How to make an SVD from wood drawings. How it's made, how it works, how it works. Making metal plates for the hard drive

Most preschool, school and teenage boys play war games. Either they save the world from alien invaders, or they free hostages from malicious lawbreakers. True, modern children are increasingly becoming players of practical games a la “Counter-Strike”. And for greater clarity, they make intergalactic and standard weapons of their favorite computer characters with their own hands. Therefore, in today’s article we will talk about how to make a sniper rifle from wood.

General characteristics of a sniper rifle

Before you get to work and make a kind of mock-up of a real weapon, it is worth considering the details of the rifle. So, what does it consist of? Depending on its variety and model, the rifle may contain various parts. For example, Dragunov) consists of the following components:

• sniper optical sight;
• store;
• barrel with an open butt and sight, as well as with a receiver;
• covers receiver;
• mechanism with a return principle of operation;
• frames for the shutter and the shutter itself;
• trigger and impact mechanism;
• barrel linings;
• pusher and tubes with regulators and clamps;
• safety guard and butt cheeks.

Next, we will explain to you how to make a sniper rifle out of wood on your own. Let's say right away: there are a lot of options that allow you to make a model of a weapon from wood. However, we decided to take as a basis the simplest one that even a child can handle.

Preparing the workplace and materials

If you decide to make a model of a weapon yourself, you need to prepare a workplace, tools and materials in advance. Moreover, if you are under 12 years old, it is better to leave all the main types of woodwork on the shoulders of your dad or grandfather.

For work, we will need a rectangular piece of wood, the size of which depends on what dimensions, in your opinion, the model you made should be. For example, the dimensions of the finished rifle are 1220 mm in length, 230 mm in height (including the sniper scope), and 88 mm in width.

As a material for the layout, you can use not wood, but a large piece of broken furniture. This could be, for example, a door from the bottom of an old front door, etc. In a word, a do-it-yourself wooden sniper rifle is made from any wood or furniture that is at hand. You will also need a metal tube.

We draw and model the model

When all the parts and workspace are ready, you can begin to solve the problem: “How to make a rifle yourself.” To do this, take a prepared piece of wood and draw the outline of the future rifle on it. It is more advisable to do this with regular white chalk, but if you don’t have one, a marker or even a pen will do. Don't forget to draw sniper scope. Moreover, you should draw not in a three-dimensional, but in a flat variation, that is, as if your model is lying on one side.

Cutting out a model model from wood

At the next stage, take a saw and carefully, following safety rules, cut out your rifle along the drawn contour. At the same time, try to follow the marking pattern and not go beyond its edges. Ideally, a rifle made of wood, created with your own hands, should turn out smooth and close to the original.

We process irregularities with a plane

In order for your model to save you from such an unpleasant phenomenon as splinters, it is recommended to treat the product with a plane. This must also be done in order to give the resulting weapon a softer and more rounded shape.

It is better to process hard-to-reach places using either a metal file. You can round off and polish rough areas of the rifle using sandpaper or sandpaper. After such processing, you should have a model part that is smooth to the touch and, as a result, a beautiful sniper rifle with your own hands.

Making a handle for loading the hard drive bolt

Such a shutter is made from a metal pipe (copper is ideal) using a regular hammer and vice. Then you need to drill a small hole at the bottom of the rifle, into which the handle will then go. The handle itself, made from a pipe, must be polished on a grinding machine. After this, the handle is attached to the lower surface of the rifle using nails and screws.

Making metal plates for the hard drive

At the next stage, decide how to make a sniper rifle out of wood: with or without plates on the hard drive. In this case metal plates will give realism to the model, so it’s still better to make them. To do this, take two small flat rectangles of thin metal sheet, make holes in them for nails with a drill and secure them on both sides of the rifle with fasteners.

Making a barrel for a rifle

To make a rifle barrel, use a thin aluminum tube. Next, you should saw off the excess with a hacksaw and leave the length that you need. After this, make three identical holes in the resulting barrel, two of which will serve as a support for the mount, and the third for the front sight.

If you still haven’t decided to make a model of a weapon and don’t know how to make a sniper rifle out of wood, quickly join us. It will be more interesting later.

At the next stage, we attach the finished barrel to the rifle model and securely fix it. At the final stage, it is recommended to cover the weapon model with a protective coating. The rifle is ready.

How to make working with wood easier?

If you are just thinking about how to make a rifle yourself, and our step-by-step instructions seem complicated to you, you can always simplify it. How to do it? For example, you can take a wooden element, draw an outline on it, cut it, sand it and varnish it without using additional metal elements. So you, on the one hand. simplify your work, and on the other hand, you will create the long-awaited layout with minimal time spent.

As for the remaining elements of the rifle, they can always be completed. By the way, other types of weapons can be made using a similar principle.

What safety rules must be followed when working?

Before making a sniper rifle, take the time to study basic safety rules. For example, it is best to start woodworking in a special apron (it should cover the upper part of your body down to the knees) and gloves. These could be ordinary gloves, which we often buy when we do repairs or paint something.

It is better to hide your hair under a cap or bandana so that it does not interfere. This will protect you from hair getting into the blades of the milling machine and other equipment. For the same reason, before work, it is better to take off long chains and other jewelry, neck scarves and scarves. It is also better not to wear clothes that contain decorative elements, such as ruffles or fringes, while working.

Before making a rifle out of wood, make sure to purchase special safety glasses. You will need them at the moment when you grind and comb wooden models. And they are the ones who will help protect your eyes from small parts of wood, dust and shavings getting into them.

When working with an electric drill, check the serviceability and working condition of all tees and sockets.

What other materials can a sniper rifle be made from?

In addition to wood, a sniper rifle can be made from ordinary paper. It could be an origami style rifle made from several sheets of paper in the style of a 3D model. If desired, it makes sense to make a similar weapon model from plastic bottles, ice, foil, empty milk cartons, etc.

alex---1967 10-06-2013 23:08

quote: And life is short...
And think that somewhere out there, in the great abysses Russian libraries lie
such plans await their discoverer...

I think YOU are wrong. Libraries do not receive drawings or other technical documentation.
Such documentation is stored by developers, factories and arsenals, and later - upon removal from service -
partly it is burned (not representing historical value), partly it is handed over to the archives. Which archives exactly?
I don’t know, but I assume that most of it ends up (settled) in the archives of the artillery museum.
Here is his official website, if you wish, you can inquire: http://www.artillery-museum.ru/contact.html

I'm already in this thread
posted some scans from quick reference guide from this archive.
Also, part of the documentation ended up in the Russian State Military Archive (RGVA) for the years 1917-1940 - I posted information in the same topic.
And documentation for 1941 and later should, it seems, be deposited in the archives of the Ministry of Defense.
Even in the RGVA some of the documents are still classified, not to mention the archives of the Ministry of Defense, so not everything is so simple..
It may be difficult for you to translate unrecognized scans, so I’ve compiled the most interesting things and posted them in text form:

pages 44-45

5. Military district artillery department of the Manchurian army (1900-1906). F. 19.
1.106. Manchurian army. 1900-1906 S65 units hr.

6. Office of the Field Inspector General of Artillery (1916-1917). F. 20.
1.36. Upart. 1917-1918 75 units hr.
2.55/5. Office of the Field Inspector General of Artillery.
1916-1918 42 units of storage

7. St. Petersburg district warehouse of firearms supplies, f. 9.
1.85. St. Petersburg warehouse of firearms supplies. 1861 -1918gt.268 units of storage.

8. Petrograd district warehouse of firearms supplies of the Petrograd Military District. F. 2r.
1. Petrograd district warehouse of firearms supplies of the Petrograd Military District. 1918-1923 144 units xp,

9. Main research artillery range. F.7r.
1. Cases transferred from the technical archive of the test site. 1923-1939 1290 storage units
2. Cases transferred from the technical archive of the test site. 1924 - 1938 41 units of storage.
3. Cases transferred from the technical archive of the test site. 1925-1939 84 units hr.
4. Cases transferred from the technical archive of the test site. 1902-1936 981 units of storage
5. Cases transferred from the technical archive of the test site. 1909-1943 1315 storage units
6. Cases transferred from the technical archive of the test site. 1877-1938 4854 storage units
7. Documentary materials received from military unit 33491.1894-1956. 818 units hr.
8. Scientific works of military unit 33491.1903-1947. 302 units xp,
9. Drawings of the technical archive of military unit 33491.1931-1951. 327 units hr.
10. Tracing papers of the technical archive of military unit 33491.1923-1956. 208 units hr.
11. Scientific works. 1939-1949 8 units hr.
12. Record keeping of the landfill, 1914-1951 it 185 units of storage.

I0. Central Light Printing House of the State Agrarian University. F. 9 rub.
1. Central light lithotypography of the State Agrarian University (drawings and plans). 1918-1941 567 units of storage,
2. Central light lithotypography of the State Agrarian University (drawings and tracing paper). 1918-1941 3797 units hr.

11. Nii-1. F.36r.
1.Reports on scientific topics. 1955-1957 12 units hr.
2. Materials on the history of domestic artillery. 37 units hr.

12. Central Scientific Research and Testing Institute of Communications named after. K.E. Voroshilov. F. 61r.
1. Materials O.I. Repina. 6 units, storage
2. Materials on the history of TsNIIIS. Works on history search for connections. 1969-1987 14 units hr.
3. Research work. 1939 -1963 7sd.hr.
4. Research reports on the development of telephones and radio stations. 1940-1948 38 storage units

Foundation of the Imperial Russian Military Historical Society

1. Imperial Russian Military Historical Society (1907-1917). F. 11.
1.95/1. Imperial Russian Military Historical Society 1907 1917 474 units hr.
2.95/2. Imperial Russian Military Historical Society. Ser. XIX century - 1917 157 items.

Pages 52-53

12.102. Service records: GAU, Artkom, factories, schools, training ground, warehouses. 1849-1918 157 units of storage
13.102/1. Track records. 1876-1917 7 storage units

3. Monthly reports (1850-1913). F. 26.
1.1. Monthly reports. 1833-1916 668 ea. hr.
2.2. Monthly reports. 1850-1903 94 units hr.
3.3. Monthly reports. 1850-1912 4148 units hr.

4. Collection of drawings (XVII - early XX centuries). F. 27.
1. Tula arms factory. 1813-1916 47 units hr.
2. Tula Arms Plant (working). 1813-1880 82 units hr.
3.6. Izhevsk Arms Plant. 1808-1913 368 units hr.
4. Kazan Powder Plant. 1819-1892 173 storage units
5. Kazan Powder Plant (working). 1829-1885 17 storage units
6. Okhtensky powder factory (working). 1803-1897 96 units hr.
7. Shostensky powder factory (working). 1826-1892 37 units hr.
8. St. Petersburg (work). 1803-1915 211 storage units
9. St. Petersburg Arsenal (working). 1806-1900 41 units hr.
10. Pyroxylin plant (working). 1896-early XX century 2 storage units
11. St. Petersburg Powder Plant (working). 1729-1877 2 units hr.
12. St. Petersburg Cartridge Plant (working). 1884-1898 17 units hr.
13. Nadezhdinsky plant (working). 1915 2 units. hr.
14. Ekaterinoslav outfitting workshop. 1917 1 unit. hr.
15. Demievsky shell plant (working). 1917 6 units. hr.
16. Brass factory (working). Con. XIX - early XX centuries 8 units hr.
17. Pipe factories (working). 1912-1916 4 units hr.
18. Various factories (working), 1808-1916. 23 units hr.
19. Putdayuvsky plant (working). 2nd half XIX century 6 units hr.
20.3. Drawings of the 18th -19th centuries. (from the department military history). 3 units hr.
21. Ammunition (working). 1833-1895 8 units hr.
22. Plans of localities and fortresses (working). 1781-1913 140 units of storage
23.4. Lithographed editions of drawings of the Russian artillery. 9 units xp,
24.4/1, Lithographed editions of Russian artillery drawings. 7 units hr.
25.5. Albums of drawings of foreign artillery. 1 unit hr.
26.7. Maps and diagrams of military operations. 1830-1916 177 storage units

