Integrity. This term is often used as a synonym for integrity. However, they emphasize their interest not in external factors manifestations of integrity, but to deeper reasons for the formation of this property and, most importantly, to its preservation. Integrative are system-forming, system-preserving factors, important among which are the heterogeneity and inconsistency of its elements.

Communication

Communication. This pattern forms the basis for the definition of the system proposed by V.N. Sadovsky and E.G. Yudin in the book “Research on general theory systems."

Any system is not isolated from other systems and is connected by many communications with the environment, which is a complex and heterogeneous formation containing (Fig. 4.1):

supersystem(system over high order, which specifies the requirements and restrictions of the system under consideration);

elements or subsystems(downstream, subordinate systems);

systems of the same level as the one under consideration;

Rice. 4.1. Connections of the system with the supersystem, subsystems and systems

different levels

Hierarchy

Let's consider hierarchy as a pattern of building the whole world and any system separated from it. Hierarchical order permeates everything, from the atomic-molecular level to human society. Hierarchy as a pattern lies in the fact that the pattern of integrity is manifested at each level of the hierarchy. Due to this, new properties appear at each level, which cannot be deduced as the sum of the properties of the elements. It is important that not only the union of elements at each node leads to the appearance of new properties that they did not have, and the loss of some of the properties of the elements, but also that each member of the hierarchy acquires new properties that it does not have in an isolated state.

Thus, complex qualitative changes occur at each level of the hierarchy, which cannot always be presented and explained. But it is precisely because of this feature that the regularity under consideration leads to interesting consequences. Firstly, using hierarchical representations, you can display systems with uncertainty.

Secondly, the construction of a hierarchical structure depends on the goal: for multi-purpose situations, several hierarchical structures can be built corresponding to different conditions, and the same components can take part in different structures. Third, even with the same goal, if you entrust the formation of a hierarchical structure to different researchers, then depending on their previous experience, qualifications and knowledge of the system, they can get different hierarchical structures, i.e., resolve qualitative changes at each level of the hierarchy differently .

equifinality

This is one of the least studied patterns. It characterizes the limiting capabilities of systems of a certain class of complexity. L. von Bertalanffy, who proposed this term, defines equifinality in relation to an “open” system as the ability (in contrast to equilibrium states in closed systems) of systems completely determined by the initial conditions to achieve a time-independent state (which does not depend on its initial conditions and is determined by system parameters only). The need to introduce this concept arises starting from a certain level of complexity, for example, biological systems.

At present, a number of questions of this regularity have not been studied: what parameters in specific systems provide the equivalence property? how is this property provided? How does the pattern of equivalence manifest itself in organizational systems?

Historicity

Time is an indispensable characteristic of a system, therefore, each system is historical, and this is the same pattern as integrity, integrativity, etc. It is easy to give examples of the formation, flourishing, decline and even death of biological and social systems, but for technical and organizational systems it is quite enough to determine periods of development. difficult.

The basis of the regularity of historicity is the internal contradictions between the components of the system. But how to manage the development or at least understand the approach of the corresponding period of the system's development - these questions have not yet been studied enough.

Recently, more attention has been paid to the need to take into account the laws of historicity. In particular, in systems engineering, when creating complex technical complexes, it is required at the system design stage to consider not only the development and development of the system, but also the question of how and when to destroy it. For example, write-off of equipment, especially complex - aviation, "burial" nuclear installations and etc.

The properties attributed to self-organizing systems are presented. various sources. The fundamental ones that make up the essence of the self-organization process are determined.

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Section start

Order increases (entropy decreases) .

Spontaneous appearance .

flicker- the ability to spontaneously cease to exist.

The threshold nature of the appearance - upon reaching the threshold condition.

The need for a "control parameter" for the emergence - necessary to start the process, sufficient even with a weak manifestation.

Complexity- the presence of a large number of elements and relationships.

openness- exchange of resources with the external environment.

Dynamism (non-equilibrium) - change of elements and connections in time.

