When the letter i denotes the softness of consonants. Hard and soft consonants. Designation of softness of consonant sounds in writing

The hardness / softness of consonants as an independent feature, and not arising due to positional changes, is fixed in the following strong positions:
1) before vowels, including [e]: [lu]k onion- [onion Luke, [nose nose- [nose carried, pass[t e´] l pastel- pos [t "e´] l bed;
Paired soft consonants before [e] are pronounced in native Russian words, paired hard ones - in borrowed ones. However, many of these borrowings are no longer perceived as rare: antenna, cafe, sausage, stress, puree, prosthesis etc. As a result, both solid and soft pronunciation consonant before [e].
2) at the end of a word: ko[n] con- ko [n "] horse, zh[p] heat- zh[p "] Fire away;
3) for sounds [l], [l "], regardless of their position: in [l] ná wave- in [l "] on free;
4) for consonants [c], [s "], [s], [s"], [t], [t "], [d], [d "], [n], [n"], [ p], [p "] (for front-lingual)
- in a position before [k], [k "], [g], [g "], [x], [x"] (before back-lingual): gó [r] ka slide- gó [r "] ko bitterly, bá[n]ka jar- bá [n "] ka bathhouse;
- in a position before [b], [b "], [p], [p "], [m], [m"] (before the labials): and [s] bá hut- re [z "] bá thread.

In other cases, the hardness or softness of the consonant will not be independent, but caused by the influence of sounds on each other.

Similarity in hardness is observed, for example, in the case of a combination of soft [n "] with hard [s], cf .: kó [n"] horse- kó[ns] cue horse, Spain[n"]ia Spain- Spanish [ns] cue (i.e. [n "] // [n] in front of a solid). A couple of ju [n"] June- ju'[n "s] cue June does not follow this rule. But this exception is the only one.

Assimilation by softness is carried out inconsistently in relation to different groups consonants and is not respected by all speakers. Only the replacement [n] with [n"] before [h"] and [w:"], cf: baraba [n] does not know deviations drum- drum [n "h"] ik drum, go[n]ok racing- gó [n "w:"] ik racer(i.e. [n] // [n"] before soft).

In accordance with the old norms, it was necessary to say: l i´[m "k"] and straps, [v "b"] ith drive in; [door door; [with "j] eat eat; [s"t"]ena wall. In modern pronunciation, there is no mandatory softening of the first sound in these cases. So, the word la´[mk"] and straps(similarly shaking´[pc"] and rags, la[fk"] and shops) is pronounced only with a solid, other sound combinations allow pronunciation variability.

The designation in writing applies only to cases of independent, and not positionally determined, hardness / softness of paired consonants. At the letter level, soft sound quality [n "] in words drum And racer not shown graphically.

Unlike deafness / voicedness, the independent softness of paired consonants is conveyed not by the letter corresponding to the consonant sound, but by the letter following it:
letters i, e, u, i: l And To, l yo d, l Yu To, l I zg;

IN modern language the letter e ceased to denote the softness of the preceding consonant. A combination of letters... those... you can’t read if you don’t see what word it belongs to - those one hundred or those st.
1) at the end of the word with a soft sign: to uh, Ms. p, py le;
2) in the middle of a word before a consonant, a soft sign: t ma, ve camping ma, ba ny ka.

The independent hardness of paired consonants is transmitted by such means:
letters s, o, y, a, e: ly to, lo dka, lu To, la ska, Kara te;
at the end of the word by the absence of a soft sign: to n_, Ms. R_, py_ l;
in the middle of a word before a consonant without a soft sign:
T_ min, With_ looks at, ba n_ ka.

The hardness / softness of unpaired consonants does not require a separate designation. Writing and/s, yo/o, y/y, I/a after letters w, and, h, sch, c, corresponding to unpaired ones, is dictated by tradition: zn, qi fra, tsy films, burn, O jo G, shu weaving, bro shyu ra, cha scale. The same applies to the use / non-use of the letter soft sign in a number of grammatical forms: ro wow, deputy and _, ti sh, small w_, ve shch, goods sch_, can, brick_.

Phonetics- This is a branch of the science of language, in which sounds and their alternations are studied, as well as stress, intonation, syllable division.

Graphic arts- This is a branch of the science of language, in which the outlines of the letters of the alphabet and their relationship with the sounds of speech are studied.

Modern Russian alphabet consists of 33 letters, 10 of which are intended to denote vowels and are respectively called vowels. 21 consonants are used to designate consonants. In addition, in modern Russian there are two letters that are not sounds do not mean: b(hard sign) b(soft sign).