27.7/1. Geographic Maps. XX century 10 units hr.
28.7/2. Maps and diagrams of military operations. Beginning XVIII century - 1912 29 units. hr.
29.8. Drawings of edged weapons, 1731-1941. 44 units hr.
30.9. Blueprints small arms. Con. XVIII 30s XX century 74 units hr.
31.9/1. Small arms, cartridges, bullets, rifles, hand grenades. 1811-1933 110 units of storage
32.10. Vehicles. 1750-1917 319 units hr.
33.11. Smoothbore artillery ammunition. 1710-1860 215 units hr.
34.12. Ammunition for rifled artillery. 1883-1915 313 storage units
35.13. Bomb throwers, mortars, grenade launchers, trench mortars and ammunition for them. 1915-1917 85 storage units
36.14. Rockets, pyrotechnics. 1746-1920 18 units hr.
37.15. Drawings of smoothbore guns XVI - first. floor. XIX centuries 1703-1870 526 units hr.
38.16. Sestroretsk arms factory. 1779 - beginning XX century 111 units of storage
39.17. Storage equipment. 1823-1855 24 units hr.
40.18. Lighting. 1840-1915 17 units hr.
41. Armored vehicles. 1915 2 units. hr.
42. Card. Okhtensky powder factory. 1799-1910 101 units hr.
43. Card. Shostensky powder factory. 1793 - beginning XX century 185 units hr.
44. Card. Bryansk Arsenal. 1837 - end XIX century 17 units hr.
45. Card. Kazan Arsenal. 1816- mid. XIX century 7 units hr.
46. ​​Map.. Kyiv Arsenal. 1826-1910 9 units hr.
47. Card. Moscow Arsenal. 1837- mid. XIX century !3 units hr.
48. Card. Different arsenals? 1. Con. XVIII - beginning XX centuries 52 units hr.
49. Card. Fortresses and fortifications? 1.1709-1913 526 units hr.
50. Card. Fortresses and fortifications? 2.1763-1899 147 units hr.
51. Card. Settlement plans. 1742-1898 109 units hr.
52. Card. City plans. Ser. XVIII century - 1859 and units. hr.
53. Card. Monuments. 1848-1857 4 units hr.
54. Card. Arsenals? 2. 1809-1913 30 units hr.
55. Card. Artillery parks. 1826-1859 6 units hr.
56. Card. Artillery yards. 1825-1839 3 ate. hr.
57. Card. Warehouses, shops. 1812-1863 9i units hr.
58. Card. Polygons - Beginning XIX century - 1897 16 units. hr.
59. Card. Barracks. 1825-1846 39 units. hr.
60. Card. Playpens. 1804 1 unit. hr.

Regarding the slightly different sizes of individual parts, changes were probably constantly made in the drawings.
And collecting drawings of all kinds of modifications is not enough for a lifetime...

It is precisely the study of materiel that we will engage in, and specifically the study of Dragunov sniper rifle (SVD).

Despite repeated attempts to create a self-loading sniper rifle, until the 60s, the Soviet Army was armed with a repeating sniper rifle, which was a variant of the 7.62 mm rifle mod. 1891/30 of the Mosin system, adapted for installing a sniper scope and had some other modifications that had little effect on the accuracy of the battle.

Once again, work on replacing it with a self-loading weapon chambered for the 7.62x54R rifle cartridge began in 1958. It is characteristic that the development task was given to the designer of target sporting weapons, Evgeniy Fedorovich Dragunov. After comparative tests in 1963, the Dragunov model was adopted for service under the designation SVD (Dragunov sniper rifle, index 6B1). The design of the SVD was a fairly successful compromise between “sniper” and “general” combat requirements.

The Dragunov sniper rifle is designed to destroy emerging, moving, open and camouflaged single targets. The rifle is a self-loading weapon, aimed fire is carried out in single shots.

The SVD has good accuracy of fire - at a distance of 1000 m, the median deviation of hits does not exceed 560 mm, which makes it possible to reliably hit a tall target.

The accuracy of the SVD does not meet modern requirements for sniper weapons - they require a deflection of hits of no more than one arc minute (for the SVD it is 1.24 MOA * when firing with the 7N1 sniper cartridge). Compared to bolt-action rifles - that is, not self-loading (but manually loaded) rifles, a self-loading rifle, in principle, should have worse performance in terms of accuracy and accuracy.

*MOA (Minute Оf Angle - minute of angle) - in the West in ballistics this angular value is widely used to assess the accuracy of hits, corrections when shooting, etc. In our country, by the way, instead they use another, linear value - a thousandth of the distance.

But honestly, it’s unlikely that anyone will call you a lousy sniper if you hit him in the forehead instead of the eye

In the photo there is a shooting range in which, lying down, from a rest, they pierced this coin with a sniper cartridge from a distance of 100 meters. For an army sniper rifle - quite enough.

The most effective fire is up to 800 meters, the range of a direct shot at a chest figure is 430 meters, at a height figure - 640 m. I would like to note that if your hands don’t stink and your head is stewing, and also what to eat good preparation, then you can shoot and successfully hit targets at a distance of 1000 meters. It's all about the influence of various factors on the bullet's flight path - the further the range, the more difficult it is to take them all into account. Naturally, a competent sniper has a greater chance of making an accurate hit.

The SVD has been widely used in almost all combat operations conducted by the Soviet and Russian armies since its adoption into service, and has proven to be an extremely reliable and easy-to-handle model of small arms.

It is worth noting that this is a “mass-produced” sniper rifle for widespread use in the army. Of course, there are samples that are much superior to the SVD in many respects such as accuracy and accuracy; but the tasks they are given are completely different - more highly specialized. The SVD was developed as a weapon for a sniper as part of a unit, and in essence it simply increases the range and effectiveness of the actual fire of this very unit in combined arms combat (although, if desired, it can also be used in “purely sniper” work).

Namely, for such combined arms combat operations, the following are required: self-loading - for the rapid destruction of many quickly appearing and moving targets; acceptable accuracy and accuracy - to ensure hits at the stated distances; reliability - well, this is not even discussed... SVD fully meets all these requirements.

Although there is no denying the fact that, as in the case of the Kalashnikov assault rifle, after the collapse of the Soviet Union, the quality of rifles dropped - to the point that after several hundred shots, the spread of hits increases. The best rifles are those that were made back in Soviet time.

The first series of rifles were made from very steel good quality, with increased manufacturing accuracy and impeccable cleanliness of the barrel bore. The accuracy of the SVD rifles manufactured in the 60s was unusually high even for non-automatic repeating rifles. With the dispersion parameters specified in the instructions not exceeding 8x8 cm at a shooting distance of 100 meters, it was often possible to find specimens with an accuracy of 3x2 cm at the same distance.

Conclusion: SVD is a weapon of war, not a weapon of sport. It is important to understand the purpose of the rifle and the range of tasks it performs, and then you will be happy.

A number of features in the SVD device resemble Kalashnikov assault rifle

Automation also operates by removing powder gases through a side hole in the barrel wall to the gas piston.

The barrel bore is locked by turning the bolt. The shape of the shutter is also similar (although not quite). The impact mechanism is of the hammer type, with the same shape of the mainspring.

Double-action safety lever: it simultaneously locks the trigger and limits rear movement of the bolt frame, closing the cutout of the receiver.

However, there are also very significant differences between the SVD system and the AK system related to “sniper” tasks. First of all, the bolt carrier here is not combined with a gas piston: the piston and pusher are made as separate parts with their own return spring and return to the forward position immediately after the frame is thrown back. Thus, the movement of the automation is, as it were, “decomposed” into successive movements of individual parts. Return mechanism The bolt frame includes two springs. All this ensures smooth operation of the automation.

The design includes a gas regulator. It has two settings, designated by numbers 1 and 2. It is installed on division 1 against the marks on the latch of the gas tube. When shooting for a long time without cleaning and lubrication, a delay may occur - incomplete waste of moving parts. In this case, the regulator should be switched to setting 2. To do this, insert the edge of the sleeve or cartridge into the hooks of the regulator and turn the regulator.

A gas regulator is also necessary to adjust the bullet’s flight path in height in winter and summer. In summer, the gas regulator position is open. In winter, when low temperatures When part of the energy of the powder charge is spent on additional heating of the barrel, the gas regulator position is closed. In the summer position (No. 1), the side hole in the gas tube is open, and therefore the pressure of the powder gases in the barrel drops slightly. Accordingly, the bullet’s flight path decreases.

If in summer you put the gas regulator in the winter closed position (No. 2), then the side hole in the gas tube is closed, the pressure in the barrel increases and, accordingly, the trajectory of the bullet increases. At a temperature of 25°C, the excess of the bullet’s flight path at a distance of 100 m with the regulator closed will be 4 cm higher than with the regulator open; at a temperature of 30°C - 5 cm higher. In winter, at minus 20°C, with the gas regulator open at the same firing distance, the bullet trajectory will be 7-8 cm lower than with the regulator closed (winter) position.

The SVD bolt has three symmetrically located lugs, which makes locking more reliable and uniform. In addition, unlike the AK bolt, the bolt is locked not clockwise (to the right), but counterclockwise (to the left).

Rocking of the bolt frame in the forward position is prevented by a reflector rivet. The receiver is milled.

The trigger mechanism (trigger mechanism) is assembled in a separate housing. This reduces the load on it when firing. An original feature is the use of the hammer as a disconnector between the sear and the trigger.

A cylindrical slotted flash suppressor is attached to the muzzle of the barrel. Its design turned out to be very successful - five longitudinal slots are located and profiled so that it also plays the role of a compensator. In addition, it camouflages the shot when shooting at night and protects the barrel from contamination. The high efficiency of the flash suppressor is especially important when shooting at night using a night sight.

The bore itself, together with the chamber, is chrome-plated. Chrome plating is intended to increase the survivability of the bore and chamber.

It is worth noting that the SVD barrel is too thin for a sniper rifle, as a result of which accuracy and accuracy deteriorate, and the barrel may overheat if fired too often (which also affects the performance for the worse).

From 1963 to 1971-1974. The SVD was manufactured with a barrel rifling pitch of 320 mm, providing the best accuracy results (especially for sniper cartridges). However, such a pitch of rifling greatly reduced the accuracy and stability of armor-piercing incendiary bullets, and therefore 320 mm was changed to 240 mm for better stabilization of the ammunition (which worsened the performance when firing sniper cartridges).

The handguard consists of two symmetrical barrel linings with slots for better barrel cooling. The linings are spring-loaded on the barrel, so that the fulcrum of the forend is on the axis of the bore. The connection of the SVD handguard with the barrel does not contribute to shooting accuracy, since it additionally loads the barrel. At the same time, the SVD became one of the first army rifles to display “sporting” features in its design.

The SVD stock is split. The rifle has a complex frame-shaped stock. The cutout in the butt and its front edge form a pistol grip. For ease of aiming, a “cheek” is attached to the butt...

And to reduce unpleasant sensations during recoil, use a butt plate (“galosh”). The butt plate and cheek piece are not adjustable.

Since 1963, the frame stock (with a detachable cheekpiece) and barrel linings have been made of bakelite plywood *.

*Bakelized (bakelite) plywood. This plywood is made from sheets of birch veneer glued together with phenol-formaldehyde, mainly alcohol-soluble, resins. Bakelized plywood is made under relatively high pressure using a large amount of glue, so it has high strength and dimensional stability. The density of bakelized plywood is 1200 kg/m3 (i.e., such plywood sinks in water). Quite often you can hear that such plywood is called marine or bakelite, which are synonyms for bakelite plywood.

However, in the mid-90s, the rifle underwent some changes in appearance. At first, the SVD began to be equipped with polyamide receiver linings...

And then a butt with an integral rotating cheek, also made of glass-filled polyamide *.

1.45 MB

*Glass-filled polyamides refer to composite materials consisting of polyamide resin filled with pieces of glass filaments.

Advantages: glass-filled polyamides have low density, high strength, high resistance to impact loads, good oil and gasoline resistance, low coefficient of friction and good dielectric properties.

Application: glass-filled polyamides are processed into products using various methods: simple casting, injection molding, pressing and other methods. Designed for the manufacture of various products for structural, electrical and general purposes.

Glass-filled polyamides are non-toxic and under normal conditions do not have a harmful effect on the human body.

