Whether the case of plural nouns is determined. Declension of plural nouns. Features and examples. Difficult cases of form formation

As with other forms, genitive plural nouns in each type of declension, several variants of endings can be found.

In general, the following regularity operates during the formation of this form.

If in initial form(nominative singular) the word has null ending, then in the genitive plural, the ending is usually non-zero:

a house - many houses, a horse - many horses, a steppe - no steppes.

If in the initial form the ending is non-zero, then in the genitive plural it will be zero:

earth - no lands, loop - no loops, business - no business, place - no places, brand - no brands, apple - no apples.

Thus, the language seeks to get rid of the coincidence of the initial form and indirect forms noun.

note

Feminine and neuter nouns ending in -ya, -ye obey general rule and are in the form genitive plural zero ending. The final -i in this form is not an ending, but is included in the stem of the word: a prophetess - there are no prophets, a hillock - there are no hills, a nesting place - there are no nesting places, a backwater - there are no backwaters, a spear - no spears, food - no food, housewarming - no housewarming, pancakes - no pancakes, coast - no coasts, drug - no drugs.

However, in reality, this regularity is not absolute. On the one hand, a number of masculine nouns with a base on a hard consonant have a zero ending:

one soldier - several soldiers; one Georgian - several Georgians, one gypsy - several gypsies.

On the other hand, nouns with a non-zero ending in the initial form can also have a non-zero ending in the genitive case, for example:

words female: share - several shares, size - several sizes; neuter words: swamp - several swamps, upper reaches - no upper reaches, bottom of the vessel - no bottoms, shaft - no shafts, face - several faces, point - no points, dress - several dresses, mouth - several mouths, awl - several awls.

In live speech, especially in vernacular, two opposite tendencies are now observed.

Firstly, the ending -ov / -ev, inherent primarily in masculine nouns of the second declension, quite consistently displaces other endings (zero, -ey).

For example: colloquially - a lot of people instead of normative many people; no places instead of normative no places.

The latter trend is reinforced by the fact that plural in other indirect cases, all nouns have the same endings:

about songs, about people, about fields, about nights, about kilograms.

Secondly, in common speech there is the use of forms with a zero ending in those cases when in the literary language only forms with a non-zero ending are allowed.

For example: plow 10 hectares of land instead of the literary version - 10 hectares of land.

All this requires special attention to the formation of the genitive plural form, especially since many of these options become an indicator of the level speech culture person. It is no coincidence that morphological errors in the formation of this form are used in a language game, that is, intentionally - to create a comic effect ( How many some people! Delov something! - in modern intellectual colloquial speech). Such errors are also played up in jokes, for example, in the dialogue between an illiterate passenger and an equally illiterate champion of correct speech:

- There are no seats on the tram.
- Not places, but places. You don't know cases.
- And you don't care that we don't know cases.

When forming the genitive plural form in difficult cases, several factors must be taken into account.

1. For nouns of the second declension, the endings -ov / -v, -ey are distributed as follows:

for masculine nouns with a solid consonant stem, c or th the main one is the ending -ov / -ev:

many drivers, fighters, geniuses;

for masculine and neuter nouns with a base for a soft consonant or sibilant, the main ending is -ey:

many inhabitants, fields, cases;

nouns ending in -anin/-yanin (except for the word family man, which does not have a plural form at all), as well as for words barin, boyar, master, Tatar- null ending with clipping -in :

many Slavs, Tatars, bar, citizens.

2. For masculine nouns of the second declension with a hard consonant stem, zero endings and -ov endings tend to be distributed as follows:

A) the ending -ov usually has most of the names of fruits, vegetables, etc.:

five tomatoes, five oranges, five eggplants(admissible - five eggplant);

b) zero ending usually have:

names of paired objects:

a pair of boots, a pair of boots, a pair of boots, a pair of stockings, But: a pair of boots, a pair of boots(admissible - couple bot ), no rails(admissible - no rail); noun sock in the genitive plural has two literary variants - no knitted socks And socks;

names of nationalities with finals -н, -р:

no gypsies, no Romanians, no Ossetians, But: no Bedouins, no Bushmen, no Svans;

names of military personnel of various groups and branches of service:

no soldiers (!), no partisans (!); But: no sappers, no miners, no hussars And hussars, no dragoons And dragoons, no grenadiers And grenadiers, no cuirassiers And cuirassiers, no lancers And ulans;

V) nouns that name units of measurement ( volt, hertz, ohm etc.), usually have two forms in the genitive plural - with the ending -ov and with the zero ending. The zero ending is used in the so-called counting form of units of measurement, that is, when indicating a specific amount, the number of something:

100 volts, 100 amps, 200 hertz, 200 ohms, 1000 x-rays etc.

