating, the author uses it to create an image, here the author's attitude to the lake is conveyed: admiration, admiration, joyful mood).

Outcome

Thus, the epithet not only highlights the properties, features of the subject, but also creates an image, conveys the attitude of the author, that is, it is a figurative and expressive means (linguistic).

Exercise: Write out epithets from poems, prose text, show their role.

First group:

K. Balmont: "Snowflake": description of a snowflake using epithets:

Light fluffy,

snowflake white,

What a pure

How brave!

Dear stormy

Easy to carry

Not in the sky azure,

Asking for the ground.

Azure miraculous

She left

Myself into the unknown

The country has fallen.

In the rays of shining

Slides, skillful,

Among the melting flakes

Preserved white.

Under the blowing wind

Trembling, uplifting,

On him, cherishing,

Light swings.

his swing

She is comforted

With his blizzards

Spinning wildly.

But here it ends

The road is long

touches the earth,

Crystal star.

lies fluffy,

Snowflake is bold.

What pure, What white!

The epithets of K. Balmont give the description of a snowflake musicality, draw the image of a snowflake, convey the author's admiration, admiration, feelings - joy, surprise, charm.

Question: What mood do we get? (fabulous, light)

Second group

Nikolai Brown's poem:

Is it snow flying from the heights

To forests, fields and thickets,

Is he like dead chalk,

Only white, white, white?

All needle-like from the frost,

At dawn it is soft pink,

He is far away, in the shadows, in the valley

Blue and even blue!

Snow is described using epithets: needle snow, pale pink snow, blue snow, blue snow.

The first epithet denotes the similarity of snow with needles in shape, the epithets pale pink, blue, blue are color epithets that show the richness of the colors of winter snow, paint a picture of winter nature in words, make it possible to feel the colorful, multi-colored nature of Russian nature.

There is a mood of surprise, solemn and beautiful.

Third group

Ivan Shmelev "Summer of the Lord"

“What a beauty! The first star, and then another ... There are more and more stars. And what stars! Mustachioed, alive, fighting, pricking the eye. There is frost in the air, through it the stars are larger, shining with different lights - blue, crystal, blue and green ...

Freezing! The snow is blue, strong, squeaks thinly. On the street - snowdrifts, mountains. And the air is blue, silvered with dust, smoky, starry.

Snow is blue and hard.

The air is smoky, starry.

The epithets are mostly color, convey the elegance of winter nature, create a sense of celebration.

Language means are distinguished by their expressive power in conveying thoughts and feelings, they convey excitement, colorfulness, emotionality - all this allows you to visualize the picture vividly and vividly.

Collective planning.

1. Winter has come.

2. Snow, trees, forest, sky, sun, air, patterns - a winter picture.

3. Winter mood (festive, cheerful, cheerful, cheerful, warm)

What main images will help you draw a verbal winter landscape?

Air - quiet, transparent, frosty, silvery.

Forest - silent, bewitched.

Winter - fabulous, magical, formidable, cruel, amazing, wonderful, magical, sorceress, sorceress.

Snow - shiny, New Year's, fabulous, fluffy, silvery.

Reflection.

We live close to nature, which soothes, pleases, exalts the soul.

Nature is a source of mysteries and secrets, but they are revealed only to a keen eye and a sensitive heart. Today you all were just like that, stay the same, and then you will discover all the riches of Russian nature that can be expressed with the help of words.

Questions:

1. What have we learned?

2. What is this knowledge useful for?

3. Have we reached the goal?

4. What difficulties have arisen?

Among the many feelings, select 1-2 (delight, joy, surprise)

Applications for the lesson.

Group rules.

1. Listen to your partner carefully.

2. Ask and clarify to be sure that you understood him correctly.

3. Highlight positive responses first.

4. When in difficulty, ask for help from a partner, helping yourself if you are asked.

5. Remember: together you will do much more than either individually.

The following educational technologies were used in the lesson:

Differentiated learning technologies that allowed the teacher to take into account individually - psychological features children by area of ​​interest, by level of achievement ( mental development), by personal types (type of thinking, character, temperament).