The magazine is replaceable metal with a capacity of 10 rounds.

Ergonomically, the rifle is designed well: the weapon inspires complete confidence in the shooter, is well balanced, and is easy to hold when firing an aimed shot.

The PSO-1 (1P43) optical sight is mounted on the rifle. When carrying a rifle with an optical sight, it can be covered with a cover.

The rifle also has an auxiliary open sector sight and an adjustable front sight. Due to the high position of the butt, shooting with an open sight is not as convenient as with an optical sight.

For hand-to-hand combat A standard AK bayonet can be attached to the rifle.

Reloading a rifle is based on the use of the energy of powder gases removed from the barrel bore to the gas piston.

When fired, part of the powder gases following the bullet rushes through the gas outlet hole in the barrel wall into the gas chamber, presses on the front wall of the gas piston and throws the piston with the pusher, and with them the frame, to the rear position.

When the frame moves back, the bolt opens the barrel, removes the cartridge case from the chamber and throws it out of the receiver, and the frame compresses the return springs and cocks the hammer (puts it on the self-timer).

The frame with the bolt returns to the forward position under the action of the return mechanism, while the bolt sends the next cartridge from the magazine into the chamber and closes the barrel, and the frame removes the self-timer sear from under the self-timer cocking of the hammer and the hammer is cocked. The bolt is locked by turning it to the left and inserting the bolt lugs into the cutouts of the receiver.

To fire the next shot, you must release the trigger and press it again. After releasing the trigger, the rod moves forward and its hook jumps behind the sear, and when you press the trigger, the rod hook turns the sear and disconnects it from the cocking of the hammer. The trigger, turning on its axis under the action of the mainspring, strikes the firing pin, and the latter moves forward and punctures the igniter primer of the cartridge. A shot occurs.

When firing the last cartridge, when the bolt moves back, the magazine feeder raises the bolt stop, the bolt rests on it and the frame stops in the rear position. This is a signal that you need to load the rifle again.

TTX SVD

Initial bullet speed:_______830 m/s
Muzzle energy:______________4064 J

Curb weight with PSO-1:____4.52 kg
Length:_________________________________1225 mm

The SVDN model is equipped with an NSPU, NSPUM or NSPU-3 night sight.

The following modifications are available:

SVDN2 - with standard NSPUM night sight
SVDN3 - with standard night sight NSPU-3

In 1995, a modification of the SVDS (folding) rifle was adopted, index 6B3. The permanent buttstock is replaced by a plastic pistol grip and a lightweight, right-folding buttstock with a plastic shoulder rest, a non-removable cheekpiece and a tube - for holding with the left hand.

First of all, the SVDS is intended for arming airborne units due to its folding stock and shortened barrel.

The SVDS stock folds onto the right side of the receiver. Thus, when folding the stock there is no need to separate the optical sight. In the folded position, the butt is held by a protruding part in the middle part of the receiver.

The stock is made of steel pipes with a butt plate and cheek rest made of polyamide. The cheek rest is installed on the upper tube of the butt and can be rotated on it with the possibility of fixation in 2 positions: upper – when shooting using an optical sight; and lower - when shooting using a mechanical sight.

As in the SVD, the back of the butt is not adjustable.

It is worth noting that the mechanism for folding and fixing the SVDS stock requires special care and lubrication - this will avoid the early appearance of transverse and longitudinal play. And in general, for accurate and accurate shooting, a folding stock is not the best solution... So, all other things being equal (if compactness is not required), it would be better to choose an SVD with a permanent stock.

To accommodate the attachment points for the stock and pistol grip, the SVDS receiver has been modified in the rear in comparison with the SVD rifle. The trigger housing and trigger have undergone minor changes.

The flash suppressor has been changed (not for the better, it is believed - the performance characteristics have suffered a little; when firing with a long flash suppressor, the flash brightness decreases more significantly).

The walls of the barrel were thickened, which reduced heating and vibrations when firing - but at the same time the barrel was shortened.

The main sight was PSO-1M2.

TTX SVDS

Cartridge:_______________________7.62x54R
Initial bullet speed:_______810 m/s
Muzzle energy:_______________4064 J
Combat rate of fire:_______30 v/m
Sighting range:_____1200 m with open sight; 1300 m with optical sight
Lethal effect of a bullet:_________up to 3800 m
Weight with PSO-1:_________________4.68 kg
Length:_________________________________1135 mm with the butt folded down; 875 mm folded
Magazine capacity:______________10 rounds

The rifle can be equipped with a night sight NSPUM (SVDSN2) or NSPU-3 (SVDSN3).

In 2006, put into service Russian army After passing extensive state tests within the framework of the Burglar R&D, a new self-loading 9-mm sniper rifle was adopted for service, designated the Dragunov Large-caliber Sniper Rifle (SVDK, index 6B9).

According to the Russian classification, large-caliber weapons are considered to be rifled weapons with a caliber of more than 9 mm, and the SVDK is designed for the adopted sniper cartridge 9.3x64 mm (index 7N33) with a brass sleeve, developed by TsNIITOCHMASH on the basis of the civilian hunting 9.3x64 mm.

The main task of the SVDK sniper rifle is considered to be the defeat of enemy personnel protected by personal protective equipment (heavy body armor) or located behind light barriers, as well as the defeat of unarmored vehicles.

In terms of design, the SVDK rifle is a development of the Dragunov sniper rifle, however, the receiver, bolt group and gas outlet have been redesigned to accommodate a larger and more powerful cartridge.

The pistol grip and side-folding metal stock are inherited from the SVDS sniper rifle, but the area of ​​the rubber butt plate is noticeably increased for better control over the increased recoil of the weapon.

The barrel in the rear part (behind the gas outlet) is placed in a perforated steel casing, which relieves the barrel from the loads applied to the fore-end or bipod. The casing itself is completely hidden inside the plastic forend.

From the receiver, under the barrel, there is a tire (half-pipe), on which a bipod with elements for fixing the struts is attached, as well as a front ring for fixing the barrel linings.

The flame arrester, in fact, repeats the design of the integral native SVD flame arrester, but has a slightly more simplified external profile without a bayonet-knife stop and the inability to install it.

The rifle is equipped with an integral bipod with the ability to fold and fix the racks through slots in the barrel linings.

Like the SVD rifle, the SVDK is equipped with open, adjustable sights and a special rail on the left side of the receiver, which is used for installing quick-release brackets for optics. The standard sight for the SVDK is the 1P70 “Hyperon” optical sight with variable magnification 3-10X (it is also possible to use the 1PN112 day-night sight). The sight has a built-in adjustment of the aiming mark for range, but is characterized by its large mass and excessive cost (compared to Western analogues).

According to data from various sources, the accuracy characteristics of the SVDK sniper rifle almost completely copy the characteristics of the SVD, except that at the same distances and with the same accuracy a more powerful cartridge is used.

Some sources indicated that this rifle should occupy the niche of a long-range sniper weapon, however, neither the ballistics of the 9.3x64 cartridge nor the properties of the rifle itself allow this complex to compete on equal terms with Western sniper complexes chambered for long-range cartridges such as .338 Lapua Magnum.

The effective firing range for the SVDK is stated to be about 600 meters. The 9.3x64 7N33 cartridge is developed on the basis of the 9.3x64 Brenneke hunting cartridge, originally created for hunting big game. In the 7N33 version, this cartridge has a bullet weighing 16.5 grams with a steel core. The initial speed of a bullet when firing from an SVDK is about 770 m/s, the muzzle energy is about 4900 Joules. At a range of 100 meters, an 80% probability of penetrating an armor plate 10 mm thick is stated.

TTX SVDK

Cartridge:_______________________9.3x64
Initial bullet speed:______770-780 m/s
Muzzle energy:______________4900 J
Length:_______________________1250 mm with the butt folded down; mm with folded
Magazine capacity:___________10 rounds

Let's consider partial disassembly of a rifle, which is used for the purpose of caring for the weapon and cleaning it. The recommendations here are the same as in the article. Kalashnikov assault rifle: do not allow too frequent disassembly so that parts and mechanisms do not wear out; disassemble on a clean mat or table; put the parts in the order of disassembly; do not use excessive force, etc.

Separate the magazine: grasp the magazine with one hand; with the thumb of this hand, press the latch; push the bottom of the magazine forward and separate it.

Check the chamber for the presence of a cartridge: lower the fuse down; pull back the charging handle; inspect the chamber and release the handle.

Helpful advice: it is best to pull the shutter handle back several times. This is done in case you forgot to remove the magazine first (this is quite likely if you are tired after a forced march or something like that); in this case, you will immediately understand this by the ejected cartridges.

Separate the optical sight: lift the handle of the clamping screw and turn it towards the eyecup until it stops; move the sight back and separate it from the receiver.

Separate the butt cheek: turn the cheek lock clasp down; remove the loop from the clip hook and separate the cheek.

Separate the receiver cover with the return mechanism: turn the receiver cover lock back until it is placed on the lock; lift up the rear part of the receiver cover and separate the cover with the return mechanism.

Separate the bolt frame with the bolt: pull the bolt frame back until it stops; lift the bolt frame and separate it from the receiver.

There are also options for a “lightweight” bolt carrier (pictured): number 1 indicates the absence of a “blown” left plane; The number 2 indicates the absence of a recess.

Separate the bolt from the bolt frame: pull the bolt back; turn it so that the extending protrusion of the bolt comes out of the figured cutout of the bolt frame; move the shutter forward.

Separate the trigger mechanism: turn the safety up to the vertical position (a); move the fuse to the right and separate it from the receiver; holding the trigger guard, move downwards to separate the trigger from the receiver (b).

Separate the barrel linings: press the lock of the upper thrust ring against the gas tube until the bend of the lock comes out of the cutout of the ring; turn the contactor to the right until it stops (a); move the moving part of the upper thrust ring forward; pressing the barrel pad down and moving it to the side, separate it from the barrel. If it is difficult to separate the barrel linings, insert the cutout of the pencil case key into the window of the lining and move down and to the side to separate the barrel lining (b).

Separate the gas piston and the pusher with the spring: move the pusher back; remove the front end of the pusher from the piston seat; separate the piston from the gas tube (a); insert the front end of the pusher into the gas tube; press the pusher spring until it leaves the channel of the aiming block (b); separate the pusher with the spring; separate the spring from the pusher.

Assembly is carried out in reverse order.

The rifle comes with an operation and maintenance kit.

The purpose, composition and use of the cleaning accessory are almost the same as those Kalashnikov assault rifle .

There are also accessories, spare parts and tools for the optical sight.

A light filter is placed on the eyepiece when haze appears in the air and the light level decreases.

In addition, the kit includes:

Bag for carrying an optical sight and magazines;

Cover for an optical sight (serves to protect the sight from rain, snow and dust when placed on the rifle);

Well, and a bag for carrying a winter grid lighting device, spare batteries and an oil can.

The 7.62x54R rifle-machine-gun cartridge is used for firing from the SVD. The letter "R" indicates that the liner has a protruding flange (rim, edge).

The 7.62x54R cartridge can be designated 7.62x54, 7.62x53 and 7.62x53R, which creates a lot of confusion. This confusion arose because different countries round off the case length differently. But after Russia joined the European Commission, the final designation of this cartridge, 7.62x54R, was approved.

In this article we will limit ourselves to only some types of 7.62x54R cartridges; We will not consider some initial samples and rare ones that were not mass-produced (such as BS-40), because you are unlikely to see them (well, perhaps in a museum).

The method of fixing the cartridge case in the chamber is with this protruding flange resting on the breech section of the barrel. There is no annular groove, like the intermediate 7.62 cartridges. .

7.62 LPS

The cartridge with the LPS bullet (light bullet with a steel core) was adopted for service in 1953. The LPS bullet has a bimetallic * jacket and a core made of low-carbon mild steel grade 10. To reduce the force when cutting the bullet into the bore, a lead jacket is located between the core and the jacket.

The bottom of the bullet is conical. From 1953 to 1978 the tip of the LPS bullet was painted silver. After 1978, the bullet tip is not painted.

Since 1986, the LPS bullet has been manufactured with a heat-strengthened steel core, which has significantly increased its penetrating effect. The index and markings of the cartridges have not changed.