Vowels and consonants

All sounds of the Russian language are divided into vowels and consonants.

1. Vowel sounds are the sounds that are formed with the participation of the voice. There are six of them in Russian: [a], [e], [i], [o], [y], [s].

2. Consonants- these are sounds that are formed with the participation of voice and noise or only noise.

A) The consonants are divided into hard and soft. Most hard and soft consonants form pairs by hardness-softness: [b] - [b′], [c] - [c′], [g] - [g′], [d] - [d′], [h] - [h′], [k] - [k′], [l] - [l′], [m] - [m′], [n] - [n′], [p] - [n′], [p] - [p′], [s] - [s ′], [t] - [t ′], [f] - [f ′], [x] - [x ′] (the apostrophe at the top right indicates softness consonant sound). For example, bow - [bow] and hatch - [l′uk].

b) Some consonants do not have correlative pairs of hardness-softness, that is, there are unpaired hard consonants[g], [w], [c] (i.e. they are always only solid) and unpaired soft consonants[sh ′], [th], [h] (i.e. they are always only soft).

Notes:

• for sounds [th], [h], it is not customary to denote softness with an apostrophe, although in some textbooks it is indicated;
• the sound [w ′] is indicated on the letter by the letter sch;
• overline means double (long) sound. For example, cheek - [sh ′ika], thicket - [cup ′a], bath - [van a], cash desk - [cas a]. In some textbooks, long consonants so: [van: a] - bath.

V) Consonants formed with the participation of voice and noise are called voiced(for example, [d], [d′], [h], [h′], etc.); if only noise is involved in the formation of sounds, then such sounds are called deaf consonants (for example, [t], [t′], [s], [s′], etc.). Most voiced and voiceless consonants in Russian form voiced-deafness pairs: [b] - [p], [b′] - [p′], [c] - [f], [c′] - [f′], [g] - [k], [g′] - [k′], [d] - [t], [d′] - [t′], [h] - [s], [h′] - [s′], [g] - [w]. Wed: beat - drink, year - cat, live - sew.

G) The sounds [th], [l], [l′], [m], |m′], [n], [n′], [p], [p′] do not form a correlative pair with deaf consonants, hence they are unpaired voiced(unpaired voiced consonants are also called sonorous, these are sounds in the formation of which both voice and noise participate). Conversely, voiceless consonants that do not pair with voiced ones are unpaired deaf. These are the sounds [h], [c], [x], [x′].

3. In the flow of speech, the sound of one sound can be likened to the sound of another sound. Such a phenomenon is called assimilation. So, in the word life, the sound [z], standing next to the soft [n′], also softens, and we get the sound [z′]. So the pronunciation of the word life is written like this: [zhyz′n′]. Rapprochement of sounding is also possible for sounds paired in sonority-deafness. So, voiced consonants in a position before deafs and at the end of a word sound closer to paired deafs. Therefore, it happens stun consonants. For example, a boat is a lo [t] ka, a fairy tale is a fairy tale [s] ka, a cart is in [s]. The reverse phenomenon is also possible, when deaf consonants in a position in front of voiced ones also become voiced, that is voiced. For example, mowing - ko [z ′] ba, request - about [z ′] ba.

The designation of the softness of consonants in writing

In Russian, the softness of consonants is indicated in the following ways:

1. Using a letterb(soft sign) at the end of the word and in the middle between consonants: benefit - [pol′za], elk - [los′], etc.

Note. The soft sign does not indicate the softness of consonants in the following cases:

a) if it serves to separate consonants, the second of which th(yot): leaves - fox [t′ya], be-lye - be [l′yo];

b) to distinguish grammatical categories: rye (3 folds, female) - knife (2 folds, m.s.);

c) to distinguish the forms of words (after hissing): read (2 l., singular), cut (form imperative mood), help ( indefinite form verb-la), as well as adverbs: jump, back.

2. Through lettersAnd,e, yo, yu, i, indicating the softness of the preceding consonant and conveying vowels [i], [e], [o], [y], [a]: forest - [l'es], honey - [m'ot], lil - [l′il], hatch - [l′uk], crumpled - [m′al].

