17.10.2019

Does air defense belong to the air force. The history of the management of the chief of the air defense troops of the ground forces. Operational-strategic associations of air defense forces of the USSR and Russia

DEFENSE FORCES ARMY

07.01.2016

Troops counter air defense Since 2015, the Ground Forces have begun to use a new type of target missile that simulates high-speed targets during exercises. This was announced by the head of the Air Defense Forces (Air Defense) of the Ground Forces, Lieutenant General Alexander Leonov.
“In order to create a complex target environment in the course of tactical exercises with live firing, for the first time, a new target missile “Pinsnet” was used, which simulates high-speed targets with characteristics modern means air attack,” Alexander Leonov explained.
The main advantage of this target missile, according to him, is the possibility of "carrying out a full cycle of fire control using automation tools."
In addition, for the objective assessment of the combat work of the crews and the results of live firing, the mobile control complex "Konglomerat-1P" was used. It provides digital video recording and processing of the flight path of anti-aircraft guided missiles and artillery shells. anti-aircraft systems short range and short range.
In 2015, 65 tactical exercises of the Air Defense Forces of the Ground Forces with live firing were planned and conducted. They were carried out at the Kapustin Yar and Ashuluk training grounds in the Southern Military District and at the Telemba training ground in the Eastern Military District.
In total, more than 10 thousand military personnel, including 1.5 thousand officers, took part in the training events, up to 3.5 thousand units of weapons, military and special equipment were involved.
Department of Press Service and Information of the Ministry of Defense Russian Federation

25.12.2016

Military Air Defense (Air Defense) of the Russian Armed Forces (AF) conducted 120 exercises, during which 1043 target missiles were hit, Lieutenant General Alexander Leonov, head of the Air Defense Forces of the Russian Ground Forces, said on the air of the Ekho Moskvy radio station.
The Air Defense Forces of the Ground Forces (SV) of the Russian Armed Forces celebrate the anniversary of their formation on Saturday. The beginning of the formation of military air defense units was the order of the chief of staff of the Supreme Commander of the Russian Army dated December 13 (26), 1915 on the formation of separate four-gun light batteries for firing at air fleet. According to the order of the Minister of Defense of the Russian Federation of February 9, 2007, December 26 is considered the date of creation of military air defense.
“In total, 129 exercises were conducted in 2016,” Leonov said. He noted that 1,043 target missiles were destroyed during these exercises.
RIA News

25.12.2016

In Russia, the development of a new portable anti-aircraft missile system (MANPADS) has begun. This was reported by Interfax with reference to the head of the air defense of the Ground Forces of the Russian Armed Forces, Lieutenant General Alexander Leonov.
“The development of a new MANPADS is underway,” Leonov said on the air of the Ekho Moskvy radio station, adding that domestic MANPADS are now significantly superior to any foreign counterparts.
Portable anti-aircraft missile system(MANPADS) - an anti-aircraft missile system designed for transportation and firing by one person. In Russia, the Igla and Verba MANPADS are in service. The Strela and Igla missile systems developed in the USSR were exported to dozens of countries around the world and are still actively used in armed conflicts.
https://lenta.ru

25.12.2016

Anti-aircraft missile systems "Buk-M2" will no longer be supplied to the Ground Forces of the Russian Federation, the re-equipment is underway for the "Buk-M3" systems.
This was announced by the head of the military air defense of the Ground Forces of the Russian Federation, Lieutenant General Alexander Leonov.
“There will be no more deliveries of Buk-M2 (to the Ground Forces). At the beginning of next year, retraining for the Buk-M3 complexes will begin, ”he said on the air of the Ekho Moskvy radio station.
TASS

9K317M BUK-M3 Anti-Aircraft Missile System

26.12.2016

Three new anti-aircraft missile brigades have been formed in two military districts, Lieutenant-General Alexander Leonov, head of the military air defense (PVO) of the Russian Armed Forces (AF), said on Saturday on the air of the Ekho Moskvy radio station.
“The formation of our new connections continues. To date, three anti-aircraft missile brigades (SAMs) have been formed: one long-range SAM in the Southern (military) district and two SAMs medium range in the Southern and Eastern military districts,” Leonov said.
He noted that, in addition, units and formations of military air defense are being re-equipped with new equipment.
“There is a rearmament of one already existing air defense system, a regiment. Seven anti-aircraft missile divisions have been re-equipped with the new Tor-M2 short-range complex, a planned re-equipment of the short-range system is underway - the Strela-10MN anti-aircraft missile system, the Verba MANPADS," Leonov said.
RIA News

12.01.2017

According to Lieutenant-General Alexander Leonov, head of the Air Defense Forces of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation, the main efforts of combat training of the military air defense in the past academic year were focused on organizing and conducting planned training of formations, military units and subunits in accordance with their intended purpose.
A total of 129 live-fire tactical exercises were conducted in 2016. Of these, 98 - with anti-aircraft missile (anti-aircraft) units and units of military districts and the Northern Fleet, and 31 - with units of the Airborne Forces.
At the same time, more than 50% of formations, military units and subunits, according to the results of tactical exercises, were rated as “good” and “excellent”. The total consumption of missiles amounted to more than 1000 pieces, ammunition - more than 40 thousand, target missiles - more than 1000.
More than 15,000 military personnel were involved in the exercises, more than 3,500 pieces of weapons, military and special equipment were involved.
The exercise tested several innovative approaches for the first time.
Firstly, this is the use of unmanned aerial vehicles to create a complex air situation that meets modern realities, as well as to control the actions of inspected formations, military units and subunits. For an objective assessment of the firing results, the Conglomerat-1P complex, which has no analogues in the world, was used for the first time.
Secondly, when conducting tactical exercises with live firing, modern means of automated control "Barnaul-T" were widely used, which made it possible to significantly reduce the time for assessing the situation and making a decision.

13.01.2017

By the end of 2020, air defense formations, units and subunits of the Ground Forces will be re-equipped with anti-aircraft missile systems (SAM) S-300V4 (long-range), Buk-M3 (medium-range) and Tor-M2 (short-range), anti-aircraft artillery complexes and man-portable air defense systems (MANPADS) of a new generation (short range).
This was announced by the head of the air defense forces of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation, Lieutenant-General Alexander Leonov.
In accordance with the decree of the President of the Russian Federation, the share of modern types of military air defense equipment included in the list of priority and defining the appearance promising systems weapons, will be more than 70%.
The increase in combat strength and complete rearmament will lead to an increase in the combat capabilities of the Air Defense Forces of the Ground Forces by almost a factor of two (by 1.8 times), which will significantly increase the effectiveness of air defense.
As a result, a reliable air defense system will be created in all strategic directions to cover not only groupings of troops, but also important state facilities in the areas of responsibility.
Department of Information and mass communications Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation

14.05.2017

Specialists of the military air defense (air defense) of the Ground Forces (SV) are being retrained for new types of weapons, Colonel Roman Benyukov, head of the combat training department of the SV, said.
“In the winter period of training, specialists were trained for seven types of basic equipment. To date, the number of trained servicemen corresponds to the number of new equipment received, which ensures its high-quality operation,” Colonel Roman Benyukov emphasized.
He also said that the main efforts of the military air defense of the ground forces were aimed at training junior specialists and retraining formations, military units and subunits for the latest types of weapons and military equipment(anti-aircraft missile systems and complexes S-300V4, Buk-M2, Buk-M3, Tor-M2U, Tor-M2, Verba portable anti-aircraft missile systems), and for missile troops and artillery in four training centers in the winter period of training, about 1.5 thousand people were trained.
The created system of combat training includes three areas: training of military personnel on conscription, under contract and university students, added the head of the combat training department of the SV.

06.01.2018

In the interests of the Ground Forces, a universal mixed-training complex has been developed and is completing tests, designed to train military air defense units and test advanced air defense systems.
The complex has software and remotely controlled reusable targets imitating a cruise missile, a tactical UAV, a jet aircraft and a hovering attack helicopter.
Also, the complex allows you to create a dynamically changing air environment, such as a "star" raid, for testing electronic and combat launches by air defense crews.