Synergistic effect - 1) the emergence of new properties in the system that are not observed in any of the totality of its elements; 2) increasing the efficiency of the functioning of the elements when they are combined.

Operational closure of the system (autonomy, autopoiesis) The system reacts differently to the same influences.

positive feedback - the system is able to enhance favorable deviations in its functioning, bringing them to a change in structure.

negative feedback - the system is able to correct adverse deviations in its functioning.

Dissipation (nutrition) - the system constantly dissipates energy and needs to be replenished from the outside.

Non-hierarchical - the predominance of horizontal links.

adaptability- the ability to adapt to adverse changes in the external environment.

Spasmodic development - abrupt changes in the structure.

Significance of Fluctuations and Mutations - the significance of minor changes for the development of the system.

To determine self-organization, two points are of greatest importance: the ordering of the system and the spontaneity of the ordering process.

orderliness is a certain state of the system, which can be defined as follows:

1) Subjectively, the state of the system is more ordered when there is less uncertainty and it is known: a) the position of all its elements; b) the speed and direction of changing their position (order is when everything is in its place).

2) Objectively, the state of the system is more ordered if, in its given state, the elements of the system have fewer degrees of freedom - options for location and movement (an attached herd is more ordered than an unattached one). In physics, the concept of "entropy" is used, which characterizes the probability of the state of the system (the number of degrees of freedom of elements). The more entropy, the less order.

3) The most practical criterion for the orderliness of a system is the presence and strength of links between its elements. How more connections and the stronger they are, the more ordered the system (less degrees of freedom and uncertainty).

Spontaneous ordering is often given a subjective character, i.e. the system (structure) arose independently of human will and actions. The principle of increasing entropy states that in closed systems, entropy does not decrease (order does not increase). Everyday experience also shows that without human intervention, more orderly systems do not emerge. Therefore, when processes were discovered in physics and chemistry that lead to the emergence of ordered structures without human intervention, they were defined as "self-organizing".

But in reality, in the world there are many ordered processes and systems that have appeared without human participation (from galaxies, planetary systems, to living organisms and atoms). In addition, the application of the subjective criterion of spontaneity leads to the conclusion that in human society there can be no self-organization (or vice versa, all self-organization, since, from the point of view of chemistry and biology, a person is a self-organizing system chemical reactions or biological cells).

That is why the criterion for determining self-organization is not related to the human factor, but consists in the presence of the properties indicated above. Spontaneity means only that there was no external control (organizing) influence on the system. In doing so, it can be shown that many of these properties are descriptive and not necessary, or are derived from others.

Self-organization (spontaneous ordering) requires an open system (entropy does not decrease in a closed system) and certain conditions (threshold level, control parameter). The complexity of the system affects only the complexity of the organization (ordering). Already here the spasmodic development, positive feedback and the significance of fluctuations for the future of the system are manifested. When ordering, a synergistic effect is automatically manifested (where else can new properties come from the system, if not from the connections between the elements). These properties are already sufficient for self-organization. The rest appear in a slightly different process: self-regulation (self-management, automatism). There are self-organizing systems of type I (not capable of self-regulation) and type II. Their main difference is in dynamism and dissipation. Type I - not dynamic and not feeding (ice), type II - dynamic, feeding (living organisms).

Dynamism and the need for nutrition make self-regulation (negative feedback, adaptation) a property that makes dynamic systems more likely to survive. The need for self-regulation in unstable conditions leads to the predominance of horizontal connections (heterarchy). As a result, complex systems with positive and negative feedback (not reducible to a simple "black box" model) exhibit the properties of operational closure (the presence of memory and a set of circuits feedback does not allow unambiguous prediction of its behavior).

In general, self-organizing systems - these are open systems in which a spontaneous process of ordering occurs (or has occurred), due to the properties of the elements of the system itself. The practical value of such systems approach lies in synergetics - the science of initiating the process of ordering, influencing it in order to form the desired structure. Synergetics is closely related to the evolutionary approach to organizations, the theory of sustainable development, the theory of "management of chaos", etc.

