Types of coordinating connections in ssp. Compound sentences in literature: examples and types

In the BSC, the components are linearly juxtaposed and do not vary their positions relative to each other; functionally they are equal. SSP is characterized by an extensive system of meanings, in the formation of which, in addition to coordinating conjunctions, certain aspects of the structure of the connected parts and typified elements of their lexical composition participate. A particularly large load falls on the relationship between grammatical and lexico-grammatical categories of predicate verbs (tense, mood, aspect, mode of action) and lexical determiners verb marker(adverbs, particles, modal words, interjections), many of which are easily combined with coordinating conjunctions, forming unstable conjunctions with them: and so, here and, and therefore, and yet, otherwise, well, and, which means, but, and then, but only etc.

Essay (parataxis, coordination)– a syntactic connection of grammatically equivalent units of language, which has its own system of means of expression (coordinating conjunctions).

Complex sentence is a complex sentence, the grammatically equivalent predicative parts of which are connected using a coordinating connection. The predicative parts of SSP, compared to SPP, are more independent, free, and more similar to simple sentences. But their independence is relative, because they do not have intonation and semantic completeness. The parts of the BSC are interdependent to one degree or another. In some SSPs, at the beginning of the first part there is a common component (determinant), the presence of which determines an even closer connection between the parts and indicates greater independence of the second part.

Types of compound sentences. Types of BSC are distinguished by means of syntactic communication and by the nature of the relationships between parts.

According to the type of structure and the nature of semantic relationships between parts, they distinguish:

1) BSC with connecting relations between parts (means of communication - coordinating connecting conjunctions: and yes(in meaning And), too, also, neither...nor);

2) BSC with disjunctive relations between parts (means of communication - coordinating disjunctive conjunctions: or, either, then...that, not that...not that, either...either, or...either, or...or);

3) BSC with comparative relations between parts (means of communication - coordinating adversative conjunctions: ah, but, yes(in meaning But), however, on the other hand);

4) BSC with explanatory relationships between parts (means of communication - coordinating explanatory conjunctions: namely, that is);

5) BSC with gradational relationships between parts (means of communication - coordinating gradational conjunctions: not only...but also, not so much...as, not that...but, not that...but and others).

These types of BSC can be combined into broader categories based on the openness/closeness of the structure. Offers open structure They represent an open series, the parts in them are constructed in the same way, and usually have the meaning of simultaneity. These include sentences with connecting and separating relations between parts. Closed structure proposals represent a closed series. These are two parts that are related semantically and structurally; the second part closes the series and does not imply the presence of a third part. BSCs of a closed structure include sentences with comparative, explanatory and gradational relationships between parts. The closedness of the structure is observed in connection relations, if the BSC is a combination of contrasting or effective parts. This indicates that the openness/closedness of the structure is associated not so much with the nature of the union, but with the semantic-structural interconnectedness of the parts.

Compound sentences of open structure with connecting relationships between parts. Connective relations are relations of logical homogeneity (enumeration). In temporal terms, these are relations of simultaneity or succession. Parts communication means: and yes(in meaning And), neither...nor, too, also.

The most common and universal means of communication is the union And. Sentences with this conjunction have the following basic meanings:

a) simultaneity: O the leaves turn golden in the canopy and the sky turns blue.

b) consequences : He became annoyed and started banging on the door.

c) result or rapid change of events : In the spring, the windows open and noise rushes into the room.

Sentences with conjunction no no mutual exclusions matter, with conjunctions too, also– combine the connecting meaning with the connotation of accession.

Compound sentences of open structure with dividing relations between parts. Separation relations include the meaning of sequential change, alternation of events and phenomena, and a listing of mutually exclusive events and phenomena. Means of communication: or (or), either, then...that, not that...not that, either...either, or...either, or...or.

Union or stylistically neutral and introduces the meaning of mutual exclusion into the sentence : Either you are getting dressed now, or I am going alone. Union or(colloquial) can be repeated or single : Either a lasso on the neck, or a bullet in the back of the head. Unions whether... whether, whether... or contribute the value of a list of mutually exclusive events. Unions then...that, not that...not that, or...or introduce the meaning of mutual exclusion without additional shades or with a hint of assumption : Either the distant sky is blue, or the haze obscures the eye).