Department of Information and Mass Communications of the Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation

09.01.2018

Based on the results of combat training in 2017, more than ten military air defense units of the Ground Forces were awarded honorary title"Shock".
About 90 tactical exercises were conducted with units of the military air defense of the Ground Forces in 2017, in which more than 14.5 thousand military personnel and more than 3.5 thousand weapons and special equipment took part.
The training centers of the military air defense of the Ground Forces have trained about 2 thousand junior specialists, of which more than 250 are military personnel undergoing military service under the contract.
In addition, in 2018, it is planned to equip with modern weapons and equipment, including: two military air defense units with the Tor-M2 short-range anti-aircraft missile system; air defense units operating in the Arctic and the Far North - short-range anti-aircraft missile system "Tor-M2DT"; air defense units of combined arms formations - the Verba portable anti-aircraft missile system.
The systematic and annual increase in the combat strength of the troops, the implementation of a complete re-equipment with modern anti-aircraft missile systems will make it possible by 2020 to increase the combat capabilities of the air defense forces.
Department of Information and Mass Communications of the Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation

09.03.2018

The air defense systems and complexes of the Ground Forces of the Russian Armed Forces are capable of combating all existing air attack weapons, they have no analogues in the world, as evidenced by their high competitiveness in the arms market, said Colonel-General Oleg Salyukov, Commander-in-Chief of the Ground Forces.
“The modern armament of the Air Defense Forces of the Ground Forces is in many ways superior to its predecessors and has no analogues in the world, which is confirmed by its high competitiveness in the arms market. The anti-aircraft missile systems and complexes in service with the armed forces are capable of fighting all existing means of air attack," Salyukov said in an interview with the Krasnaya Zvezda newspaper of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation, published on the publication's website on Wednesday.
He noted that now the air defense forces of the Ground Forces have received a new impetus for development. “New anti-aircraft missile formations have been formed, armed with the S-300V4 anti-aircraft missile system (the most “long-range” in its class of weapons, capable of hitting ballistic targets in the atmospheric zone) and the Buk-M2 complex. Re-equipment is underway with the Buk-MZ and Tor-M2 anti-aircraft missile systems, the Verba portable anti-aircraft missile system. Currently, the Armed Forces contain two brigades of the Buk-M3 air defense system, two regiments and seven divisions of the Tor-M2 (M2U) air defense system and eight units of the Verba MANPADS, the commander in chief said.
According to him, the prospect of further development of the armed forces lies in equipping them with the latest highly effective anti-aircraft missile and artillery systems, in implementing the latest developments that will significantly increase the efficiency anti-aircraft weapons in the fight against a modern air enemy, in raising the level of combat training of troops, in improving the system for training highly qualified air defense specialists.
RIA News

06.01.2019

In 2019, the military air defense units of the Ground Forces will receive five anti-aircraft missile systems and anti-aircraft missile systems. As part of the execution of the state defense order, manufacturers will transfer to the Russian Ministry of Defense a brigade set of S-300V4 air defense systems, divisional sets of air defense systems BUK-M3 and TOR-M2.
The systematic and annual increase in the combat strength of the troops, the implementation of a complete re-equipment with modern anti-aircraft missile systems will make it possible by 2020 to increase the combat capabilities of the air defense forces by more than 1.3 times.
Ministry of Defense of Russia

GROUND FORCES IN 2019 WILL RECEIVE S-300V4 AND BUK-M3 ANTI-Aircraft Systems

AIR DEFENSE TROOPS OF THE GROUND FORCES

Air Defense Troops (Air Defense Forces) - a branch of the Ground Forces, designed to cover troops and objects from the actions of enemy air attack weapons when conducting operations (combat actions) by combined arms formations and formations, regrouping (march) and deployed on the spot. They are responsible for the following main tasks:
combat duty for air defense;
conducting reconnaissance of an air enemy and alerting the covered troops;
destruction of enemy air attack means in flight;
participation in the management missile defense in theaters of war.
Organizationally, the Air Defense Forces of the Ground Forces consist of military command and control bodies, command posts Air defense, anti-aircraft missile (rocket-artillery) and radio engineering formations, military units and subunits. They are capable of destroying enemy air attack weapons over the entire range of altitudes (extremely low - up to 200 m, low - from 200 to 1000 m, medium - from 1000 to 4000 m, large - from 4000 to 12000 m and in the stratosphere - more than 12000 m) and flight speeds.

Formations, military units and air defense subunits of the Ground Forces are equipped with anti-aircraft missile systems, anti-aircraft artillery, anti-aircraft gun-missile systems (systems) and portable anti-aircraft missile systems of various reach, channels and methods of missile guidance. Depending on the range of destruction of air targets, they are divided into short-range systems - up to 10 km, short-range - up to 30 km, medium-range - up to 100 km and long-range - more than 100 km.

Further development of the Air Defense Forces of the Ground Forces is carried out by increasing the mobility, survivability, secrecy of work, the degree of automation, fire performance, expanding the parameters of the affected area, reducing the reaction time and weight and size characteristics of anti-aircraft missile (rocket and artillery) systems.

THE ARMED FORCES OF RUSSIA CELEBRATE THE 100TH ANNIVERSARY OF MILITARY AIR DEFENSE

On December 26, 2015, the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation celebrate the 100th anniversary of the formation of military air defense (PVO). Exactly a century ago, in accordance with the order of the Chief of Staff of the Supreme Commander of December 13 (26), 1915 No. 368, the formation of separate four-gun light batteries for firing at air targets began.
On the official website of the Russian Ministry of Defense, on the day of the 100th anniversary of the Air Defense Forces of the Ground Forces, a special information section "100 years of military air defense" has been opened.
The section opens with congratulations to the personnel on the anniversary of the Minister of Defense of the Russian Federation, General of the Army Sergei Shoigu.
The section is based on numerous historical documents, memoirs of veterans of the troops about the stages of formation and development of the oldest special branch of the armed forces in the Armed Forces.
At present, the basis of military air defense is made up of formations, military units and air defense units of the Ground, Airborne Forces and Coastal Forces of the Navy. They are designed to conduct reconnaissance and repel enemy air attacks, protect groupings of troops and facilities from air strikes in all types of combat operations.
In the context of the rapid development of the means of aerospace attack of the armies of foreign states, formations, military units and air defense units have become an integral integral part combined arms formations from the tactical to the operational-strategic level.
In 2015, 65 tactical exercises were planned and conducted with formations and units of military air defense with live fire. They were carried out at the Kapustin Yar and Ashuluk training grounds in the Southern Military District and the Telemba training ground in the Eastern Military District.
In total, more than 10 thousand people were involved in the maneuvers, including 1.5 thousand officers and up to 3.5 thousand pieces of weapons, military and special equipment.
Currently, there is a planned re-equipment of formations, military units and units of military air defense with new anti-aircraft missile systems and complexes "S-300V4", "Buk-M2", "Tor-M2U", man-portable anti-aircraft missile systems "Verba". New complexes and systems have incorporated best qualities of their predecessors and are capable of hitting both aerodynamic and ballistic targets, cruise missiles, aerial reconnaissance and electronic warfare.
In 2016, it is planned to supply the first brigade set of the Buk-M3 medium-range anti-aircraft missile system to the Ground Forces.
For the period up to 2020, the main directions for the development of military air defense are:
improving the organizational and staffing structures of military command and control bodies, formations, military units and air defense units of the Ground Forces in order to maximize the use of the combat capabilities of incoming and developed anti-aircraft missile weapons;
development of a new generation of weapons and military air defense equipment capable of effectively combating all types of air attack weapons, including those created on the basis of hypersonic technologies.
improving the system of training highly qualified personnel for military air defense, including junior specialists studying in specialized training centers for air defense troops of the Ground Forces.
The most important task for the High Command of the Ground Forces is the training of the main backbone of personnel for the Air Defense Forces of the Ground Forces - specialist officers.
Personnel training for military air defense is carried out at the Military Academy of Military Air Defense of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation named after Marshal of the Soviet Union A.M. Vasilevsky. Today, the Air Defense Military Academy of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation is a single educational and scientific center that provides multi-level training for air defense officers with the highest operational and tactical training and full military special training for the Air Defense Forces of the Ground Forces, Airborne Forces, Coastal Forces of the Fleets, as well as other ministries and departments of the Russian Federation, as well as leading scientific research, training of scientific and scientific and pedagogical personnel. The Academy has 17 departments, five faculties and a research center. Training of military specialists at the academy is carried out in 38 specialties.
In addition, the training of officers for military air defense is carried out at five military departments and at two military training centers at civilian universities.
Training of junior specialists is carried out in two training centers for the Air Defense Forces of the Ground Forces and two training centers for training air defense specialists from the CTC for 4-month training programs (including 1 month of combined arms training and 3 months of specialty training).
More than 4.5 thousand specialists are trained annually in 25 military specialties.
Since 2014, for the Air Defense Forces of the Ground Forces, the training of reserve soldiers and sergeants has been carried out at military departments and military training centers in 5 general educational institutions of higher vocational education in 20 military registration specialties. Currently, over 1300 people are being trained, from August 2016 the number of trainees will grow to 2000 thousand.
As part of the International Army Games - 2015, Russian specialists from the Air Defense Forces took part in the competition "Masters of Air Defense", showed good results and took first place.
The competition "Masters of anti-aircraft combat" was held in the city of Yeysk Krasnodar Territory on the basis of the 726 training center of the Air Defense Forces of the Ground Forces. The competition was attended by 6 teams from Europe, Asia, Africa and Latin America, these are the Republic of Belarus, the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela, the Arab Republic of Egypt, the People's Republic of China, the Islamic Republic of Pakistan and the team of the Russian Federation.
At present, the methods developed during the training of the team for the training of specialists of the air defense forces are being actively introduced and used in the organization and implementation of combat training events.
In 2016, the name of the competition itself and its program changed. Now the competition will be called "Clear Sky - 2016". This is due to a change in the composition of the team and weapons. In addition to a unit armed with portable anti-aircraft missile systems, a unit armed with anti-aircraft installations caliber up to 25 mm. Also, the number of competitive disciplines has been increased. The teams will compete in the sprint (with MANPADS and memory firing), the pursuit (with MANPADS and memory firing) and the combined relay.
All changes to the program were made taking into account the wishes of foreign colleagues - participants of the last competition.

As part of the celebration of the 100th anniversary of the military air defense in all military districts, in the Military Academy, training centers of the air defense forces in December, festive and military-patriotic events were held and are being held with the participation of military personnel, veterans of the military air defense, public figures and youth.
Significant events for the Air Defense Forces of the Ground Forces, held as part of the celebration of the 100th anniversary of the military air defense, are:
laying flowers at the Tomb of the Unknown Soldier (December 26, Moscow);
solemn meeting in the cultural and leisure center of the Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation "Preobrazhensky", with the participation of the leadership of the Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation (December 26, Moscow);
opening of a bust to the first chief of the Air Defense Forces of the Ground Forces, Hero of the Soviet Union, Marshal of Artillery V.I.
laying of a capsule with a message to posterity at the memorial complex named after the Hero of the Soviet Union, Marshal of Artillery V.I.