Zakharov A.A., Korneev S.B.

ORDER

1. Introduction

The order is based on a sense of the world around and one's place in it, an understanding of one's current task and the necessary actions for its implementation.

The order is often understood as a “scheme” of actions, what should be located where and when to do what, etc. without a sense of the surrounding world, without feedback from it. Doing things without feeling what needs to be done leads to the creation illusions of order (mechanistic scheme) and does not affect the degree of orderliness of the surrounding world.

2. Basic provisions

Order - balance in life, the presence of laws and rules by which a living system (nature, man) lives, a harmonious relationship between internal and external space and time.

ordering - the process of creating order, the process of bringing into one's being laws and rules that support Life, giving the forces a direction of movement.

State of order - the presence in human existence of Laws and rules.

Quality orderliness - the ability to fill your life with order, the skill of putting things in order in your life, the ability to highlight the main and the secondary. Ability and desire to organize your life, work and leisure without prejudice to each other.

3. Why order is needed

Orderliness gives a consistent movement up the ladder of development (evolution) and allows you to effectively achieve your goals. Neutralizes the entropy of chaos, and also preserves and enhances life.

No order in Everyday life it is impossible to grow spiritually.

Understanding Divine laws begins with understanding the everyday order.
Man is a whole and indivisible being and his spiritual growth is inseparable from physical existence (state of health, order in the house, etc.).

The spiritual flows into the physical through energy. In order for the spiritual beginning to flow, there must be a place in the energy body for this. In order for this place to appear, a person must do something creative on the physical plane. Thus, energy passes from the energy body to the physical body to compensate for the costs, and from the spiritual part to the energy body, energies go to compensate for the costs of the energy body. And thus, the flow of energies from the spiritual level to the physical, and consequently spiritual growth, begins. Energy flows in the event that a person performs creative deeds, because. spiritual energy is creative.

The spiritual is the idea, purpose and meaning of human life. The spiritual is always creative, aimed at preserving and strengthening life. The spiritual energizes the energy body, the energy body energizes physical body, to realize the spiritual idea. A positive idea energizes a person. A negative idea increases the entropy in a person, and therefore destroys him.

The most important thing in a person's life is an idea. T.K. an idea has energy and is able to give it to a person.

Thus, orderliness provides a natural flow of energies, strengthening a person and ensuring his spiritual growth.

Increasing your orderliness, orderliness in the world around you, etc. man embodies the Law of Order in our reality.

4. How it manifests itself in life

On the physical plane - in the coordinated functioning of body systems, maintaining homeostasis.

On the mental plane - clarity of thinking, sobriety of judgments, emotional balance.

In the family - understanding by a man and a woman of their duties.

In everyday life - maintaining order, feeling of comfort in the apartment.

In relationships - a sense of adequate distance, time and purpose when communicating with a person.

In a team - compliance with the rules of behavior and communication in a team (etiquette, ethics of behavior), knowledge of one's place and tasks in a common cause.

In written and oral speech.

In poetry, poetry is " magic spells", which act when the words are folded in a certain rhythm and have a certain size.

5. Where is it located in the body - spine, skeleton, bones.

6. Drawing- frozen water crystal, honeycombs.

7. Associations- a prism that refracts light, dividing it into colors, in order, a growing tree, a druse of a crystal.

A plowman leading a horse harnessed to a plow across the field. Smooth furrows remain on the ground. There will be a harvest.

"The state of beauty crystallized out of chaos"

"Like honeycombs or beads - one bead follows another"

Sound - mantra "M"

Color - Green velvet, pantone 18-6024 tpx, amazon; 17-5734 tpx viridis: RGB #004C29.

Taste - tart, with a slight sourness, astringent, wild rose, barberry, pomegranate.

Smell - juniper, cedar.

Element - Wood, Air.

8. Ways to work

1. Maintaining a schedule for gaining Strength, planning and accurately implementing plans.

2. Start simple.
For example:
If you don't have order in your house, start putting it in order.
If you are constantly late, try to start arriving on time.
If you can’t figure it out at your workplace, then first put all the papers in piles and throw out everything you don’t need. Etc.

