All about combat equipment "Warrior. Domestic weapons and military equipment

Nikolay ZAYTSEV

To ensure parity with likely adversary in the field of radar means of reconnaissance of ground targets open joint stock company“Scientific and production association “Strela”, Tula (part of the Air Defense Concern “Almaz-Antey”), according to the tactical and technical specifications of the Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation, more than 60 different stations and complexes were developed and put into service.

IN Lately the enterprise has developed and mastered in mass production a number of radars artillery reconnaissance that meet the most modern requirements: a radar complex for reconnaissance of artillery firing positions long range 1L260, multifunctional portable radar for reconnaissance of firing positions of mortars and mobile ground targets 1L271, portable reconnaissance radar for ground targets product 1L277 and portable ground reconnaissance radar SBR-5M.

SCOUTING FIRING POSITIONS BY SHOT

For reconnaissance of firing positions of mortars, artillery, rocket systems salvo fire, starting positions tactical missiles of the enemy by a shot (projectile, rocket, mine on the trajectory), as well as to serve the firing (control of strikes) of their similar means, an artillery radar complex for reconnaissance of the positions of missiles and artillery 1L260 was created. Part radar complex 1L260 includes:

- a three-coordinate monopulse radar station with a phased antenna array (product 1L261);

- maintenance vehicle (product 1I38);

– power plant ED60-T230P-1RAM4.

Solved by the complex combat missions, operating modes and performance characteristics of the complex are determined by the product 1L261 (Fig. 1).

The launch of the complex into production not only solved the problem of our country's lagging behind in the range of reconnaissance of firing artillery and missiles, but also ensured superiority in this area. In conditions of passive and active interference, the complex, along with reconnaissance of enemy firing positions, simultaneously controls the firing of its own weapons and monitors space in order to detect anti-radar missiles.

A comparative analysis of the characteristics shows that the 1L260 complex is superior to the foreign ROP "Cobra" and AN / TPQ-53 radars both in terms of reconnaissance range and in a number of basic technical characteristics.

The complex provides:

- detection and tracking of flying artillery shells, MLRS rockets, tactical missiles;

- determination with high accuracy of the coordinates of the points of departure and fall of shells (mines, missiles);

- recognition of the class, including the caliber of the firing firing position of the enemy;

– simultaneous operation in reconnaissance and control modes;

– operation under the influence of natural passive interference;

– direction finding of sources of active interference and automatic compensation of interference from several directions;

- detection of anti-radar missiles;

– continuous automatic diagnostics constituent parts products in the course of combat work.

In the "Reconnaissance" mode (Fig. 2), the complex provides opening of the enemy's firing positions, in the "Maintenance" mode (Fig. 3), the coordinates of the points of impact of shells of its firing means are determined.

Special software made it possible to implement a fully automatic mode of operation of the complex, without the participation of crew members.

The use of software-controlled blocks of radar equipment provided flexible changes in operating modes and the possibility of further modernization of the product, while the number of simultaneously tracked targets can vary from 12 to 36.

The hardware capabilities of the radar make it possible not only to provide reconnaissance of firing positions various types firing systems, but also to implement a space surveillance mode in the interests of air defense.

Along with the radar for reconnaissance of long-range artillery firing positions, there is a need for light portable radars that provide reconnaissance of firing positions of firing mortars, reconnaissance of ground moving targets and control of the firing of their own artillery on exploding shells (mines) for the battalion level. This is confirmed by the experience of conducting local wars and counter-terrorist operations.

At the end of 2012, the world's first portable multifunctional reconnaissance radar for reconnaissance of firing positions of firing mortars and ground moving targets 1L271 was adopted by the Russian army (Fig. 4).

The radar determines the location of the firing mortar firing point or the point of impact of the mine by radar observation of the mine in the visible section of the flight path, measuring the coordinates and parameters of its movement at individual points of the trajectory, followed by extrapolation to the point of departure or fall (Fig. 5). The radar antenna is electronically scanned in azimuth. The movement of the beam in elevation is carried out by changing the polarization of microwave radiation.

The station is made in the form of a set of equipment placed in the internal compartment of a special partially armored vehicle, which serves for the prompt delivery of a crew of three people and station equipment to a given area of ​​work. Redeployment over short distances in a given area of ​​work to select a more convenient combat position is carried out by carrying the components of the station removed from the vehicle using special carrying packages.

