06.03.2020

How to write an abstract: a short plan, an example and detailed recommendations. How to write an abstract Brief and full abstract

Today we have an abstract. What it is? What are they? How and why are annotations written for an article, book, program, diploma or course project? Let's look at examples of exactly how they should look and how to write them correctly.

What is an annotation?

The original word for this term was the Latin annotatio, which in translation means - remark, note, commentary, brief description (description). But just as often, this word is also used as a synonym for the word announcement, but first things first.

Let's explain with an example. Let's say you read a book (watched a movie, used the program) and literally in two sentences you are asked to characterize it (make a resume on it).

By doing this, you will, in fact, perform an action called annotation (i.e. leave your feedback, or bring short description). Naturally, the better the annotation is, the more people will want to get acquainted with the subject (book, film, article).

But it is clear that the annotation of the annotation is different. For example, a review that this film (book, game, program) is “just cool”, “wow”, “fly away” has little content. No specifics, although a lot of expression. Needs a description. Maximum brief, but enough to convey the whole essence and setting the right accents.

Why was there a need for annotations at all? The fact is that a person cannot study in a row and completely all the information that he can access. Previously, people could not re-read the entire library to find the answer to the right question or study the right topic. Now people cannot watch all the films, try all the medicines, re-read all the articles on the Internet.

problem in some way designed to solve annotations. They are added to books (at the beginning and at the end) so that people can, after reading just a dozen words, understand what they are writing about. They are added to articles in magazines (usually at the beginning or somehow highlighted among the text), so that a person flipping through it could understand these extracts with his eyes - read this or scroll further.

There are even formats of publications that consist entirely of annotations - which we have already talked about. And this does not only apply to periodicals. There are collections of annotations for films, books, medicines, programs, games, scientific papers, etc. In fact, these are directories with a brief description of all these things. And these are not only paper publications, but also Internet sites (for example, Kinopoisk) or television (radio) programs.

Once again I want to emphasize why annotations are needed. It is impossible to understand just by the title of a book (film, program, medicine) what it is about and whether you need (interesting) it. It is necessary to briefly announce the content, topic, distinctive features and, most importantly, dignity. In fact, this is a small advertisement. The better and more concise it will be, the more people will buy a book (film, program, medicine).

(most often they are printed on the back of the cover, or on the back of the title page):

The same goes for programs and games. From their name it is far from always clear what kind of functionality lies inside. No one will read voluminous instructions, but annotations are something that can help both consumers and manufacturers to find each other. The same goes for films - without a description (announcement), it will be extremely difficult to catch its content.

Well, I’m generally silent about drugs, because it’s impossible to understand anything at all from their name, and it’s impossible to do without a brief description of their action and other nonsense, so an annotation is necessarily attached to them

Examples of abstracts for articles

Until relatively recently, under the article was understood only some scientific works and treatises published in some boring publications. There, too, it was very important to create a good annotation so that other scientists could easily find it and understand that this is what they need.

This can be described as reference annotation(without a hint of advertising, purely to the point without too much gloss and very dry). Example:

Annotations for term papers and theses. Example:

But with the advent of the Internet, the article began to mean almost any page on the network. Many information sites (like this blog where you are now) consist entirely of articles. They are even called that - articlers. It turns out that the network now hosts millions and even billions of articles in hundreds of languages.

To any article on the Internet you will also find an abstract. But they are no longer so much a reference as a recommendation. This will be a small advertisement that helps not only to inform the reader about the content, but also to push him to read. full version.

For example, on this blog or in the list of annotations (announcements) to those articles to which links will lead. This allows you to better understand what it is about and whether it is worth the effort to click the mouse to go to the full version (complements the title).

At the same time, an annotation to an article on the Internet can even be hidden from the eyes of users in (description), but they are used search engines. You have probably seen examples like this:

Let these text blocks be called , but this the real annotations(recommended). You yourself understand that they should not only accurately reflect the essence of the articles, but also have some attractiveness. The more creative there is, the more likely that the user will want to get to know the article in more detail.

