Royal fly agaric mushroom description. Royal fly agaric - description of where it grows, the toxicity of the mushroom. Caesar's fly agaric and pale toadstool: differences

Spreading

Unlike the panther and red fly agarics, the royal fly agaric does not even contain traces of muscarine, but only ibotenic acid and muscimol, which, in turn, are strong hallucinogens, and when consumed, a state similar to severe clouding of the mind occurs. In addition, hallucinations are accompanied by severe symptoms of poisoning - vomiting, severe pain in the stomach, and indigestion, as well as drowsiness, feeling tired, trembling and cramps. The hallucinogenic effect is strictly individual, and largely depends on the strength and susceptibility of the human body itself, the place where this poisonous mushroom grows, and the dosage.

tursar.ru

Amanita regalis (Fr.) Michael - Royal fly agaric

(User photo Rannar)

Synonym: Amanita muscaria var. regalis

hat: 7–20 cm, at first spherical, with the edge pressed to the stem, densely covered with white or yellowish warts, then convex-prostrate to prostrate (sometimes with a raised ribbed edge with a groove width of 10 to 20% of the radius of the cap), with numerous whitish , yellowish, bright yellow or brown warty flakes on a yellow-ocher, olive-yellow-brown, golden-brown, brown-orange or ocher-brown (darker in the center) background.
With age, warts take on a grayish tint. The skin of the cap is easily removed almost to the very center. Volva is bright yellow in the youngest fruiting bodies, but quickly fades to light yellow, especially in direct sunlight.

Records: free (not attached to the stem), quite frequent, wide, white or cream, yellowish or creamy yellow with age, 6–9 mm tall. There are plates of different lengths growing from the edge of the cap.

Pulp: thick (up to 15 mm thick in the cap above the stem), brittle, white with a yellowish tint, without much odor. Under the skin of the cap, the flesh, like that of the red fly agaric, is a beautiful golden-yellow color (sometimes yellow-brown to olive-ocher); in the lower part of the stem it can also be yellowish.

Leg: 8–25 × 1–2.5 cm, widened towards the tuberous base, covered with a white or pale whitish-yellowish felt coating (fibrous-velvety), underneath brownish-ocher (sometimes turns brown in places of pressure), hollow with age, with ring. The ring is thin, drooping (skirt-shaped), smooth, often torn, white with a yellowish or yellowish-brownish edge. Volva adherent to the stalk, 15–35 mm wide, warty, white, represented by two to eight yellowish rings of warts.

Habitat: forms mycorrhiza with various types of conifers and deciduous trees(mainly spruce, pine and birch, found in forests of any type, including mountain ones. Prefers moist soil and grassy undergrowth.

Fruiting period: July-October.

Distribution in the Russian Federation: north and center of the European part.

Similar species: Usually the royal fly agaric is confused with either the red fly agaric or the panther fly agaric, since outwardly it is somewhere in the middle between them. Meanwhile, if you look more closely, the royal fly agaric is easily distinguishable from the red one by the absence of even a hint of red in the cap. Its color contains only white, yellow and brown shades, the yellow flakes on the stalk are also clearly visible, which you will not find in the red fly agaric. If the mushroom has grown pale in color, with an inexpressive yellowish-brownish cap, it can be confused with the edible gray-pink fly agaric (A. rubescens), which is easily distinguished by the flesh that turns red when cut. The panther fly agaric, similar in color to the cap, is distinguished by white rather than yellow flesh under the skin of the cap; in addition, the volva at the base of its stem is cup-shaped, and not adherent, with a pronounced distant edge.

Edibility/Poisonous/Hallucinogenicity: unlike the panther and red fly agarics, the royal fly agaric does not even contain traces muscarine, but only ibotenic acid And muscimol. Accordingly, the mushroom should be edible after boiling twice and draining the broth.

However, the concentration of muscimol and ibotenic acid in the royal fly agaric is slightly higher than in the red and panther mushrooms, and boiling twice before eating is really necessary.

Royal fly agaric has a high ability to accumulate salts of heavy metals, primarily vanadium. Field studies of Scandinavian mushrooms have shown vanadium contents ranging from 38 to 169 mg per kg of dried mushrooms (i.e. approximately 119 mg/kg fresh weight). This Very a lot of. For comparison, the average vanadium content in the vast majority of other mushrooms studied for this metal is only 2 mg/kg.