3. With the help of subsequent soft consonants: cog - [in′t′ik], plum - [s′l′iva].

The sound meaning of the letters e, e, u, i

1. The letters e, e, u, i can meantwo sounds: [ye], [yo], [yu], [ya]. This happens in the following cases:

• at the beginning of a word: for example, spruce - [ye] l, hedgehog - [yo] zh, yula - [yu] la, yama - [ya] ma;
• after a vowel sound: washes - mo [ye] t, sings - po [yo] t, give - yes [yu] t, bark - la [ya] t;
• after dividing b, b: eat - eat [ye] m, drink - drink [yo] t, pour - l [yu] t, zealous - ry [ya] ny.

In addition, after the separation b two sounds will be denoted by a letter And: nightingales - nightingale [yi].

2. The letters e, e, u, i indicate the softness of the preceding consonant in a position after consonants, paired in hardness-softness: fur - [m′eh], carried - [n′os], hatch - [l′uk], crumpled - [m′al].

Reminder:

• Sounds [th], [l], [m], [n], [p] - voiced (do not have a pair of voiced-deafness)
• Sounds [x], [c], [h], [w ′] are deaf (they do not have a pair in terms of hardness-softness)
• Sounds [w], [w], [c] are always solid.
• Sounds [th], [h], [sh ′] are always soft.

Phonetic analysis of the word (sound-letter analysis of the word) is an analysis of the word, which consists in characterizing syllabic structure And sound composition of the word; phonetic parsing of a word involves elements of graphical analysis. The word for phonetic analysis in school textbooks is indicated by the number 1: for example, earth 1 .

When conducting a phonetic analysis of a word, it is imperative to pronounce the word aloud. It is impossible to automatically translate a letter entry into an audio one, this leads to errors. It must be remembered that it is not the letters that are characterized, but the sounds of the word.

Phonetic order(sound-letter) word parsing (according to school tradition):

1. Write down the given word, divide it into syllables, orally indicate the number of syllables.

2. Put the stress on the word.

3. Write down phonetic transcription words (we write the word in letters in a column, opposite each letter we write the sound in square brackets).

4. Describe the sounds (put a dash in front of each sound and write its characteristics, separating them with commas):

• characteristics of a vowel sound: indicate that the sound is a vowel; percussion or non-impact;

• characteristics of the consonant sound: indicate that the sound is consonant; hard or soft, voiced or deaf. You can also specify paired or unpaired in terms of hardness-softness, sonority-deafness.

5. Specify the number of sounds and letters.

Phonetic patterns(sound-letter) word parsing(a basic level of)

Earth - earth-le
z [z ′] - consonant, soft, sonorous
e [i] - vowel, unstressed
m [m] - consonant, solid, voiced
l [l′] - consonant, soft, sonorous
e [e] - vowel, stressed
__________
5 letters, 5 sounds

Blacken - black-né-yut
h [h] - consonant, soft, deaf
e [i] - vowel, unstressed
r [r] - consonant, hard, voiced
n [n ′] - consonant, soft, sonorous
e [e] - vowel, stressed
yu [th] - consonant, soft, sonorous
[y] - vowel, unstressed
t[t] - consonant, hard, deaf.
___________
7 letters, 8 sounds

Lesson objectives:

1. Learn to distinguish between first and second row vowels in syllables, words, sentences.
2. Learn to compare consonants in hardness-softness at the level of sound, syllable, word.
3. To form the ability to choose a vowel to indicate the softness of a consonant in writing.
4. Development of sound analysis skills.
5. Development of the skill of working with a deformed proposal.

Equipment:

For the teacher: computer presentation, images fairytale heroes, colored balls with syllables, cards with words for sentences.

For students: workbooks, task cards.

I. Organizational moment.

Today we are not quite regular lesson. We have guests. Say hello to them.

Let's start the literacy lesson.

II. Introduction to the topic.

We already know and know a lot. Therefore, one very famous fairy-tale hero turned to us for help. He doesn't like to study very much. He says he knows how to eat and play outside. And he doesn't need anything else.

He doesn't know anything...
Do you know him...
Answer me without hiding -
Who is visiting us? (Dunno) (2 slide)

Dunno in the lesson wrote sentences under dictation and did not cope with the task. Clever Znayka did not give him a single point for his work.

Read the sentences carefully, look for mistakes .. Think about what material Dunno did not learn? What does he not know? (3 slide)

Dunno didn't learn how to use vowels to soften consonants. Can we help the stranger?

We must earn 5 points for Dunno by completing 5 difficult tasks.

III. The topic of the lesson.

So, the topic of the lesson is "Designation of the softness of consonant sounds with vowels."

Revise and reinforce what we have learned last lessons literacy training. (4 slide)

IV Calligraphy.

l l l
lo le la ly liu li

Let's repeat the spelling of the lowercase letter l, the connection of the letter l with other letters.