In general, annotations are different. In the modern sense, these are bright announcements designed to interest and attract attention. Being able to write them is a really great art, which is not available to everyone. People who know how to do this better than others will always be in demand and provided with work.

Good luck to you! See you soon on the blog pages site

What is an annotation

As mentioned above, an annotation is a description. This word comes from the Latin counterpart, meaning "remark". That is why another definition of annotation is considered a short description.

How to write an abstract

So, you have already done some writing work. Now it needs to be properly formatted. How to write an abstract for a work? Now you will understand that this is not a problem at all. The main thing is to adhere to the basic rules and the following tips:

include a description of the main theme;
write briefly and to the point;
highlight the main thing;
tell the essence of the work without going into key details;
intrigue.

What you need to know before writing an abstract

As a person is greeted by clothes, so a scientific article is greeted by annotation. Its task is to show that the author is able to systematize and analyze information, as well as briefly, coherently and clearly present it. How to write an abstract for an article so that the work looks as presentable as possible?

This article argues...
The article introduces the research...
Particular attention is focused on...
Characteristic features are identified and described ...
The relevance of this article is...
The author traces the development...
Justification provided...
Provides views on...

It is important to emphasize in the abstract what is the innovation of the work, how it stands out from others, why it is worth reading it.

Examples

Consider an example of how to write an abstract for an article (the work contains space elevator projects):

"This work is an analysis of the latest achievements in the field of space aeronautics. Possible projects for the development of space elevators are systematized. Based on these data, the advantages and disadvantages of each of the models are given."

Annotation to the economic article:

"The article introduces a study in the field of public financing and public procurement. A reorganization is proposed this process. The conclusions are made on the basis of an analysis of the financing of the education and health care systems of such states as the USA, Britain and Korea. Comparison made economic reforms Russian Federation and the indicated countries. Particular attention is paid to the relationship between economic processes in Russia and its mentality.

To the project

In fact, how to write a project abstract is not too different from how to write a summary for a project. scientific article. In both cases prerequisite is innovation. This means that in the annotation, first of all, it should be indicated that the author brought something new with his work. The difference is that the abstract to the project is usually larger and more voluminous than to the article.

Annotations are written in the same style as the work was done. It must contain all information clearly and concisely. For a project, this means the following:

indicate the topic;
the essence of the project - the purpose of its writing;
what problems he analyzes, what he focuses on;
what are the results of the study/analysis;
conclusions based on the work done.

Example

Since projects can be completely different, their annotations can also be very different. In order to know how to write an annotation correctly, it is better to consider a couple of examples.

Example for an economic project:

The objective of the project: the formation of an experimental product that allows increasing the degree of solvency of the residents of the area.
Introduce a new banking service, taking into account the demand and implementation of technological processes.

Project issues:

Professional activity in the financial sector.
Data analysis and bank service delivery practices as a basis for gaining experience
Generalization and formation of summed up results in the reporting form.

Collect and categorize the types of bank services for residents.
Based on the survey, draw conclusions about the need banking services in one region or another.
Identify the shortcomings of this approach.

Completion of the project:

As a result of the project, the research group submits a report on the work done, indicating the results and conclusions.
Each of the team members demonstrates their own ideas about banking, coordinating them with the group leader.

An example of an annotation for a course project:

"The purpose of the course design was, first of all, to compile a program that is convenient for use by a simple layman.

The program was compiled in accordance with the requirements set forth in the course design task, the teacher's wishes and the logical conclusions on the application of this program by the subsequent user.

An equally important goal of the course design was to polish the student's skills as a future C ++ programmer, develop his understanding of the requirements and wishes of potential customers, the ability to think logically and work on time.

When solving the presented problem, the BorlandC++Builder6Full software package was used.

Each part of the program was developed step by step:

entering the required string variables in the appropriate fields;
description of the operation of the buttons for editing, translation, exit and adding a new word;
designation of conditions for the output of the translation of the entered word, an indication of the fields where the translation is displayed;
in addition, the program is attached to two text files containing a list of English and Russian words in the appropriate order, it is possible to expand the lists using the same program.

In the BorlandC++Builder6Full software package, a dialog box form was developed, the purpose of each of the buttons and input / output windows on this form was determined.