7.62 LPS gzh (GAU Index - 57-N-223S) - cartridge with a light LPS bullet with a steel core and a bimetallic sleeve (supplied in clips);
- 7.62 LPS gzh (GAU Index - 57-N-323S) - a cartridge with a light LPS bullet with a steel core and a bimetallic sleeve;
- 7.62 LPS gs (GAU Index - 57-N-223S-01) - cartridge with a light LPS bullet with a steel core and a steel sleeve

*Bimetal (from bi... and metal), a material made of two layers of dissimilar metals or alloys (in this case, tombac is an alloy of copper and zinc).

7.62 ST-M2

In 1989, mass production of cartridges with the ST-M2 bullet began. The bullet has a heat-strengthened core of greater mass compared to LPS and 1.5 times better penetration.

7.62 PP

The ST-M2 bullet became the basis for a cartridge with a bullet with increased penetration, the production of which began in the same 1989. The bullet core is made on rotary lines by stamping from tool steel grade U12A, followed by sharpening the tip of the core on machines with numerical control and hardening. The cartridge case is varnished steel.

It has no distinctive coloring, but the color of the varnish that seals the powder charge on the bullet and the barrel of the cartridge case has been changed from red to purple.

Cartridge marking options:

7.62 PP gzh (GRAU Index - 7N13) - a cartridge with a bullet of increased penetration of PP and a bimetallic sleeve;
- 7.62 PP gs (GRAU Index - 7N13-01) - cartridge with a bullet of increased penetration PP and a steel sleeve

This cartridge fully meets the requirements for trajectory compatibility, and its bullet at a distance of 200 meters penetrates 2P armor plate with a thickness of 10 mm.

7.62 B-30

In 1930, a cartridge with an armor-piercing bullet was adopted, replacing its predecessor mod. 1916. The bullet of this cartridge consisted of a bimetallic shell, a lead jacket and a steel, hardened, pointed armor-piercing core. When it hit an armored barrier, the bullet core destroyed the shirt and the bullet casing, and then pierced the barrier and hit the target behind it.

The tip of the bullet, 5 mm long, was painted black.

Cartridge marking options:

7.62 B-30 hl (GAU Index - 57-B-222) - cartridge with a B-30 armor-piercing bullet and a brass sleeve

7.62 B-32

In 1932, this ammunition was supplemented and subsequently replaced by a cartridge with an armor-piercing incendiary bullet (originally called simply armor-piercing). Unlike the B-30 bullet, an incendiary composition was placed in the head of the B-32 instead of lead. When hitting solid obstacles, the bullet slowed down sharply, and the steel core moved forward by inertia and, compressing the incendiary composition, ignited it. After the destruction of the bullet shell, the armor-piercing core pierced the barrier and pulled part of the incendiary composition into the hole. This achieved the armor-piercing and incendiary effect of the bullet. Cartridges with such bullets were recommended for firing machine guns at armored vehicles with gasoline engines.

The color of the bullet is black at the tip with a red border stripe.

The B-30 and B-32 bullets provided 100% penetration of 10 mm armor plate at a distance of 200 meters. The latter, moreover, after such a penetration, ignited the gas tank in 75% of cases.

7.62 B-32

In 1954, under the old name 7.62 B-32, but with a new index, a cartridge with a modernized armor-piercing incendiary bullet was adopted. Its incendiary effect was increased by placing a second cup with incendiary composition in the bottom of the bullet behind the core.

It was determined experimentally that the incendiary composition located in front of the bullet core is almost completely sprayed in front of the armor at the moment it is pierced, while the composition located behind it is drawn into the hole after the core. Also, the brass sleeve was replaced with a bimetallic one.

Cartridge marking options:

7.62 B-32 gzh (GAU Index - 57-BZ-323) - cartridge with an armor-piercing incendiary bullet B-32 and a bimetallic sleeve;
- 7.62 B-32 gzh (GRAU Index - 7-BZ-3) - cartridge with an armor-piercing incendiary bullet B-32 and a bimetallic sleeve;
- 7.62 B-32 gl (GAU Index - 57-BZ-322) - cartridge with an armor-piercing incendiary bullet B-32 and a brass sleeve;
- 7.62 B-32 gs (GRAU Index - 7-BZ-3-01) - cartridge with an armor-piercing incendiary bullet B-32 and a steel sleeve

7.62 BP (index 7N26)

This cartridge with an armor-piercing bullet began to be manufactured in the mid-90s. The bullet has a core made of grade 70 steel with additional forging and provides high penetration ability. The cartridge case is made of bimetal.

7.62 T-46

In 1938, production of a cartridge with a tracer bullet began. The tracer composition was located in a bimetallic cup. Visibility of the red track was provided up to 1000 meters.

The color of the bullet is green on the tip.

Due to their design, tracer bullets are characterized by a number of specific features - less accuracy than other bullets and low penetration ability.

Cartridge marking options:

7.62 T-46 gzh (GAU Index - 57-T-323) - cartridge with a T-46 tracer bullet and a bimetallic sleeve;
- 7.62 T-46 gl (GAU Index - 57-T-322) - cartridge with T-46 tracer bullet and brass sleeve

In the early 70s, the modernization of the T-46 tracer bullet was completed. The modernization was aimed at matching its trajectory with bullets of a different range at medium and long ranges. Also, a new slow-burning tracer composition was developed for this bullet, which made it possible to create a tracer of smaller dimensions and increase the size of the cup. Changing the bullet layout led to increased accuracy of fire.

Tracing range - up to 850 meters. The coloring remains the same.

Later, the T-46 was again modernized and received the name “7.62 mm cartridge with a modernized T-46M tracer bullet.” The modernization consisted of moving the start of combustion of the tracer composition to a distance of 80-120 meters from the muzzle of the weapon.

The coloring also remains the same.

7.62 BZT

In 1936, a cartridge with an armor-piercing incendiary tracer bullet was adopted. The bullet had a pointed conical hardened steel core, in front of which there was an incendiary composition, and behind it a cup with a tracer composition. The length of the route was 700 meters.

This triple-action bullet ignited both gasoline protected by armor and unprotected gasoline due to the combustion of the tracer. But in terms of incendiary action when firing at unarmored targets, the BZT bullet was noticeably inferior to special incendiary bullets; and due to the smaller mass of the core, the thickness of the armor penetrated at a distance of 200 meters decreased to 7 mm.

The color of the bullet is purple with a red band on the tip.

Cartridge marking options:

7.62 BZT gl (GAU Index - 57-BZT-322) - cartridge with an armor-piercing incendiary tracer bullet BZT and a brass sleeve

7.62 BT-90

To replace the T-46 (T-46M) cartridges with a tracer bullet, a cartridge with an armor-piercing tracer bullet was developed and began to be produced in the mid-90s. The bullet design uses a hardened steel core made of U12A steel.

The new bullet is capable of penetrating 5-mm armor plate of the 2P brand at a distance of 500 meters.

The green color of the bullet tip has been preserved as a marking. The cartridge case is made of bimetal. Like the 7T2M cartridge, the 7BT1 has a remote start of the tracer combustion.

Cartridge marking options:

7.62 BT gzh (GRAU Index - 7BT1) - cartridge with an armor-piercing tracer bullet BT-90 and a bimetallic sleeve

7.62 PZ

In 1935, an incendiary targeting bullet was created. In the central part of the bullet there was an inertial-type impact mechanism, enclosed in a lead jacket. In front of the sting of its striker is an igniter primer. The entire volume in front of the igniter capsule inside the warhead was filled with a special composition. The conical bottom part was occupied by a lead core. The impact mechanism was cocked at the moment the bullet moved in the barrel by inertial settling of the split safety ring onto the firing pin. The force required for cocking, more than 7 kgf, ensured safety not only when the cartridge fell, but also when it was stuck in the weapon.

When a bullet hit a solid barrier, the firing pin moved forward by inertia and pierced the primer, which ignited the incendiary composition.

The color of the bullet is red, the tip is 5 mm long.

Cartridge marking options:

7.62 PZ gzh (GAU Index - 57-ZP-323) - cartridge with a PZ sighting and incendiary bullet and a bimetallic sleeve;
- 7.62 PZ gzh (GRAU Index - 7-ZP-2) - cartridge with a PZ sighting-incendiary bullet and a bimetallic sleeve;
- 7.62 PZ gl (GAU Index - 57-ZP-322) - cartridge with a PZ sighting and incendiary bullet and a brass sleeve;
- 7.62 PZ gs (GRAU Index - 7-ZP-2-01) - cartridge with a PZ sighting and incendiary bullet and a steel sleeve

7.62 sniper (index 7N1)

In the mid-60s, a 7.62 mm sniper cartridge was created to increase the efficiency of fire from the Dragunov sniper rifle. Entered service in 1967. Unlike a cartridge with an LPS bullet, it has 2-2.5 times better accuracy.

In a sniper bullet, the core is located in the head part directly under the shell. The leading and conical bottom part of the bullet is occupied by a lead core. This made it possible to optimize the location of the bullet’s center of gravity and completely get rid of the technological eccentricity of the steel core, which was the main reason for the increased dispersion of LPS bullets.

The sniper cartridge is not marked, but cardboard or paper packages, metal boxes and wooden boxes are marked “Sniper”.

It should be remembered that the PSO-1 reticle is designed for the trajectory of a cartridge with a CH bullet.

7.62 sniper with an armor-piercing bullet (index 7N14)

The 7.62 mm cartridge with a sniper armor-piercing bullet is, in fact, a modernized version of the 7N1 rifle sniper cartridge. The modernization of the cartridge consisted of replacing the core. Instead of the old core in the form of a truncated cone made of steel 10, a new one was developed - a pointed shape made of U12A steel with additional heat treatment. The new cartridge is not inferior in accuracy to the 7N1 cartridge and meets the requirements for trajectory matching.

The bullet of the new cartridge is significantly superior to the SN bullet in terms of penetration. It is capable of penetrating 5mm 2P ​​armor plates at a range of 300 meters.

The cartridge has a bimetallic sleeve. In addition to the inscription “Sniper”, its closure also has a black stripe.

Unfortunately, sniper cartridges best suited for shooting from SVD are rare, and the army most often uses cartridges with conventional LPS bullets, which affects the accuracy and accuracy of hits.

Strelyany 7N1

7.62 Idle

A blank cartridge in which, instead of a bullet, the cartridge case neck is crimped into a six-pointed star.

Cartridge marking options:

57-X-322 - blank cartridge with brass sleeve;
- 57-X-323 - blank cartridge with a bimetallic sleeve;
- 57-X-340 - blank cartridge

7.62 Exemplary

Model cartridges are used as a standard for ballistic testing of usually new batches of cartridges, as well as for the certification of ballistic barrels. For their equipment, the main purpose bullets are used, which are used to equip most live ammunition (currently LPS). Exemplary cartridges differ from serial ones only in tighter manufacturing tolerances, due to which they have a smaller dispersion range initial speeds bullets and maximum pressure values ​​in the barrel bore.

To distinguish it from the serial version, the bullet tip of the model cartridge is painted white along a length of 5 mm. The cartridges do not have a separate index, but the packaging boxes and boxes are marked “Exemplary”.

7.62 UZ

Cartridges with enhanced charge. Since 1953 they have been equipped with the LPS bullet. They differ from serial ones in that when fired they develop greater pressure in the barrel bore. They are used in factories to check the strength of the locking unit of each manufactured sample of small arms.

To distinguish it, the entire bullet is painted with black varnish, and the boxes and crates are marked with the inscription “Reinforced charge”.

Cartridge marking options:

57-U-322 - cartridge with reinforced charge and brass sleeve;
- 57-U-323 - cartridge with reinforced charge and bimetallic sleeve

7.62 VD (index 57-U-423)

When fired, a high-pressure cartridge develops greater pressure than ultrasonic cartridges. They are used to test the strength of trunks. Unlike UZ cartridges, VD ammunition is loaded with specially designed bullets.

The color of the bullet is yellow at the tip. The boxes and crates are marked "High Pressure".

Training cartridges are intended, as you might guess, for teaching the techniques of loading and unloading a weapon, as well as for studying its structure. They differ from combat ones in the absence of a powder charge and a cooled primer, as well as the presence of four longitudinal grooves on the case body.