Complex sentences of a closed structure with comparative relationships between parts. Comparative relations include the meaning of comparative, adversative, as well as the meaning of inconsistency. Means of communication: ah, but, however, yes(in meaning but), but, but, and then, and not that, but and, and therefore, but then.

Union A expresses the meaning from the actual comparative to the meaning of inconsistency : They scold him, but he rejoices. Union But expresses opposition, union Yes(in meaning But) – additional shade of connection, conjunction same – comparisons and oppositions. By function same similar A, but located same in the second part of the SSP after the member of the sentence on which the logical emphasis falls is placed in first place: His comrades treated him with hostility, but the soldiers truly loved him.. With alliances ah, but, yes Numerous lexical specifiers can be used, which enhance the meaning of co-, opposition or inconsistency, give the sentence a connotation of concession, recompense, etc. In the function of means of communication, adverbs, particles, introductory words and various combinations can be used to design various shades.

A special group consists of BSCs with alternative alliances ato, not that, not that . They convey the meaning of a special opposition - with a touch of convention. The second part in such sentences indicates possible consequences failure to do what is stated in the first part: You should talk to your father today, otherwise he will worry. Alternative unions are characteristic colloquial speech. They convey meanings close to the meanings of words otherwise, otherwise, which often accompany these conjunctions or are independently used as connecting elements of a complex sentence.

Complex sentences of a closed structure with explanatory relationships between parts. In sentences with explanatory relations, the second part is attached to the first by explanatory connecting conjunctions namely, then There is. The second part clarifies and reveals the content of the first, so there is a kind of semantic parallelism here. The first part ends before the union with a significant lowering of the voice and a pause. Union namely brings the meaning of clarification, used in book speech . Union that is also introduces the value of clarification, the second part of such BSC has the nature of an amendment, a reservation: No one smiled at Natasha’s words, that is, the joke was not understood.

Complex sentences with the named conjunctions are rarely used in speech. To express explanatory relationships, non-union constructions are more often used.

Compound sentences of a closed structure with gradational relationships between parts. Special gradation relations can be conveyed in BSC, i.e. strengthening, increasing or, conversely, weakening the significance of the second component of the sentence compared to the first. Such meanings are expressed by conjunctions not only...but also, not so much...as much, not that...but, although and...but. All unions are double, with the first part of the union placed at the beginning of the first part of the SSP, and the second part of the union at the beginning of the second part: He not really cruel, But he is too active in character (L.T.). The dismemberment of the union, the location of its components in different parts sentences closely connect these parts into a single whole.

Every day school program gradually leaves our minds and many simple things may be misleading. The rules of the Russian language cause such difficulties most often. And even such a thing as a complex sentence can lead an adult into a dead end. This article will help you study or update your mind on this topic.

Compound sentence

A complex sentence (CCS) is one in which the parts are connected coordinating connection, which is expressed by coordinating conjunctions. In this case, all elements are equal and independent.

Division by meaning of conjunctions of a complex sentence

1. Connective: and, yes (=and: bread and salt), yes and, and..and.., not only..but also, like..so and;
2. Dividing: either, or..or, either, then..that, either..either, not that..not that;
3. Adverse: a, but, yes (=but: handsome, but stupid), but, however.

When children at school are just introduced to the types of sentences, only the three groups of coordinating conjunctions described above are distinguished. However, in high school Students identify three more groups:

1. Gradational: not only, not so much..as much, not so much..ah, not so much..but also;
2. Explanatory: namely, that is;
3. Connective: moreover, moreover, yes and, too, also.

Thus, a complex sentence is distinguished with connecting conjunctions, disjunctive and adversative, as well as additionally with gradational conjunctions, explanatory and connecting.

Compound sentences: examples and diagrams

After the weekend he felt better and made a complete recovery.

Scheme: (), and (). Compound sentence with conjunction And shows the sequence of actions.

Every day he had to do homework or help his mother with housework.

Scheme: () or (). Dividing Andwhether mutually exclusive events.

Now you shoot something, and I’ll make a fire.

Scheme: (), and (). Union A– adversative, which means there is opposition in the sentence.