"Ministry of Defense of Russia"

Air defense troops appeared during the First World War. On December 26, 1915, the first four separate four-gun light batteries were formed and sent to the Western Front for firing at air targets. In accordance with the order of the Minister of Defense of the Russian Federation of February 9, 2007, this memorable date began to be celebrated in Russia as the Military Air Defense Day.

Organizationally, these formations are part of associations, formations and units of the Ground Forces, Airborne Forces, Coastal Forces Navy(Navy) and perform tasks in the unified air defense system of the country. They are equipped with anti-aircraft missile, anti-aircraft artillery, anti-aircraft cannon-missile systems (systems) of various ranges and methods of missile guidance, as well as portable weapons. Depending on the range of destruction of air targets, they are divided into short-range complexes - up to 10 km, short-range - up to 30 km, medium - up to 100 km and long-range - more than 100 km.

At the final collegium of the Russian Defense Ministry, held on December 22, Oleg Salyukov, Commander-in-Chief of the Ground Forces, said that the Russian military air defense is capable of repelling any means of air attack that exist in the world. He stressed that the development of military threats in the aerospace sphere necessitates "the coordinated development of aerospace and air defense systems, taking into account qualitatively new requirements."

The modern armament of the Air Defense Forces of the Ground Forces in many respects surpasses its predecessors, has no analogues in the world, which is confirmed by the high competitiveness in the arms market

Oleg Salyukov

Commander-in-Chief of the Ground Forces, Colonel General

The military air defense is armed with S-300V4 air defense systems (interception range - up to 400 km) and Tor-M1 (up to 15 km), Buk-M1 air defense systems (up to 45 km), Strela-10M4 (up to 8 km ), "OSA-AKM" (up to 10 km), anti-aircraft gun-missile systems "Tunguska-M1" (up to 10 km), anti-aircraft artillery systems "Shilka-M5" (up to 6 km), all-weather tactical missile systems "Tor- M2U" and others. At present, the troops have already formed new anti-aircraft missile formations armed with S-300V4 and the Buk-M2 complex. Re-equipment is underway with the new Buk-MZ, Tor-M2 and the Verba portable anti-aircraft missile system (MANPADS).

New weapons have incorporated the best qualities of their predecessors and are capable of hitting both aerodynamic and ballistic targets, cruise missiles, aerial reconnaissance and electronic warfare equipment, and combat airborne assault forces. Military air defense should not be confused with the Air and Missile Defense Forces (PVO-PRO), which are part of the Russian Aerospace Forces.

The progress of rearmament

S-300V4, Buk-MZ and Tor-M2 are included in the list of priority weapons and military equipment that determine the appearance of promising weapons systems for the Russian army. Lieutenant-General Alexander Leonov, head of the military air defense of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation, told the Krasnaya Zvezda newspaper that in 2017, the main efforts were focused on equipping formations and units of the Southern and Western military districts with this technique.

As a result, the following were rearmed and retrained: an anti-aircraft missile brigade - on the Buk-MZ medium-range air defense system; anti-aircraft missile regiments of combined arms formations - on the Tor-M2 short-range air defense system; air defense units of combined arms formations - on the Verba MANPADS

Alexander Leonov

The Buk-MZ air defense system was delivered to the unit of the Western Military District, whose servicemen next year will have to undergo retraining for new systems and perform docking live firing at specialized training centers for the Air Defense Forces of the Ground Forces.

In 2018, it is planned to equip two military air defense units with Tor-M2 systems; air defense units operating in the conditions of the Arctic and the Far North should receive short-range air defense systems "Tor-M2DT"; air defense units of combined arms formations - MANPADS "Verba".

Thus, the systematic and annual increase in the combat strength of the troops, the implementation of a complete re-equipment with modern anti-aircraft missile systems will make it possible by 2020 to increase the combat capabilities of the air defense forces by almost 1.3 times.

Alexander Leonov

Chief of the Air Defense Forces of the RF Armed Forces, Lieutenant General

Compared to the systems of the previous generation, it has an area covered from air strikes expanded by two to three times and an increased range of the border of the zone of destruction of air targets. These parameters, in particular, provide a guaranteed interception of warheads of medium-range ballistic missiles. S-300V4 is a modification of the S-300VM system, which has higher performance characteristics due to the introduction of modern computing tools and the element base, the use of new components. New system capable of hitting ballistic and aerodynamic targets at ranges up to 400 km. The supply contract was signed in 2012. The first set was handed over to the customer in December 2014.

Continuation

The evolution of "Thor"

According to open sources, the first modification of the Tor family air defense system entered service in 1986. Since 2011, a modification of the Tor-M2U complex has been supplied to the troops. Fighting machine provides all-aspect destruction of air targets, including striking elements precision weapons. The air defense system allows you to conduct reconnaissance on the move over any terrain and simultaneously fire at four air targets in a given sector.

The modern "Tor-M2" began to enter the troops in 2016. Compared with previous modifications, it has improved the characteristics of the affected area, the transportable stock of anti-aircraft guided missiles, noise immunity and others by one and a half to two times. It is capable of destroying targets flying at speeds up to 700 m/s, at ranges up to 12 km and altitudes up to 10 km. A battery of four vehicles can simultaneously attack 16 targets.

In 2016, the Almaz-Antey VKO concern began work on the Arctic version of the short-range air defense system - Tor-M2DT. A new version installed on the chassis of a two-link caterpillar tractor DT-30PM-T1 (DT - two-link tractor).

In 2018-2019, a marine version of Thor may already appear. This was reported by the press service of the Almaz-Antey concern during the KADEX 2016 exhibition. At the same time, in a number of parameters, the ship version of the complex will surpass the existing representatives of the Tor family.

This issue has been worked out by the concern, and taking into account the experience of cooperation enterprises in the production and installation of complexes such as "Osa", "Dagger" and others on ships of the Navy, as well as the possibility of using components for serially produced land-based models of the Tor air defense system, we can conclude that the creation of a "marine "Thor versions" in the shortest possible time (the first samples of air defense systems may appear in 2018-2019), and at minimal cost

press service of the concern VKO "Almaz-Antey"

In 2016, the chief designer of anti-aircraft missile systems at the Izhevsk Electromechanical Plant Kupol (part of the Almaz-Antey concern), Iosif Drize (the creator of a number of modern air defense systems, died in November 2016 - TASS note) stated that in the future "Tor "will become fully robotic and will be able to shoot down targets without human intervention. As Drize said, the air defense system can still work without human intervention, but in some cases an operator is needed in conditions of strong interference. In addition, the enterprise is engaged in increasing the capabilities of "Tor" to destroy cruise missiles created using stealth technologies.

New military "Gadfly"

Buk-M2 (according to NATO codification - SA-11 Gadfly, "Gadfly") is considered one of the most effective representatives of its class. Its development was completed back in 1988, but it was only 15 years later that it was possible to deploy serial production.

In 2016, the military received the first brigade kit of the new Buk, the Buk-M3. The characteristics of the complex are unknown, but its predecessor is capable of hitting air targets with solid-propellant missiles at a distance of 3 km to 45 km and at an altitude of up to 15 m to 25 km. In addition, it can destroy ballistic missiles with a launch range of up to 150–200 km. Thanks to the new missile "Buk-M3" is almost twice as superior to previous models and has no analogues in the world. In addition, due to the smaller mass of the rocket, it was possible to increase the ammunition load by one and a half times. Another feature of the complex is the placement of the rocket in the launch container.

In the transport and launch containers (complex) there are six missiles on each self-propelled firing system. Rockets have become more compact, but nevertheless they fly faster, farther and more accurately. That is, a new unique missile has been created, which will make it more likely to destroy air targets

Alexander Leonov

Chief of the Air Defense Forces of the RF Armed Forces, Lieutenant General

In 2015, it was reported that the novelty surpassed the system in a number of parameters. long range S-300. "First of all we are talking about the probability of hitting targets, which is 0.9999 for the Buk-M3, which is not for the S-300," the TASS source said. km.

"Verba" for landing

The entry into the troops of MANPADS "Verba" continues. In August of this year, it became known that all airborne and airborne assault divisions of the Airborne Forces had already been re-equipped with Verba. According to the commander of the Airborne Forces, Colonel-General Andrey Serdyukov, "Verba" is capable of hitting tactical aircraft, attack helicopters, cruise missiles and remotely piloted aircrafts on head-on and overtaking courses, in day and night conditions with visual visibility of the target, including in conditions of background and artificial interference.

Among the advantages of the "Verba" is the possibility of firing on a collision course at low-emitting targets in the infrared range on the far border of the affected area at extremely low altitudes. The new short-range systems, unlike their predecessors (Igla MANPADS), have expanded combat capabilities and provide high efficiency in hitting targets, despite powerful optical countermeasures.

Compared to previous MANPADS, the "Verba" has a several-fold increase in the area of fire for targets with low thermal radiation and dozens of times - noise immunity from powerful pyrotechnic interference. While the order combat use new MANPADS is similar to the procedure for using the complexes of the previous generation, in the "Verba" the consumption of missiles for hitting a single target has been reduced and the temperature range of use has been expanded to minus 50 degrees. MANPADS are capable of hitting subtle targets of a mock enemy at altitudes from 10 m to 4.5 km and at ranges from 500 m to 6.5 km.