Nouns gram, kilogram, milligram, carat etc. in the countable form, both forms are acceptable - with the ending -ov and with the zero ending:

10 grams And 10 grams; 10 kilograms And 10 kilograms; 5 carats And 5 carats.

note

Forms with -ov are perceived as more formal. Therefore, if both forms are recognized as acceptable in the literary language, then in written speech it is recommended to use options with the ending -ov. Not in a countable form (not when indicating a quantity), these nouns necessarily end in -ov.

Yes, in this collective farm, not only grams, but also kilograms of losses are not counted!

Not all names of units of measurement obey this pattern. The ending -ov is required in any context for the following nouns:

acre (10 acres), hectare (10 hectares), inch (5 inches), liter (10 liters), meter (5 meters), kilometer (5 kilometers), millimeter (10 millimeters), centimeter (10 centimeters), pood ( 10 pounds), pound (10 pounds), foot (5 feet), yard (5 yards).

The ending -ov is usually also masculine nouns with a base on a solid consonant, denoting monetary units:

dollar (five dollars), dinar (five dinars) and etc.

3. For nouns of the first declension, zero endings usually have nouns with an accent on the basis in the initial form:

a shoe - a pair of shoes, an apple tree - five apple trees, a heron - five herons, a wedding - five weddings, a town hall - several town halls, but: a share - five shares; uncle - no uncles and uncles; skittles - five skittles; a handful - five handfuls and a handful; rokhlya - no rokhlya, a young man - five young men.

The ending -ee can have nouns with an accent on the last syllable in the initial form:

candle - five candles, article - five articles, family - five families, tub - no bads, melon - no melons, sheet - five sheets And five sheets, But: poker - five pokers, shafts - five shafts And dumbfounded

note on the formation of the genitive form of the plural of nouns that have accentological variants in the initial form: barge And barge - no barges And barge, loop And loop - no loops.

4. For nouns that are used only in the plural, the most common is the zero ending:

pasta - no pasta, money - no money, sawdust - no sawdust, ink - no ink.

At the same time, a number of such nouns will have a non-zero ending. In this case, the ending -ov / -ev is typical for nouns with a stem on a solid consonant, on r, k, x and a vowel:

jeans - no jeans (!), clips - no clips, wallpaper - no wallpaper, bronchi - no bronchi.

The ending -ee is common among nouns with a stem in a soft consonant:

sledge - no sledge, gangway - no gangway, manger - no manger (!), curls - no curls, harp - no harp.

How peer options function: rake - no rake And no rakes, stilts - no stilts And no stilts, everyday life - no everyday life And weekday

5. If the stem of a noun in its initial form ends in a combination of two consonants ( hollow, towel, song, doll), then when forming the genitive plural form with a zero ending, fluent vowels o and e usually appear between these consonants:

no dupe l, no towels, no songs, no dolls, no roses, no planks (permissible - doso k), no villages, no sabers, no shoes, no kitchens, no dusk, no nozzles and nozzles, but: dachshund - no dachshunds, morning - several mornings.

6. Pay attention to the formation of the genitive plural form of the following nouns:

Buryat - there are no Buryat and Buryats, son -in -law - there are no son -in -law, comments - there are no comments, hoofs - there are no hooves and hooves, adjustments - there are no adjustables, lower nizovye and non -nizovye, submasters - there are no submissions, there are no fields, tuyaroks - tuyarok Turk, ear - without ears, awl - no awls.

On this page, you can view the declension of the word "case" by cases, both in the singular and in the plural. Case is a 5 letter word. Word declension table "case" by cases is given below. Through the search, you can find other words you need.