3. Don't turn your life into an "order for the sake of order" scheme.

4. Experience joy in what you do.

5. Writing and following the daily routine. Maintaining cleanliness and order in the house. Maintaining a personal budget (income / expenditure of money).

6. In the evening, tune in to the upcoming day, highlight the main thing, review plans and evaluate their reality.

7. Arriving at a place, feel why you are here, what you need to do in this place, do it and look at your feelings and feelings from the place. After some time (several hours, days, etc.) see if it led to the expected result.

8. Highlight and follow the main thing that is consonant with the destination, try to find and allocate your time for each business. Know how to weigh the importance of things.

9. Bring all things to their logical conclusion.

9. Miscellaneous (proverbs, sayings, aphorisms, etc.)

A sequence of actions built in a certain way in accordance with the significance in time. Significance according to Divine purpose.

Arranging objects and actions in a sequence conducive to development and improvement.

Progressive, step by step movement along your Path, includes clarity of thinking.

The power to build the path to a dream.

An amazing state of saving time and effort. You see the general - you highlight the main thing, sweep away the unnecessary, clearly build a sequence of actions in order of importance.

It seems to be a light structure where there is nothing superfluous, everything is in its place, this structure is mobile. living there is no garbage and heaviness, everything is timely, easy.

Understanding what comes from and what it pours into, why I need it and how to act so that my actions do not break the beauty and do not strain people.

Combining word and deed The sense of time of its richness value.

Building your life, guided by the principle not to disturb harmony, beauty.

It is knowing what to do in the moment.

Free creativity of thought and deed in harmony There is enough time for everything. Everything is harmoniously beautiful, because order.

Harmonious relationship between external and internal space and time, because everything that we do outside is born and lives inside of us.

Calm confidence in doing the intended goals.

The manifestation of order in speech

Speech, words - this is already ordering. Because words are a fixation of something: a state, an act, etc., a verbal-literal fixation.

In addition to the fact that each word uttered by a person brings order to space, the words themselves, built into sentences (and a sentence is a certain order words: subject, predicate, etc.) represent ordering. This is especially important for written speech, since it is believed that by writing down your thoughts, a person organizes them and himself in the end. And written speech just differs from spoken language in that it has the order of writing sentences, includes punctuation and spelling order. It was also not just invented. It is easy to see why the subject, denoting the object, is in the first place. Because all other members of the sentence will be strictly subordinate to the subject. The predicate expresses the action of the object, the definition is a sign of the object, etc. It is not without reason that poetic vocabulary is rich in all sorts of metaphors, personifications, epithets, etc. They allow you to convey with the best accuracy the property or state of the object to which they refer. But they relate to the subject, and the subject is the main thing. This is an example of order in a sentence.

The word itself also has an order: prefix, root, suffix, ending. This is also not just a set of morphemes, but certain "pointers" of something. For example, the most significant is the root, allowing you to understand what underlies the word (what is the meaning of the word). The ending allows you to determine the gender of the word (male or female), the suffix can form various degrees (magnifying, diminutive), adjectives, etc., the prefix can indicate the direction or clarify what is “near the root” (for example, the word island is the prefix “ o" and the root "strov" - means near the jet, that which goes around the jet).

These examples were given to show that each word has its own order of morphemic units (and it is not just like that!) and its own order of letters (consonants / vowels), stresses, etc., and words add up to a sentence. A sentence is, as we found out above, a certain word order. Therefore, speech can be one of the most obvious and everyday examples of ordering.

Federal Customs Service

State educational institution

Higher professional education

"Russian Customs Academy"

Vladivostok branch

Presentation on theme: "Order. Chaos. Entropy Growth"

Completed by students

121 groups: Ilyin D.,

Chernozemov A.

Checked:

Pugach P. A.