As a result, a program was compiled that translates the word entered by the user or displays a message that such a word is not in the database. The user has the right to add it himself or not add it (by choice). In the development of the program, possible cases of entering more than one word in a different order were taken into account.

To the program

In this case, the program is understood as an educational plan, that is, working programm to discipline. This raises the question: how to write an annotation for the program?

It must contain:

normative documents according to which it is drawn up;
the purpose of the discipline, and how many hours are allocated for it;
distribution by topic or list of main sections;
how certification is carried out, how often, at what time.

An important point: the compiler of such an annotation is not indicated. It is also necessary to distinguish between concepts and brief content. The first one is larger.

conclusions

The article discusses how to write an abstract for an article, project and program. When composing any description, you should keep in mind what the annotation means. In essence, it is an answer to the question, what is the document to which it was written. This means that there is no place in it for empty reasoning "not on the case", but there is only a dry and brief presentation of the facts.

The abstract is a short, concise description of the book, its kind of summary. The purpose of such summary- to give the reader a rough idea of the content of the work, to help him navigate the abundance of literature and choose the necessary.

Taking into account the target audience of the book (for whom it is - for students or schoolchildren, for professionals or beginners) and taking into account who the abstract itself is addressed to. You should also pay attention to the overall importance and usefulness of the work, its purpose.

Let's analyze by what criteria and what types of annotations are divided.

1. According to the content and purpose, the following can be distinguished:

1) Reference (otherwise - a descriptive or informational annotation).

They reveal the themes of the work, briefly describe interesting aspects of the story (features of the images of the characters, plot twists, etc.). Such an annotation does not criticize, does not evaluate, but only provides necessary information- what is said in the book, who and what is remarkable about its author.

The scheme for compiling this annotation in general view looks something like this:

brief information about the author;
in short - about the form (genre) of the text;
information about what the text is about;
description of the content of the document;
reasons for publishing or republishing (in this case, differences from previous editions are indicated;
description of the reference apparatus of the publication (for specialized and scientific literature);
information about the target readership of the work.

Reference annotation example:

Parandovsky Ya. Alchemy of the word. Petrarch. King of Life: Per. from Polish / Comp. and intro. Art. S. Belzy; Il. P. Satsky. - M.: Pravda, 1990. - 656 p., ill.

“In the book of the famous modern Polish prose writer, laureate State Prize NDP Jan Parandovsky (1895 - 1978) included: "Alchemy of the Word" (1951) - a brilliant treatise on the art of writing, on how creative ideas are embodied in works, it provides an analysis of writing art using examples prominent writers various eras from Aeschylus to Gorky; Petrarch (1956) - a novelized biography of the great Italian poet of the Renaissance; The King of Life (1930) is a fascinating biography of Oscar Wilde.

2) Recommendations, which assess the importance and usefulness of the work both for individual readers and for the target audience, taking into account its age, gender, education, and professional training.

Such an annotation points out the details that attract the attention of readers. For example, it emphasizes that the novel belongs to the classics or, on the contrary, intrigues with the assertion that the book is super modern and has an innovative approach. Additional persuasive arguments are also given, appealing to the reader's emotions, his interests or professional needs.

information about the author;
characteristics of the author's creativity in general;
characteristics of this work;
evaluation of the book with comments and remarks on its subject matter and/or issues;
description of the features of stylistic and artistic techniques;
description of the essential features of the artistic and printing design of the publication;
an indication of what readership the book is intended for.

The novel "Les Miserables" by Victor Hugo is one of the best classic novels. In this period, the author describes the events in France from the time of Waterloo until 1830. In the first chapters of the novel, we meet Bishop Bienvenue, a man who led a humble life. Once he sheltered the fugitive convict Jean Valjean, who escaped from him, taking with him silver candlesticks. The convict was caught and brought to the bishop, but he, instead of blaming the criminal, defended him and gave candlesticks. It is from this moment that the transformation of the former criminal begins. Throughout the novel, he will meet sweet Cosette, who will become like a daughter to him, will meet with the gendarme Javert, who will try with all his might to catch Jean. On the pages of the book, we will meet baby Gavroche, Marius Pontmercy and many other characters, each of which has unique character traits. This novel has everything: love, hatred, the struggle between good and evil, courage, stubbornness, steadfastness... After reading this novel, you will not remain indifferent and think about many things.