One possible explanation is that the royal fly agaric contains a substance called amavadin. The biological function of amavadin is not yet completely clear. Meanwhile, there is reason to believe that he... may
used as a toxin to protect the fruiting body of the fungus.

1. Vishnevsky M. Fly agarics of Russia. Popular interactive identifier. 2015.

Note:

Mikhail Vishnevsky writes that the royal fly agaric it should be edible after boiling twice. But whether this is actually the case remains to be verified. The SHG administration hopes that users and readers of our forum will not do this. Moreover, many other authoritative sources, both foreign and domestic, clearly indicate the toxicity of this species.

© Rannar 2016 - note.

Modified on 01/29/2016 09:59 by Rannar
Adding a description and title photo

forum.toadstool.ru

Moth caterpillar - description. What does a moth caterpillar look like?

A moth caterpillar, or larva, emerges from eggs laid by an adult female moth. A newly hatched caterpillar is almost transparent with a dark brown head; adult caterpillars white. The caterpillar's body length is about 1 mm. As the moth caterpillar matures, its body length can reach 12 mm. The insect's body has six pairs of short legs. Two pairs of legs are located on the first segments, and the remaining four pairs are located on the abdominal part of the caterpillar. The fattier the moth larva's food, the larger and thicker the caterpillar will be.

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Types of moth caterpillars.

The type of moth caterpillar depends on the type of moth that laid the eggs. There are more than 40 species in the moth family, but the most dangerous for residential buildings are food moth, clothes moth (room moth), furniture moth, fur moth, and carpet moth.

There are also other types of moth caterpillars. For example, the fruit moth caterpillar, which feeds on dried fruits, mushrooms and nuts; the caterpillar of the grain moth, which eats barley, rye, wheat, rice and other grains, as well as the caterpillar of the cabbage moth, a pest of cruciferous crops.

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Where do moths live?

food moth lays eggs in food, from which voracious larvae emerge. Such products are various cereals, flour, nuts, seeds, dried fruits, pasta, candies and cookies. The caterpillar is very small and practically does not move, so its presence in products can only be detected by accident.

Furniture moth caterpillar dangerous because its delicacy is outerwear made from natural wool and fur. This type of caterpillar lives in a portable case, which the caterpillar itself creates from food debris and a silk-like substance secreted by its body. The caterpillar gnaws hairs and villi, causing irreparable damage to clothing. As a rule, this caterpillar lives in closets and suitcases.

Although the furniture caterpillar larva is small in size, it has powerful gnawing jaws, with the help of which the caterpillar “cuts” the fur on fur coats, fur collars and hats, leaving unsightly bald patches on the products.

Clothes moth (house moth) lives in houses and apartments. Its caterpillars eat cotton products and also chew silk upholstery. Only caterpillars cause damage, since butterflies do not have a gnawing type of mouthparts.

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Moth reproduction occurs in several stages: the butterfly lays eggs, from which caterpillars hatch; After some time, the caterpillar turns into a pupa, from which a moth then emerges.

An adult moth is a fairly active insect, which, due to its small size, can penetrate any narrow crevices and fly long distances. The female practically does not fly during pregnancy. Interestingly, the moths we see flying around our homes are males. Female moths cover distances by dashing or, more correctly, simply crawling, trying to hide in folded clothes.

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Transformation of a caterpillar into a butterfly.

During one pregnancy, females can lay up to 100 eggs. The higher the room temperature, the faster they will hatch. moth caterpillars. If the air temperature is below 13°C, then the egg ripening time will be 37 days, and at 33°C only 7 days. 35 days after emerging from the egg, the caterpillar stops feeding and begins to weave a silk cocoon, in which the next stage of development occurs - pupation. Eight days later, a moth will emerge from the pupa.

nashzeleniymir.ru

Description of the royal fly agaric

The stem of Amanita regalis varies from 8 to 25 centimeters in height, its width is from 1 to 3 centimeters. At a young age, the stem of the mushroom is tuberous; with age, its shape changes - the stem becomes slender, slightly widened towards the base and hollow inside. It is covered with a whitish coating. The leg itself is brownish in color. There is a white, wide and smooth ring, edged with a brownish or yellowish tint.