What two groups can syllables be divided into? (syllables with hard consonants and soft consonants).

Mark in blue hard consonants in syllables, in green - soft consonants.

V. Work on the topic of the lesson.

1) - Look carefully at the table of letters. Name those letters that are used to soften consonants. Be careful. (5 slide)

To soften consonants, we use second-row vowels: I, E, Yu, I, Yo

2) Differentiation of hard - soft consonants in direct syllables. (On the board are images of fairy-tale heroes and balls with syllables)

The first task for you and Dunno.

Help Dunno's friends - Chipollino and Pinocchio - collect scattered balls. Pinocchio must collect balls with syllables in which solid consonant sounds, and Chipollino - with soft consonant sounds. (Children do the task at the blackboard)

Well done! You have completed the first task. You get your first score. (6 slide)

3) Differentiation of hard - soft consonants in small words.

Word models (7 slide)

Make up words using the vowel first of the first row, then the second row. We observe the meaning of the word.

- Conclusion: The meaning of the word depends on the choice of the vowel.

Next task.
- Prepare signal cards blue and green flowers. signal card show the hardness or softness of the first consonant in the word. Think about what vowel we will write after it.

Washed, sweet, son, seven, cake, grater, bear, mouse.

Well done! We get one more point for the work. (8 slide)

4) Independent work by options (in a notebook)

Option 1 writes down words that begin with a solid consonant sound,

Option 2 - words that begin with a soft consonant sound. (9 slide)

Soap, sweet, bow, sunroof, sheet, skis, pencil case, school desk.

Examination.

Well done! We earned one more point together with Dunno. (10 slide)

VI. Physical minute. (11 slide)

VII. Fixing on the material of proposals.

1) Work with words-paronyms.

Insert the appropriate word. (12 slide)

RADY - ROW

The children planted vegetables. They tried to make even _______. Harvested in autumn. Everyone was _________.

NOSE - NOS

Pinocchio _______ golden key. He likes to stick his _______ everywhere.

BEAR - MOUSE

The cat ___________ was catching __________.

The work is done by the children on the cards on their own, followed by a check on the slide.

Well done! Earned the fourth point. (13 slide)

2) Visual-auditory dictation.

Working with deformed sentences. (cards with words on the board) (14 slide)

children are happy in winter
Nina Petit and sled
rollercoaster kids with a ride

Collect scattered offers. (Children work at the blackboard)

Children are happy with winter.
Petya and Nina have sleds.
The kids were rolling down the hill.

Dictation recording with preliminary preparation.

Self-test. (16 slide)

Work analysis.

Who wrote sentences without errors?

Who has 1-2 mistakes?

For this work, you and Dunno earned one more - the fifth point. (17 slide)

VIII. Summary of the lesson.

So our lesson has come to an end. We helped Dunno understand very difficult material. Remember what we talked about in class?

What vowels soften a consonant?

IX. Homework.

The text with errors that Dunno wrote at the beginning of the lesson. Write off correcting mistakes.

Dusheiko Oksana Yurievna,
teacher - speech therapist MBS (K) OU "SKOSH-I for children with TNR"
Berezniki, Perm Territory

1. At the end of a word, after a soft consonant (with the exception of hissing ones), the letter ь is written. For example: cinder, mother, roofing felt, bear, six.

1. The softness of a consonant standing inside a word before a consonant is denoted in different ways:

1. The softness of consonants before vowels in the middle and at the end of a word is indicated in special ways: after soft consonants, instead of a, o, y, e, letters are written - i, e, u, e. Compare: small - crumpled, they say - chalk, saw - dust, the mayor (city) has a measure.

The speech of a person, especially a native speaker, should be not only correct, but also beautiful, emotional, expressive. Voice, diction, and consistent orthoepic norms are important here.

The ability to pronounce sounds correctly consists of practical exercises (voice training: volume, timbre, flexibility, diction, etc.) and knowledge of when this or that sound pronunciation is appropriate (orthoepic norms).

Before talking about letters that denote soft consonant phonemes, we should recall the basic phonetic concepts and terms.

Phonetics: sounds and letters

Let's start with the fact that there are no soft consonants in the words of the Russian language. Since sound is what we hear and pronounce, it is elusive, it is an indivisible part of speech, which is obtained as a result of human articulation. A letter is just a graphic symbol denoting a particular sound. We see and write them.

There is no complete correspondence between them. In one word, the number of letters and sounds may not match. The Russian alphabet consists of thirty-three letters, and in speech there are forty-seven sounds.