Plural

Singular

It is important to know about the declension of words

Difficulties in the formation of numeral forms and their use in speech are mainly associated with their change in cases and combination with nouns.

The main part of the numerals is declined according to the third declension.

The numeral thousand changes like a noun of the first declension.

The numerals forty and one hundred have only one form in indirect cases - forty, one hundred ..

When declining compound ordinal numbers, only their last part changes Collective numbers (two, three, etc.) can only be used with masculine nouns, nouns denoting baby animals, or nouns that have only the plural form.

Combinations of compound numbers ending in two, three, four with nouns that do not have a singular form are not allowed. Only combinations like twenty-one days, twenty-five days are possible.

The pronoun-numeral both has two generic forms: Both are masculine and neuter, both are feminine. The same applies to the numeral one and a half.

Adjectives are a part of speech that denotes a sign of an object and answers the questions what ?, what ?, what ?, what? The adjective is in the same case form, number and gender as the noun it depends on.

IN singular adjectives change by gender and case. The gender of plural adjectives is not determined.

Plural adjectives cannot be gendered.

The change of nouns in cases is characterized by a change in their endings, which are called case forms. In total, there are six cases in Russian, each of which has its own auxiliary question.

Form nominative case called straight (or initial), all the rest - indirect.

Cases express the different roles of a noun in a sentence. There are six cases in Russian. You can determine the case of a noun in a sentence by asking a question.

In addition to the main questions, the case of a noun can also be recognized by the auxiliary questions that are answered by the circumstances.

Video lesson in Russian "How to remember cases. Our everything!"

I. The main ending of masculine nouns is -ov / (-ev) -ev: mushrooms, cargo, directors, territories, museums, etc.

Some words have an ending -ey (residents, teachers, knives) and a zero ending (boots, townspeople).

1. The ending -ov / (-ev) -ev is characteristic of those nouns whose final sound in the singular (nominative case) is a solid consonant (except for w and w) or -j (in writing - the letter y): mushroom - mushrooms , cucumber - cucumbers, region - regions, museum - museums, etc.

2. The ending -it is characteristic of those masculine nouns, the final sound of which in the singular is a soft consonant (except -j) or w, w: dove - doves, acorn - acorns, executioner - executioners, knife - knives, kid - kids.

The same ending has a number of words in -a, -ya masculine and generic: dad, uncle, tya, raja, Chukchi, young man; mumble, idler, (not) level, quiet, as well as male informal names with a base on a soft consonant or hissing: Volodya - Volodya, Seryozha - Seryozha.

3. Zero ending is inherent in nouns, which are the following names:

a) paired items: boots - boots, boots - boots, boots - boots, eyes - eyes, leggings - leggings, moccasins - moccasins, shoulder straps - shoulder straps, boots - boots, stockings - stockings, boots - boots, epaulettes - epaulettes, and also hair - hair, teeth - tooth.

Exceptions: aiguillettes - aiguillettes, boots - boots, golfs - golfs, pimas - pims, horns - horns (but in phraseology - a horn: God does not give a horn to a vigorous cow).

Some words of this semantic group have variant stylistically equivalent endings: kédy - kédov and ked; sock - sock and socks, high boots - high boots and ýnt̀ov;

b) a number of nationalities, nationalities, tribes (including the names of disappeared peoples, as well as names that were used before), mainly with the final consonant -n or -r (in the singular): English - English, Armenians - Armenians, Bashkirs - Bashkirs, Balkars - Balkars, Bulgarians - Bulgarians, Georgians - Georgians, Imerets - Imerets, Lezghins - Lezghins, Magyars - Magyar, Moldavians - Moldavians, Ossetians - Ossetians, Romanians - Rumians, Tatars - Tatars, Turks - Turks, Khazars - Khazars , gypsies - gypsies.

Some words of this group have variant stylistically equivalent endings: Avars - Avars and Avars, Buryats - Buryat and Buryatov, Karelians - Karel and Karelians, Sarmatians - Sarmatians and Sarmatians, Turkmens - Turkmens and Turkmens, Uigurs - Uigurs and Uigurs.