Volva verrucous, attached to the stem, in the form of 2-3 rings.

The cap of Amanita regalis at a young age is spherical, round, with the edges pressed to the stem, with a shiny surface dotted with white or slightly yellowish scales. In more mature age the cap straightens, becomes spread out, ribbed along the edge, and is also dotted with scales. However, there are mature specimens with sparse scales, or generally single or without them at all.

The diameter of the cap can be from 5 to 25 cm. Its color can be ocher-yellow or ocher-brown (lightens with age), the color becomes darker towards the center of the cap.

The plates are white, wide, frequent, and become yellowish or yellowish-cream over time.

The pulp is fleshy, thick, white and brittle.

Spore powder white.

There is practically no smell.

Spreading

The royal fly agaric can be found in Europe, as well as in Russia - in its central and northern parts, but in the south it is not found at all. It can also be found in Korea and Alaska. These fly agarics are unpretentious, and they grow in almost any type of forest. But most often they can be found in pine forest, in birch and spruce groves. Amanita regalis forms mycorrhizae with various foliage and coniferous trees.

The fruiting period of this “royal individual” is July to October, in some places until early November.

Similarities between Amanita regalis and other mushrooms

Most often, the royal fly agaric is confused with red fly agarics and panthers. However, there is still a difference.

It is easy to distinguish the royal fly agaric from the red fly agaric by the color of its cap - the royal fly agaric does not have even a hint of a red tint; it has a variety of shades of yellow or brown.

But the panther fly agaric does not have a yellow belt on the ring, like the royal fly agaric; The flesh of the cap of the panther fly agaric is white, without yellow coloring under the skin.

It happens when the royal fly agaric has a completely dim cap - pale yellow or pale brown (it is already growing so pale). And then it can be mistaken for a conditionally edible gray-pink fly agaric. But you can distinguish the gray-pink fly agaric by the way its white flesh turns color when cut or when damaged - it becomes wine-pink.

Edibility of Amanita regalis

This species is not as poisonous as, for example, the panther fly agaric. But this is not a reason to eat it! Amanita regalis contains ibotenic acid and muscimol, which, in turn, are strong hallucinogens, and when consumed, a state similar to severe clouding of the mind occurs. In addition, hallucinations are accompanied by severe symptoms of poisoning - vomiting, severe stomach pain, and indigestion, as well as drowsiness, fatigue, trembling and cramps.

Even when boiled and very well washed, the toxicity of the mushroom does not go away, and it remains inedible! And although no deaths have been recorded after using them, this is not a reason to try it.

Hallucinogenic effect

This effect is strictly individual, and largely depends on the strength and susceptibility of the human body itself, the place where this poisonous mushroom grows, and the dosage.

The first signs of poisoning begin to appear an hour and a half after eating, when convulsions and trembling begin, and the person steadily falls asleep. If a person begins to doze, he has visions, while he remains sensitive to extraneous external sounds.

If a person is not dozing, but is awake, he experiences hallucinations - visual and auditory. Sometimes a person behaves inappropriately. The duration of this effect is from 6 hours to 1 day (again, this depends on many factors). But there is also “pleasant” news - upon completion of the effect of poisoning with this species, there is no hangover syndrome.

Nausea and stomach pain also occur after an hour and a half, and if you eat mushrooms on an empty stomach, then much faster.

In 1979, a case was recorded in Finland when three mushroom pickers took these poisonous mushrooms for umbrella mushrooms. Two hours after consuming them, severe indigestion arose, and after some time they began to experience nervous excitement and hallucinations.

Also, this type of mushroom has the ability to accumulate large quantities of heavy metals, mainly vanadium.

A toxic dose for humans is considered to be 0.25 mg of vanadium, lethal - 2-4 mg. Now compare: studies have shown that per kilogram of dry fruit bodies of the royal fly agaric there are 38-169 (!) mg of this metal. And for 1 kg of fresh - approximately 119 mg.

It’s clear that no one eats a whole kilogram of fly agarics, but why risk your health like that? Moreover, when vanadium accumulates in the body, the likelihood of developing tumors increases.