Vladivostok 2010

1. Introduction…………………………………………………………….. 3

2. Orderliness……………………………………………………… 4

3. Chaos ............................................... ................................................. ..... 5

4. Increasing entropy………………………………………………… 7

5. Conclusion………………………………………………………….. 9

6. References……………………………………………………10

Introduction

All natural processes are accompanied by an increase in the entropy of the Universe; such a statement is often called the entropy principle. Entropy also characterizes the conditions under which energy is stored: if energy is stored at high temperature, its entropy is relatively low, while its quality, on the contrary, is high. On the other hand, if the same amount of energy is stored at a low temperature, then the entropy associated with this energy is high and its quality is low.

The increase in entropy is hallmark natural processes and corresponds to the storage of energy with more and more low temperatures. Similarly, we can say that the natural direction of the processes of change is characterized by a decrease in the quality of energy.

Such an interpretation of the relationship between energy and entropy, in which entropy characterizes the conditions for the storage and storage of energy, is of great practical importance. The first law of thermodynamics states that the energy of an isolated system (and possibly the entire universe) remains constant. Therefore, by burning fossil fuels - coal, oil, uranium - we do not reduce the total energy reserves. In this sense, an energy crisis is generally impossible, since the energy in the world will always remain unchanged. However, by burning a handful of coal and a drop of oil, we increase the entropy of the world, since all these processes occur spontaneously. Any action leads to a decrease in the quality of the energy of the Universe. Since the process of using resources is rapidly accelerating in an industrialized society, the entropy of the Universe is steadily increasing. It is necessary to strive to direct the development of civilization along the path of reducing the level of entropy production and maintaining the quality of energy.

orderliness

Orderliness is a characteristic of a structure that indicates the degree of mutual consistency of its elements. In relation to the socio-cognitive system, the characteristic of ordering corresponds to high degree structured knowledge in the context of a concrete historical system of rationality.

The concept of the development of inanimate and living nature is considered as an irreversible directed change in the structure of objects of nature, since the structure reflects the level of organization of matter.

Structure is internal organization a system that contributes to the connection of the elements that make up the system, determining its existence as a whole and its qualitative features. The structure determines the ordering of the elements of an object. Elements are any phenomena, processes, as well as any properties and relationships that are in some kind of mutual connection and relationship with each other.

The structure is the ordering (compositions) of elements that is preserved (invariant) with respect to certain changes (transformations).

Order is a relatively stable way of linking elements, giving their interaction within the framework of an internally dissected object a holistic character.

The most important property is its relative stability, understood as preservation in change. However, the ordering contains a certain dynamism, separate temporal moments, is a process of deployment in time and space of new properties of elements.

Orderliness is a general, qualitatively defined and relatively sustainable order internal relations between the subsystems of a particular system. The concept of "level of organization" in contrast to the concept of "structure" includes, in addition, the idea of ​​changing structures and its sequence in the course of historical development systems since its inception. While a change in structure can be random and not always directed, a change in the level of organization occurs necessary. Systems that have reached the appropriate level of organization and have a certain structure acquire the ability to use information in order to maintain unchanged (or increase) their level of organization through control and contribute to the constancy (or decrease) of their entropy.

Chaos

Etymology of the concept "chaos".

Chaos, a concept that finally took shape in ancient Greek philosophy, is a tragic image of cosmic primary unity, the beginning and end of everything, the eternal death of all living things and at the same time the principle and source of all development, it is disordered, omnipotent and faceless.

Chaos (Greek cháos, from cháino - open, spit out), in ancient Greek mythology boundless initial mass, from which everything that exists subsequently was formed. In a figurative sense - a mess, confusion.

Physicists, chemists, biologists, mathematicians, engineers, etc. are interested in chaos. These researchers specialize in systems that exhibit turbulence, are difficult to describe and are of a random nature, that is, they deal with disorder. However, there were some skeptics here. Some mathematicians say that theoretical methods Chaos studies are not rigorous, based on unreliable models, and threaten traditional ways of verifying solutions. Nevertheless, chaos theory has won followers and has its advocates in every major university or research center. This theory offers an approach to the study of systems that cannot be described by traditional methods. For many scientists, chaos theory is another way of solving very difficult problems that requires fresh ideas.