But: Aisors, Arabs, Berbers, Bushmen, Hungarians, Kazakhs, Mongols, Negroes and some. others;

c) people at the place of residence into -anin / -yanin (in which this suffix is ​​replaced in the plural by the suffix -an / -yan): city dweller - city dweller, alien - alien, Kievan - Kievl̀yan, villager - villager, southerner - southerner, etc. .d.;

d) cubs, non-adult creatures with the suffix -onok / -yonok (changing in the plural to the suffix -am / -yat): wolf cub - cubs, kitten - kittens, chicken - chickens, etc. Wed and slang salazhonok - salazhat; according to the same model, also butterdish - butter, honey agarics - mushrooms,

Note The genitive case from the imp, imp - demon, devil.

e) people by belonging to certain branches of the armed forces, to a military unit, to some political parties: partisan, soldier, cadet.

A number of names according to belonging to the branch of service (including the former), to the rank have variant stylistically equivalent forms: hussars - hussars and hussars, grenadiers - grenadiers and grenadiers, dragoons - dragoons and dragoons, cuirassiers - cuirassur and cuirass, uhlans - uhlans and lancers, midshipmen - midshipmen and midshipmen. Wed, for example: "On November 22, Seslavin sent me to clear left side Vilna road with a hundred Sumy hussars, a platoon of dragoons of the Tver regiment and a dozen Donets" (A. Marlinsky); "... a Frenchman in a blue overcoat fought off the hussars with a bayonet" (L.T.); "In the evening of the same day, the tsar sent in pursuit regiments of guardsmen and dragoons "(Buganov V.I. Peter the Great and his time);

e) some units of measurement: ampere, watt (kilowatt, etc. s - watt), volt, roentgen (and compound words with - roentgen). For example, "... the natural radiation background is usually 15-20 microroentgens per hour ..." (Koms. Pr. 1990. May 12).

A number of units of measurement (in most cases belong to highly specialized vocabulary) have variant stylistically equivalent endings, ángstrem - ángstrem and ángström, arshin - arshúnov and arshún, hertz - hertz and hertz, carat - carat and carat, micron - micron and micron and neck . etc. Wed, for example: "An eleven-carat ruby ​​in a ring" (A.N.T.) and "According to official data, diamond mining should have exceeded 500 thousand carats in 1965" (Abroad. 1966. Jan. 21) .

In texts that are not strictly official, the zero ending (very common in live oral speech, in author's speech fiction) can also have nouns hectare, gram, kilogram. Compare: "Sixteen thousand mothers will receive rations at dawn - One hundred and twenty-five blockade grams With fire and blood in half" (Berggolts OF. From the Leningrad poem); "[Polar explorers] say that they have lost several kilograms of weight over these days" (Orlov V. Chronicle of one drift), but: "More than 40 million hectares of crops are concentrated here" (Pr. 1965. March 31); "The first 415 kilograms of valuable nutritious dry food are packed" (Zn. 1983. Feb. 3).

In texts that are not strictly official, the literary norm also allows a zero ending for words denoting certain vegetables, fruits: (kilo) apricot, orange, eggplant, tangerine, tomato.

II. 1. For nouns of the middle gender, the zero ending is the main one: bucket - buckets, business - affairs, dwelling - dwelling, building - building, window - windows, gun - guns (words like building, gun, i.e. words with a stem on - j, refer to those nouns in which a fluent vowel appears before the zero ending in the genitive plural: i-, if the ending is not stressed, and -e-, if the ending is stressed).

2. Some neuter nouns in the genitive case have the ending -ov / -ev. These include:

a) nouns, in the plural forms of which -j- appears before the ending: bottom → bottom, bottom, link → links, links, wings → wings, wings; log → logs, logs;

b) nouns on -ko (except for the army, ear, ̀apple, ̀apple): drevko - drevkov, wheel - wheels, cloud - clouds, lake - lakes, points - points, shoulders - shoulders;

c) some nouns with a base on -j (singular and plural); the upper reaches - the upper reaches, the lower reaches - the lower reaches (and the lower reaches), the tip - the points, the dress - dresses, the divorce - leads, the mouth - mouths, as well as the word swamp (swamps).

Note. The words saucer, mirror, lake, railing, towel have a zero ending: saucer, mirror, pepper, towel.