2. According to the content (its coverage and completeness) and orientation to the target audience, annotations are:

1) General - they characterize the book as a whole.

If the work belongs to fiction, the main emphasis is on the presentation of the main issues, the main conflict and how this conflict is resolved by the hero or heroes of the story.

General annotation example:

Art Therapy: Textbook on Art Therapy: Edited by V.N. Nikitin, N. Boyadzhieva, L.D. Lebedeva, I.V. Vachkov. – Sofia: University Publishing House “St. Kliment Ohridski", 2012. - 567 p., ill.

“The book presents modern Scientific research theory and practice of art therapy (art therapy). A systematic analysis of the methodology of art therapy in the main areas of art therapy activities has been carried out. The models and techniques of art therapy work used in the countries of Eastern Europe are described. The publication is recommended for students, graduate students, doctoral students, researchers of psychological, pedagogical and social specialization, as well as for all readers interested in issues of art therapy.

2) Specialized - written for a narrow circle of potential readers and talk about the main points of the content. Most often these are reference annotations, less often they are advisory.

Analytical annotation is also a type of specialized annotation. It is written not throughout the book, but according to the most interesting thematic parts, chapters, paragraphs. Most often these are descriptive, reference annotations.

Engels F. Dialectics of nature // Marx K., Engels F. Soch. 2nd ed. - T. 20. - S. 339-626.

... In the "Dialectics of Nature" F. Engels gives a philosophical generalization of the conclusions of contemporary natural science and mathematics and. based on their data, he sets out the natural science foundations of the dialectical worldview.
Having made an enormous contribution to the development of dialectical materialism, this work has an extremely great importance and for scientific atheism. F. Engels raised and solved here the most important question for scientific atheism about the origin of man, showed the importance of discoveries in the field of natural science for the struggle against religion ...
... A decisive role in the development of atheism was played by Engels' study of the problem of life. The conclusion reached by F. Engels contributed to the liberation of science from the ideas of "supernatural life force".

3. By volume, annotations are:

1) Brief - they are aimed at characterizing one aspect. As a rule, this is an assessment of the material, the depth of the study of the topic. Or they are a very short summary that reveals the essence of the work.

An example of a brief summary of an article:

“In this article, the author discusses the importance and necessity of protecting personal data. Ways to exclude information leakage and its unauthorized use are being studied. The result of the work is a number of significant proposals for the storage and optimization of the processing of personal data in various institutions and organizations.

If the book belongs to fiction, then a brief annotation should, firstly, give an idea of the main conflict and its meaning, and secondly, outline the hero and the plot in the most general terms.

An example of a brief annotation for a book:

“In this story, an ordinary boy learns that he is actually a wizard who made a terrible villain disappear from the face of the earth, and now he wants to return and take revenge. To learn about his abilities and learn how to manage them, the boy enters the school of magic, where he finds new friends.

2) Expanded - in addition to a short retelling of the content and its evaluation, they also include a listing of chapters, paragraphs and / or headings. Typically, such an annotation is compiled for scientific papers, textbooks, monographs and takes from one to several pages.

4. Another type is an overview abstract.

Sometimes it is also called a group.

Such an annotation is written alone for several works (for a group of texts united by one theme or one genre). It can be both reference (clarification of the interpretation of the common theme in each of the combined works), and advisory (in this case, the emphasis is on the differences between the works - for example, in the interpretation of the theme or in the ways of presenting information).

Overview annotation example:

One World for All: Outlines of Global Consciousness. Collection of articles: Per. with him. - M.: Progress, 1990. - 216 p.