Other uses of fly agaric

IN medicinal purposes This mushroom is not used in any form, even externally. But in order to poison flies with it, it is quite possible to use it in the same way as its red relative. It is believed that insects are attracted to ibotenic acid, which is abundant in this fly agaric. Pour water into a plate, put a mushroom cap, sprinkle with sugar. The flies flock and, intoxicated by the alkaloids, fall into the water and drown.

domgribnika.ru

Description of the species

The cap of representatives of this species is quite large - it reaches 250 mm in diameter. Young mushrooms have a spherical shape, with the edges of the stem tightly pressed to the body. With growth, the shape changes - the edges straighten (convex-spread). The surface of this part of the mushroom is densely dotted with characteristic warty growths of white and yellowish color. The color of the cap itself varies from yellow-brown to ocher-brown. The color of the cap in the central, more convex part is darker.

The lamellar body under the cap is light in color; as the mushroom grows, the plates become yellowish. The pulp of the fruiting body is quite thick, fragile, light, and practically does not have any distinct odor.

The height of the leg of the royal fly agaric has a fairly wide range of lengths - from 80 to 250 mm, the width reaches 30 mm. In young specimens it is tuberous in shape, in adult mushrooms it is more slender, with a characteristic expansion at the base, and hollow. The surface of the body of the leg is covered with a coating consisting of light-colored flakes; the main color of this part of the fly agaric is ocher-brown. Also on the leg there is a slightly sagging ring with a smooth white surface (dark yellow border).

Features of growth

Most often, this type of fly agaric is found in forests located in the central and northern parts of Europe and the Russian Federation. In addition, this species has been spotted in Alaska and Korea. The peak fruiting period for this type of mushroom is from mid-summer to October.

Similarity

Often, many ordinary people confuse the royal fly agaric with such related species as the common red and panther, this is explained by their similarity appearance. However, upon closer examination of the royal fly agaric, you will notice that this type of representative of the fly agaric family, unlike the traditional and often found red one, does not have in its color even a hint of the characteristic bright red color of the cap. The main colors of this type of mushroom are brownish, yellow and white. In addition, the royal fly agaric differs from other species of the family in the yellowish flakes that densely cover the body of the leg.

Royal fly agarics are often confused with the gray-pink fly agaric, this can be explained climatic conditions, due to which this species often has a paler color, that is, the mushroom cap has an inexpressive brownish-yellow color. These species can be recognized by the color of the flesh on the cut; in the gray-pink fly agaric it is reddish.

Another mushroom similar to the royal fly agaric is the panther mushroom; the main difference between the latter is the characteristic white flesh of the cap and the non-grown, cup-shaped volva located at the base of the stem.

Toxicity of the species

The main components that make up the fruiting body of the royal fly agaric are ibotenic acid and muscimol, which, in fact, distinguishes this species from the panther and red fly agaric, which contain muscarine.

As a rule, the first symptoms after eating mushrooms occur 2 hours after eating them and are manifested by severe pain in the stomach, upset stool and frequent vomiting. Also, additional characteristic symptoms of poisoning are quite strong nervous excitement, as well as auditory and visual hallucinations.

The peculiarity of mushrooms is their ability to significantly accumulate heavy metal salts (for example, about 120 mg of vanadium per 1000 grams of dry raw materials). This is a fairly large indicator; the average content of this metal in other types of mushrooms, as a rule, does not exceed 2-3 mg per 1 kilogram of dry raw materials.

Hallucinogenic properties

I would like to note that the hallucinogenic effect of eating mushrooms can be different for everyone; this is directly related to how susceptible the human body is, the amount of mushrooms consumed, as well as the place where they grow. As mentioned above, the first signs of poisoning by the royal fly agaric appear already after 1.5-2 hours after consumption (small convulsions, most often the person begins to feel drowsy).

As a rule, the immersion in sleep is not complete, with visions. Increases sensitivity to sounds. The duration of the hallucinogenic effect does not exceed 5-6 hours. TO side effects This may include nausea observed in the first hours after eating mushrooms and abdominal pain.