This table shows the performance characteristics of 7.62 mm rifle-machine-gun cartridges, including those that were not included in the article.

Also, quite often the “Extra” sports cartridge with a 13-gram bullet is used for shooting from SVD.

In some sources you can find a mention that this cartridge cannot be used in SVD due to too much pressure on the bolt due to the use of a brass sleeve and that shooting with this ammunition is prohibited by the manufacturers (however, the manufacturers themselves are not aware of this). Practitioners, however, continue to shoot this ammunition without any consequences for themselves.

Attention! Cartridges for the ShKAS machine gun are not suitable for firing from the SVD, although they have the same caliber.

The cartridges are sealed in wooden boxes. In total, the box holds 880 rounds.

Two hermetically sealed metal boxes (zinc) containing 440 rounds of ammunition each are placed in the box.

Zinc-coated cartridges are packaged in packs of 20 cartridges.

10 (or five - depending on capacity) cartridges are placed in a checkerboard pattern in a replaceable box-shaped, sector-shaped magazine.

There are three types of stores under SVD:

1. All-metal (that is, all parts are made of metal) manufactured before the early 90s, including a transitional version with an internal support strip made of polyamide.
2. The body is metal, and the feeder and support bar are made of polyamide, while the TYPE-1 feeder is installed;
3. The body is made of metal, and the feeder and thrust bar are made of polyamide, while a “modernized” TIP-2 feeder is installed; the purpose of the modernization was to reduce noise when the feeders rattle during shaking, running, hard walking, etc. (in the photo TYPE-2 is on the right, arrows indicate additional protrusions to reduce lateral movement)

PSO-1 (1P43)

This optical sight is the main sight of the SVD sniper rifle. It is sealed, filled with nitrogen, and prevents fogging of the optics due to temperature changes. Operable within a temperature range of ±50°C. Sights can be installed on the following weapon models: SVD sniper rifles, special VSS, VSK rifles and others.

TTX PSO-1

Apparent magnification:_______________4.0x
Weight:_________________________________0.62 kg
Overall dimensions:_______________337 mm x 136 mm x 72 mm
Angular field of view:______________6 degrees
Resolution limit:________________12 arc. sec

There are a total of 5 variants of the PSO-1 military sight for SVD:

1. PSO-1 with a luminescent screen (and, accordingly, a switch) designed to detect targets with IR illumination. Illumination of the aiming reticle from a micro-bulb (power supply 2РЦ63) made in Belarus; out of print for a long time.

2. The same, but Novosibirsk Prospect; also not released.

3. PSO-1S without lumes. a screen with a first-generation LED and, accordingly, a 3V voltage converter ("pulled" 3V from a 1.5V source) produced in Novosibirsk; not released.

4. PSO-1M2 without lumens. screen with 1.5V LED and 1.5V source (available only with a short cover for 2РЦ63) made in Belarus.

5. PSO-1M2 without lumens. screen, with a 1.5V LED and a 1.5V source (available both with a “short” cover for 2RTs63, and with a “long” cover for an AA source) produced by the Federal State Unitary Enterprise PA Refinery (Novosibirsk).

In the photo is PSO-1M2 (Novosibirsk above, Belorussky below).

The optical sight consists of mechanical and optical parts.

The mechanical part of the sight includes a body, top and side handwheels, a reticle illumination device, a retractable hood, a rubber eyecup and a cap. By the way, the fragility of the rubber of the eyecup in the cold spoils an otherwise good sight.

Produced by Federal State Unitary Enterprise PA Oil Refinery (Novosibirsk).

Made in Belarus.

The optical part of the sight includes a lens, a wrapping system, a reticle, a luminescent screen and an eyepiece.

The lens is used to obtain a reduced and inverted image of the observed object. It consists of three lenses, two of which are glued.

The turning system is designed to give the image a normal (straight) position. It consists of four lenses glued in pairs.

The eyepiece is designed to view the observed object in a magnified and direct image; it consists of three lenses, two of which are glued.

The housing serves to connect all parts. The bracket has grooves, a stop, a clamping screw, a clamping screw handle, a slider with a spring and an adjusting nut.

The bracket is attached to a dovetail sighting bar.

Pointers (indices) for sight settings and lateral corrections and a lens cap are attached to the body.

The upper handwheel is used to install the sight, the side handwheel is used to introduce lateral corrections. On the upper body there is a main sight scale with divisions from 1 to 10 (from 100 and up to 1000 meters, respectively). On the side housing there is a scale of lateral corrections with divisions from 0 to 10 in both directions; the price of each division corresponds to one thousandth.

On the upper part of the handwheel housings there is an additional scale used when aligning the sight; The price of scale divisions is 0.5 thousandths.

What do these thousandths even mean? Let me explain. The entire horizon line (360 degrees) is divided into 6000 parts. One thousandth is actually 1/6000. At a distance of 100 m from you, one thousandth will cover 10 cm, at 200 m - 20 cm, at 300 m - 30 cm, at 1000 m - 100 cm.

The settings of the main scale of the upper handwheel up to division 3 are fixed after one division. But from division 3 to division 10, the settings of the upper and all settings of the side handwheels are fixed every half division (one division corresponds to two clicks).

On the end nuts of both handwheels, an arrow indicates the direction of rotation of the handwheels or end nuts when making the necessary adjustment to the installation of the sight and the side handwheel ("Up STP", "Down STP" - on the top one, "Left STP" and "Right STP" - on the side) . This means that when the handwheels or end nuts are rotated in the direction of the arrow, the midpoint of impact (MPO) moves in the corresponding direction.

Note: It is necessary to periodically check the tightness of the screws on the handwheels.

The reticle illumination device is used to illuminate the sight reticle when shooting at dusk and at night.

The power source is a battery placed in this compartment.

To illuminate the grid at temperatures from +2 and below, it is necessary to use a winter grid lighting device.

The rubber eyecup is designed for correct eye placement and ease of aiming. In addition, it protects the eyepiece lenses from contamination and damage.

A retractable lens hood serves to protect the objective lenses in inclement weather from rain, snow, and direct sunlight when shooting against the sun, thereby eliminating reflections that unmask the sniper.

The rubber cap protects the lens from contamination and damage.

The sight reticle is used for aiming; it is made on glass mounted in a movable frame (carriage). The following are marked on the sight reticle: the main (upper) square for aiming when shooting up to 1000 meters; lateral correction scale; additional squares (below the lateral correction scale along the vertical line) for aiming when shooting at 1100, 1200 and 1300 meters; rangefinder scale (solid horizontal and curved dotted lines).

To aim when shooting using additional squares, it is necessary to install sight 10 on the upper handwheel.

The lateral correction scale is marked below (to the left and right of the square) with the number 10, which corresponds to ten thousandths. The distance between two vertical lines of the scale corresponds to one thousandth.

The rangefinder scale is designed for a target height of 1.7 m (average human height). This target height value is indicated below the horizontal line. Above the upper dotted line is a scale with divisions, the distance between which corresponds to the distance to the target of 100 meters. Scale numbers 2, 4, 6, 8 and 10 correspond to distances of 200, 400, 600, 800 and 1000 m.

The luminescent screen is used to detect infrared light sources; it is a thin plate of a special chemical composition, which is laid between two glasses. The screen has a window with a light filter in the frame for charging the screen and a flag for switching the screen: towards the light filter (horizontal position of the flag) - for recharging the screen and when shooting under normal conditions; towards the lens (vertical position of the flag) - when observing and shooting at targets that detect themselves by infrared radiation.

To recharge the screen, you need to turn the flag to a horizontal position and place the sight with the window with a light filter facing the light or expose it to radiation from a light source containing ultraviolet rays.

Charging time: in diffuse daylight - 15 minutes; when illuminated by direct sunlight and when irradiated with an electric lamp with a power of 100-200 W at a distance of 20 cm - 7-10 minutes.

A charged screen retains the ability to capture infrared rays for 6-7 days, after which it needs to be charged again.

A mechanical (open) sight is used in case of damage (failure) of the optical sight or in close combat. Its structure and use are almost the same as Kalashnikov assault rifle, the only difference is that there are 12 divisions on the scale, corresponding to an aiming range of 1200 meters, and the constant installation of the sight corresponds to the number 4.

According to reviews, the PSO-1 is not the best sniper scope in the world - it does not have very good visibility, cloudy lenses, low aperture and low build quality (especially in Belarusian production) - even the structure falls apart. However, it is the main standard sight for the SVD and is quite easy to use and learn. So look for those samples that are assembled conscientiously - especially Soviet-assembled ones...

All this also applies to almost all of the following samples of daytime sights...

Pancratic sniper sight PSP-1 (1P21)

Designed to conduct accurate fire from sniper rifles and machine guns over the entire range of firing ranges of these weapons. The 1P21 sight has variable magnification and a reticle illumination device. The distance to the object is determined using standardized targets with a height of 0.75 m and 1.5 m and a width of 0.5 m.

In the range from 300 to 900 meters, the aiming angles are set simultaneously: when the magnification factor changes, a correction is automatically introduced in the position of the aiming line. The sealed housing of the products is filled with dry nitrogen to prevent fogging of optical surfaces during sudden temperature changes.

TTX PSP-1

Apparent magnification:_______________3-9 times
Weight:_________________________________1.25 kg
Overall dimensions:_______________400 mm x 150 mm x 73 mm
Supply voltage:_______________1.5V
Angular field of view:______________6°11"-2°23" degrees
Resolution limit:________________20-10 arc. sec

1P59 "Hyperon" (pancratic sight)

The 1P59 sight is designed for targeted shooting from the Dragunov sniper rifle. The sight provides target detection, determining the range to it with simultaneous setting of aiming angles and allows targeted shooting with an apparent magnification of 3 to 10 times in the daytime, at dusk and at night. Operating temperature range environment- ±50°C.

TTX 1P59 "Hyperon"

Apparent magnification:_______________3-10 times
Weight with bracket:______________1.2 kg
Power supply for reticle illumination:______lithium cell type ER6S
Angular field of view:______________7.6-2.5 degrees
Resolution limit:________________6-20 arc. sec

NSPU-3 "Cassowary" (night rifle sight unified 1PN51)

Passive electro-optical device. Designed for observation and targeted shooting at night from AKMN (AKMSN), AK-74N (AKS-74N), AKS-74UN machine guns, RPKN (RPKSN), RPK-74N (RPKS-74N) machine guns, PKMN (PKMSN), sniper rifle SVDN (SVDSN), hand-held anti-tank grenade launcher RPG-7N (RPG-7DN). The sight is equipped with mechanisms for introducing aiming angles, alignment in height and direction, and a mechanism for adjusting the brightness of the reticle. Using a sight, you can determine the distance to a target if its size is known.

TTX NSPU-3 (1PN51)

Image intensifier generation:____________________2
Apparent magnification:_______________3.46x
Weight:_________________________________2.1 kg
Overall dimensions:_______________300 mm x 210 mm x 140 mm
Target detection range:______tanks - 700 m; soldiers - 400 m
Angular field of view:______________9.5 degrees

Note: The image intensifier is an electron-optical converter. This is the “heart” of a night vision device; it collects and amplifies that small amount of light that a person cannot see with the eye (from the stars, the moon, a distant city, from infrared illumination, if we are talking about a completely enclosed room such as a cave or basement). That is, in a night vision device, the most important thing is an image intensifier (electronics and optics can be made in China). Their production is very expensive. There are serious capacities only in Russia (Novosibirsk, in the Moscow region) and the USA (Litton, ITT). That is, where they did not save on army expenses.

NSPU-M (night rifle sight unified 1PN58)

The modernized unified night sight is designed for observation of the battlefield and aiming when firing in conditions of natural illumination from the moon and stars, produced by the Novosibirsk Instrument-Making Plant.

The sight has an elongated cast body with an extended bracket. The 1st generation image intensifier tube has a fairly high gain and a reliable system of protection against external illumination. The sight allows you to recognize a full-length person in the light of the moon and stars at a distance of up to 300 meters, and has proven itself well in real combat operations.