PORTABLE SHORT AND NEAR RANGE RADAR

The first in Russia serially mastered portable radar for reconnaissance of ground targets of short range with a phased antenna array (PAR) - station 1L277 (Fig. 6). It is designed to detect moving single and group ground, surface, stationary ground and surface targets, as well as to correct artillery and mortar fire at gaps. The station also detects low-flying unmanned aerial vehicles.

Unlike its prototype (PSNR-8 station), 1L277 allows, along with moving targets and artillery shell explosions, to detect stationary small targets, which is the first time this has been done in a radar of this class. At the same time, a reduction in radar visibility and an increase in noise immunity were provided. The use of a solid-state component base made it possible to reduce the weight by 2 times and increase the mean time between failures by 3.7 times compared to PSNR-8.

The design of the station allows its installation on various running bases, and the principle of monoblock execution of radar equipment makes it possible to create stationary surveillance systems, their interaction in a network while protecting borders, coastal zones, military and civilian facilities.

Compared with stations of the same class PSNR-8 and PSNR-8M, which are in service, and foreign counterparts, the 1L277 radar has several important advantages. In particular, automatic tracking of up to 20 targets is provided without stopping reconnaissance in a given sector; detection mode and determination of the coordinates of fixed targets; automatic recognition of the type of moving targets "man - technology".

To ensure the secrecy and noise immunity of the station, a frequency agility mode (BFC) has been implemented, which makes it difficult for the enemy to conduct electronic intelligence and makes it impossible to set up targeted active interference.

A qualitative leap in the development of portable radars for reconnaissance of ground moving targets was made with the creation in 2010 of the portable short-range reconnaissance radar SBR-5M (Fig. 7), which combines almost all the capabilities of modern radars, despite the extremely small overall and weight characteristics.

The radar is a coherent, multi-channel radar station with a continuous emission of a low power broadband chirp signal.

It has the ability to interface with five types of easel automatic small arms (PKMSN, Pecheneg, Kord, AGS-17, AGS-30), (Fig. 8), which makes it indispensable when conducting combat operations in conditions of lack of optical visibility .

working principle and combat use station consists in scanning one of the given sectors with automatic detection of moving targets, determining their polar coordinates for pointing automatic small arms and displaying the target radar situation against the background of an electronic terrain map (ECM).

The station provides high secrecy of operation from enemy electronic countermeasures, since its radiated power is less than that of a cell phone. All radio-electronic devices, primary processing units and VTS are placed in the transceiver, which, together with the drive, is mounted on a tripod. The control panel with a rechargeable battery is located at a distance from the transceiver.

Unique design and technological solutions made it possible to create a station with the minimum weight of a wearable set for all analogs, not exceeding 12 kg.

As an autonomous reconnaissance vehicle, the SBR-5M station is included in:

- complex intelligence, control and communications "Sagittarius" (83T215-8VR);

– automated complex ATGM battery control ("Commander-E");

- an airborne automated command reconnaissance combat vehicle (BMD-3K-AR).

The station's transceiver is included in the combat anti-sabotage vehicle (BPDM "Typhoon-M").

Serial production of products 1L260, 1L271, 1L277 and SBR-5M made it possible to start equipping artillery and military intelligence units ground forces of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation with high-performance ground reconnaissance radars, which in terms of technical level correspond to the best foreign models, and in some characteristics even surpass them. This made it possible to raise the effectiveness of radar reconnaissance to a new qualitative level - to more effectively solve traditional tasks, expand the list of tasks to be solved and significantly increase operational capabilities to improve the stealth, noise immunity and survivability of stations on the battlefield.

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The KRUS “Sagittarius” reconnaissance and communications complex still looks fantastic today, although in fact the “Sagittarius”, included in the Ratnik combat equipment program, is in service Russian army since 2007. At the moment, the second generation of Sagittarius is relevant, which has been produced since 2011 and is constantly being improved.

According to the apt description of the General Designer of Radioavionika Alexander Kaplina, KRUS "Sagittarius" is a personal computer with peripherals, distributed over the soldier's unloading vest. Its capabilities, like any other computer, are limited only by the tasks set and the imagination of the developers. The complex guarantees the solution of all information problems that a serviceman may face.