Accurate in a word by means of letters - transcription. Letters in this case are written in square brackets. At phonetic analysis each sound must be written in a separate letter, stressed and indicated softness, if necessary ["], for example, milk - [malaco], mole - [mol"] - in this case, the letter l with an apostrophe indicates a soft sound [l"].

Phonetics: vowels and consonants

When a stream of air flies out of the throat without encountering obstacles in its path, it turns out (melodious). There are six of them in Russian. They are shock and unstressed.

If the air, leaving the larynx, does not pass freely, then a consonant sound is obtained. They are formed from noise or noise and voice. There are thirty-seven consonant phonemes in our Russian language.

• sonorous (voice is much stronger than noise);
• noisy - voiced and deaf.

Also, according to pronunciation, there are soft consonants (the letters that denote them are written with an apostrophe) and hard sounds. They differ in pronunciation - speaking a soft consonant, a person raises the middle back of the tongue high to the sky.

Graphics: letters

So, the letters are the designations of the sounds in the letter. The science that studies them is graphics. An alphabet is a graphic representation of the sounds of a language arranged in a specific order. The ten letters of the Russian alphabet are vowels that represent vowel sounds. It also includes twenty-one consonants and two letters that do not indicate sounds at all. Each letter in the alphabet has its own unique name. The modern alphabet was created in 1918 and officially approved in 1942. Now these graphic signs are used in more than fifty different languages peace.

Letter-sound composition

In Russian, the composition of speech sounds and letters differs due to the specifics of writing - the letters of soft consonants and hard are identical - ate [y "el], el [y" el "]; and six vowels are indicated in writing by ten letters. And so it turns out that there are fourteen more sounds in speech than there are letters in the alphabet.

hard consonants

Consonant phonemes form pairs: voiced - deaf, soft - hard. But there are those who will always sound firm - these are w, w, c. Even in the words parachute, brochure and single-root w will remain solid. In some foreign words they are pronounced differently.

Soft consonants

There is also a trio of sounds that are always soft, consonant letters denoting them - h, w, y. There are no exceptions to these rules in Russian.

Paired consonants

The consonants are mostly paired, that is, each solid sound corresponds to its softer pronunciation. The letters denoting soft will be identical. In transcription, the sign ["] will be added to them.

How to determine where soft consonants will stand? Letters do not immediately form words, first they form syllables. The softness or hardness of the pronunciation of a consonant depends on which sound follows it in the syllable.

syllables

A syllable is a sound or several sounds that are pronounced in one breath, with one push of air.

Vowels are syllable-forming sounds, consonants adjoin them - a syllable is obtained: mo-lo-ko, le-ta-yu-shcha-ya fish. The number of syllables in a word is equal to the number of vowels in it.

Open syllables end with vowels: picture - kar- Tina, legitimate - right-measured.

If there is a consonant at the end of a syllable, it is a closed syllable: car-ti-na, lawful - right-in- measured.

In the middle of a word, there are more often open syllables, and the consonants adjacent to them are transferred to the next syllable: give, announcer. Sounds that can close a syllable in a word are voiced, unpaired, hard consonants and soft. Letters for writing them - d, r, l, m, n. For example: kitty - ki-son-ka.

There are division of words into syllables and into parts for transfer, as well as into morphemes. This is the syllabic, or syllabic, principle of graphics. It also applies to consonants.

Hard and soft consonants: letters (syllabic principle)

It manifests itself in relation to consonants in that it determines the unit of reading and writing:

1. Like a combination of a consonant and a vowel following it.
2. Combining a consonant and a soft sign.
3. Grouping two consonants or a space at the end of a word.

So, in order to understand whether the sound defined in the word belongs to soft or hard, you need to pay attention to what comes after it in the syllable.

If any consonant follows the one we are interested in, then the sound being determined is solid. For example: chatter - chatter, T- solid.

If the next one is a vowel, then you need to remember that before a, o, u, uh, s stand For example: mother, fetters, vine.

And, e, yu, i, yo- letters denoting a soft consonant sound. For example, a song is a song, p, n- soft, while With- solid.

In order to speak well and read soft consonants and sounds correctly, it is necessary to develop your own - understanding and distinguishing speech sounds. Fine developed ability clearly identifying what sounds are in a word, even if you hear it for the first time, will allow you to better remember and understand the speech of others. And most importantly - to speak more beautifully and more correctly.