This passive electro-optical device is designed for observation and targeted shooting at night from AKMN (AKMSN), AK-74N (AKS-74N), AKS-74UN machine guns, RPKN (RPKSN), RPK-74N (RPKS-74N) machine guns, PKMN (PKSMSN), sniper rifle SVDN (SVDSN), hand-held anti-tank grenade launcher RPG-7N (RPG-7DN). The sight is equipped with mechanisms for introducing aiming angles, alignment in height and direction, and a mechanism for adjusting the brightness of the reticle. Using a sight, you can determine the distance to a target if its size is known.

TTX NSPU-M (1PN58)

Image intensifier generation:____________________1
Apparent magnification:_______________3.5x
Weight:_________________________________2 kg
Overall dimensions:_______________458 mm x 186 mm x 99 mm
Supply voltage:_______________6.25V
Target detection range:______tanks - 600 m; soldiers - 400 m
Angular field of view:______________5 degrees
Resolution limit:________________28 arc. sec

Advice regarding night sights: when aiming at night, it is advisable to press your eye tightly to the eyecup so that the backlight does not illuminate your face, otherwise it will be very convenient to aim at the target marked with such a marker (in the form of a face).

Night sight 1PN93-4 on a 3rd generation image intensifier for the SVD sniper rifle is designed for observation of the battlefield and targeted shooting in natural night light conditions at ambient temperatures from plus 50°C to minus 50°C and relative air humidity up to 100 % (at a temperature of 25°C).

Power supply - AA element, 1 pc.

TTX 1PN93-4

Image intensifier generation:____________________3
Apparent magnification:_______________4x
Overall dimensions:_______________250 mm x 190 mm x 81 mm
Supply voltage:_______________1.5V
Target detection range:______tanks - 600 m; soldiers - 400 m

Well, now, accordingly, it’s our turn to practice weapons handling skills.

The first step, of course, is to open the zinc with cartridges.

Equip the magazine with cartridges: take the magazine with one hand with the convex part towards you and the feeder up; with the other hand, take the cartridges so that the bottom of the cartridge case faces towards the magazine; Using thumb pressure, insert cartridges one at a time under the bends of the side walls of the magazine with the bottom of the cartridge case towards the rear (convex) wall of the magazine.

If the magazine is fully loaded, then a cartridge is visible in the hole on the rear wall of the magazine.

Attach the loaded magazine to the rifle: insert the magazine hook into the receiver window and turn the magazine toward you so that the latch jumps over the magazine support ledge.

Turn off the fuse by lowering it down (the letter “O” - “Fire” should be visible). A cutout will open for movement of the charging handle.

If you are not going to fire, you should put the rifle on the safety, raising it up (the letter “P” should be visible). The cutout for moving the charging handle will be closed.

Prepare to fire by taking the desired position.

Remove the cover from the scope (if equipped) and place it in the scope and magazine bag.

If the sight has not been installed, then, naturally, it should be installed. The sight is installed on a standard dovetail mounting.

It is necessary to ensure that the sight is installed correctly. When installing, the sight seat and dovetail on the rifle must be cleaned of the smallest particles of dirt. The nut adjusting the sight lock must be tightened to eliminate the slightest play.

Remove the rubber cap from the lens and place it on the battery housing. If the weather is inclement or the sun's rays are falling in front, move the lens hood forward.

Install the sight and enter lateral corrections: alternately rotating the upper and side handwheels, set the desired division of the sight (for the upper) and the division of the lateral correction scale (for the lower) opposite the pointer.

When introducing lateral corrections, use: to move the average point of impact (MIP) to the right - a scale with black numbers; to move the STP to the left - a scale with red numbers.

To select sight settings, aiming points and determine lateral corrections, it is necessary to measure the distance to the target and take into account external conditions that may affect the range and direction of the bullet. When shooting at a moving target, it is also necessary to take into account the direction and speed of its movement.

The sight, lateral correction and aiming point are selected in such a way that when shooting, the average trajectory passes through the middle of the target.

The following shooting conditions are taken as the table: air temperature +15 degrees C; lack of wind; no elevation of the area above sea level; target elevation angle not exceeding 15 degrees.

A significant deviation of the external shooting conditions from the table (normal) changes the flight range of the bullet or deflects it away from the firing plane.

The distance to targets can be determined with an eye, using the rangefinder scale of an optical sight and using the “thousandth” formula.

Let's consider the method of determination on a scale.

To do this, you need to point the scale at the target so that it is located between the solid horizontal and inclined dotted lines. The scale bar located above the target indicates the distance to the target, which has a height of 1.7 m.

If the target has a height less or greater than 1.7 m, then the distance determined on the scale must be multiplied by the ratio of the target height to 1.7 m.

Example: determine the distance to a machine gun with a height of 0.55 m if the top of the machine gun touches the dotted line of the scale with a stroke marked 8.
Solution: the ratio of the target height to 1.7 m is equal to rounded 1/3 (0.55: 1.7); the scale indicates a target distance of 800 meters; 800 times 1/3 = approximately 270 meters.

The sight, as a rule, is selected according to a certain distance to the target. For example, to shoot at a target at a distance of 500 meters, you should select scope 5. In this case, the aiming point is selected in the middle of the target.

If the target is at a distance of more than 1000 meters, then you need to select scope 10, and for aiming use the lower squares corresponding to 1100, 1200 and 1300 meters.

In tense moments of battle, when there is no time to change the sight settings, fire can be conducted with sight 4 at distances of up to 400 meters, aiming at the bottom edge of the target or the middle of the target.

The influence of air temperature on the flight range of a bullet when firing at targets at distances up to 500 meters can be ignored, since at these distances its influence is insignificant.

When shooting at distances of 500 meters or more, the influence of air temperature on the flight range of a bullet must be taken into account, increasing the sight in cold weather and decreasing it in hot weather, guided by the following table.

Lateral correction when shooting at stationary and emerging targets depends on the speed and direction of the side wind and the distance to the target. The stronger the side wind, the closer to 90 degrees the angle at which it blows, and the further away the target, the greater the amount the bullet will deflect away from the direction of fire. In this regard, it is necessary to make adjustments in advance to the installation of the side handwheel by rotating it in the direction indicated by the inscriptions and arrows on the end nut. In this case, the correction is taken in the direction from which the wind is blowing. So, when there is a wind from the left, move the middle point of impact to the left, when there is a wind from the right - to the right.

If in combat the situation does not allow you to make an amendment to the installation of the side handwheel, then when shooting, the correction for the side wind can be taken into account by moving the aiming point in human figures (meters) or by using the scale of lateral corrections of the sight reticle, aiming not with a square, but by dividing the scale corresponding to the value of the lateral correction . When there is a wind from the right, the grid divisions to the left of the square are taken, and when there is a wind from the left, the divisions to the right of it are taken.

When determining the crosswind correction, use the following table as a guide.

The table corrections in a strong wind (speed 8 m/s) blowing at right angles to the direction of fire must be doubled, and in a weak wind (2 m/s) - halved. In case of weak, moderate and strong wind, but blowing at an acute angle to the direction of fire, the corrections determined for the wind blowing at an angle of 90 degrees are halved.

The aiming point is moved from the middle of the target. When making adjustments to the side wheel setting, aim at the middle of the target.

To make it easier to remember corrections for a moderate side wind blowing at an angle of 90 degrees, in the scale divisions of the side handwheel (sight reticle), you need to divide the sight number corresponding to the distance to the target: when shooting at distances up to 500 m - by a constant number 4; when shooting at long distances - by 3.

Example: determine the correction for a strong side wind blowing at an acute angle to the direction of fire, in divisions of the side handwheel scale, if the distance to the target is 600 meters (sight 6).
Solution: 6 (sight) divided by 3 (fixed sight) = 2.

The phenomenon of derivation should also be taken into account.

Derivation is when a rifle bullet rotates in flight from left to right, clockwise, and as a result of complex physical processes deviates to the right from the aiming line. This phenomenon is called derivation. When the barrel is cut to the right, the derivation is to the right, and when it is cut to the left, to the left.

At a distance of up to 300 meters inclusive, derivation has no practical significance (especially for the SVD rifle).

Using the table below, you can determine derivation corrections.

Adjustment of fire in combat is carried out, as a rule, by changing the position of the aiming point in height and lateral direction. In this case, the aiming point is set to the amount of deviation of the ricochets or tracks in the direction opposite to their deviation from the target. In other words, if hits and ricochets are visible, for example, as shown in the figure - in the area of ​​the side stroke, then the next shot must be fired, aiming not with the square, but with this very stroke.

When the target moves frontally (toward or away from the shooter), fire with the sight set corresponding to the distance at which the target may be at the moment of opening fire, and taking into account corrections for air temperature and side wind. At a distance not exceeding the direct shot range, fire can be carried out with the sight installed corresponding to the direct shot range.

When flanking and oblique (oblique) movement of the target, fire should be carried out with the sight set as in the previous paragraph, and with the side handwheel set to a value corresponding to the lead and correction for the side wind. Lead is the distance the target moves during the bullet's flight to it.

Lead is taken in the direction of the target's movement. So, when the target moves from left to right, the middle point of impact should be moved to the right, and when moving from right to left, to the left. If shooting conditions do not allow you to take lead using the side handwheel, then lead is taken using the lateral correction scale or by moving the aiming point out in the target figures. When using the lateral correction scale, aim using the division located in the direction from which the target is moving.

To determine the lead when firing at targets that have flanking movement (at right angles to the direction of fire), you should be guided by the following table.

When the target moves at a speed different from that indicated in the table, the lead should be increased (decreased) in proportion to the change in the speed of the target.

When oblique (oblique) movement of the target, the lead determined for the flank movement of the target is reduced by half.

Move the aiming point away from the middle of the target. When making adjustments to the installation of the side handwheel, aim at the middle of the target. To make it easier to memorize the leads in divisions of the side handwheel scale for the flank movement of the target at a speed of 3 m/s (10 km/h), the lead values ​​can be rounded and it can be assumed that when shooting at distances up to 600 m, the lead is equal to 4.5 thousandths, and at greater distances distances - 6 thousandths.

Shooting at night is carried out with the sight set to 4 and with the reticle illumination turned on.

Shooting at night at a target that detects itself by infrared radiation * is carried out with the installation of sight 4 and with the luminescent screen turned on. When observing infrared light sources through a scope, a glow appears on the screen, giving a visible image of the source in the form of a greenish spot.

*Sources of IR radiation can be IR spotlights used to illuminate targets at night when observing through night vision devices (NVDs). The radiation itself is not visible to the eye, but increases the visibility of NVGs, which is what it is used for. Other sources of infrared radiation are fires, incandescent lamps, headlights, and remote controls. remote control from TV, etc.
But such IR illuminators are practically not used now, so there is no particular point in a luminescent screen anymore

Installation and use of an open sight are similar to the conditions for using the sight of a Kalashnikov assault rifle.

Pre-shoot: holding the rifle with one hand by the barrel linings or the magazine, and with the other hand grasping the butt handle, firmly press the butt plate to your shoulder.

A rule that a sniper must always adhere to: in order to obtain uniform departure angles and maintain accuracy of fire, the butt of the rifle should be rested uniformly on the shoulder, without changing its position in the shoulder.

Place the index finger of the hand holding the butt on the trigger, clasping the handle with your palm.

Tilt your head slightly forward; Without straining your neck, place your cheek against the cheek of the butt.

The body should be slightly relaxed because muscle tension will affect the quality of shooting. The more you grip the rifle, the more it shakes in your hands.

Take aim: place your eye on the eyecup, keeping your eye on the continuation of the optical axis of the sight; the other eye should be closed; bring the tip of the reticle square under the aiming point. The lateral correction scale should be positioned horizontally, and the sniper should see the entire field of view of the sight, without shadows.

If the sniper's eye is shifted to the side, up or down from the optical axis, then a moon-shaped shadow will appear in the field of view of the sight in the direction where the eye is shifted. In the presence of such shadows, the bullets are deflected in the direction opposite to the shadow.

For normal aiming, the eye should be at a distance of 68 mm from the eyepiece.

You can't drop the rifle. Stalling is a position of the rifle when the mane of the open sight and the lateral correction scale of the optical sight are not horizontal. Otherwise, the bullets will be deflected in the stall direction. The greater the stall angle and distance, the greater the deviation.