Roman Azanov

In 2011, three air defense brigades of the Air Force became part of a new branch of the Armed Forces - the Aerospace Defense Forces.

In 2015, the Air Force was merged with the Aerospace Defense Forces in a new type of armed forces - the Aerospace Forces (VKS), which included a new type of troops organizationally - (Air Defense-ABM Forces).

The Air Defense Forces of the Aerospace Forces should be distinguished from the Air Defense Forces of the Ground Forces (Military Air Defense Forces).

In 1978, the transportable S-300PT air defense system was adopted (it replaced the older S-25, S-75 and S-125 air defense systems). In the mid-80s, the complex went through a series of upgrades, receiving the designation S-300PT-1. In 1982, a new version of the S-300P air defense system, the S-300PS self-propelled system, was adopted by the air defense forces, the new complex had a record short deployment time of 5 minutes, making it difficult for enemy aircraft.

Assessing the process of accelerating the physical aging of weapons and military equipment, the Defense Committee of the State Duma of the Russian Federation came to disappointing conclusions. As a result, a new concept military development, where before 2000 it was planned to reorganize the types of armed forces, reducing their number from five to three. As part of this reorganization, it was necessary to unite in one form two independent species armed forces: Air Force and Air Defense Forces. Decree of the President of the Russian Federation (RF) dated July 16, 1997 No. 725 "On priority measures to reform the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation and improve their structure" determined the formation of a new type of armed forces. By March 1, 1998, on the basis of the control bodies of the Air Defense Forces and the Air Force, the Office of the Commander-in-Chief of the Air Force and the Main Headquarters of the Air Force were formed, and the Air Defense Forces and the Air Force were merged into a new type - the Air Force.

By the time of unification into a single branch of the armed forces, the Air Defense Forces included: an operational-strategic association, 2 operational, 4 operational-tactical formations, 5 air defense corps, 10 air defense divisions, 63 units of anti-aircraft missile troops, 25 fighter aviation regiments, 35 units of radio engineering troops , 6 intelligence formations and units and 5 electronic warfare units. In service there were: 20 aircraft aviation complex radar surveillance and guidance A-50, more than 700 air defense fighters, more than 200 anti-aircraft missile divisions and 420 radio engineering units with radar stations of various modifications.

As a result of these activities, a new organizational structure Air Force. Instead of the air armies of front-line aviation, the Air Force and Air Defense armies were formed, operationally subordinate to the commanders of the military districts. The Moscow District of the Air Force and Air Defense was created in the Western strategic direction.

In December 2011, 3 brigades (4th, 5th, 6th) of the air defense of the troops of the operational-strategic command of the aerospace defense (the former Air Force Special Forces Command, the former Moscow District of the Air Force and Air Defense) became part of the new type of troops - Troops of the East Kazakhstan region.

As part of the Aerospace Forces of the Russian Federation, a new type of troops has been organizationally allocated - Air and Missile Defense Troops (Air Defense Forces). Air defense-missile defense troops are represented by air defense divisions and an anti-missile defense formation.

As part of the further improvement of the air defense (aerospace) defense system, a new generation of S-500 air defense systems is currently being developed, in which it is supposed to apply the principle of separate solution of the tasks of destroying ballistic and aerodynamic targets. The main task of the complex is to combat the combat equipment of medium-range ballistic missiles, and, if necessary, with intercontinental ballistic missiles in the final section of the trajectory and, within certain limits, in the middle section.

The Day of the Air Defense Forces of the country was celebrated in the USSR and is celebrated in the Russian Armed Forces on the second Sunday of April.

Troop leaders

1987-1991 - General of the Army I. M. Tretyak,
1991-1997 - Colonel General (until 1996), General of the Army V. A. Prudnikov.
2015-2018 - Lieutenant General V. V. Gumenny
2018 - present V. - Lieutenant General Yu. N. Grekhov

Educational institutions of air defense of the Armed Forces of the USSR and Russia

academies

Military Academy of Aerospace Defense named after Marshal of the Soviet Union G.K. Zhukov (Tver)
Military Engineering Radio Engineering Academy of Air Defense. Marshal of the Soviet Union L. A. Govorov (Kharkov)

RTV schools

relocated to the LVVPU air defense base and converted to - disbanded in 2011.
Kiev Higher Engineering Radio Engineering School of Air Defense
Krasnoyarsk Higher Command School of Air Defense Radio Electronics - disbanded in 1999.

RKO schools

Pushkin Higher Command School of Air Defense Radio Electronics (also trained for the ZRV) - disbanded.
Zhytomyr Higher Command School of Air Defense Radio Electronics - disbanded.

ZRV schools

St. Petersburg Higher Anti-Aircraft Missile Command School of the Order of the Red Star (in 1941-1968 - "LATUZA") - disbanded in the 1990s.
Minsk Higher Engineering Anti-Aircraft Missile Air Defense School
Dnepropetrovsk Higher Anti-Aircraft Missile Air Defense Command School - disbanded in 1995.
Gorky (Nizhny Novgorod) Higher Anti-Aircraft Missile Air Defense Command School - disbanded in 1999.
Ordzhonikidze Higher Anti-Aircraft Missile Air Defense Command School named after General of the Army Issa Aleksandrovich Pliev - disbanded in 1990.
Engels Higher Air Defense Missile Command School - disbanded in 1994.
Military Training Center at RGRTU

Air Defense Aviation School

Stavropol Higher Military Aviation School of Pilots and Navigators named after Marshal of Aviation Sudts V.A. - disbanded in 1993.
Armavir Higher Military Aviation School of the Red Banner Pilots named after Chief Marshal of Aviation P. Kutakhov, since 2002, the training aviation center of the Krasnodar VVAUL - disbanded in 2012.
The Daugavpils Higher Military Aviation Engineering School named after Jan Fabricius in 1993 was transferred to the base of the disbanded Stavropol School of Pilots and Navigators and transformed into the Stavropol Higher Aviation Engineering School of Air Defense - disbanded in 2010.
Lomonosov military aviation technical school, in the Air Defense Forces since 1989 - disbanded in 1993.

Other

The Leningrad Higher Military-Political School of Air Defense was disbanded in 1992;
Center for training specialists (crews) of the radio engineering troops of the Air Force (Vladimir)

Operational-strategic associations of air defense forces of the USSR and Russia

The S-400 Triumph air defense system of the 584th Guards Anti-Aircraft Missile Regiment of the 4th Air Defense Division entered combat duty.

Air defense districts - associations of air defense forces designed to protect the most important administrative, industrial centers and regions of the country, groupings of the armed forces from air strikes. important military and other facilities within the established boundaries. In the armed forces of the USSR, air defense districts were created after the Great Patriotic War on the basis of air defense fronts. The districts were reorganized into air defense areas, and air defense districts were re-created in the year.
Baku Air Defense District - formed in 1945 on the basis of the Baku Air Defense Army, it was transformed into a district. Since 1954 - again the district. Abolished January 5, 1980.
Moscow Air Defense District (since August 20, 1954):
- Moscow Air Force and Air Defense District (since 1998);
- Special Forces Command (since September 1, 2002);
- Joint Strategic Aerospace Defense Command (since July 1, 2009);
- Air and Missile Defense Command (since December 1, 2011):
  - 1st Air Force and Air Defense Command (abolished)
  - 2nd Air Force and Air Defense Command (abolished)
  - 3rd Air Force and Air Defense Command (abolished)
  - 4th Air Force and Air Defense Command (abolished)
1st Army Air Defense-PRO (Special Purpose) (since 2015):
- 4th Air Defense Division, military unit 52116 (Moscow region, Dolgoprudny)
- 5th air defense division, military unit 52096 (Moscow region, Leninsky district, village Petrovskoe)
- 9th missile defense division, military unit 75555 (Moscow region, town of Sofrino)
- 590th separate radio engineering unit for over-the-horizon detection of air targets, military unit 84680 (Mordovia, Kovylkino settlement)
- 54th communication center, military unit 74129 (Moscow)
- Construction and quartering department, military unit 58122 (Moscow)
- 1786th central base of measuring equipment, military unit 74143 (Moscow region, Shchelkovo)

Military equipment in service with the Air Defense Forces of Russia

PRO complexes

Type	Image	Production	Purpose	Quantity	Notes
A-135		USSR	Anti-missile complex	n/a

Air defense systems

Type	Production	Purpose	Quantity
S-400	Russia	Long range anti-aircraft missile system	n/a
S-300	USSR Russia	Long range anti-aircraft missile system	n/a
Pantsir-S1

Air and Missile Defense Troops

air defense

The Air Defense Forces of the Russian Federation - until 1998, an independent type of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation (RF Armed Forces). In 1998, the Air Defense Forces of the country were merged with the Air Force in a new form of the RF Armed Forces - the Air Force of the Russian Federation. In 2009-2010 All air defense formations of the Russian Air Force (4 corps and 7 air defense divisions) were reorganized into 11 aerospace defense brigades. In 2011, 3 air defense brigades of the Russian Air Force became part of a new branch of the Russian Armed Forces - the Aerospace Defense Troops.

It is necessary to distinguish between the Air Defense Forces of the Air Force of the Russian Federation and the brigades of the Aerospace Defense of the Russian Federation, which were previously organizationally part of the Air Defense Forces of the Russian Federation, from the Air Defense Forces of the Ground Forces.