When creating a network from the data of individual complexes, the unit commander's computer will display the necessary information about subordinates, as well as information about the enemy coming from them. To do this, an ordinary soldier needs to press just a couple of buttons and the coordinates of his location or the location of the enemy will appear on the commander's computer. The head of the department will be able to combine the received data with electronic card terrain, or

Computer screen KRUS "Sagittarius" with aircraft going to the target and received target designation

a photograph of a given area obtained from a satellite. At first, military intelligence officers received and mastered such complexes.

The complex of intelligence control and communications (KRUS) "Sagittarius" provides a solution to the main tasks:

- combat control,
– communication and information transfer,
– individual and group navigation,
– detection,
- measuring coordinates and identifying targets,
- targeting,
– development of data for the use of small arms.

It interfaces with all domestic reconnaissance, surveillance, aiming, target designation devices, radars, rangefinders, goniometers, unmanned aerial vehicles

One of the first options, the version of the vest is quite primitive, there is no weight balancing, and a lot of wires are especially “impressive”: the base platform 83t215-BP, version ZhRGA.461264.008

Vest option - base platform 83t215-BP, version ZhRGA.461264.008-01 (extreme version)

Complex modules:

– AK1 – Hardware container;
The hardware container contains all the KRUS computer hardware. As standard, it is located in the unloading vest on the left side of the fighter. The computer can operate at temperatures from -40 to +60°C, is reliably protected from water, dirt and shock

– KPE1 – primary power supply container;
Primary power supply container, also known as KRUS battery. Two or more batteries can be connected to the system at the same time to extend the battery life. In the latest modifications of the complex, the container contains a built-in charger.

– MCNS – satellite navigation system module;
Satellite navigation system.

- TMG - telephone-microphone headset;
Active noise-cancelling headset protects the soldier's hearing from the roar of gunshots, but at the same time amplifies quiet sounds

– MIRS – individual radio communication module;

- POU - operational control panel;
The operational control panel is located on the fighter's chest in open form and gives instant access to the main functions of KRUS. The remote is built on the principle of "finger-button" and is controlled by touch. There is a walkie-talkie PTT, a “wounded” button, a subscriber switching button, a KRUS on / off button and a programmable hot key.

- MFP - multifunctional remote control.
The multifunctional remote gives access to all KRUS functions through the context menus of the alphanumeric display. The buttons on the remote are large enough to be easily pressed with gloves on.

– Cables for connecting additional devices, in particular a rangefinder and goniometer.

Variants of KRUS "Sagittarius", depending on the purpose:

- 83t215VR-1/2 - basic / advanced;
- 83t215VR-3 - rangefinder; range finder PDU-4;
- 83t215VR-4 - radio operator; VHF radio R-168-5UN-2;
- 83t215VR-5 - operator of a satellite radio communication station; microwave satellite radio station R-438-M;
- 83t215VR-7 - commander;
- 83t215VR-8 - radar operator; Radar "Fara-VR".

The complex is being continuously improved by Radioavionics specialists, and if the first KRUS knapsack models, bristling with antennas, were a complete headache for the fighter, then the loads from placement on the Ratnik transport vest modern complex the soldier hardly notices.

Also, according to the information of the Spetsmedtekhnika company, within the framework of the Sagittarius complex, the use of the RZHDV vital activity registrar, designed for remote medical control indicators of the functional state of the body of a serviceman, reflecting the degree of violation of combat capability with the aim of conducting modern medical and evacuation measures to reduce the number of combat losses, information on the functional state collected by the registrar is transmitted to the KRUS-MS by the shooter-sanitr, the medical instructor and the commander of the medical unit.