Since the time of Newton, scientists have sought to explain the behavior of a complex system using linear (establishing a simple direct relationship) equations that establish a direct proportionality between the value given at the input of the system and the value obtained at the same time at the output of the system. If you know all the variables, they think, and have enough powerful computer, to take into account all the uncertainties, then it is possible to model (i.e., describe in mathematical terms) any system, no matter how complex it may be. An example would be long term forecast weather. Meteorologists were among those who thought that new supercomputers would make long-range weather predictions definitively reliable, but this has not happened. Working on computer weather models, a meteorologist from Massachusetts Institute of Technology Eduard Lorentz showed that models of chaotic systems clearly depend on initial conditions and minute, but unpredictable variables - in other words, the weather is inherently chaotic.

In any chaotic system - from a swift current mountain river to the average annual number of locusts in the American Midwest - a slight imbalance can lead to a huge change. "A very small perturbation that occurred at some time can cause the system to develop quite differently than without such a perturbation," says Lorenz. Scientists call this phenomenon the butterfly effect. Lorenz came up with the name when, in a lecture he gave in 1970, he posed an intriguing question to the audience: could the slight flutter of a butterfly's wings far in the Amazonian jungle cause a devastating tornado in Texas.

The Law of Truth in Chaos:

“Any chaotic (Brownian) movement leads to the formation of meaningful pairs. Couples tend to bond. Or, with the course of the process, meaningfulness and order appear in it. Chaos is far away (myriads and dimyads of light years), but we know its law. So we are from there, or were in it.

These words make sense major problem– Problems of Choice.

Entropy increase

Entropy (Greek en - in, inside, trope - turn, transformation) - one of the quantities characterizing the thermal state of a body or system of bodies; a measure of the internal disorder of the system; for all processes occurring in a closed system, the entropy either increases (irreversible processes) or remains constant (reversible processes).

The central concept of thermodynamics is the entropy S. Entropy is a function of state, the differential of which is equal to the reduced heat dS = dQ/T, where Q is the amount of heat, T is the temperature. Entropy has long been considered the shadow of the "queen-energy" W, its mysterious counterpart. Their behavior in a closed system is different. Energy in a closed system is neither created nor destroyed. It is saved and cannot serve as an indicator of changes in the system (W = const). Entropy is constantly created in any process of transition to equilibrium. The behavior of entropy is determined by the second law of thermodynamics or the law of entropy increase.

The growth of entropy is not unlimited. Its value in equilibrium is maximum. The second law of thermodynamics is the law and principle of selection that limits the physically realizable states that can be observed or "cooked". The law forbids the creation perpetual motion machine 2nd kind".

The famous second law (law) of thermodynamics in the formulation of the German physicist R. Clausius sounds like this: "Heat does not spontaneously transfer from a cold body to a hotter one." The law of conservation and transformation of energy (the first law of thermodynamics), in principle, does not prohibit such a transition, as long as the amount of energy is preserved in the same volume.

But in reality this never happens. This one-sidedness, one-directionality of energy redistribution in closed systems is emphasized by the second law of thermodynamics. To reflect this process, a new concept of "entropy" was introduced into thermodynamics. Under entropy, they began to lower the degree of disorder of the system. A more precise formulation of the second law of thermodynamics took the following form: at spontaneous processes in systems with constant energy, entropy always increases. The physical meaning of the increase in entropy boils down to the fact that an isolated (with constant energy) system consisting of a certain set of particles tends to go into a state with the least ordered particle motion. This is the simplest state of the system, or thermodynamic equilibrium, in which the motion of particles is chaotic. Maximum entropy means complete thermodynamic equilibrium, which is equivalent to chaos.

However, based on Prigogine's theory of change, entropy is not just a non-stop sliding of the system to a state devoid of any organization. Under certain conditions, entropy

becomes the progenitor of order.