The abbreviated name is VPVO of the Armed Forces of Russia.

The tasks of the Russian Air Defense Forces (both as an independent branch of the RF Armed Forces and as part of the Russian Air Force, VVKO RF, VKS RF) are: repelling aggression in the air sphere and protecting command posts of the highest levels of state and military administration, administrative and political centers from air strikes , industrial and economic regions, the most important objects of the economy and infrastructure of the country and groupings of troops (forces).

In 2015, the Air Force of the Russian Federation was merged with the Aerospace Defense Forces of the Russian Federation in a new form of the RF Armed Forces - the Aerospace Forces of the Russian Federation, which organizationally included a new branch of the military - the Air Defense and Anti-Missile Defense Forces (PVO-PRO Forces).

Story

The date of formation is the date of creation of the Petrograd air defense system - December 8 (November 25), 1914.

In 1930, the Directorate (since 1940 - the Main Directorate) of Air Defense was created.

Since 1941 - air defense troops.

In 1948, the Air Defense Forces of the country were withdrawn from the subordination of the artillery commander and transformed into an independent branch of the Armed Forces.

In 1954, the High Command of the Air Defense Forces was formed.

In 1978, the transportable S-300PT air defense system was adopted (it replaced the older S-25, S-75 and S-125 air defense systems). In the mid-80s, the complex underwent a series of upgrades, receiving the designation S-300PT-1. In 1982, a new version of the S-300P air defense system, the S-300PS self-propelled system, was adopted by the air defense forces, the new complex had a record short deployment time of 5 minutes, making it difficult for enemy aircraft.

1987 became a "black" year in the history of the Air Defense Forces. May 28, 1987 at 18.55 the plane of Matthias Rust landed in Moscow on Red Square. The serious imperfection of the legal basis for the actions of the duty forces of the Air Defense Forces of the country and, as a result, the contradiction between the tasks assigned to the Air Defense Forces and the limited rights of the leadership in the use of forces and means has become obvious. After the passage of Rust, three Marshals of the Soviet Union were removed from their posts (including the Minister of Defense of the USSR S. L. Sokolov, the commander-in-chief of the Air Defense Forces A. I. Koldunov), about three hundred generals and officers. The army has not known such a personnel pogrom since 1937.

In 1991, in connection with the collapse of the USSR, the Air Defense Forces of the USSR were transformed into the Air Defense Forces of the Russian Federation.

In 1993, an improved version of the S-300PS complex, the S-300PM, was adopted. In 1997, the S-300PM2 Favorit air defense system was adopted.

Assessing the process of accelerating the physical aging of weapons and military equipment, the Defense Committee of the State Duma of the Russian Federation came to disappointing conclusions. As a result, a new concept of military development was worked out, where it was planned to reorganize the branches of the Armed Forces by the year 2000, reducing their number from five to three. As part of this reorganization, two independent branches of the Armed Forces were to be united in one form: the Air Force and the Air Defense Forces. Decree of the President of the Russian Federation (RF) dated July 16, 1997 No. 725 "On priority measures to reform the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation and improve their structure" determined the formation of a new type of Armed Forces (AF). By March 1, 1998, on the basis of the control bodies of the Air Defense Forces and the Air Force, the Directorate of the Commander-in-Chief of the Air Force and the Main Headquarters of the Air Force were formed, and the Air Defense Forces and the Air Force were merged into a new branch of the RF Armed Forces - the Air Force.

By the time of the unification into a single branch of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation, the Air Defense Forces included: an operational-strategic formation, 2 operational, 4 operational-tactical formations, 5 air defense corps, 10 air defense divisions, 63 units of anti-aircraft missile troops, 25 fighter aviation regiments, 35 units of radio engineering troops, 6 intelligence formations and units and 5 electronic warfare units. It was armed with: 20 aircraft of the A-50 radar patrol and guidance aviation complex, more than 700 air defense fighters, more than 200 anti-aircraft missile divisions and 420 radio engineering units with radar stations of various modifications.

As a result of the measures taken, a new organizational structure of the Air Force was created. Instead of the air armies of front-line aviation, the Air Force and Air Defense armies were formed, operationally subordinate to the commanders of the military districts. The Moscow District of the Air Force and Air Defense was created in the Western strategic direction.

In 2005–2006 part of the formations and units of the military air defense, equipped with anti-aircraft guns, was transferred to the Air Force missile systems(ZRS) S-300V and Buk complexes. In April 2007, the new-generation S-400 Triumf anti-aircraft missile system was adopted by the Air Force, designed to destroy all modern and promising means of aerospace attack.

At the beginning of 2008, the Air Force included: an operational-strategic association (KSpN) (the former Moscow District of the Air Force and Air Defense), 8 operational and 5 operational-tactical associations (air defense corps), 15 formations and 165 units. In 2008, a transition began to the formation of a new image of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation (including the Air Force). In the course of the measures taken, the Air Force switched to a new organizational and staffing structure. The Air Force and Air Defense Commands were formed, subordinate to the newly created operational-strategic commands: Western (headquarters - St. Petersburg), Southern (headquarters - Rostov-on-Don), Central (headquarters - Yekaterinburg) and Eastern ( headquarters - Khabarovsk). In 2009–2010 A transition was made to a two-level (brigade-battalion) command and control system of the Air Force. As a result, the total number of Air Force formations was reduced from 8 to 6, all air defense formations (4 corps and 7 air defense divisions) were reorganized into 11 aerospace defense brigades.

In December 2011, 3 air defense brigades (4th, 5th, 6th) of the air defense troops of the operational-strategic command of the aerospace defense (the former Air Force Special Forces Command, the former Moscow District of the Air Force and Air Defense) became part of the new type of troops VS - Aerospace Defense Troops.

In 2015, the troops of the Aerospace Defense Forces were merged with the Air Force and made up a new branch of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation - the Aerospace Forces of the Russian Federation.

As part of the Aerospace Forces of the Russian Federation, a new type of troops has been organizationally allocated - the Air and Anti-Missile Defense Troops (PVO-PRO Troops). The air defense and anti-missile defense troops will be represented by air defense brigades and an anti-missile defense unit.

As part of the further improvement of the air (aerospace) defense system, a new generation of S-500 air defense systems is currently being developed, in which it is planned to apply the principle of separate solution of the tasks of destroying ballistic and aerodynamic targets. The main task of the complex is to combat the combat equipment of medium-range ballistic missiles, and, if necessary, with intercontinental ballistic missiles in the final section of the trajectory and, within certain limits, in the middle section.

The Day of the Air Defense Forces of the country was celebrated in the USSR and is celebrated in the Armed Forces of Russia on the second Sunday of April.

Operational-strategic associations of air defense forces of the USSR and Russia

Air defense districts - associations of air defense forces designed to protect the most important administrative, industrial centers and regions of the country, groupings of the armed forces from air strikes. important military and other facilities within the established boundaries. In the armed forces of the USSR, air defense districts were created after the Great Patriotic War on the basis of air defense fronts. In 1948 the districts were reorganized into air defense districts, and in 1954 the air defense districts were recreated.
Moscow Air Defense District (since August 20, 1954):
Moscow Air Force and Air Defense District (since 1998);
Special Forces Command (since September 1, 2002);
Joint Strategic Aerospace Defense Command (since July 1, 2009);
Air and Missile Defense Command (since December 1, 2011);
1st Army of Air and Missile Defense (since 2015).
1st Air Force and Air Defense Command
2nd Air Force and Air Defense Command
3rd Air Force and Air Defense Command
4th Air Force and Air Defense Command
Baku Air Defense District - formed in 1945 on the basis of the Baku Air Defense Army, in 1948 it was transformed into a district. Since 1954 - again the district. Abolished January 5, 1980.

Compound

The Air Defense Forces of the Russian Armed Forces included:
management (headquarters);
Radio engineering troops;
Anti-aircraft missile troops;
Fighter aircraft;
Forces of electronic warfare.

The location of the Main Air Defense Headquarters of Russia (USSR) is the village of Zarya, near the village of Fedurnovo, Balashikha district of the Moscow region (electric train from the Kursk railway station towards the Petushki station), or from the Gorky highway, outside the city of Balashikha and the division. Dzerzhinsky.

Air defense systems in service with the Russian Air Defense Forces
ZRS S-400 (since April 2007)
S-300 air defense system (Until 2007, the S-300P medium-range anti-aircraft missile system was the basis of the Russian Air Force anti-aircraft missile forces.)
The S-350 Vityaz air defense system (the S-350E Vityaz medium-range anti-aircraft missile system will enter the Russian troops by 2016. New complex is intended to replace the S-300PS air defense system with V55R missiles, the service life of which ends in 2015.)
ZRPK Pantsir-S1
ZRPK "Pantsir-S2" (since June 2015, the complex will begin to enter the air defense forces of the Air Force)

missile defense

Anti-missile defense (ABM) - a set of measures of reconnaissance, radio engineering and fire or any other nature (aerostatic missile defense, etc.), designed to protect (defend) protected objects from missile weapons. Missile defense is very closely related to air defense and is often carried out by the same systems.

The concept of "anti-missile defense" includes protection against a missile threat of any kind and all means that carry out this (including active protection of tanks, air defense systems that fight cruise missiles, etc.), but at the household level, speaking of missile defense, they usually have mind "strategic missile defense" - protection against the ballistic missile component of strategic nuclear forces(ICBMs and SLBMs).