The Sagittarius reconnaissance, command and communications complex goes primarily to ground reconnaissance units. The first samples of the complex, after passing through various field and combat tests, are sent for revision. Our scouts, having experience in operating foreign analogues of FELIN, IdZ-ES and Normans, asked the developers to improve the existing sample of the Sagittarius complex. Firstly, the base of the first samples was made on the basis of elements of the 2000s. The designers were sympathetic to the request of the military and the modernized KRUS "Sagittarius" is being tested.
The first samples of KRUS were somewhat inconvenient for the soldiers - they had a rather decent weight of 5.4 kilograms, interfered with the soldier when passing the assault strip, covered access to pouches and a medical kit. Now, after the modernization, the complex began to weigh 2.4 kilograms, received smaller overall characteristics, and large blocks are attached so as not to interfere with other tasks.
After successful tests, the ground units began to be massively provided with the complex. By 2013, the armed forces of the Russian Federation received more than one thousand units of the Sagittarius complex and there were no significant comments on the use of the Sagittarius complex from the military personnel of the ground units, where the complexes are mainly received.

KRUS "Sagittarius" can have several levels of equipment. The simplest configuration option is intended for military personnel of departments, up to the commander of the department. The next level of configuration is intended for the platoon commander; the package includes a powerful computer system with a multifunctional type console. The third, most complete level of equipment, is for the unit commander - battalion commander, brigade commander.

The built-in standard radio station with a communication frequency of ~ 2.0 GHz ensures the range of interaction of the complex as part of the department - about one and a half kilometers, but any of the individual Sagittarius complexes works as a repeater, which significantly increases the range and information control of a given area. In addition to voice messages, built-in standard commands can be transmitted over the radio, the recipient can watch or listen to them after receiving. This innovation was introduced specifically to ensure that the scouts do not get distracted from the task, do not lose visual control.
KRUS "Sagittarius" works 12 hours on one battery (and 24 hours on two) in the mode of continuous voice communication and data transmission. The complex operates at temperatures from minus 40 to plus 60 ° C, withstands severe shocks, immersion in water and dirt.

To ensure communication between departments, tablets developed at the STC "Communication" (part of the "Sozvezdie" concern) are used. Two types of tablets are offered for the operation of units: the “TT” tablet and the “AK” tablet. Both tablets are protected with technology that exceeds IP68 standards and can be submerged two meters for a short time.

Tablet "TT" is intended for commanders of infantry units. It is advisable to issue it to fighters of the specialties "machine gunner", "grenade launcher", "sniper" to increase their combat effectiveness. The computer allows you to determine where the unit is located and display it on the map, and with its help the commander can transmit orders. Voice data is transmitted over a secure communication channel, however, it is allowed to use a backup channel of the Wi-Fi standard, the information transfer rate through which reaches 11 Mbps.

The tablet, “AK”, is intended for personnel and supports all the main functions of the commander's model. The tablet acts as a digital compass with the ability to use digital maps.

KRUS incorporates an autonomous navigation module, which is provided with an inertial system. It makes it possible for a soldier to know exactly his coordinates, even if he has left the satellite navigation coverage area. Switching between navigation systems occurs in the complex automatically. The complex can be equipped with a helmet-mounted display subsystem for producing fire from cover.

At the exercises "West-2009" KRUS "Sagittarius" in Once again used to interact with aviation, namely for giving target designations to Su-24M bombers. It looks like this: with the help of a PDU-4 laser rangefinder (range 3-5 km), the coordinates of the target are determined, which are sent to the commander's personal computer.

Then the commander sends them on board the aircraft. The range of action through the R-853-V2M radio station is 8 km, when using a ground repeater - up to 200 km, when using a repeater aircraft at an altitude of 9-10 km - up to 300-400 km. In addition, each aircraft equipped with the SVP-24 system serves as a repeater in itself.

The Sagittarius and Sagittarius-M reconnaissance and command and control complexes (KRUS) for combat equipment of the military man Ratnik are produced at the domestic enterprise Radioavionika.

The complex was put into operation by the Russian Army in 2007.