This was facilitated by the division of children for group work, differentiated tasks (according to the level of complexity) for each of the groups;

Collaboration technology that helped provide joint activities teachers and students on the basis of mutual understanding, democratization (work in groups to complete tasks on the text, speech styles);

The technology for the development of critical thinking, which enabled students not only to perceive information meaningfully, but also to analyze it, highlight the main and secondary, draw conclusions (comparative tasks for identifying epithets and definitions).

Research technology - search, identification of problems that ensured the mental activity of students, developed independence (for example, assignments to identify problems and objectives of the lesson);

Game technologies. An entertaining game was used in the lesson: find out the subject by the attribute - determine the season by the adjective.

Essay - description

Nature - the material world of the Universe, in essence - the main object of study of science. In everyday life, the word "nature" is often used in the sense habitat habitat (everything that is not created by man).
A corner of nature can be found everywhere: on the street, at home, at school, at work in the form of simple flower pots or flowers in a vase that people give to please those who they present them to. But I have a difficult, but let’s say, not the worst, task - to describe something so beautiful, charmingly fragile, perfect in its beauty, creative, so that the description of “this” would not bore those reading my essay and, of course, evaluated positively. At the very beginning of my reflections, I thought to describe the nature of my beloved city of Almaty. Trees that in summer give the city a lively blooming view, despite the clutter and a large number of cars spoiling the air. In autumn, the leaves are painted in different tones of yellow, red, green, but in winter this color fades and snow appears on the branches, which shelters them from the cold and wet wind. In the spring we feel the pleasant smell of blooming lilacs, apples, apricots, which subsequently take on appetizing forms and we want to pick, but we are afraid that a neighbor of retirement age will come out and drive her away, with the experience of a soldier driving the enemy from the battlefield behind her shoulders, and such a desired piece of free happiness turns into "quickly hide and rip off."
And yet my thoughts have come to such an urgent solution to the problem, which I hope no one has thought of before me! (At this point, you need to giggle, rubbing your palms together, over the genius and greatness of my imagination) I decided to describe a flower that grows on high limestone mountains and about which legends were made by those who knew how to do it. This flower for me is the most incomprehensible combination of tenderness, vulnerability, beauty, intertwined with a thirst for life, perseverance and purposefulness. I think everyone knows the legend of Edelweiss, scientists call it Leontopodium, which means lion's paw. It has become a symbol of inaccessibility and good luck. Imagine a steep limestone mountain, and somewhere in the depths of the rocks this fragile flower, only 15-25 cm long, is hiding. Its petals seem to be covered with frost, which surround the inflorescence in the form of a star. The size is not at all large, it seemed unremarkable, but there is so much mystery and mystery in it, which fascinates and makes one marvel at such perfect beauty. A soothing beautiful sight, as rare as it is unusual, and found in special places where harmony reigns.

Beautiful landscapes of nature fill the human soul with delight, only this beauty is truly mesmerizing.

Mini-essay on the topic nature

Option 1. Peculiar and indescribably beautiful nature in autumn. Despite the fact that rain and fog are quite frequent, there are also clear, quiet days for a walk in the nearest forest. Swear, love the golden robe of the forest, listen to the birds singing, look at the birds flying away. Thunder rumbled somewhere in the distance. Drop by drop it began to rain. Hiding under a tree, he looked around. How beautiful it is around I like autumn nature. The air is so fresh! I really don't want to go home.

Option 2. Human and nature are closely related to each other. Nature creates all the conditions for human life, so it is so important to live in harmony with it. Beautiful landscapes of nature fill the human soul with delight, only this beauty is truly mesmerizing. Man's interest in nature is unlimited; how many secrets and mysteries are forests and seas. There's a lot we don't know yet about nature. To enjoy the beauty of nature, you do not need to travel far, just go to a park or forest. Nature is especially beautiful in autumn, when you want to sit on the benches and absorb all its beauty, enjoy it. It is then that you feel how your soul is filled with new colors, how it is saturated with the beauty of the surrounding world. At these moments, you realize how closely people are connected with nature.