Speaking of missile defense, one can single out self-defense against missiles, tactical and strategic missile defense.

Self defense against missiles

Self-defense against missiles is the minimum unit of anti-missile defense. It provides protection against attacking missiles only for the military equipment on which it is installed. A characteristic feature of self-defense systems is the placement of all missile defense systems directly on the protected equipment, and all deployed systems are auxiliary (not the main functional purpose) for this equipment. Self-protection systems against missiles are cost-effective for use only on expensive types of military equipment that suffer heavy losses from missile fire. Currently, two types of self-defense systems against missiles are being actively developed: complexes active protection tanks and anti-missile defense of warships.

Active defense of tanks (and other armored vehicles) is a set of measures to counter attacking projectiles and missiles. The action of the complex can mask the protected object (for example, by releasing an aerosol cloud), or it can also physically destroy the threat by a close detonation of an anti-projectile, shrapnel, a directed blast wave, or in another way.

Active defense systems are characterized by an extremely short reaction time (up to fractions of a second), since the flight time of weapons, especially in urban combat, is very short.

An interesting feature is that, in order to overcome the active protection systems of armored vehicles, the developers of anti-tank grenade launchers use the same strategy as the developers of intercontinental ballistic missiles to break through a strategic missile defense system - false targets.

Tactical PRO

Tactical missile defense is designed to protect limited areas of the territory and objects located on it (troop groups, industry and settlements) from missile threats. The goals of such missile defense include: maneuvering (mainly high-precision aviation) and non-maneuvering (ballistic) missiles with relatively low speeds (up to 3-5 km / s) and not having the means to overcome missile defense. The reaction time of tactical missile defense systems ranges from several seconds to several minutes, depending on the type of threat. The radius of the protected area, as a rule, does not exceed several tens of kilometers. Complexes with a significantly larger radius of the protected area - up to several hundred kilometers, are often referred to as strategic missile defense, although they are not capable of intercepting high-speed intercontinental ballistic missiles, covered by powerful means of penetrating missile defense.

Existing tactical missile defense systems

short range

Tunguska (only for external target designation through an external Command Post).
Thor
Pantsir-S1

Medium and long range:

Beech
S-300P all variants
S-300V all variants
S-400 with any missiles

Strategic missile defense

The most complex, modernized and expensive category of missile defense systems. The task of strategic missile defense is to fight strategic missiles - their design and tactics of use specifically provide for means that make it difficult to intercept - a large number of light and heavy decoys, maneuvering warheads, as well as jamming systems, including high-altitude nuclear explosions.

At present, only Russia and the United States have strategic missile defense systems, while the existing systems are capable of protecting only against a limited strike (a few missiles), and for the most part, over a limited area. In the foreseeable future, there are no prospects for the emergence of systems that can guarantee and completely protect the country's territory from a massive strike by strategic missiles. However, as more and more countries have, develop, or have the potential to acquire some long-range missiles, the development of missile defense systems that can effectively protect a country's territory from a small number of missiles seems necessary.

Types of strategic missile defense

Intercept on takeoff (Boost-phase intercept)

Intercept on takeoff means that the missile defense system tries to intercept the ballistic missile immediately after launch, when it accelerates with the engines on.

Destroying a ballistic missile on takeoff is a relatively simple task. Advantages of this method:

A missile (unlike warheads) is large, highly visible on radar, and its engine creates a powerful infrared beam that cannot be masked. It is not particularly difficult to aim an interceptor at such a large, visible and vulnerable target as an accelerating missile.

It is also impossible to cover an accelerating missile with decoys or chaff.

Finally, the destruction of a rocket on takeoff leads to the destruction of all its warheads along with it in one blow.

However, takeoff interception has two fundamental disadvantages:

Limited reaction time. The duration of acceleration takes 60-110 seconds, and during this time the interceptor must have time to track the target and hit it.

Difficulty deploying interceptors in range. Ballistic missiles, as a rule, start from the depths of the enemy's territory and are well covered by his defense systems. Deploying interceptors close enough to hit incoming missiles is usually extremely difficult or impossible.

Based on this, space-based or mobile interceptors (deployed on ships or mobile installations) are considered as the main means of interception on takeoff. At this stage it may also be effective application laser systems with their short reaction times. Thus, the SDI system considered orbital platforms with chemical lasers and systems of thousands of tiny Diamond Pebble satellites, designed to hit rockets taking off with the kinetic energy of collision at orbital speeds, as means of interception on takeoff.

Interception on the middle section of the trajectory (Midcourse intercept)

Mid-trajectory interception means that the interception occurs outside the atmosphere, at the moment when the warheads have already separated from the missile and are flying by inertia.

Advantages:

Long interception time. The flight of warheads outside the atmosphere takes from 20 to 40 minutes, which significantly expands the ability to respond to missile defense.

Flaws:

Tracking warheads flying outside the atmosphere is difficult task, since their dimensions are small and they are not sources of radiation.

The high cost of interceptors.

Warheads flying outside the atmosphere can be covered with penetration means with maximum efficiency. Distinguishing out-of-atmosphere warheads from decoys is extremely difficult.

Interception at atmospheric entry (Terminal phase intercept)

Re-entry interception means that the missile defense system tries to intercept the warheads in the last stage of the flight - during re-entry close to the target.

Advantages:

Technical convenience of deploying missile defense systems on its territory.

Short distance from radars to warheads, which greatly increases the effectiveness of the tracking system.

Low cost anti-missiles.

Reducing the effectiveness of decoys and re-entry interference: Lighter than the warheads themselves, decoys are more retarded by air friction. Accordingly, decoy selection can be performed by the difference in deceleration speed.

Flaws:

Extremely limited (up to tens of seconds) interception time

The small size of the warheads and the difficulty of tracking them

No redundancy: if the warheads are not intercepted at this stage, no subsequent layer of defense can exist

Limited range of interception systems at the terminal stage, which allows the enemy to overcome such defenses by simply directing more missiles at the target than there are near the anti-missile target.

History of strategic missile defense

Despite the great difficulties and shortcomings, the development of missile defense systems in the USSR proceeded quite systematically and systematically.

First experiences

Research into the possibility of countering ballistic missiles in the USSR began in 1945 as part of the Anti-V project at the Zhukovsky Air Force Academy (Georgy Mironovich Mozharovsky's group) and at several research institutes (the theme was Pluto). During the creation of the air defense system "Berkut" (1949-1953), work was suspended, then sharply intensified.

In 1956, 2 projects of the missile defense system were considered:

Zonal missile defense system "Barrier" (Alexander Lvovich Mints)

Three radar stations with antennas looking straight up were installed one after the other with an interval of 100 km in a missile-prone direction. The attacking warhead sequentially crossed three narrow radar beams, its trajectory was built from three serifs and the point of impact was determined.

System based on three ranges "System A" (Grigory Vasilyevich Kisunko)

The project was based on a complex of heavy-duty early warning radar and three precision guidance radars located along the perimeter of the defended area.

The control computer continuously processed the reflected signals, pointing the anti-missile at the target.

The project of G. V. Kisunko was chosen for execution.

The first missile defense system in the USSR, chief designer G. V. Kisunko. It was deployed in the period 1956-1960 at the GNIIP-10 (Sary-Shagan) training ground specially built for this purpose in the Betpak-Dala desert. Ballistic missiles were launched into the interception area from the Kapustin Yar and, later, Plesetsk test sites into a triangle with a side of 170 km, at the tops of which (sites No. 1, No. 2, No. 3) precision guidance radars were located. The launcher of the V-1000 anti-missiles was located in the center of the triangle (site No. 6), the interception was carried out on the atmospheric section of the trajectory (altitude 25 km) on a collision course. The control was carried out by a computer center with two computers, M-40 (implementation of the automatic cycle) and M-50 (processing of system information), designer S. A. Lebedev.

On March 4, 1961, after a series of unsuccessful attempts, the V-1000 anti-missile, equipped with a fragmentation warhead, destroyed the warhead of the R-12 ballistic missile with the weight equivalent of a nuclear charge. The miss was 31.2 meters to the left and 2.2 meters in height. This is the first real interception of a target by a missile defense system in world practice. Before this moment ballistic missiles were considered ultimate weapon with no countermeasures.

Subsequently, 16 more interception attempts were made, 11 of which were successful. Research was also carried out on wiring and measuring the trajectories of satellites. The work of System "A" ended in 1962 with a series of tests K1 - K5, as a result of which 5 nuclear explosions at altitudes from 80 to 300 km and studied their influence on the functioning of missile defense and early warning systems.

System "A" did not enter service due to low reliability and low efficiency: the system ensured the destruction of only single ballistic missiles of short and medium range at short distances from the protected object, however, as a result of work on it, a specialized training ground was built and vast experience was accumulated, which served further development of missile defense systems in the USSR/Russia.

ABM systems of the Moscow industrial region

A-35

The creation began in 1958 with the decision of the Central Committee of the CPSU. G. V. Kisunko was appointed chief designer. According to the tactical and technical requirements, the system was supposed to provide defense of an area of 400 km² from the attack of the Titan-2 and Minuteman-2 ICBMs. In connection with the use of more advanced radars and anti-missiles with nuclear warheads, the interception was carried out at a distance of 350 km in range and 350 km in height, guidance was carried out by a single-station method. The computer center worked on the basis of a two-processor computer 5E92b (developer V. S. Burtsev). The construction of A-35 facilities in the Moscow region began in 1962, however, putting on combat duty was delayed for a number of reasons:

The advanced improvement of the means of attack required a number of serious improvements.