System:

Kingdom: Mushrooms (Fungi)

Department: Basidial fungi (Basidiomycota)

Class: Agariaceae (Agaricomycetes)

Order: Champignonaceae (Agaricales)

Family: Amanitaceae (Amanitaceae)

Genus: Fly agaric (Amanita)

Species: Amanita regalis (Fr.) Michael, 1904

Hat: 5-25 cm, at first spherical, with the edge pressed to the stalk, densely covered with white or yellowish warts, then convex-prostrate to prostrate (sometimes with a raised ribbed edge), with numerous whitish or yellowish warty flakes on yellow-ocher, yellow-brown or ocher-brown (darker in the center) background. The plates are frequent, wide, white, yellowish or creamy yellow with age. The pulp is thick, brittle, white, without much odor. Under the skin of the cap, the flesh is a beautiful golden yellow color.
Leg: 8-25 x 1-3 cm, at first tuberous, later slender and expanded towards the tuberous base, covered with a whitish felt coating, brownish-ocher underneath, hollow with age, with a ring. The ring is thin, drooping, smooth or slightly striped, often torn, white with a yellowish or brownish edge. Volva adherent to the stalk, warty, is represented by two or three yellowish rings of warts. Both the leg and the ring have a pronounced yellowish tint.
Habitat: forms mycorrhiza with various types of coniferous and deciduous trees and is found in forests of any type.
Fruiting period: July-October.
Distribution in the Russian Federation: north and center of the European part.

Toxic/hallucinogenic. The mushroom is usually confused with either the red fly agaric or the panther fly agaric, since outwardly it is somewhere in the middle between them. Meanwhile, if you look more closely, the royal fly agaric is easily distinguishable from the red one by the absence of even a hint of red in the cap. Its color contains only white, yellow and brown shades; yellow flakes on the stem are also clearly visible, which you will not find in the red fly agaric. If the mushroom has grown pale in color, with an inexpressive yellowish-brownish cap, it can be confused with the edible gray-pink fly agaric ( A. rubescens), which is easily distinguished by the flesh turning red when cut. The panther fly agaric, which is similar in color to its cap, is distinguished by white rather than yellow flesh under the skin of the cap; in addition, the volva at the base of its stem is cup-shaped, and not adherent, with a pronounced distant edge. In Europe, the mushroom is common in the northern and eastern parts, rare in the west and completely unknown in the south. In addition to Europe, the royal fly agaric is found in Korea and Alaska. In Europe, the mushroom is known under the names “royal fly agaric” (England), “king of the Swedish fly agaric” (Scandinavia), “brown red fly agaric” (Benelux). In France it is called Amanite royale, in Germany - Königs-fliegenpilz. All this suggests that the royal fly agaric is clearly visually distinguishable from the red fly agaric, since even Europeans notice this.

By the way, in 2000, the royal fly agaric was chosen by the German Mycological Society as the “Mushroom of the Year”, thus becoming at the same time the “Mushroom of the Millennium”.

Unlike panther and red fly agarics, the royal fly agaric does not even contain traces of muscarine, but only ibotenic acid And muscimol. A reliable case of poisoning with this mushroom is known in Finland, where in 1979 three hot Finnish mushroom pickers decided that it was a special northern large umbrella mushroom ( Macrolepiota procera). The first symptoms of poisoning, which appeared 2 hours after eating the “umbrellas,” were mainly gastrointestinal and resulted in severe vomiting and diarrhea. After this, the two Finns became very nervous and began to hallucinate. The third, apparently, was simply jealous of them. All three recovered within a day without any fatal consequences for the liver, kidneys or central nervous system. nervous system. Since, from the words of the victims themselves, it is known that the “umbrellas” were first boiled culturally and the broth was drained, we can come to the conclusion that either the mushrooms were undercooked, or the concentration of ibotenic acid and muscimol in the royal fly agaric is higher than in the red and panther mushrooms.

The royal fly agaric has a high ability to accumulate salts of heavy metals, primarily vanadium (this ability in fly agarics was first identified in 1939 in the red fly agaric). Field studies of Scandinavian mushrooms have shown vanadium contents ranging from 38 to 169 mg per kg of dried mushrooms (i.e. approximately 119 mg/kg fresh weight). This is a LOT. For comparison, the average vanadium content in the vast majority of other mushrooms studied for this metal is only 2 mg/kg. Why does the royal fly agaric need so much vanadium? Unclear.

The royal fly agaric is a poisonous and hallucinogenic mushroom from the Amanita family. However, despite its inedibility, it is a rather nice mushroom, and it looks like its relative - the red fly agaric. The difference is in the color of the cap. But why exactly this species is called “royal” is very difficult to say...