Not only her relatives admired her intelligence, but also complete strangers.

Scheme: not only (), but also (). This compound sentence structure divides events by significance and importance.

His leg was broken, meaning he could no longer continue on his own.

Scheme: (), that is (). There is an explanatory conjunction that is.

We have to do this, and we have very little time.

Scheme: (), moreover (). Union besidesprovides additional facts and information.

Punctuation in complex sentences

In BSC, elements are separated by commas, semicolons, or dashes.

The most common punctuation mark is comma. It is placed before both single and repeated coordinating conjunctions:

Let it be as God pleases, but the law must be fulfilled.

Scheme: (), and ().

Either I'll come tomorrow, or you come.

Scheme: or (), or ().

Semicolon used when BSC elements are very common and commas are already used:

The boy was happy about the new kite, ran after it and was the most happy man; and the elements were already preparing to pour rain, disperse the wind and break tree branches.

Scheme: (); A ().

A semicolon can also be used when a sentence has multiple parts:

I have this opinion, and you – other; and each of us is right in our own way.

Scheme: (), a (); And ().

Dash is put when parts of a complex sentence have a sharp opposition or a sharp change of events:

The hall froze for a second – and immediately there was wild applause.

Scheme: () – and ().

When punctuation marks are not used

The parts of the BSC are:

1. Interrogative: When will you be in town again and dare I ask for a meeting?
2. Incentive: Do everything well and may you cope with everything.
3. Exclamation: You are so great and I like everything so much!
4. Named: Cold and wind. Stuffiness and heat.
5. Impersonal offers:It's cold and windy. Stuffy and sultry.

Compound sentence is a complex sentence in which simple sentences are connected by coordinating conjunctions and, as a rule, are equal grammatically and in meaning.

Coordinating conjunctions that connect simple sentences are found between simple sentences and are not included in any of them.

By conjunctions and by meaning compound sentences are divided into six groups.

1. Complex sentences With connecting unions: and yes(= i), nor- neither. They talk about a) the simultaneity of events and phenomena, or b) their succession, or c) the conditionality of one event by another. For example: a) Neither [ viburnum does not grow between them], nor [ grass Not turns green] (I. Turgenev)- No no ; AND [ the wind was rushing fast through the weeds], and [sheaves sparks flew through the fogs]... (A. Blok)- And, and; [Only oriole gi shouting], Yes[cuckoos vying with each other count down someone has unlived years] (M. Sholokhov)- , Yes ;

b) [Two or three fell large drops rain], and [suddenly lightning flashed]. (I. Goncharov) - [], And ; [Door across the street in a brightly lit store slammed], and [from it showed Xia citizen]. (M. Bulgakov)- , And .

V) [Life is given once], and [ I want to live her cheerfully, meaningfully, beautifully] (A. Chekhov)(the second sentence expresses the result, consequence, conclusion from the content of the first) - , and ; [Tell you give her two words], and [ she is saved] (A. Chekhov)(in the first sentence the condition of the action (state) in the second is indicated) - , and ; [It was getting hot], and I hurried home] (M. Lermontov)(in the first sentence the reason for the action in the second is indicated) -, and; [Free seats did not have], and [im had to stand] (V. Rasputin)- , And .

2. Complex sentences with separators unions: or (or), either, whether- or then- this, not that- neither this nor that- either. They indicate alternation phenomena, on possibility (choice) one phenomena of two or several. For example: [The dog will bark brownie], il [ the breeze will rustle in sheets of darkening will fly by] (N. Yazykov [], il , il ; That [ Sun dim glitters], That [ cloud black hanging(N. Nekrasov)

This, that; Not that [ it was getting light], not that [ it was getting dark] (Yu. German)- Not that, not that (in sentences with conjunctions either- either or not- not that mutual exclusion is complicated by the meaning of conjecture or an indication of the difficulty in choosing the exact designation of the situation).