The promotion of competing projects of the Taran missile defense system by V.N. Chelomey and S-225 KB-1 led to a temporary halt in construction.

The growth of intrigues in the upper echelons of the scientific and technical leadership led in 1975 to the removal of Grigory Kisunko from the post of chief designer of the A-35.

Upgraded A-35 system. Chief designer I. D. Omelchenko. Put on combat duty on May 15, 1978 and was in service until December 1990, the Danube-3U early warning radar continued to operate in the A-135 system until the early 2000s. At the same time, the A-35 Aldan firing range complex (site No. 52) was built at the Sary-Shagan training ground, which was used as a prototype and for training the calculations of the Moscow missile defense system on real live firing.

A-135

Further development of the missile defense system of the Moscow industrial region. General designer A. G. Basistov. Draft design in 1966, start of development in 1971, start of construction in 1980. Commissioned in December 1990. Early warning radar "Danube-3U" and multifunctional radar "Don-2" had phased antenna arrays. Two interception echelons, long-range transatmospheric and short-range atmospheric with two types of anti-missiles. The Argun firing range complex (sites No. 38 No. 51 of the Sary-Shagan firing range) was envisaged, but it was not completed. In accordance with the addition to the ABM treaty between the US and the USSR of 1974 and the change of leadership, the Vympel Central Research and Production Association recognized this object as unpromising, work on it was stopped, and the launchers were destroyed. The complex continued to function in a truncated version as a measuring "Argun-I" until 1994.

A-235 "Airplane-M"

A promising missile defense system to replace the A-135. The contract for the creation was concluded in 1991. In August 2014, it was announced the start of testing anti-missiles for the A-235 complex, the completion of work on the project is scheduled for 2015.

Also in the USSR there were several unrealized projects of missile defense systems. The most significant of them are:

ABM system of the territory of the country "Taran"

In 1961, on his own initiative, Chelomey proposed a system of defense of the entire territory of the USSR from a nuclear missile attack by the United States.

The project was based on the interception in the middle section of the trajectory with the help of a super-heavy anti-missile, which Chelomey proposed to create on the basis of intercontinental missile UR-100. It was assumed that the radar system deployed in the far North would have to detect warheads approaching along transpolar trajectories and calculate approximate points of interception. Then the anti-missiles based on the UR-100 were to be launched on inertial guidance to these calculated points. Accurate guidance was supposed to be carried out using radar systems target designation and radio command guidance installed on anti-missiles. The interception was supposed to be using a 10-megaton thermonuclear warhead. According to Chelomey's calculations, to intercept 100 Minuteman-type ICBMs, 200 anti-missiles would be required.

The development of the system was carried out from 1961 to 1964, but in 1964, by decision of the government, it was closed. The reason was the outpacing growth of the American nuclear arsenal: from 1962 to 1965, the United States deployed eight hundred Minuteman-type ICBMs, which would require 1600 UR-100 anti-missiles to intercept them.

In addition, the system was subject to the effect of self-dazzle, since numerous detonations of 10-megaton warheads in outer space they would create huge clouds of radio-opaque plasma and a powerful EMP that disrupts the operation of the radar, which makes subsequent interceptions extremely difficult. The enemy could easily overcome the "Taran" system by dividing their ICBMs into two successive waves. The system was also vulnerable to the means of overcoming missile defense. Finally, the front-line early warning radars, a key component of the system, were themselves extremely vulnerable to a possible preemptive strike that would render the entire system useless. In this regard, Vladimir Chelomey proposed using the A-35 and S-225 being created as part of his Taran system, receiving, in the future, leadership over all anti-missile issues in the USSR. I must say that the project "Taran" was considered by many to be unfinished and adventurous. Chelomey enjoyed strong support from the leadership of the USSR, the son of the General Secretary of the Central Committee of the CPSU Sergey Khrushchev worked in his design bureau, this explains the closure of the project after the removal of N.S. Khrushchev in 1964.

S-225

Start of work in 1961. General designer A.A. Raspletin.

Air defense, missile defense complex for protecting relatively small-sized objects from single ICBMs equipped with means to overcome missile defense and promising aerodynamic targets. Active development phase from 1968 to 1978.

Distinctive features were - a container transportable and quick-mounted design, the use of RTN with a phased antenna array RSN-225, new ultra-high-speed short-range interception missiles PRS-1 (5Ya26) of the Novator Design Bureau (designer Lyulyev). 2 polygon complexes were built, "Azov" (site No. 35 Sary-Shagan) and a measuring complex in Kamchatka. The first successful interception of a ballistic target (an 8K65 missile warhead) was made in 1984. Presumably, due to the delay in the development of anti-missiles and the insufficient energy of the RTN for missile defense purposes, the topic was closed. The PRS-1 missile subsequently entered the short-range interception echelon of the A-135 complex.

To write this article, I was largely inspired by the excessive jingoistic moods of a significant part of the visitors to the site I respect " Military review”, as well as the cunning of the domestic media, which regularly publishes materials about the strengthening of our country, unprecedented since Soviet times. military power, including the Air Force and Air Defense.

For example, in a number of media outlets, including on "VO", in the section "" not so long ago an article was published entitled: "Two air defense divisions began to protect the airspace of Siberia, the Urals and the Volga region."

It says: “The assistant commander of the troops of the Central Military District, Colonel Yaroslav Roshchupkin, said that two air defense divisions took up combat duty, starting to protect the airspace of Siberia, the Urals and the Volga region.

“The duty forces of two divisions of air defense took up combat duty to cover administrative, industrial and military facilities in the Volga region, the Urals and Siberia. New formations were formed on the basis of the Novosibirsk and Samara aerospace defense brigades, ”RIA Novosti quotes him as saying.

Combat crews equipped with S-300PS anti-aircraft missile systems will cover the airspace over the territory of 29 constituent entities of the Russian Federation, which are included in the area of responsibility of the Central Military District.

After such news, an inexperienced reader may get the impression that our air defense anti-aircraft missile units have received qualitative and quantitative reinforcement with new anti-aircraft systems.

In practice, in this case, no quantitative, much less qualitative strengthening of our air defense has happened. It all comes down to just changing the organizational structure. New equipment did not enter the troops.

The S-300PS anti-aircraft missile system mentioned in the publication, with all its advantages, cannot be considered new in any way.

S-300PS with 5V55R missiles was put into service back in 1983. That is, more than 30 years have passed since the adoption of this system. But at present, in the anti-aircraft missile units of air defense, more than half of the long-range S-300P air defense systems belong to this modification.

In the near future (two or three years), most of the S-300PS will either have to be written off or overhauled. However, it is not known which option is economically preferable, the modernization of old or the construction of new anti-aircraft systems.

The earlier towed version of the S-300PT has either been decommissioned or transferred "for storage" without any chance of returning to the troops.

The most "fresh" complex from the family of "three hundredth" S-300PM was delivered to Russian army in the mid 90s. Most of the anti-aircraft missiles currently in service were produced at the same time.

The new, widely advertised S-400 anti-aircraft missile system has just begun to enter service. In total, as of 2014, 10 regimental kits were delivered to the troops. Taking into account the upcoming mass write-off of military equipment that has exhausted its resource, this amount is absolutely not enough.

Of course, experts, of whom there are many on the site, can reasonably object that the S-400 is significantly superior in its capabilities to the systems it is replacing. However, one should not forget that the means of air attack of the main "potential partner" are constantly being improved qualitatively. In addition, as follows from "open sources", mass production of promising 9M96E and 9M96E2 missiles and 40N6E ultra-long-range missiles has not yet been established. Currently, the S-400 uses 48N6E, 48N6E2, 48N6E3 SAM S-300PM missiles, as well as 48N6DM missiles modified for the S-400.

In total, according to "open sources", in our country there are about 1500 launchers of the S-300 family of air defense systems - this, apparently, taking into account the air defense units of the ground forces that are "in storage" and in service.

Today Russian troops Air defense (those that are part of the Air Force and Air Defense) have 34 regiments with S-300PS, S-300PM and S-400 air defense systems. In addition, not so long ago, several anti-aircraft missile brigades converted into regiments were transferred to the Air Force and Air Defense from the air defense of the ground forces - two 2-divisional S-300V and Buk brigades and one mixed (two S-300V divisions , one Buk division). Thus, in the troops we have 38 regiments, including 105 divisions.

However, these forces are distributed extremely unevenly throughout the country, Moscow is best protected, around which there are ten regiments of S-300P air defense systems (two of them have two S-400 divisions each).

satellite image Google earth. The layout of the positions of air defense systems around Moscow. Colored triangles and squares - positions and areas of basing of active air defense systems, blue rhombuses and circles - surveillance radars, white ones - currently liquidated air defense systems and radars

The northern capital, St. Petersburg, is well covered. The sky above it is protected by two regiments of S-300PS and two regiments of S-300PM.

Satellite image of Google Earth. Scheme of placement of air defense systems around St. Petersburg

The bases of the Northern Fleet in Murmansk, Severomorsk and Polyarny are covered by three S-300PS and S-300PM regiments, at the Pacific Fleet near Vladivostok and Nakhodka - two S-300PS regiments, and the Nakhodka regiment received two S-400 divisions. Avacha Bay in Kamchatka, where SSBNs are based, is covered by one S-300PS regiment.

Satellite image of Google Earth. ZRS S-400 in the vicinity of Nakhodka

The Kaliningrad region and the BF base in Baltiysk are protected from air attack by the S-300PS/S-400 mixed regiment.