Latin name

Amanita regalis

Synonyms: brown red fly agaric, king of the Swedish fly agarics, millennium mushroom.

Description of the royal fly agaric

The stem of Amanita regalis varies from 8 to 25 centimeters in height, its width is from 1 to 3 centimeters. At a young age, the stem of the mushroom is tuberous; with age, its shape changes - the stem becomes slender, slightly widened towards the base and hollow inside. It is covered with a whitish coating. The leg itself is brownish in color. There is a white, wide and smooth ring on it, framed along the edge with a brownish or yellowish tint.

Volva verrucous, attached to the stem, in the form of 2-3 rings.

The cap of Amanita regalis at a young age is spherical, round, with the edges pressed to the stem, with a shiny surface dotted with white or slightly yellowish scales. At a more mature age, the cap straightens, becomes spread out, ribbed along the edge, and is also dotted with scales. However, there are mature specimens with sparse scales, or even single ones or without them at all.

Cap diameter can be from 5 to 25 cm. Its color can be ocher-yellow or ocher-brown (lightens with age), the color becomes darker towards the center of the cap.

The plates are white, wide, frequent, and become yellowish or yellowish-cream over time.

The pulp is fleshy, thick, white and brittle.

Spore powder white.

There is practically no smell.

Spreading

The royal fly agaric can be found in Europe, as well as in Russia - in its central and northern parts, but in the south it is not found at all. It can also be found in Korea and Alaska. These fly agarics are unpretentious, and they grow in almost any type of forest. But most often they can be found in pine forests, birch and spruce groves. Amanita regalis forms mycorrhizae with various deciduous and coniferous trees.

The fruiting period of this “royal individual” is July to October, in some places until early November.

Similarities between Amanita regalis and other mushrooms

Most often, the royal fly agaric is confused with red fly agarics and panthers. However, there is still a difference.

It is easy to distinguish the royal fly agaric from the red fly agaric by the color of its cap - the royal fly agaric does not have even a hint of a red tint; it has a variety of shades of yellow or brown.

But the panther fly agaric does not have a yellow belt on the ring, like the royal fly agaric; The flesh of the cap of the panther fly agaric is white, without yellow coloring under the skin.

It happens when the royal fly agaric has a completely dim cap - pale yellow or pale brown (it is already growing so pale). And then it can be mistaken for a conditionally edible gray-pink fly agaric. But you can distinguish the gray-pink fly agaric by the way its white flesh turns color when cut or when damaged - it becomes wine-pink.

Edibility of Amanita regalis

This species is not as poisonous as, for example, the panther fly agaric. But this is not a reason to eat it! Amanita regalis contains ibotenic acid and muscimol, which, in turn, are strong hallucinogens, and when consumed, a state similar to severe clouding of the mind occurs. In addition, hallucinations are accompanied by severe symptoms of poisoning - vomiting, severe stomach pain, and indigestion, as well as drowsiness, fatigue, trembling and cramps.

Even when boiled and very well washed, the toxicity of the mushroom does not go away, and it remains inedible! And although no deaths have been recorded after using them, this is not a reason to try it.

Hallucinogenic effect

This effect is strictly individual, and largely depends on the strength and susceptibility of the human body itself, the place where this poisonous mushroom grows, and the dosage.

The first signs of poisoning begin to appear an hour and a half after eating, when convulsions and trembling begin, and the person steadily falls asleep. If a person begins to doze, he has visions, while he remains sensitive to extraneous external sounds.

If a person is not dozing, but is awake, he experiences hallucinations - visual and auditory. Sometimes a person behaves inappropriately. The duration of this effect is from 6 hours to 1 day (again, this depends on many factors). But there is also “pleasant” news - upon completion of the effect of poisoning with this species, there is no hangover syndrome.

Nausea and stomach pain also occur after an hour and a half, and if you eat mushrooms on an empty stomach, then much faster.

In 1979, a case was recorded in Finland when three mushroom pickers mistook these poisonous mushrooms for umbrella mushrooms. Two hours after consuming them, severe indigestion occurred, and after some time they began to experience nervous agitation and hallucinations.

Also, this type of mushroom has the ability to accumulate large quantities of heavy metals, mainly vanadium.