3. Complex sentences With adversative unions: ah, but, yes(= but), however, on the other hand, only. In them, one phenomenon is contrasted with another or differs in some way from it. For example: [Ranks people are given], A [people can be deceived] (A. Griboyedov)- , A ; [Beliefs are instilled theory], [ behavior same is being formed example] (A. Herzen)(union same combines two meanings: an adversative conjunction and an intensifying particle; therefore, it does not stand between simple sentences, but after the first word of the second sentence, highlighting this word) - , [same]; [They, Certainly, don't know me], yes \I them I know] (F. Dostoevsky)- , Yes ; [Fedya never didn't cry], but [ found it's wild at times stubbornness] (I. Turgenev)- , but ; [She didn't move], Just a bit eyebrows moved] (V. Rasputin)- , only ; [Was it's already spring month March], however [at night the trees were cracking from the cold, like in December] (A. Chekhov)- , however . (The adversative conjunction “however” always appears at the beginning of a simple sentence; it can be replaced by the conjunction “but”; a comma is not placed after it. Homonymous to the union introductory word“however” does not appear at the beginning (i.e., in the middle or at the end) of the sentence and is separated in writing by commas. Wed: We were all waiting for him, however (but) he did not come.- We were all waiting for him, but he didn’t come.)

4. Complex sentences With gradational-comparative conjunctions: not only... but also, not that... but (but), if not... then, not that... but (a), not so much... as. In such sentences there is a comparison or opposition of phenomena according to degree
significance: what is communicated in the second sentence is presented as in one way or another more significant, effective or convincing compared to what is said in the first (what is said in the second sentence has for the speaker to a greater extent significance). For example: [ Cmnot really cruel, but [he's too de yat splendid character] (L. Tolstoy)- not just that, but; Not only [ Sonya without paint couldn't stand it this look], but also [old Countess and Natasha blushed, noticing this look] (L. Tolstoy)- Not only but .

5. Complex sentences With connecting unions: and, too, also, moreover, moreover. The second sentence in them has the character of an additional or incidental remark, often unexpected, as if it had just come to mind. [He felt in front of her as a child], and [ she thought him for the child] (F. Dostoevsky)- , yes and ; [Poor Nadenka has nowhere else to go hear those words], and [no one pronounce them] (Ah, Chekhov)- , yes and ; [Face her it was pale], [slightly open lips Same turned pale] (I. Turgenev)- ., [too] (conjunctions Same And Also in meaning they are close to the union And, but they do not stand between simple sentences, but inside the second one).

6. Complex sentences with explanatory notes unions: that is, namely, They indicate the identity, equivalence of situations, while the second sentence explains and concretizes the thought expressed in the first. For example: [Also here lived in his native Lozishchi and to a certain Osip Lozinsky], that is [ lived, to tell the truth, it doesn’t matter] (V. Korolenko)- , that is ; [Men's room the servants were brought we have to a minimum], namely: [for the whole house no more than two lackeys were supposed to be sufficient] (M. Saltykov-Shchedrin)- , namely .

Syntactic analysis of complex sentences

Scheme for parsing a complex sentence

1. Determine the type of sentence according to the purpose of the statement (narrative, interrogative, incentive).

2 Characterize the sentence by emotional coloring (exclamatory or non-exclamatory).

3. Determine the number of simple sentences in a complex sentence and find their boundaries, highlight the grammatical foundations of each simple sentence included in a complex sentence.

4.Indicate what kind of coordinating conjunction connects simple sentences into complex ones, and determine the semantic relationships between them.

5 Create a graphic diagram of a complex sentence.

6. Explain punctuation marks.

Sample analysis of a complex sentence

[You are many years late], but [still I glad) (A. Akhmatova).

The sentence is narrative, non-exclamatory, complex, consists of two simple sentences connected by the coordinating adversative conjunction “but”, a relation of opposition (with a hint of concession); simple sentences within a compound sentence are separated in writing by a comma.

That \ fell as if fog], then [suddenly allowed oblique, large rain] (L. Tolstoy).

This, that.

The sentence is narrative, non-exclamatory, complex, consists of two simple sentences connected by a repeating coordinating disjunctive conjunction “this - that”, an alternation relationship; simple sentences within a compound sentence are separated in writing by a comma.

[Women flash by in tents], and [ mongrels yapping sha-lye], and [samovars roses scarlet are burning in taverns and houses] (O. Mandelstam).

And, and.