“The thoughts and opinions of eighteen well-known political and public figures of our time on the most acute global problems of our planet are presented in the book One World for All, which was first published by the West German publishing house Horizonte with the participation and active assistance of the Soviet publishing house Progress. Soviet President Mikhail Gorbachev and Chairman of the Socialist International Willy Brandt, famous astrophysicist Fang Lizhi (often referred to as the "Chinese Sakharov") and one of the founders of the Club of Rome, philosopher and futurist Erwin Laszlo, UNESCO Secretary General Federico Mayor and former Prime Minister of Norway Gro Harlem Bruntland, economist and ecologist Hazel Henderson, physicist and psychologist Peter Russell - the most prominent representatives of the world's humanitarian and natural sciences, together with well-known politicians, consider issues of concern to all mankind based on an analysis of the latest achievements in fundamental sciences and new planetary thinking.
The authors have different approaches to the topic, since we are talking about bright and peculiar individuals, but there is one criterion - everything in the world is interconnected. The impending apocalypse due to many years of confrontation and the inexorably impending ecological catastrophe can be avoided if today we finally realize that this world is one for all of us.”

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Basic requirements for writing abstracts (author's summaries)

The abstract for the article should be:

informative (do not contain common words);
original (do not be a tracing paper of a Russian-language annotation with a literal translation);
content (reflect the main content of the article and research results);
structured (follow the logic of describing the results in the article);
"English" (be written in good English);
compact (fit into a volume of 100 to 250 words), according to GOST - 850 characters, at least 10 lines.

The main goals and objectives of the annotation

The abstract is a brief summary of a larger work of a scientific nature.
The abstract can be published independently, in isolation from the main text and, therefore, should be understandable without referring to the publication itself.
According to the abstract to the article, the reader should understand the essence of the study.
Based on the abstract, the reader must determine whether it is worth referring to the full text of the article for more detailed information of interest to him.
The abstract to the article is the main source of information in domestic and foreign information systems and databases that index the journal.
The abstract is available on the journal's website for public viewing on the Internet and is indexed by network search engines.
An abstract in Russian is the basis for preparing an annotation for English language.
An abstract in English is included in the English-language block of information about the article, which is uploaded to the English-language version of the journal's website and prepared for foreign abstract databases and analytical systems (citation indexes). When translating abstracts, special English terminology should be used.

Structure, content and scope

The abstract should state the essential facts of the work, and should not exaggerate or contain material that is not in the main body of the publication.
The structure of the abstract is welcome, repeating the structure of the article and including the introduction, goals and objectives, methods, results, conclusion (conclusions). However, the subject, theme, purpose of the work are indicated if they are not clear from the title of the article. It is expedient to describe the method or methodology of carrying out the work if they are novel or of interest from the point of view of this work.
The results of the work are described extremely accurately and informatively.
The main theoretical and experimental results, factual data, discovered relationships and regularities are presented. At the same time, preference is given to new results and long-term data, important discoveries, conclusions that refute existing theories, as well as data that, in the author's opinion, are of practical importance.
Conclusions may be accompanied by recommendations, assessments, suggestions, hypotheses described in the article.
The information contained in the title of the article should not be repeated in the text of the abstract.
Avoid unnecessary introductory phrases (for example, "the author of the article is considering ...").
Historical references, if they do not constitute the main content of the document, a description of previously published works and well-known provisions are not given in the annotation.
The text of the abstract should use syntactic constructions typical of the language of scientific and technical documents, and avoid complex grammatical constructions.
The text of the author's summary should use meaningful words from the text of the article.
The text of the abstract should be concise and clear, free from secondary information, unnecessary introductory words, general and insignificant formulations.
The text should be coherent, the disparate stated provisions should logically follow each other.
Abbreviations and symbols, except for commonly used ones, are used in exceptional cases or give their decoding and definitions at the first use in the author's summary.
The abstract does not make reference to the publication number in the bibliography of the article.
The volume of the text of the author's summary is determined by the content of the publication (the amount of information, their scientific value and / or practical significance), but SHOULD NOT BE LESS THAN 100-250 WORDS(for Russian-language publications, a larger volume is preferable).

Experience shows that the most difficult thing for the author when preparing an abstract is to present briefly the results of his work. Therefore, one of the proven variants of the abstract is a brief repetition of the structure of the article in it, including the introduction, goals and objectives, methods, results, and conclusion. This method of compiling annotations has become widespread in foreign journals.