Some of the words in -tse have variant endings, one of which, as a rule, is more common than the second (the more common one is given first below): tree → trees and trees, ring → rings and rings, spindle → spindles and spindle, bucket → buckets and buckets, little business → businessmen and businessmen, little body → little bodies and little bodies, fiber → fibers and fibers, trough → troughs and troughs, blanket → blankets and blankets, logs → logs and logs, tentacle → tentacles and tentacles, hoof → hooves and hooves, lace → laces and laces, shiltse → shilts and shilets. Wed, for example; "[Meresiev] allowed himself to eat only ten spoons and a few fibers of white, soft chicken meat" (Polevoi B.N. The Tale of a Real Man) and: "With a decrease in the amount of twist, the connection of individual elementary fibers is broken" (Anuchin S.A. and etc. Arrangement and maintenance of twisting machines); "The bulk of the trees sold by us is obtained due to the barbaric extermination of already scarce forests" (Lit. Gaz. 1966. Dec. 31) and: "... when the crowns of individual trees merge into a common closed canopy and the trees begin to experience mutual lateral shading, then a struggle arises because of the light "(Morozov G. Teaching about oneself), etc.

III. For feminine nouns of the 2nd declension, the main ending is zero: (with) roofs, pines, apple trees, (without) pokers, sisters, weddings, etc.

A small number of feminine nouns ending in -а/-я end in -е. It is received by words that have a group of consonants before the end -gl-, -kl-, -chl-: (no) skittles, letters, sakley, rokhley, as well as the words share → doléy, stump → stump, candle → candle (but in phraseology - candles: the game is not worth the candle).

A small number of words have variant endings: barge - barge and barge, karakul - karakul and karakul, song - songs and songs, handful - handful and handful, sheet - sheet and sheet, bawd - bawd and bawd, shutter - shutters and shutters, aunt - aunt and aunt.

The ending -her is also characteristic of feminine nouns with a soft consonant and hissing (3rd declension): role - roley, fabric - fabrics, night - nights. Only the word sazhen has two forms: sazhen and sazhen.

As for nouns that are used only in the plural form, the difficulty with the choice correct form The genitive case applies mainly to proper names. Therefore, common nouns of this type are not considered here, and those interested in the forms of the genitive case of proper names can be referred to the Dictionary of Accents for Radio and Television Workers by F.L. Ageenko and M.V. Zarva.

Rakhmanova L.I., Suzdaltseva V.N. Modern Russian language. - M, 1997.

Difficult plural forms of nouns

Among the forms of nouns, the formation of which may be associated with certain difficulties, one should include the plural forms of the nominative case ( directors or directors, valves or valve?) and the genitive plural form of some nouns ( five grams And five grams, five oranges or five orange?)

1. Plural forms of the nominative case of nouns: directors or directors?

The nominative plural form of nouns is checked in dictionary order (according to the dictionary). See rubric "Word Check" on our portal. Please note: the search for a word in dictionaries is carried out by the initial form (nominative case, singular)!

A dictionary entry reads as follows: if the entry does not contain special instructions into the plural form (litter pl.), then the ending is used to form the nominative plural -And or -s. If a different ending is required (or options are acceptable), then a litter is put: pl. -A. For example:

In the modern Russian literary language, options that fluctuate in the form of them. n. pl. h., have over 300 words. The focus of distribution of flexion -and I) are the spheres of vernacular and professional language. For this reason, the forms -and I) often have a colloquial or professional coloring: contracts, locksmith, turner. The forms on -s(s) more neutral and for most words meet traditional norms literary language. However, in some cases the forms -and I) have already supplanted the forms on -s(s).

In addition, you can remember a number of patterns that facilitate the choice of inflection (ending) of the nominative plural:

Declinable neuter nouns, the initial form of which ends in -KO, have unstressed plural inflection. h. im. P. -And (faces, feathers, apples). The exception is nouns with stressed plural endings. hours: troops And clouds.

Other neuter nouns in plural form. h take the ending -and I): swamps, fields, seas, windows.

Form on -and I some words may be singular or predominant: side - sides (sides only in phraseological combination hands to the sides); century - centuries (eyelids only in phraseological combinations for once, forever and ever, forever and ever), eye - eyes, meadow - meadows, fur - furs, snow - snow, stack - stacks, silk - silk.