Tactical tablets JSC MKB KOMPAS

Czechoslovak passive electronic intelligence stations

Station KRTP-86 "Tamara" in the transport position in the Leshany Museum © Ivan Motlik

Station KRTP-91 "Tamara" in combat position © Miroslav Gyurosi

Model of the station complex "Flora" © Miroslav Gyurosi

Russian station KRTP-86 "Tamara" on combat duty on the slope of Akhun near the city of Sochi © German Vlasov (Climbing Mount Akhun. German Vlasov's PHOTO COLLECTION)

Modern electronic intelligence complex "Vera-E" in combat position © Miroslav Gyurosi

Workplaces for operators of the complex "Vera-E" © Miroslav Gyurosi

Radar stations or radars in common parlance are usually designed for reconnaissance of airspace, detection of land and sea targets. At present, radars are often equipped with passive radio reconnaissance equipment, which pose a serious threat to a potential enemy. The covert operation of such systems is almost imperceptible to conventional devices that can detect electromagnetic radiation from radar detection, tracking and firing systems. The basic principle of operation of a radar as an active system is to emit electromagnetic energy and receive its reflection from objects in the air, on land or at sea. The received reflected signal is further processed and analyzed, which allows determining the speed, location and other important parameters of the target. A serious drawback of the radar is its principle of operation. By emitting electromagnetic waves, the radar detects its combat position. Despite intensive work in search of methods for hiding radar signatures, there has been little progress in this area. On the other hand, the potential of electronic intelligence and other passive systems for collecting information for detecting targets is inexhaustible for many years to come.

Scientists from the former Soviet bloc, well aware of the pros and cons of radar, have been engaged in the field of passive radio intelligence for many years, but, however, without much success. Nevertheless, at the end of the 50s in the former Czechoslovakia, a major breakthrough was made in such developments, the main principle of which was later called TDOA (Time Difference of Arrival). Its essence lies in the measurement by three receivers, which are at some distance from each other, the time difference in radiation emitted by an air, ground or sea target. On the basis of which it is possible to "passively", i.e. without irradiating the target, determine its location. This principle was protected by patent law - closed patent No. 773 registered to Vlastimil Pech on 11/13/1961, and closed patents No. 830, 852 and 859, issued to Vladimir Zarybnicky (March-June 1962). It is important that, in accordance with this method, receiving stations can be located on the same line, in contrast to the method, which is based on the principle of triangulation. A description of the TDOA method is available on the ERA website.

The TDOA method was studied and further developed in Czechoslovak research institutes. In 1963, the first prototype was created to test the technology of this idea, on the basis of which a serial model PRP-1 "Kopac" (Presny Radiotechnicky Patrac, Precise radio technical detector) appeared. The system consisted of four cabs mounted on semi-trailers towed by Praga medium duty trucks. The deployment time of the PRP-1 "Kopac" was several days. The system used analog signal processing complexes, waveguides and coaxial technologies. The reconnaissance complex PRP-1 "Kopac" was able to detect radars operating in the L, S and X wavelength bands, airborne transponders and transponders of the TACAN navigation system. The complex was capable of tracking from one to six targets. In the armed forces of the former Czechoslovakia, the PRP-1 "Kopac" was used until 1979.

The next, second, generation of passive electronic intelligence systems, which was really, fully functioning, was named "Ramona". Initially, the system was developed under the code PRP-2 by Tesla (Pardubice) since 1967. In 1980-81, it was put into service and received a new index KRTP-81 (Komplet Radiotechnickeho Pruzkumu - Radio Intelligence Complex). Later, the system was upgraded, which received the designation KRTP-81M "Ramona-M". The complex was intended for reconnaissance at a strategic level. "Ramona" consisted of three 25 m masts topped with a bulky dome covering the antennas, microwave parts and mid-frequency preamplifiers and radio relay transmitters to ensure the exchange of information between the base station and neighboring ones. The KRTP-81 complex is capable of detecting air, ground or sea targets emitting electromagnetic energy in the range of 0.8 - 18 GHz. Compared with the PRP-1 "Kopac" complex, the new "Ramona" and its modification "Ramona-M" were much more effective and capable of tracking up to 20 targets in a semi-automatic mode in a sector of 100 degrees relative to the central station of the complex.

In total, 17 pieces were produced in Czechoslovakia. "Ramons", 14 pcs. upgraded "Ramona-M" stations and one training station. Of this number, 14 KRTP-81 "Ramona" stations and 10 KRTP-81M "Ramona-M" stations were delivered to the USSR, one KRTP-81 station was sold to the GDR, one "Ramona", two "Ramona-M" and one training the complex was delivered to Syria, and, finally, one "Ramona" and two "Ramona-M" were in service in Czechoslovakia.