As an aid for annotations (abstracts), two versions of the rules should be recommended: the first is the Russian GOST 7.9-95 “Abstract and abstract. General requirements”, developed by VINITI specialists; the second - recommendations for writing annotations for English-language articles in journals of the Emerald publishing house (Great Britain).

In preparing the section, materials were used by Olga Vladimirovna Kirillova, Ph.D. (Kirillova O.V. Editorial preparation scientific journals according to international standards. Recommendations of the Scopus database expert. M., 2013. Part 1. 90 p.)

A significant part of innovative plans for the implementation of changes, containing innovations at their core, either does not reach practical implementation, or in reality brings much less benefit than planned. One of the reasons for these trends lies in the fact that the manager does not have real tools for planning, evaluating and controlling innovations. The article proposes a mechanism strategic planning company, based on the analysis of both the internal capabilities of the organization and external competitive forces, the search for ways to use external opportunities, taking into account the specifics of the company. Strategic planning is based on a set of rules and procedures containing a series of methods, the use of which allows company leaders to ensure a quick response to changing external conditions. These methods include: strategic segmentation; problem solving in real time; diagnostics of strategic readiness for work in the conditions of the future; development of a general management plan; planning the company's entrepreneurial position; strategic transformation of the organization. The process of strategic planning is presented as a closed cycle, consisting of 9 successive stages, each of which is a logical sequence of activities that ensure the dynamics of the system development. The result of the strategic planning methodology developed by the author is a proposal for a transition to “interactive strategic management”, which, in its conceptual basis, focuses on the creative potential of the entire team and finding ways to build it on the basis of quickly overcoming accelerating changes, increasing organizational complexity and unpredictable variability of the external environment.

A considerable part of innovative plans concerning implementation of developments with underlying novelties either do not reach the implementing stage, or in fact yield less benefit than anticipated. One of the reasons of such failures is the fact that the manager lacks real tools for planning, evaluating and controlling innovations. The article brings forward the mechanism for a strategic planning of a company, based on the analysis of both inner company’s resources, and outer competitive strength, as well as on searching ways of using external opportunities with account taken of the company’s specific character. Strategic planning is based on a code of regulations and procedures containing a series of methods, the use of which makes it possible for the company’s manager to ensure prompt measures of reaction to outer business environment changes. Such methods include: strategic segmentation; solving problems in real-time mode; diagnostics of strategic readiness to operate in the context of the future; working out a general plan of management; planning of the business position of the firm; strategic transformation of the company. Strategic planning process is presented as a closed cycle consisting of 9 successive stages, each of them represents a logical sequence of measures ensuring the dynamics of system development. The developed by the author strategic planning methods result in the recommendation to proceed to “interactive strategic management” which is conceptually based on the constructive potential of the collective body, on searching ways of its building on the basis of effective overcoming accelerating changes, increasing organizational complexity, and unpredictable changeability of the environment.

ON THE FORMATION OF PROFESSIONAL-VALUE ORIENTATIONS AMONG STUDENTS OF THE MUSIC DEPARTMENT OF PEDAGOGICAL COLLEGE: STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

The problem of formation of professional and value orientations of future music teachers in the system of secondary vocational education is considered. The features of the contingent of students and the specifics of teaching students of the music department of the pedagogical college, which influence the formation of professional value orientations, are substantiated. Among the main factors that distinguish the educational process in a pedagogical college from studying at a university, there are differences in the age composition of students, closer ties between a secondary educational institution and students and their families, a greater proportion of small-group and individual lessons, which determines the emotional and personal nature of the relationship of students with students. teachers, practice-oriented basis of education.

The problem of formation of professional and value orientations system of the future music teachers in the system of secondary professional education is stated. Features of the trained cohort and specifics of training of students of Musical Department of teacher training college, influencing the formation of professional and value orientations are formulated. Distinctions in age structure of students, more close connections of average educational institution with students and their families, bigger specific weight of small group and individual occupations causing emotional and personal character of the relations of pupils with teachers, the practice-focused training orientation are distinguished from the major factors distinguishing educational process in teacher training college from higher education institution.

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