Satellite image of Google Earth. S-400 air defense system in the Kaliningrad region at the former positions of the S-200 air defense system

Recently, there has been an increase in the anti-aircraft cover of the Black Sea Fleet. Before famous events associated with Ukraine, a mixed regiment with S-300PM and S-400 divisions was deployed in the Novorossiysk region.

At present, there is a significant strengthening of the air defense of the main naval base of the Black Sea Fleet - Sevastopol. It is reported that in November the peninsula's air defense group was replenished with S-300PM air defense systems. Taking into account the fact that complexes of this type are currently not produced by industry for their own needs, most likely they were transferred from another region of the country.

In terms of air defense cover, the central region of our country resembles a "patchwork quilt" in which there are more holes than patches. One S-300PS regiment is available in Novgorod region, near Voronezh, Samara and Saratov. The Rostov region is covered by one regiment of S-300PM and Buk.

In the Urals, near Yekaterinburg, there are positions of an anti-aircraft missile regiment armed with S-300PS. Beyond the Urals, in Siberia, only three regiments are deployed on a gigantic territory, one S-300PS regiment each near Novosibirsk, in Irkutsk and Achinsk. In Buryatia, not far from the Dzhida station, one regiment of the Buk air defense system is deployed.

Satellite image of Google Earth. ZRS S-300PS near Irkutsk

In addition to anti-aircraft systems protecting the fleet bases in Primorye and Kamchatka, in the Far East there are two more S-300PS regiments covering Khabarovsk (Knyaz-Volkonskoye) and Komsomolsk-on-Amur (Lian), respectively, one S-300PS regiment is deployed in the vicinity of Birobidzhan. 300V.

That is, the entire vast Far Eastern Federal District is protected by: one regiment of mixed S-300PS / S-400, four regiments of S-300PS, one regiment of S-300V. This is all that remains of the once powerful 11th Air Defense Army.

The "holes" between the air defense facilities in the east of the country are several thousand kilometers long, anyone and anything can fly into them. However, not only in Siberia and the Far East, but throughout the country, a huge number of critical industrial and infrastructure facilities are not covered by any air defense systems.

In a significant part of the country's territory, nuclear and hydroelectric power plants remain unprotected, air strikes on which can lead to catastrophic consequences. Vulnerability from air attack of the deployment points of Russian strategic nuclear forces provokes “potential partners” to attempt a “disarming strike” with high-precision means of destroying non-nuclear equipment.

In addition, they themselves anti-aircraft systems long range need protection. They need to be covered from the air with short-range air defense systems. Today, regiments with S-400s receive Pantsir-S air defense systems for this (2 per division), but S-300P and B are not covered by anything, except, of course, for effective protection of anti-aircraft machine gun installations of 12.7 mm caliber.

"Pantsir-S"

The situation with the lighting of the air situation is no better. This should be done by the radio engineering troops, their functional duty is to issue in advance information about the beginning of an enemy air attack, provide target designation for anti-aircraft missile forces and air defense aviation, as well as information for controlling air defense formations, units and subunits.

During the years of “reforms”, the continuous radar field formed during the Soviet era was partially, and in some places completely lost.
At present, there is practically no possibility of controlling the air situation over the polar latitudes.

Until recently, our political and former military leadership appears to have been preoccupied with other more pressing issues, such as downsizing the military and selling off "surplus" military property and real estate.

Only recently, at the end of 2014, the Minister of Defense, General of the Army Sergei Shoigu, announced measures that should help correct the existing situation in this area.

As part of the expansion of our military presence in the Arctic, it is planned to build and reconstruct existing facilities on the New Siberian Islands and Franz Josef Land, reconstruct airfields and deploy modern radar stations in Tiksi, Naryan-Mar, Alykel, Vorkuta, Anadyr and Rogachevo. The creation of a continuous radar field over the territory of Russia should be completed by 2018. At the same time, it is planned to upgrade by 30% radar stations and means of data processing and transmission.

Separate mention deserves fighter aircraft, designed to deal with enemy air attack weapons and carry out tasks to gain air superiority. Currently, the Russian Air Force formally has (taking into account those in "storage") about 900 fighters, of which: Su-27 of all modifications - more than 300, Su-30 of all modifications - about 50, Su-35S - 34, MiG -29 of all modifications - about 250, MiG-31 of all modifications - about 250.

It should be noted that a significant part of the park Russian fighters is listed in the Air Force only nominally. Many aircraft produced in the late 80s and early 90s require major repairs and modernization. In addition, due to problems with the supply of spare parts and the replacement of failed avionics units, some of the upgraded fighters are in fact, as the aviators put it, "doves of peace." They can still take to the air, but they can fully perform combat mission- not anymore.

The past year 2014 was notable for the volumes of deliveries of aviation equipment to the Russian armed forces that were unprecedented since the times of the USSR.

In 2014, our Air Force received 24 Su-35S multifunctional fighters manufactured by the Yu.A. Gagarin in Komsomolsk-on-Amur (branch of Sukhoi Company OJSC):

Twenty of them became part of the reconstituted 23rd Fighter Aviation Regiment of the 303rd Guards Mixed Aviation Division of the 3rd Air Force and Air Defense Command of Russia at the Dzemgi airfield (Khabarovsk Territory), which is joint with the plant.

All these fighters were built under a contract dated August 2009 with the Russian Ministry of Defense for the construction of 48 Su-35S fighters. Thus, the total number of vehicles manufactured under this contract by the beginning of 2015 reached 34.

The production of Su-30SM fighters for the Russian Air Force is carried out by the Irkut Corporation under two contracts for 30 aircraft each, concluded with the Russian Ministry of Defense in March and December 2012. After the delivery of 18 vehicles in 2014, the total number of Su-30SMs delivered to the Russian Air Force reached 34 units.

Eight more Su-30M2 fighters were produced by the Yu.A. Gagarin in Komsomolsk-on-Amur.

Three fighters of this type entered the newly formed 38th fighter aviation regiment of the 27th mixed aviation division of the 4th command of the Russian Air Force and Air Defense at the Belbek airfield (Crimea).

The Su-30M2 aircraft were built under a contract dated December 2012 for the supply of 16 Su-30M2 fighters, bringing the total number of aircraft built under this contract to 12, and the total number of Su-30M2 in the Russian Air Force to 16.

However, this significant amount by today's standards is absolutely not enough to replace in the fighter regiments written off due to the complete physical deterioration of the aircraft.

Even if the current pace of deliveries of aircraft to the troops is maintained, according to forecasts, in five years the fighter fleet of the Russian Air Force will be reduced to about 600 aircraft.

During the next five years, about 400 Russian fighters will probably be written off - up to 40% of the current payroll.

This is primarily due to the upcoming decommissioning of the old-built MiG-29s (about 200 units) in the very near future. Due to problems with the airframe, about 100 aircraft have already been rejected.

The non-modernized Su-27s, whose flight life is ending in the near future, will also be decommissioned. The number of MiG-31 interceptors will be reduced by more than half. As part of the Air Force, it is planned to leave 30-40 MiG-31s in DZ and BS modifications, another 60 MiG-31s will be upgraded to the BM version. The remaining MiG-31s (about 150 units) are planned to be written off.

Partially, the shortage of long-range interceptors should be resolved after the start of mass deliveries of the PAK FA. It was announced that it is planned to purchase up to 60 PAK FA units by 2020, but so far these are only plans that are likely to undergo significant adjustments.

The Russian Air Force has 15 AWACS A-50 aircraft (another 4 are in “storage”), recently they were supplemented by 3 modernized A-50U.
The first A-50U was delivered to the Russian Air Force in 2011.

As a result of the work carried out as part of the modernization, the functionality of the airborne early warning and control complex has significantly increased. The number of simultaneously tracked targets and simultaneously guided fighters has been increased, the detection range of various aircraft has been increased.

The A-50 should be replaced by the A-100 AWACS aircraft based on the Il-76MD-90A with the PS-90A-76 engine. The antenna complex is built on the basis of an antenna with an active phased array.

At the end of November 2014 TANTK them. G. M. Beriev received the first Il-76MD-90A aircraft for conversion into A-100 AWACS aircraft. Deliveries to the Russian Air Force are scheduled to begin in 2016.

All domestic aircraft AWACS are based on a permanent basis in the European part of the country. Beyond the Urals, they appear quite rarely, for the most part during large-scale exercises.

Unfortunately, loud statements from high tribunes about the revival of our Air Force and Air Defense often have little in common with reality. Absolute irresponsibility for the promises made by high-ranking civil and military officials has become an unpleasant tradition in the "new" Russia.

As part of the state armaments program, it was supposed to have twenty-eight 2-divisional S-400 regiments and up to ten divisions of the latest S-500 air defense system (the latter should perform tasks not only for air defense and tactical missile defense, but also for strategic missile defense) by 2020. Now there is no doubt that these plans will be thwarted. The same fully applies to plans for the production of PAK FA.

However, no one, as usual, will be seriously punished for disrupting the state program. After all, we “do not hand over our own”, and “we are not in our 37th year”, right?

P.S. All information provided in the article regarding Russian Air Force and air defense, taken from open public sources, a list of which is given. The same applies to possible inaccuracies and errors.

Information sources:
http://rbase.new-factoria.ru
http://bmpd.livejournal.com
http://geimint.blogspot.ru
Satellite imagery courtesy of Google Earth

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