*The macroscopic state of a thermodynamic system consisting of a finite set of elements (atoms, molecules) is traditionally characterized by the Boltzmann entropy (E), which statistically expresses the second law of thermodynamics and has the form:

where: is the Boltzmann constant, and W is the thermodynamic probability, which is the number of possible microstates of the system, through which this macrostate can be realized.

Conclusion

The law of increasing entropy is applicable only to a sufficiently large collection of particles, and for individual molecules it is simply impossible to formulate it.

Questions related to entropy in complex systems and the law of increasing entropy, make it possible to objectively perceive the processes occurring in nature and determine the possibilities of intervention in these processes.

The law of increasing entropy is part of the second law of thermodynamics, which is usually called the experimentally obtained statement about the impossibility of building a perpetual motion machine of the second kind.

Bibliography

1. F.Yu. Siegel. The inexhaustibility of infinity. Moscow, "Science", 1984

2. P. Atkins. Order and disorder in nature. Translation from English by Yu.G. Rudogo. Moscow, "Mir", 1987

3. D. Leizer. Creating a picture of the universe. Translation from English by S.A. Lamzin. Moscow, "Mir", 1988

4. J. Narlikar. Furious Universe. Translation from English by S.V. Budnik. Moscow, "Mir", 1985

This group of regularities also characterizes the interaction of the system with its environment - with the environment (significant or essential for the system), supersystem, subordinate systems.

Communication.

This regularity forms the basis for the definition of a system where the system is not isolated from other systems, it is connected by many communications with the environment, which, in turn, is a complex and heterogeneous formation containing a supersystem (a metasystem is a higher order system that sets the requirements and limitations of the system under study). ), subsystems (underlying, subordinate systems), and systems of the same level as the one under consideration.

Such a complex unity with the environment is called regularity of communication, which, in turn, easily helps to move to hierarchy as a pattern of building the whole world and any system separated from it.

Hierarchy.

The laws of hierarchy or hierarchical ordering were among the first laws of systems theory that L. von singled out and studied. Bertalanffy.

It is necessary to take into account not only the external structural side of the hierarchy, but also the functional relationships between levels. For example, in biological organizations, a higher hierarchical level has a guiding effect on the lower level subordinate to it, and this effect is manifested in the fact that the subordinate members of the hierarchy acquire new properties that they did not have in an isolated state (confirmation of the position on the influence of the whole on the elements given above), and as a result of the appearance of these new properties, a new, different “image of the whole” is formed (the influence of the properties of elements on the whole). The new whole that has arisen in this way acquires the ability to perform new functions, which is the purpose of the formation of hierarchies.

Let us single out the main features of hierarchical ordering in terms of the usefulness of their use as systems analysis models:

1. Due to the regularity of communication, which manifests itself not only between the selected system and its environment, but also between the levels of the hierarchy of the system under study, each level of hierarchical ordering has complex relationships with the higher and lower levels. According to the metaphorical formulation, each level of the hierarchy has the property " two-faced Janus”: the “face”, directed towards the lower level, has the character of an autonomous whole (system), and the “face”, directed to the node (top) of the higher level, shows the properties of the dependent part (element of the higher system).

This concretization of the pattern of hierarchy explains the ambiguity in the use of the concepts “system” and “subsystem”, “goal” and “means” in complex organizational systems (an element of each level of the hierarchical structure of goals acts as a goal in relation to the underlying ones and as a “sub-goal”, and starting from some level, and as a “means” in relation to a higher goal), which is often observed in real conditions and leads to incorrect terminological disputes.

2. The most important feature of hierarchical ordering as a pattern is that the pattern of integrity/emergence (i.e., qualitative changes in the properties of components is more high level compared with the combined components of the underlying) appears in it at each level of the hierarchy. At the same time, the unification of elements in each node of the hierarchical structure leads not only to the appearance of new properties for the node and the loss of the freedom of manifestation of some of their properties by the combined components, but also to the fact that each subordinate member of the hierarchy acquires new properties that were absent from it in an isolated state.