You can also check the stability of the position. To do this, after preparing (from any position), close your eyes for a few seconds. Then open them, and if the rifle is pointed at the target, then the position is correct (Fig. a); if the weapon deviates to the side (Fig. b), then the position must be corrected by moving the entire body, but not by turning the weapon further.

Bringing the point of the square under the aiming point, hold your breath and smoothly squeeze the trigger.

Let me remind you that the most effective fire is up to 800 meters, the range of a direct shot at a chest figure is 430 meters, and at a height figure - 640 m.

When releasing the trigger, you should not attach importance to slight vibrations of the reticle square (flat front sight) at the aiming point. The desire to press the trigger at the moment of best alignment of the square or front sight with the aiming point leads, as a rule, to tugging on the trigger and, as a result, to an inaccurate shot.

The accuracy and accuracy of shooting is affected by factors such as overheating of the barrel, and for the worse. Therefore, you shouldn’t shoot from an SVD like from a machine gun - if the barrel is cold, then the results are normal.

Pull the bolt frame back by the charging handle and release it.

If there is a delay when firing, you can try to eliminate it by reloading: vigorously pull the bolt frame back by the handle and release.

If you need to unload a rifle, you should: separate the magazine; slowly move the bolt frame back by the charging handle, remove the cartridge from the chamber and release the handle; moving the barrel to a safe place, pull the trigger; put the weapon on safety; remove the cartridges from the magazine and attach it to the rifle.

Yes, and don’t forget to pick up the cartridge removed from the chamber.

In order to unload a magazine, you need to: take the magazine in one hand with the cartridges facing upward and the bullets facing away from you; With the other hand, using a cartridge case or cartridge, push out the cartridges one at a time, moving them one at a time away from you.

If for some reason you still want to use a bayonet with a rifle, then follow the following instructions.

Connection: remove the bayonet from the sheath; push it with the grooves onto the stop of the front sight base, and with the ring onto the flash suppressor until the latch is completely closed.

Unlocking: press the latch; push the bayonet forward (up) and separate it from the rifle; place the bayonet in the sheath.

Well, now the general provisions and some tips. Naturally, the work of a sniper has many nuances, and it is not possible to explain them all here. For those who want to know more, I provide links to some teaching aids that will help you in this difficult task, in which everything is explained in accessible language:

http://rapidshare.com/files/87262416/snaipery.part4.rar
http://rapidshare.com/files/87268111/snaipery.part5.rar
http://rapidshare.com/files/87274221/snaipery.part6.rar
http://rapidshare.com/files/87280620/snaipery.part7.rar
http://rapidshare.com/files/87282070/snaipery.part8.rar

The place for shooting must be chosen one that provides the best visibility and fire and at the same time allows the sniper to hide from enemy observation and fire.

It is advisable to equip yourself with spare and decoy firing positions; the former will be needed if it is impossible to remain in the main position, and the latter will be equipped with the aim of misleading the enemy. The main position should be disguised if possible.

You should not choose a place for shooting near prominent individual local objects, as well as on the ridges of hills (you should not be projected against the sky at all) and in separate buildings. When positioning yourself near any local object, you need to use it as cover, observing from the side and not from above.

When firing from a building, you should not come close to a window or a hole; fire must be fired from the depths of the room. This limits the enemy's visibility of the flash and absorbs the sound of the shot to some extent.

During active combat, you must not be lazy and constantly change your position - the sniper’s life depends on it. When conducting a “hunt,” it is also necessary to constantly change the shooting location so that the enemy does not know where the bullet will come from next time.

Particular attention is paid to camouflaging weapons, since their regular, geometric details look unnatural against the background of nature.

It is imperative to take measures to avoid revealing yourself by the glare of glass or other unmasking factors - including smoking, coughing and making other loud noises. You should also remember that movement can give you away.

A sniper should generally be a non-smoker - even if he can not smoke while performing a combat mission, so as not to reveal himself as smoke, waiting can cause nervousness and irritation, which will affect the quality of the task performed.

Don't wash your face - a dirty face is less noticeable.

It is extremely useful to practice a left-handed shooting position if you are right-handed (and vice versa). This can be very useful, for example, when shooting from around a corner.

If possible, you should prepare rifle rests. Never lean the rifle barrel on anything! The fact is that under the weight of the rifle and your pressure, the barrel will bend, which will lead to errors when shooting. Lean on the forend.

The sniper must constantly remember: if possible, then it is necessary to take the most stable position for shooting - the time to hit the target, the accuracy and safety of the sniper himself will depend on this. The table below shows how many times the dispersion increases as the position changes.

Educational film "The Art of the Sniper"

In Russia, guys, you can’t buy it legally (unless it’s a civilian version of the “Tiger” type - with all that it implies). But in Kazakhstan, which borders my Samara region, it’s quite possible. In Ukraine, in my opinion, too...
And in order to purchase it illegally from us, they say, to the right people the jeep is being driven... Most likely, according to the documents, she walks like a Tiger...

My path passes through the workshop where barrels are processed. The workpiece in which the hole will be drilled and the cutting will be done is called a “blank”. The forms are supplied to the factory from the USA.

Parts for rifles are processed on such machines. Here, a hole is first drilled in the blanks, the width of which depends on the caliber of the future rifle. By the way, some machines were designed in the plant’s design bureau with the assistance of consultants from Switzerland and Germany.

In general, the plant has more than 30 computer numerical control (CNC) machines for various purposes. They are very different, some are simpler, for simple operations, and there are also those that do truly unique things, using technologies that I heard about for the first time.

The barrels are made of special weapons grade stainless steel.

Pay attention to the coin. It stands edge-on on the moving part of the machine, which cuts the barrel from the inside. The smoothness and accuracy of the move during this operation is so high that it does not allow the coin to fall. At the end of the post you can see a video of this process.

The same machine. Here you can see how the rod goes into the barrel blank, making the rifling - 4-6 spiral stripes, they help stabilize the trajectory of the bullet. The cutting is done with a specially shaped metal hook, which is also manufactured at the factory.

The tool enters a stationary workpiece and leaves a cutter mark one micron deep. To make cutting easier, oil is poured onto the barrel. The process of cutting a barrel lasts 3-5 hours. For one cut, the tool must go inside 60-80 times. After this, the barrel is manually polished with a lead-tin lap and cleaned of oil.

After these operations, the trunk goes to the laboratory.

Here, specialists probe the bore with a borescope (a relative of the endoscope) for defects - scratches, pits or cracks. The barrel is checked several times: after drilling the hole, cutting and polishing.

We will find out what kind of firewood this is a little later.

A blank that will soon become the main part of the bolt mechanism.

A CNC machine processes a part of the shutter mechanism, which is immediately cooled with water.

General plan of the second workshop.

Each model has its own stock. It provides rigidity to the structure. For tactical rifles they use a stock made of aluminum, for sports rifles - from a special weapons laminate. In addition, the factory makes a stock to order from valuable species wood, such as walnut.

The machine also operates on program control.

One blank of this part can cost several tens of thousands of rubles. If you look closely at one of these bars, you will notice 4 layers of plywood or, as it is otherwise called, wood laminate.

After processing on a milling machine, craftsmen manually grind it, apply signature notches with a laser and impregnate it with oil several times. During one shift, the master makes 2-3 beds.

A recess is made in the blank for the barrel, after which it is once again coated with oil and then varnish.

Here you can see how the workpieces are polished.

And in the next room a small discovery awaited me.

Here, using high-precision equipment (the cost of which amounts to tens of thousands of euros), parts for the bolt group (hammers, safeties, triggers) are cut out of metal, which would be impossible to make using other machines.

The parts are cut using electrical erosion technology. This thread, it can be made of molybdenum or brass.

It all happens like this: the thread from the spool is passed through a small hole in a metal sheet or blank, secured from below so that it can be wound onto another spool. This sheet is then immersed in a bath of water, into which a current of high voltage and strength is applied.

The thread is quickly wound onto a second spool and the machine thus cuts out parts that are highly accurate down to microns. This process may take 3-4 hours. Such a modernized jigsaw.

Here, too, CNC, a person only sets programs and monitors the accuracy of the operation.

From this blank

the excess is cut out so that another part can be inserted.

And I was also surprised that the thread can cut at an angle. From the middle of this cylinder, a part is cut out, which is round on one side and star-shaped on the other.

Trigger details.

Here you can see that several sheets were welded together to cut out the maximum number of parts.

We leave this workshop and head to the assembly area, this is the last stage before the rifle goes to the shooting range.
These boxes contain ready-made rifles.

A specialist assembles the bolt group parts together, attaches them to the barrel, followed by the glass bedding process. A special mastic is applied to the rifle stock, metal parts are placed in it and left for a day until completely dry. Then the parts are taken out again and sent for painting, and their exact imprint remains on the stock, which allows you to match the wood to the metal. This provides greater accuracy to the weapon.

After painting, the parts are put back together. Specialists from the technical control department inspect the finished product and give a conclusion that the rifle is ready to fire.

There are also very young workers at the plant.

Every day the plant produces up to 10 rifles per day.

At the plant, in addition to rifles, they assemble Austrian rifles under license. Glock pistols different calibers.

And this is a refrigerator, but you won’t find vegetables, fruits, beer, last night’s dinner or other snacks in it. It is also used when assembling the rifle. How, you ask?

The fact is that when assembling some parts, you need to screw some parts to the stock as tightly as possible. If this is done at room temperature, then the screws will cut into the product too much and can ruin it, so these parts are placed in the refrigerator for a while so that it shrinks a little (I hope everyone remembers physics) and can be screwed as tightly as needed without risk of damaging the bed.

How can a sniper survive and win on the battlefield? What is the secret to training an elite marksman? What weapons, what skills are needed to fulfill the covenants of A.S. Suvorov and the defenders of Stalingrad: “Shoot rarely, but accurately!”; “A sniper is a hunter. The enemy is a beast. Track him down and lure him out under fire. The enemy is cunning - be more cunning than him. He is resilient - be more persistent than him. Your profession is art. You can do what others cannot. Russia is behind you. You will win because you must win!

This book is not only an in-depth study of sniper business over two centuries, in both world wars, numerous local conflicts and secret intelligence operations, but also an encyclopedia of sniper rifles for military, police and special purpose, as well as ammunition for them and optical sights. Just as snipers themselves are the elite of the armed forces, so are sniper rifles the “major league” small arms. As much as sniper training is superior to the usual “young fighter course,” sniper weapons are more expensive, more complex, and more demanding than mass-produced models. In this book you will find comprehensive information about the weapons and training of shooters, their tactics and combat use, sniper duels and counter-sniper combat, about the past, present and future of the main martial arts.

Work on replacing a sniper rifle mod. 1891/30 self-loading chambered for 7.62x54R resumed in 1958. This year, the Main Rocket and Artillery Directorate (GRAU) of the Ministry of Defense announced a competition for the creation of a self-loading sniper rifle. Izhevsk designer E.F. Dragunov joined the new competition later than others. By that time, Kovrov designer A.S. had already fine-tuned his rifle. Konstantinov, his sample (SVS-128) was again developed by S.G. Simonov. The rivalry was serious. Your own option self-loading rifle presented in 1959 by the design team of M.T. Kalashnikov, but the rifle was soon withdrawn from the competition. It is interesting that Konstantinov and Simonov in their prototypes used a “linear recoil” scheme with the butt raised to the line of the barrel bore axis, while Dragunov deflected the butt down.

Experienced 7.62-mm self-loading sniper rifle SSV-58 E.F. Dragunova, 1959

The accuracy requirements set by the military seemed so stringent that they were considered abandoning them. But the experimental SSV-58 rifle presented by Dragunov in 1959 was the first to “meet” them, then a modified version of the SSV-61 rifle was presented. Note that Dragunov previously, together with I.A. Samoilov created sporting rifles S-49, TsV-50, MTsV-50, TsV-55 “Zenith”, MTsV-55 “Strela”, MTsV-56 “Taiga”. This “sports” experience, plus the experience of a sports shooter and a gunsmith-manufacturer, played a decisive role. Simonov’s experimental rifle was the first to “fail the distance.” After long comparative tests, during which the Dragunov and Konstantinov rifles went head to head, in 1963 the “7.62-mm Dragunov sniper rifle” (SVD, index assigned to the GRAU product - 6B1) was adopted for service. The SVD became one of the first “military” rifles to display “sporting” features in its design.