Forms may have different meaning: tones(about color) and tones(about sound) of bread(about cereals) and loaves(about baked bread) workshops And workshops(at the enterprise) and workshops(medieval organizations of artisans).

Noun forms can differ in stylistic coloring: sides and outdated. sides; Houses and outdated. houses; stern and outdated. stern; horns and outdated. and a poet. horns; varieties and outdated. varieties; volumes and outdated. then we, and thunders and a poet. thunder; coffins and a poet. coffin.

Finally, noun forms can be equal and interchangeable: of the year And years(But: years of youth, severe deprivation; nineties, zero years), workshops And workshops(at the enterprise), storm And storms.

In order to resolve the issue of the status of the "controversial" form of the word (non-normative, variant, stylistically colored, etc.), in any case, you need to refer to the dictionary.

Non-standard plurals are formed in words child - children, man - people, bottom - bottom and some others.

2. Plural forms of the genitive case of nouns: five grams or five grams?

For most masculine nouns that end in a hard consonant in their initial form ( orange, tomato, fly agaric, computer, sock), characteristically ending -ov in the genitive plural form: oranges, tomatoes, fly agarics, computers, socks etc. An extensive number of exceptions can be distinguished from this rule - similar nouns, but having a zero ending in the genitive plural: one stocking - no stockings, one Ossetian - five Ossetians, one gram - five grams And five grams etc. These words include:

Names of people by nationality and by belonging to military formations, mainly used in plural forms in a collective meaning: Magyars - Magyars, Turkmens - Turkmens, midshipmen - midshipmen and midshipmen, partisans - partisans, soldiers - soldiers; this also includes the form r. n. pl. h. Human.

Names of paired items: boots - boot, eyes - eyes, cuffs - cuffs, shoulder straps - shoulder strap, stockings - stocking, epaulettes - epaulette, boots - boots.

Names of measures and units of measurement: 220 volts, 1000 watts, 5 amps, 500 gigabytes. If such names are used outside the "measuring" context (in other words, the genitive case form is not countable), then the ending is used -ov: live without excess kilograms, not enough gigabytes.

It should be noted that the names of fruits, fruits and vegetables, which are masculine nouns, in the initial form ending in a solid consonant ( orange, eggplant, tomato, tangerine), in the genitive plural form. hours have an ending -ov: five oranges, a kilogram of eggplant, New Year without tangerines, tomato salad.

For some nouns, the formation of plural forms. h. n. difficult; these are the words dream, prayer, head. On the contrary, words cheek And woodworker do not have other forms, except for the plural form. h. case.

See: "Russian Grammar", M., 1980.

In order to solve the problem posed to us, we will analyze each concept separately.

Noun

Noun- an independent part of speech. It denotes the subject, and also answers the questions "who?" (if animate) and "what?" (if inanimate). Examples: table, chair, guitar, computer. In a sentence, it is most often the subject, less often an addition, but it also happens that it is used as another member of the sentence.

Nouns can change by cases (also by gender, numbers, and so on, but we, within the framework of this task, are not interested).

Noun case

As we have already determined, adjectives change by case. If suddenly you don’t know, then in general there is such a series of cases:

1. Nominative.
2. Genitive.
3. Dative.
4. Accusative.
5. Instrumental.
6. Prepositional. It is used only with a preposition, which is clear from its name.

Plural of a noun

The noun is both singular and plural. The singular number means that the item being talked about has a quantity of one, and plural means several items, some quantity more than one.

Examples of the singular: table, chair, beauty, life, pencil, garden, T-shirt, book, balcony, door, guitar.

Plural examples: tables, chairs, beauties, lives, pencils, gardens, T-shirts, books, balconies, doors, guitars.

Solution of the task

So, now, knowing all the concepts, we will try to understand how to determine the case of a noun in the plural. To do this, we decline the word "handles" in cases:

I.p. What? pens.

R.p. what? pens.

D.p. to whom? pens.

V.p. What? pens.

etc. how? handles.

P.p. about what? about pens.

It turns out that the questions of cases do not change: they are the same for the singular, for the plural.

The case of a noun, as we see, in the plural is determined in the same way as the case in the singular: by prepositions in the sentence, endings and questions.