The syllabic principle is convenient in that it allows you to reduce the number of letters in the alphabet. Indeed, in order to designate soft and hard consonant phonemes, it would be necessary to invent, create, and users to learn fifteen new graphic elements. So much is contained in our speech. In practice, it turned out to be enough to determine the vowels indicating which letters of the consonants are soft.

Letters denoting a soft consonant sound

Softness of sound is indicated by ["] only when writing transcription - sound parsing words.

When reading or writing, there are two ways to indicate soft consonants.

1. If a soft consonant ends a word or comes before another consonant, then it is denoted by "ь". For example: a blizzard, a stolnik, etc. Important: when writing, the softness of a consonant is determined by "ь" only if it stands in the same-root words before both the soft and the hard consonant in different occasions(flax - flax). Most often, when two soft consonants stand side by side, after the first "b" is not used in writing.
2. If a soft consonant is followed by a vowel, then it is determined by letters i, yu, i, yo, e. For example: carried, sat down, tulle, etc.

Even when applying the syllabic principle, there are problems with e before a consonant, they are so deep that they turn into orthoepy. Some scientists believe that necessary condition euphony is a ban on writing e after hard consonants, because this grapheme defines soft consonants and interferes with the correct pronunciation of hard ones. I have a suggestion to replace e to unambiguous uh. Before the introduction, unified spelling of syllables e - e in 1956, the paired spelling of such words (adequate - adequate) was actively and legally practiced. But the unification did not solve the main problem. Replacing e with uh after hard consonants, obviously, will not be an ideal solution either, new words in Russian appear more and more often, and in which case to write this or that letter remains debatable.

Orthoepy

Let's go back to where we started - our speech - it is due to orthoepy. On the one hand, these are the developed norms for the correct pronunciation, and on the other hand, it is a science that studies, substantiates and establishes these norms.

Orthoepy serves the Russian language, blurs the lines between dialects, so that it is easier for people to understand each other. So that, communicating with each other, representatives different regions thought about what they were saying, and not about how this or that word sounded from the interlocutor.

The foundation of the Russian language and, consequently, pronunciation is the Moscow dialect. It was in the capital of Russia that sciences began to develop, including orthoepy, so the norms prescribe us to speak - to pronounce sounds like Muscovites.

Orthoepy gives one correct way of pronunciation, rejecting all others, but at the same time sometimes allows options that are considered correct.

Despite the clear, understandable and simple rules, orthoepy notes many features, nuances and exceptions in how letters are pronounced, denoting a soft consonant sound and a hard ...

Orthoepy: soft and hard consonants

What letters are soft consonants? H, w, th In no case should you pronounce hard sounds instead of soft sounds. But this rule is broken, falling under the influence Belarusian language and even Russian dialects, reprimands. Remember how the word sounds in this Slavic group more, For example.

L- this is a paired consonant sound, respectively, standing directly before the consonant or at the end of the word, it should sound solid. Before oh, a, uh, uh, s also (tent, corner, skier), but in some words that came to us more often from foreign languages, whose speakers live mainly in Europe, and which are proper names, l pronounced almost softly (La Scala, La Rochelle, La Fleur).

The last consonants in the prefix in front of a hard sign, even if letters denoting a soft consonant sound follow, are pronounced firmly (entrance, announcement). But for consonants With And h this rule is not in full force. Sounds With And h in this case, they can be pronounced in two ways (congress - [s "] rides - [s] rides).

The rules of orthoepy state that you cannot soften the final consonant in a word, even if they merge with the next word starting with e (in this, to the equator, with emu). If such a consonant softens in speech, this indicates that a person communicates through a colloquial style.

"b" also belongs to the list of "soft consonants" and the sounds before it should be pronounced softly, even sounds m, b, p, c, f in words such as seven, eight, hole, shipyard, etc. Pronounce soft sounds firmly in front of " b"is unacceptable. Only in the words eight hundred and seven hundred m may not have a soft, but a hard sound.

What letters denote soft consonants, you need to remember clearly - e, yu, yo, i, and.

So, in many foreign words before e the consonant sound is not softened. This often happens with lips. m, f, c, b, p. P- Chopin, coupe; b- Bernard Show; V- Solveig; f- auto-da-fé; m- reputation, consommé.

Much more often than these consonants, firmly before e dental consonants sound r, n, z, s, d, t. R- Reichswehr, Roerich; n- pince-nez, tour; h- chimpanzee, Bizet; With- highway, Musset; d- dumping, a masterpiece; T- pantheon, aesthetics.

Thus, letters of soft consonants have a fairly definite composition, but fall under a number of exceptions.