A toxic dose for humans is considered to be 0.25 mg of vanadium, lethal - 2-4 mg. Now compare: studies have shown that per kilogram of dry fruit bodies of the royal fly agaric there are 38-169 (!) mg of this metal. And for 1 kg of fresh - approximately 119 mg.

It’s clear that no one eats a whole kilogram of fly agarics, but why risk your health like that? Moreover, when vanadium accumulates in the body, the likelihood of developing tumors increases.

Other uses of fly agaric

This mushroom is not used for medicinal purposes in any form, even externally. But in order to poison flies with it, it is quite possible to use it in the same way as its red relative. It is believed that insects are attracted to ibotenic acid, which is abundant in this fly agaric. Pour water into a plate, put a mushroom cap, sprinkle with sugar. The flies flock and, intoxicated by the alkaloids, fall into the water and drown.

Royal fly agaric is a mushroom of the fly agaric family, which is highly toxic (causes intoxication and hallucinations). The main distribution area of ​​this species is the central part of Russia and a number of European countries(north, center).

Description of the species

The cap of representatives of this species is quite large - it reaches 250 mm in diameter. Young mushrooms have a spherical shape, with the edges of the stem tightly pressed to the body. With growth, the shape changes - the edges straighten (convex-spread). The surface of this part of the mushroom is densely dotted with characteristic warty growths of white and yellowish color. The color of the cap itself varies from yellow-brown to ocher-brown. The color of the cap in the central, more convex part is darker.

The lamellar body under the cap is light in color; as the mushroom grows, the plates become yellowish. The pulp of the fruiting body is quite thick, fragile, light, and practically does not have any distinct odor.

The height of the leg of the royal fly agaric has a fairly wide range of lengths - from 80 to 250 mm, the width reaches 30 mm. In young specimens it is tuberous in shape, in adult mushrooms it is more slender, with a characteristic expansion at the base, and hollow. The surface of the body of the leg is covered with a coating consisting of light-colored flakes; the main color of this part of the fly agaric is ocher-brown. Also on the leg there is a slightly sagging ring with a smooth white surface (dark yellow border).

Features of growth

Similarity

Often, many ordinary people confuse the royal fly agaric with such related species as the common red and panther, this is explained by the similarity of their appearance. However, upon closer examination of the royal fly agaric, you will notice that this type of representative of the fly agaric family, unlike the traditional and often found red one, does not have in its color even a hint of the characteristic bright red color of the cap. The main colors of this type of mushroom are brownish, yellow and white. In addition, the royal fly agaric differs from other species of the family in the yellowish flakes that densely cover the body of the leg.

Royal fly agarics are often confused with the gray-pink fly agaric; this is explained by climatic conditions, due to which this species often has a paler color, that is, the mushroom cap has an inexpressive brownish-yellow color. These species can be recognized by the color of the flesh on the cut; in the gray-pink fly agaric it is reddish.

Another mushroom similar to the royal fly agaric is the panther mushroom; the main difference between the latter is the characteristic white flesh of the cap and the non-grown, cup-shaped volva located at the base of the stem.

Toxicity of the species

The main components that make up the fruiting body of the royal fly agaric are ibotenic acid and muscimol, which, in fact, distinguishes this species from the panther and red fly agaric, which contain muscarine.

As a rule, the first symptoms after eating mushrooms occur 2 hours after eating them and are manifested by severe pain in the stomach, upset stool and frequent vomiting. Also, additional characteristic symptoms of poisoning are quite strong nervous excitement, as well as auditory and visual hallucinations.

The peculiarity of mushrooms is their ability to significantly accumulate heavy metal salts (for example, about 120 mg of vanadium per 1000 grams of dry raw materials). This is a fairly large indicator; the average content of this metal in other types of mushrooms, as a rule, does not exceed 2-3 mg per 1 kilogram of dry raw materials.

Hallucinogenic properties

As a rule, the immersion in sleep is not complete, with visions. Increases sensitivity to sounds. The duration of the hallucinogenic effect does not exceed 5-6 hours. Side effects include nausea observed in the first hours after eating mushrooms and abdominal pain.

Video: Royal fly agaric - poisonous and rare!