Ramona stations, despite their high performance, remained very difficult to operate, cumbersome and required from 4 to 12 hours to deploy. One system was placed on 13 Tatra T-138 heavy trucks.

In the NATO classification, the "Ramona" / "Ramona-M" stations received the designation "Soft Ball".

After many years of development and operation of the stations of the first generations PRP-1 and KRTP-81, it became clear that the customer really needs mobile system with much high performance for target detection. Plus, at this point, a new elemental base has appeared. All this made it possible to start the implementation in 1981-1983 of a new project, which was given the next female name "Tamara". In contrast to the Soviet geographical principle of naming their own air defense systems, the Warsaw Pact countries, especially Poland and Czechoslovakia, used female names as designations for radar stations. The new Tamara electronic intelligence system entered testing at the end of 1983. In total, three variants of this system were provided. Tests of the mobile reconnaissance station took place from September 1984 to the end of 1985. Military tests of the station under the designation KRTP-86 were carried out in the summer of 1987, and on October 10, 1987, the state tests of the system passed.

Station "Tamara" can be used for both strategic and tactical intelligence. "Tamara" is capable of detecting radars, radar emitters, Friend or Foe transmitters, TACAN navigation systems, DME rangefinders, JTIDS tactical information exchange systems, as well as active jammers operating in the 0.82-18 GHz band. During testing new system detected a target of the F-16 type at a distance of 400 km, CF-18A -355 km, F-15 - 365. Older fighters of the F-4 type were detected at around 395 km, F-104 - 425 km.

Station passive electronic intelligence KRTP-86 "Tamara" in early 1989 was adopted by the Czechoslovak People's Army. The main variant of the system was mobile. The self-propelled "Tamara" consists of 8 pieces of equipment placed on the Tatra T-815 automobile chassis. It consists of three RS-AJ/M receivers, one hardware cabin of the RS-KB receiving complex, a hardware cabin for signal processing RS-KM, and the ZZP-5 command module with information display systems can be additionally deployed.

The RS-AJ/M receiver is a cylindrical antenna mounted on a telescopic lifting device mounted on a Tatra T-815 chassis with an 8x8 wheel formula. The chassis was modified by installing four hydraulic jacks for leveling the antenna-mast device, and a bulldozer knife was hung in front of the driver's cab to prepare a combat position. The antenna-mast device can rise to a height of 8.5 m or in the range from 12.5 to 25 m. The cylindrical shape of the AMU fairing contains the necessary antennas and receivers, microwave transmitters for information exchange between the components of the complex. The raised antenna is capable of withstanding wind speeds of no more than 50 m/s, and the station can operate with a wind speed of no more than 30 m/s. At the combat position, the RS-AJ / M receiving devices are placed at a distance from each other from 10 to 35 km.

The stationary version "Tamara" consists of three antenna modules installed in special containers with dimensions of 3.5x3.5x3 m on 25-meter masts. During the period 1994-1995. this version of the complex was offered at international exhibitions by the Czech company HTT-Tesla Pardubice under the designation "Flora".

The detection range of the Tamara radio intelligence station is 450 km and is limited only by the radio horizon. The system is capable of tracking up to 72 targets in the 100-degree sector almost in real time. Relative to the central station. "Tamara" is in mass production and is constantly being upgraded by including new subsystems and updating information processing algorithms. The updated complex received the designation KRTP-91, its field of view increased to 120 degrees. The Tesla company, located in the city of Pardubice, built 23 Tamara electronic intelligence systems, of which 15 were delivered to the USSR, 1 complex to the GDR, and Czechoslovakia adopted 4 complexes. In 1991, the US managed to get one modernized "Tamara" (KRTP-91) through Oman. Two systems have not yet found their buyer. Self-propelled versions of the "Tamara" received the designation in the NATO classification "Trash Bin".

One of the Tamars acquired by the Soviet Union was discovered in November 2005 on the slope of Mount Akhun, not far from Sochi. By appearance- This early version complex "Tamara" - KRTP-86.

After the division of Czechoslovakia into two independent states (the Czech Republic and Slovakia), the development of electronic intelligence equipment continued in the Czech Republic. Thanks to the experience gained during the creation of the Kopac, Ramona and Tamara complexes, the fourth generation of passive radar equipment appeared, which was given the next female name Vera. The development of the new complex was carried out by the company "ERA" (the assignee of the company HTT-Tesla), which, after its readiness, began to offer for export deliveries under the designation "Vera-E".