The sentence is narrative, non-exclamatory, complex, consists of three simple sentences connected by a repeated coordinating conjunction “and”, simultaneous phenomena are listed; simple sentences within a compound sentence are separated in writing by commas.

Difficult sentence- this is a sentence with two or more predicative stems, and simple sentences as part of a complex sentence form a semantic and intonational whole.

Main types complex sentences.

Complex sentences are divided into allied and non-unionized.

Conjunctive sentences, in turn, are divided into compound and complex sentences.

Thus, there are three main types of complex sentences:

compound, compound and non-union.

Complex sentence.

Compound sentences are:

Punctuation marks in complex sentences.

Note: Sometimes a dash is placed between parts of a complex sentence before the conjunction And if the sentence contains a sharp contrast or a rapid change of events.

Here the north, driving up the clouds, breathed, howled - and here comes the sorceress winter herself (A.S. Pushkin).

Complex sentence.

Features of SPP:

SPP structure:

Conjunctions and allied words in a complex sentence:

Complex sentence with several subordinate clauses.

According to the nature of the subordination of several subordinate clauses, they are divided into three types:
- subordinate clauses with homogeneous subordination;
- subordinate clauses with heterogeneous (parallel) subordination:
- subordinate clauses with sequential subordination.

NOTE: complex sentences with combined subordination are often found: homogeneous + parallel, homogeneous + sequential, sequential + parallel, etc. Therefore, be careful when analyzing the offer.

Punctuation marks in NGN.

Complex sentences- These are sentences consisting of several simple ones.

The main means of connecting simple sentences into complex ones are intonation, conjunctions (coordinating and subordinating) and allied words (relative pronouns and pronominal adverbs).

Depending on the means of communication, complex sentences are divided into allied And non-union. Union proposals are divided into compound And complex.

Compound Sentences (SSPs) are complex sentences in which simple sentences are linked to each other by intonation and coordinating conjunctions.

Types of compound sentences by nature of the conjunction and meaning

Note!

1) Coordinating conjunctions can connect not only parts of a complex sentence, but also homogeneous members. Their distinction is especially important for punctuation marks. Therefore, when parsing, be sure to highlight the grammatical basics to determine the type of sentence (simple with homogeneous members or complex sentence).

Wed: A man walked from a smoky ice hole and carried a large sturgeon(Peskov) - a simple sentence with homogeneous predicates; I'll give you money for the trip, and you can call a helicopter(Peskov) is a complex sentence.

2) Coordinating conjunctions usually take place at the beginning of the second clause (the second simple sentence).

In some places the Danube serves as a border, but it serves and is expensive people to each other(Peskov).

The exception is unions, too, also, particles-unions, only. They necessarily occupy or can occupy a place in the middle of the second part (the second simple sentence).

My sister and I cried, my mother also cried(Aksakov); His comrades treated him with hostility, but the soldiers truly loved him.(Kuprin).

Therefore, when parsing, such complex sentences are often confused with non-union complex sentences.

3) The double conjunction not only..., but also expresses gradational relations and is classified as a connecting conjunction in school textbooks. Very often, when parsing, only the second part is taken into account ( but also) and are mistakenly classified as adversative conjunctions. To avoid making mistakes, try replacing this double conjunction with the conjunction and.

Wed: Language should not only be understandable or simple, but also language must be good (L. Tolstoy). - Language must be understandable or simple, and language must be good.

4) Compound sentences are very diverse in meaning. Quite often they are close in value to complex sentences.

Wed: If you leave, it will become dark(Shefner). - If you leave, it will become dark; I didn't eat anything, but I didn't feel hungry(Tendryakov). - Although I didn't eat anything, I didn't feel hungry.

However, when parsing, it is not this specific value that is taken into account, but the value determined by the type coordinating conjunction(conjunctive, adversative, divisive).

Notes In some textbooks and manuals, complex sentences include complex sentences with explanatory conjunctions that is, namely, For example: The board authorized him to speed up the work, that is, in other words, he authorized himself to do this(Kuprin); Bird flights developed as an adaptive instinctive act, namely: it gives birds opportunity to avoid unfavorable conditions winter(Peskov). Other researchers classify them as complex sentences or separate them into an independent type of complex sentences. Some researchers classify sentences with particles only as non-union sentences.