Royal fly agaric (lat. Amaníta regális) is a species of mushroom that is part of the genus Amanita regális of the Amanita genus. Refers to conditionally poisonous mushrooms, causing mycoatropine (psychotonic) syndrome. These fly agarics are unpretentious, and they grow in almost any type of forest, on clay and loamy soil. Most often they can be found in pine forests, less often they grow in mixed and deciduous forests with birch. They form mycorrhiza with various deciduous and coniferous trees. It grows in damp places among moss and lichen, in clearings and edges with thick grass. The fruiting period is from mid-July to the end of October, sometimes until the beginning of November. The royal fly agaric is a poisonous and hallucinogenic mushroom, however, despite its inedibility, it is a rather pretty mushroom. Unlike the panther and red fly agarics, the royal fly agaric does not even contain traces of muscarine, but only ibotenic acid and muscimol, which, in turn, are strong hallucinogens, and when consumed, a state similar to severe clouding of the mind occurs. In addition, hallucinations are accompanied by severe symptoms of poisoning - vomiting, severe stomach pain, and indigestion, as well as drowsiness, fatigue, trembling and cramps.

Even when boiled and very well washed, the toxicity of the mushroom does not go away, and it remains inedible! And although no deaths have been recorded after using them, this is not a reason to try it. The first signs of poisoning begin to appear an hour and a half after eating, when convulsions and trembling begin, and the person steadily falls asleep. He experiences hallucinations - visual and auditory. Sometimes a person behaves inappropriately. The duration of this effect is from 6 hours to 1 day (again, this depends on many factors). But there is also “pleasant” news - upon completion of the effect of poisoning with this species, there is no hangover syndrome or addiction.

At a young age, the cap is spherical, round, with the edges pressed to the stem, with a shiny surface dotted with white or slightly yellowish scales. At a more mature age, the cap straightens, becomes spread out, ribbed along the edge, and is also dotted with scales. However, there are mature specimens with sparse scales, or even single ones or without them at all.

The cap is 7-20 cm in diameter, hemispherical, opening to convex and almost flat with a slightly depressed center, with a radially lined edge. The mushroom is usually confused with either the red fly agaric or the panther fly agaric, since outwardly it is somewhere in the middle between them. Meanwhile, if you look more closely, the royal fly agaric is easily distinguishable from the red one by the absence of even a hint of red in the cap. The color is dark umber-brown, olive-ocher, ocher-brown, sometimes gray-yellow, more intense in the center. The general cover on young mushrooms is pubescent, bright yellow, then remains in the form of easily washed off scraps, turning white in the sun, and sometimes becoming gray-yellow in old age.

Under the cap there are often located wide plates of white color; with age they become yellowish or yellowish-cream. The flesh of the royal fly agaric is brittle, thick, white, without a special odor, and directly under the skin the color of the pulp is golden yellow. White spore powder.

The stem of Amanita regalis varies from 8 to 25 centimeters in height, its width is from 1 to 3 centimeters. At a young age, the stem of the mushroom is tuberous; with age, its shape changes - the stem becomes slender, slightly widened towards the base and hollow inside. It is covered with a whitish coating. The leg itself is brownish in color. There is a white, wide and smooth ring on it, framed along the edge with a brownish or yellowish tint. Volva verrucous, attached to the stem, in the form of 2-3 rings. There is practically no smell.

Most often, the royal fly agaric is confused with red fly agarics and panthers. However, there is still a difference.

It is easy to distinguish the royal fly agaric from the red fly agaric by the color of its cap - the royal fly agaric does not have even a hint of a red tint; it has a variety of shades of yellow or brown.

But the panther fly agaric does not have a yellow belt on the ring, like the royal fly agaric; The flesh of the cap of the panther fly agaric is white, without yellow coloring under the skin.

It happens when the royal fly agaric has a completely dim cap - pale yellow or pale brown (it is already growing so pale). And then it can be mistaken for a conditionally edible gray-pink fly agaric. But you can distinguish the gray-pink fly agaric by the way its white flesh turns color when cut or when damaged - it becomes wine-pink.

This mushroom is not used for medicinal purposes in any form, even externally. But in order to poison flies with it, it is quite possible to use it in the same way as its red relative. It is believed that insects are attracted to ibotenic acid, which is abundant in this fly agaric. Pour water into a plate, put a mushroom cap, sprinkle with sugar. The flies flock and, intoxicated by the alkaloids, fall into the water and drown.