The purpose of the "Vera-E" system did not differ from its predecessors. Nevertheless, modern technologies and a new elemental base made it possible to reduce the size and weight of individual elements, which increased the mobility of the system. The frequency range in which the station can detect radiation from air and ground targets is 1-18 GHz and can be further extended to a range from 0.1-1 GHz to 18-40 GHz. The "Vera-E" station can detect the radiation of secondary transponders of airborne radars and transmitters of the state recognition system (1090 MHz - 5 MHz), TACAN navigation systems and DME rangefinders (1025-1150 MHz). The viewing sector "Vera-E" has increased to 120 degrees, and at the request of the customer it can be circular. The maximum target detection range is 450 km. Simultaneous system "Vera-E" can accompany up to 200 targets. Information update rate from 1 to 5 sec. The antenna module is a cylinder 2 m high, 0.9 m in diameter and weighs 300 kg. A two-way microwave radio link connects the antenna module to the hardware module. In addition, ERA is promoting other versions of this system, including the Vera-P3D and Vera-ASCS civilian complexes.

In January 2004, the Czech arms export company Omnipol received two export licenses from the Czech Ministry of Industry and Trade for the supply of six Vera-E systems to China for a total of $58 million. As soon as the first Chinese contract worth $23 million became known, the US government immediately protested to the Czech Republic. The Czech press widely covered an alleged letter from US Secretary of State Colin Powell to his Czech counterpart Kiril Svoboda regarding the sale of Vera-E stations to China, as well as Colin Powell's personal appeal to Czech Prime Minister Vladimir Spidla, in which the US Secretary of State asked to cancel the contract with China. Ultimately, after such pressure, on May 19, 2004, the Czech government canceled the licenses for the export of Vera-E complexes to China, which Omnipol notified a little later.

Currently, there is only one electronic intelligence station "Vera-E" in the Czech Republic. In November 2004, its assembly was completed, and in December of this year it was adopted by the Czech Army. Based "Vera-E" in the 53rd Center for electronic intelligence and electronic warfare in Plana, not far from Czech Budovice. The new radio intelligence unit headquartered in Opava will be operational in 2006 and will be created on the basis of the existing radio intelligence units in České Budovice and the electronic warfare platoon in Opava.

Having dissuaded the Czech Republic from selling the "Vera-E" station to China, the United States themselves acquired one set of "Vera-E" for their own needs in late 2004 or early 2005. As practice shows, Americans buy military equipment in single copies only to study it and find ways to counteract its capabilities. The contract value, including service maintenance and staff training, was $10 million.

In the summer of 2005, the Czech Republic sold another "Vera-E" station to Estonia for $4 million. Delivery should be made soon.

During this period, there were reports that China was not abandoning its attempts to acquire Vera-E complexes. According to the information of the Prague weekly "Euro", during the visit of the Czech Prime Minister Jiri Paroubk to Beijing, the Chinese side again raised the issue of purchasing "Vera-E", and the solution of this issue was associated with the provision of favorable conditions for Czech contracts in the PRC. In addition to China, Malaysia, Egypt, Pakistan, and Vietnam also show increased interest in Vera-E.

The press claims that a certain number of Tamara electronic intelligence stations were delivered to Yugoslavia, which made it possible to shoot down the F-117 stealth aircraft during the US aggression against this country. However reliable facts there is no such delivery, and the F-117 was shot down by means of a modified S-125M air defense system.

Currently, the competitors of the Czech electronic intelligence stations are the equally well-known Ukrainian Kolchuga radar, the sales of which are closely monitored by the US government, and the Russian development - the 85V6-A Vega electronic intelligence complex, which is only moving forward to export markets.

Information sources:

Miroslav Gyurosi. THE CZECH VERA-E PASSIVE ELINT SYSTEM - WHAT IT IS AND WHY CHINA WAS UNABLE TO ACQUIRE IT. ASIAN MILITARY REVIEW Volume 13 Issue 2

TAMARA MCS-93 Electronic INTelligence (ELINT) system. Jane's Radar and Electronic Warfare Systems