The technology for manufacturing a high-precision barrel was developed by I.A. Samoilov.

The similarity of the SVD system with the Kalashnikov assault rifle is often mentioned. At first glance, many things in these systems are really similar.

Experienced 7.62-mm self-loading sniper rifle AO-47 S.G. Simonova, 1968

7.62-mm self-loading sniper rifle SVD of late release, with a plastic fore-end and butt. The rifle is equipped with a PSO-1 optical sight

Automation with a gas engine operates by removing powder gases through a side hole in the barrel wall. The barrel bore is locked by turning the bolt; when unlocked, the bolt slightly touches the cartridge case, helping to bleed off some of the powder gases between the walls of the chamber and the cartridge case and facilitating its subsequent removal. The shape of the shutter is also similar. The impact mechanism is of the hammer type, with the same shape of the mainspring. The safety catch is also double-acting. However, much more interesting are the differences in the SVD associated with “sniper” tasks and making the rifle an independent system. The bolt frame here is not combined with a gas piston - the piston and pusher are made as separate parts with their own return spring and return to the forward position immediately after the frame is thrown back (short stroke of the piston). Thus, the movement of the automation system is, as it were, “decomposed” into successive movements of individual parts and stretched over time. The return mechanism of the bolt frame includes two springs, which, moreover, do not need to store force to bring the piston to the extreme forward position. All this increases the smooth operation of the automation and smoothes out the impulse loads inherent in automation with a gas engine. The regulator built into the gas chamber did not play a big role and was later eliminated to simplify the design. The SVD bolt has three symmetrically located lugs, which makes locking symmetrical and more reliable, reducing the required angle of rotation of the bolt.

Parts and assemblies of the SVD rifle: 1 – receiver cover, 2 – earring, 3 and 6 – return springs, 4 and 5 – guide tube and rod, 7 – bolt frame, 8 – firing pin, 9 – bolt, 10 – ejector spring, 11 – ejector, 12 – forearm halves, 13 – frame pusher, 14 – piston, 15 – gas tube, 16 – regulator, 17 – front sight, 18 – front sight fuse, 19 – flash suppressor, 20 – barrel, 21 – gas chamber, 22 – magazine body, 23 – magazine feeder, 24 – feed spring, 25 – locking bar, 26 – magazine cover, 27 – ring with lock, 28 – forearm front stop, 29 – sector sight, 30 – receiver, 31 – mainspring , 32 – fuse, 33 – housing firing mechanism, 34 – sear, 35 – trigger, 36 – trigger spring, 37 – rod, 38 – self-timer, 39 – trigger, 40 – butt with pistol grip

Rocking of the bolt frame in the forward position is prevented by a reflector rivet. The receiver is milled. The bolt frame rotates the bolt when unlocked during its movement back, acting with the front bevel of its figured cutout on the leading protrusion of the bolt. The barrel bore is locked as follows: during the roll-up of the movable system (bolt frame and bolt), the bolt, when approaching the breech end of the barrel, under the influence of the bevel of the receiver protrusion to the bevel of the left combat lug of the bolt, receives an initial rotation, and then, under the influence of the figured cutout, it continues to move forward The bolt frame onto its leading lug rotates around the longitudinal axis to the left, and the bolt lugs enter the cutouts of the receiver. Extraction spent cartridge case is carried out by a spring-loaded ejector mounted on the bolt; removal is done by hitting the hard reflective protrusion of the receiver.

7.62-mm SVD sniper rifle with a removable low-noise firing device and a height-adjustable folding bipod mounted on the forend

The hammer-type trigger mechanism with a rotating trigger, unlike the Kalashnikov system, provides only a single fire and is assembled in a separate housing. An original feature is the use of the trigger as a disconnector. When the bolt frame moves back, it turns the trigger back, and at the end of the turn it hits the front part of the trigger rod and disconnects it from the sear. The sear turns and stands opposite the cocking trigger. After rolling the bolt frame, the hammer remains cocked. The non-automatic safety lever simultaneously blocks the trigger and the rod and limits the rear movement of the bolt frame, covering the cutout of the receiver with its shield.

A cylindrical slotted flash suppressor is attached to the muzzle of the barrel. Its design turned out to be very successful and was borrowed by a number of foreign companies.

A French Foreign Legion sniper tests the Romanian version of the SVD-FPK

The SVD stock is split. The cutout in the wooden butt and its front edge form a pistol grip. The frame shape of the butt allows you to hold the rifle with your left hand when shooting from a prone position. A removable “cheek” is attached to the butt. The forend consists of two symmetrical pads with slots for better barrel cooling. The linings are spring-loaded on the barrel, so that the fulcrum of the forend is on the axis of the bore, and the force from the supporting hand does not affect the shooting results. In addition, when the barrel lengthens (caused by its heating during shooting), the forend moves forward, the conditions for its fastening do not change and the midpoint of hits does not shift. The apparent “trifle” of the design played an important role in ensuring shooting accuracy. During the production process, the wood in the manufacture of the stock was replaced with pressed plywood, and the linings were replaced with veneer. Then the rifle received a plastic butt and fore-end made of glass-filled polyamide in black.

For shooting from a sniper rifle V.M. Sabelnikov, P.F. Sazonov and V.N. Dvoryaninov developed a 7.62 mm sniper cartridge (index 7N1), although other types of 7.62x54R cartridge can be used. 10 rounds are placed in a detachable, double-row, sector-shaped metal box magazine. The magazine latch is located behind its socket. The center of gravity of a loaded rifle is located above the magazine, so cartridge consumption has little effect on the displacement of the average point of impact.

The rifle is equipped with an optical sight PSO-1 (index 1P43), developed by A.I. Ovchinnikov and L.A. Glyzov. The sighting reticle of the sight includes a main square for shooting at a range of up to 1000 m, a lateral correction scale with a division value of one thousandth (0-01), additional squares for shooting at a distance of 1100, 1200 and 1300 m, as well as a rangefinder scale for determining the range by visible targets 1.7 m high (average human height). There is also an auxiliary sector mechanical sight with a straight bar, notched at a range of up to 1200 m every 100, and an adjustable front sight with a safety catch. Due to the high position of the butt, shooting with a mechanical sight is not as convenient as with an optical sight.

Russian Airborne Forces sniper with a 7.62 mm SVD-S sniper rifle with a PSO-1M2 optical sight

The PSO-1 sight served as the basis for a whole family of optical sights, including the PSO-1 M2, which is now installed on the SVD. The PSO-1 M2 sighting scales are designed for shooting at ranges from 100 to 1300 m. The sight weight is 0.58 kg, overall dimensions are 375x70-132 mm, magnification factor is 4x, field of view is 6°, resolution limit is 12°, exit pupil diameter – 6 mm, exit pupil relief – 68 mm.

The “night” SVDN model is equipped with an NSPU, NSPUM (SVDN-2) or NSPU-3 (SVDN-3) sight. The “night” modification of the SVDN-3 (6V1NZ) with the NSPU-3 (1PN75) sight weighs 6.4 kg without cartridges. The declared maximum sighting range is 1000 m, although in reality shooting is carried out at two to three times shorter ranges. In particular, the NSPU-5 (1 PN-83) sight with a magnification of 3.5x, which allows identifying a person at a distance of up to 300 m, is popular.

For hand-to-hand combat, a standard 644 bayonet can be attached to the rifle - a clear indication of the “combat” requirements. But a bayonet on a sniper rifle is a rare attribute and hardly necessary.

The design of the SVD as a whole was a fairly successful compromise between “sniper” and “general combat” requirements. The SVD gained great popularity during the fighting in Afghanistan and Chechnya - its relatively high power turned out to be very useful in mountainous conditions. Almost no type of battle could be done without active participation snipers. On the other hand, demands to supplement SVD sniper rifle with greater accuracy.

For the 60-70s of the XX century. The SVD had generally good accuracy - at a range of 1000 m, the median deviation of hits did not exceed 260 mm. For the “chest figure” target (500x500 mm with a figure coefficient of 0.79), the SVD works reliably up to 600 m, the “head figure” (250x300 mm) – up to 300 m. The SVD, which has proven itself to be reliable and powerful weapon, is no longer very suitable for solving a number of sniper tasks in terms of its accuracy and accuracy. According to the tables, the hit deviation for it is 480–560 mm at a distance of 1000 m, 188 mm at 500 m and 36 mm at 100 m - noticeably more than one arc minute. Taking into account the widespread use of SIBZ and, accordingly, reducing the area of ​​“reliable destruction” of a living target, the range of reliable destruction is reduced to 200 m. In addition, the SVD is not at all adjustable to the anthropometric data of the shooter (the back of the butt and “cheek” are not adjustable, as is the trigger mechanism ). The weakness of the 4x scope has been obvious for a long time. They tried to install more powerful sights on the SVD - such as 6x42 or 8x42, but the PSO-1 remained the main one.

SVD received a number of experienced and serial modifications. In particular, in 1968, a 5.6 mm training version of the TSV-1 (“training sniper rifle”) with a TO-4M sight and a magazine with a capacity of 10 rounds was introduced. Its weight was 3.8 kg. In 1970 E.F. Dragunov presented an automatic version of the B-70 (AVD) with a translator for automatic and single fire.

Weighting the barrel increased the weight of the rifle to 4.6 kg, shifted the center of gravity forward and made it possible to fire in bursts. The B-70 was not developed - an automatic rifle, apparently, rightly seemed overkill.

The SVD, with minor design changes, is in service with the armies of six more countries. Thus, the Romanian version of the SVD - FPK has a different forend assembly and can carry a muzzle attachment for firing feathered rifle grenades - a feature that is exotic and not entirely clear for a sniper weapon. Romanian SVDs were used by Moldovan nationalists in Transnistria. Romanian model rifle without mechanical sighting devices marketed under the SWD motto "Dracula". The Chinese corporation NORINCO produces SVD under the designation NDM-86. The Al-Kadish rifle is produced in Iraq, which differs from the SVD in the design of the fore-end and butt, and the ornamental stamping of the magazine body. As a result, in a number of wars and conflicts, the SVD found itself on different sides of the front - for example, during Operation Desert Storm in 1991, both the Iraqi army and the “Arab allies” of the United States had SVD. After the “German reunification”, the SVD passed from the NPA of the former GDR to the Bundeswehr of the Federal Republic of Germany. In Poland, several dozen SVDs were modernized, adapting them to the less powerful 7.62x51 NATO cartridge - in connection with the country's accession to NATO. Such rifles received the designation SWD-M and an optical sight LD-6. Together with the Finnish TRG-21 and TRG-22 (purchased by Poland in 2005), such rifles were sent with the Polish contingent to Iraq.

TACTICAL AND TECHNICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF SVD

Cartridge – 7.62x54R

Weight without magazine and optical sight - 3.7 kg

Weight with magazine and sight PSO-1 - 4.52 kg

Length without bayonet – 1225 mm

Length with bayonet – 1370 mm

Barrel length – 620 mm

The length of the rifled part of the barrel is 547 mm

Rifling – 4 right-handed, rifling stroke length 320 mm

Initial bullet speed – 830 m/s

Muzzle energy – 4064 J

Combat rate of fire – 30 rpm

The SVD sighting range is 1300 m with an optical sight; 1200 m with open sights

Direct shot range at a height figure - 640 m, at a chest figure - 430 m

Magazine capacity – 10 rounds

Cartridge weight – 21.8 g

Penetrating effect of the 7N1 cartridge bullet

– steel helmet wall at a range of up to 1700 m,

70-80 mm parapet made of densely compacted snow at 1000 m,

25-30 mm of soil per 1000 m,

10-12 mm brickwork per 200 m

PSO-1 sight weight – 0.58 g

Sight magnification factor – 4x

Sight field of view – 6 degrees

Exit pupil diameter – 6 mm

Eye relief – 68 mm

Resolution – 12 sec

Sight length with eyecup and hood – 375 mm